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movie theatres and dance halls. As women grew more involved with the public sphere, their desire to stay at home notably decreased; social commentators of the 1920s and 1930s noted that young
Americans were spending less time at home with their parents and more time engaging in leisure activities with friends. From this growing engagement in leisure activities came a notable rise in interest in consumer culture among young girls, which coincided with a desire from businesses to speed up a growing development in the creation of teenage girls' culture. It was not until the 1940s that American advertisers began capitalizing on the consumer power of teenagers – particularly teenage girls – and created a new market that focused on prolonging adolescence. This boom also saw an immense rise in teenage consumer power in the American music industry, especially among young girls.
198:
Such content proved to be popular among teenage girls, who celebrated what was happening in their lives, (i.e. dating) through song. Bobby soxers enjoyed jazz and swing music, with dances and listening to the radio being two of the most popular activities among teenage girls. Music and dance proved to be an integral part of teen culture in the 1940s, as they contributed to the formation of friend groups, the enjoyment of leisure activities and even more mundane activities such as homework. Bobby soxers frequently engaged in debates over their favorite artists, bands and records, and they often made connections between their favorite songs of the time and important events occurring in their lives.
306:
45:
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Author Kelly Schrum noted that at the start of the 1900s, teenage culture was insignificant and essentially non-existent; by the start of the 2000s, teenagers were a prominent presence in
American culture with high spending power. Today, the number of research companies that specialize in researching and advertising to teenagers has increased immensely, and the market for teenage girls has become much larger and more profitable than it has ever been.
156:
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this consisted of young women groaning dramatically and waving their arms in the air, then placing their hands on their foreheads before falling to the ground. Parents feared that their bobby soxer children's infatuation would impact their burgeoning sexuality and taint their innocence, but with
Sinatra being married at the time, swooning was eventually not seen as a threat to the youth of bobby soxers.
229:
artists such as the
Beatles and Elvis Presley became new teen idols. However, as bobby soxers grew into their twenties, they soon followed teenage norms of the time and began settling down with husbands and children. The bobby sox style remained popular well into the 1950s, but original bobby soxers left their fanatic days behind as they entered adulthood and prioritized work or family life.
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Bobby soxers are not the first known enthusiastic fans of musicians; fan culture dates back to the seventeenth century, and fanatics of musicians have been documented as coming to prominence in the 1860s. However, they were the first to have developed from modern
American teenage culture and played a
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or blue jeans. In addition to this ensemble's association with bobby soxers, the combination of poodle skirts and ankle socks has been described as a symbol of the conception of
American teenage culture. An interest in fashion among young girls was encouraged by parents and magazine columnists alike,
228:
magazine declared that "the trouble with teenagers started when some smart salesman made a group of them in order to sell bobby sox." By then, teenagers began listening to rock and roll music while an explosion of mainstream teen culture occurred. As Frank
Sinatra began performing more mature music,
197:
Music became much more popular among teenagers in the postwar period. Popular songs of the 1940s followed a consistent pattern of avoiding controversial subjects and reinforcing idealized traditional values. The content of these songs often focused on courtships rather than taboo topics such as sex.
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films. Such portrayals came at a time when cultural fears in the United States centered around female youths engaging in sexual activity; these films corresponded with the fears of the general public over a rise in delinquency among young girls. Bobby soxers were later portrayed in mainstream films
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as "the first modern popstar" who "gave pop music a beating heart." His early music was emblematic of adolescent love as he sang from the perspective of a young man smitten with the girl of his dreams. Swooning became a common practice among bobby soxers as a means of expressing their infatuation;
325:
Bobby soxers and their teenage peers had a considerable impact on the financial aspects of teen culture in the years following their entry into
American culture. Broadly speaking, the teen consumer market exploded greatly in the 1950s; it reportedly amounted to approximately $ 10 billion by 1959,
102:
The presence of bobby soxers signaled a shift in
American youth fashion. Businesses and corporations noticed that they were able to profit from the burgeoning consumer power of teenagers—especially among girls—and began to aim products at younger buyers, creating a new subset of American culture.
