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Steel as a high-altitude weapon, that year the government decided that because of anti-aircraft missiles' increasing effectiveness, V bombers would have to convert from high-altitude to low-altitude attacks. These trials were conducted in 1964 and concluded in 1965 With no effective long-range weapon the original Blue Steel served on after a crash programme of minor modifications to permit a low-level launch at 1,000 ft (300 m), even though its usefulness in a hot war was likely limited. A stop-gap weapon (
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840:, the test rounds were flown there by Victors and Vulcans in Operation Blue Ranger. The trials began in 1960 about the time the original requirement expected the weapon to be in service. The missiles were prepared at the Weapons Research Establishment near Salisbury South Australia, and flown to be launched at the Woomera range from RAAF Edinburgh. A specialist unit,
533:(ECM) to disrupt fighter operations, and a standoff missile to allow the bombers to turn back before approaching within the range of the SAMs. It was expected that this combination would allow the V force to remain effective until 1965 at least. Beyond that time a new supersonic bomber would be required, a requirement that would ultimately be taken up as the
572:(MoS) did not feel that development should remain at the RAE, and had canvassed the bomber builders asking for comments on the RAE's concept. Avro, having recently given the go-ahead on the 730, was primarily interested in a short-range weapon of perhaps 100 miles (160 km) range, which would allow it to avoid the most heavily defended areas.
626:
would weigh in at 25,000 pounds (11,000 kg) and include both disposible boosters and a drop-off fuel tank with range up to 450 nautical miles (830 km; 520 mi). For the future Avro 730, a new delta wing design of 18 to 26,000 lbs would offer range up to 900 nautical miles (1,700 km; 1,000 mi).
878:
Blue Steel required up to seven hours of launch preparation, and was highly unreliable. The Royal Air Force estimated in 1963 that half the missiles would fail to fire and would have to be dropped over their targets, contradicting their purpose of serving as standoff weapons. Even as it deployed Blue
653:
with a range of at least 50 mi (80 km). This would keep the bombers out of range of Soviet ground-based defences installed around the target area, allowing the missile to "dash" in at high speed. There would have to be a balance between the size of the