163:
In the early twentieth century, teenage girls did not receive much attention from producers of consumer culture and popular culture. Around this time, women began accessing the public sphere with the help of an increase in commercialized leisure. This included public entertainment spaces such as
334:
In addition to material purchases, the power of bobby soxer friend groups was equally important to the teen culture. Former bobby soxers who became housewives with part-time work developed a noticeable peer culture with each other, setting the stage for teenage culture to grow in years to come.
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describes as a crucial aspect of teenage culture – were reported to sell $ 75 million worth of copies annually. The girls that participated in teenage consumer culture were known as "teen tycoons" due to their consumer power. The likes of such power can still be seen today among
220:
magazine pictorial on the bobby soxer style declared that the "changing fashions of language and youth indicate a healthy spirit of rebellion." In addition to differing women's styles, media scholar Tim
Snelson notes, such "rebellious" styles included a "'craze for wearing men's clothing' and
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reported on one bobby soxer who " known to have sat through 56 consecutive performances, which means about eight consecutive days." Bobby soxers were also reported to have waited for so long to see Sinatra that they experienced hunger, fatigue, and dizziness. Bobby soxers were portrayed to be
214:
but the former typically imposed strict limits on expressing sexuality, which did not match the ever-changing definitions of what was acceptable for teenagers to be wearing. However, the bobby soxer style was not merely a representation of femininity and good behavior. A
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magazine – which launched in 1944 to cater to teenage girls – published letters from readers who wrote asking for "more articles on dating and shyness... stories like those on atomic energy are very boring."
242:
The inclusion of bobby soxers in film and television began during the early 1940s, almost immediately after the phrase "bobby soxer" came to prominence in the mainstream media. Initially, young girls were portrayed as delinquents in
125:
article, which described teenage girls of the time as "little long-haired" girls with "round faces" who wore bobby socks and "worshiped Frank Sinatra". Another common phrase used was "bobby sox girls". The phrase derives from the
103:
Teenagers became more prominent in society as they participated in activities such as dancing and going to the movies. Music and dancing grew more popular among teenagers in the 1940s; the most popular types of music were
111:, which were favored by bobby soxers. The increased popularity of music made it a big part of the lives of bobby soxers, as they frequently discussed their favorite musicians with each other and bonded over records.
278:
Most media outlets portrayed bobby soxers to be highly enthusiastic, sometimes to the point of hysteria. Newspapers noted bobby soxers for their dedication to Frank Sinatra and other teen idols. A 1945 article in
146:
and crazes of the time. The phrase "bobby-soxer" was often rejected by the girls and instead promoted largely by the media. The term has since been used by dictionaries to describe "an adolescent girl".
262:. These films often used lots of slang and sometimes unrealistic stereotypes in their portrayals of bobby soxers. Hollywood producers wanted to use child stars such as Temple and
175:
was noted by psychologists for its "hypnotic quality" and "remarkable effect upon susceptible young women." Mark Duffett has described Sinatra's December 1942 performance at the
201:
Fashion was also popular among bobby soxers. A typical bobby soxer outfit included bobby socks – the inspiration for their nickname –
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444:
884:
Snelson, Tim (2012). "From juke box boys to bobby sox brigade: Female youth, moral panics and subcultural style in wartime times square".
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evolved into more adult performances. Temple and Withers' performances were often criticised and their films failed at the box office.
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with expectations at the time estimating it would double by 1970. In 1961, for instance, records – which sociologist
89:. Their manner of dress, which diverged sharply from earlier ideals of feminine beauty, was controversial. As a teenager, actress
81:
were a subculture of young women in the mid-to-late 1940s. Their interests included popular music, in particular that of singer
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significant role in its development. Bobby soxers are credited as the predecessors of later teenage culture movements such as
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522:
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in New York City as "set the template" for female fans being part of the "spectacle" that would follow for artists such as
17:
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teenage girls as youth consumer culture has expanded immensely and has become a paramount component of teenage culture.
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138:. By the end of the 1940s, bobby soxers were unanimously defined as either just fans of
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When the 1950s arrived, the "teen revolution" was in full swing. A 1956 edition of the
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often worn by female high school students; these socks were usually paired with
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American Sweethearts: Teenage Girls in Twentieth-century Popular Culture
750:
Understanding Fandom: An Introduction to the Study of Media Fan Culture
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Some Wore Bobby Sox: The Emergence of Teenage Girls' Culture, 1920–1945
259:
127:
673:"Frank Sinatra and the 'bobby-soxers' | 1940-1949 | Guardian Century"
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938:"1950s Parents Had No Idea What Their Kids Wanted to Do at Parties"
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992:
The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science
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431:"Bobby-soxers Ruining Tradition of American Beauty, Flagg Moans"
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combination of white bobby socks and 'moccasin-type shoes'..."
778:"Frank Sinatra: A Hundred Years On, the Voice Resonates Still"
545:
Smith, Kathleen E. R. (2015). "Jitterbugs and Bobby-Soxers".
119:
The origins of the phrase "bobby soxer" date back to a 1943
143:
108:
990:
Bernard, Jessie (1961). "Teen-age culture: An overview".
806:"How Bobby Soxers Worked: Frank Sinatra and Bobby Soxers"
834:"Sociological approaches to the pop music phenomenon"
171:. Sinatra particularly proved popular; his signature
399:
The 1940s (American Popular Culture Through History)
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368:
93:played a stereotypical bobby soxer in the film
609:(1st ed.). New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
85:, and wearing loose-fitting clothing, notably
547:God Bless America: Tin Pan Alley Goes to War
375:. Sterling Publishing Company. p. 145.
232:
142:or teenage girls who were obsessed with the
472:"Bobby-soxers Tell Off Critic Fannie Hurst"
43:
857:
517:. Indiana University Press. p. 165.
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159:American bobby soxer, circa January 1946
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266:for teenage roles as actresses such as
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470:Griffin, Michael (January 13, 1946).
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251:The Bachelor and the Bobby-Soxer
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372:Cassell's Dictionary of Slang
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1085:Counterculture of the 1950s
1080:Counterculture of the 1940s
697:"Definition of BOBBY-SOXER"
443:. May 5, 1946. p. 21.
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1004:10.1177/000271626133800102
850:10.1177/000276427101400310
482:International News Service
441:United Press International
187:. Sinatra was declared by
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309:Crowd of bobby-soxers in
233:Portrayal of bobby soxers
209:, Shetland sweaters, and
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975:Schrum 2004, p. 142-144.
832:Mirsch, Paul M. (1971).
804:Conger, Cristen (n.d.).
477:Minneapolis Star Tribune
402:. ABC-CLIO. p. 36.
396:Sickels, Robert (2004).
369:Green, Jonathan (2005).
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53:with partner, circa 1945
701:www.merriam-webster.com
748:Duffett, Mark (2013).
605:Schrum, Kelly (2004).
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301:Impact on teen culture
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1065:Slang terms for women
963:Snelson 2010, p. 878.
923:Snelson 2010, p. 885.
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158:
1029:Schrum 2004, p. 175.
936:McNearney, Allison.
553:. pp. 153–159.
511:Nash, Ilana (2005).
1038:Schrum 2004, p. 18.
735:Schrum 2004, p. 15.
677:www.theguardian.com
655:Schrum 2004, p. 62.
641:Schrum 2004, p. 98.
576:Smith 2015, p. 153.
311:Alameda, California
238:Film and television
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18:Bobby soxer (music)
783:The New York Times
719:Schrum 2004, p. 1.
629:Schrum 2004, p. 8.
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313:; October 17, 1946
190:The New York Times
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185:the Beatles
128:ankle socks
87:bobby socks
38:Bobby soxer
32:Bobby socks
1049:Categories
947:2021-05-16
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356:References
260:Cary Grant
169:teen idols
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293:Seventeen
115:Etymology
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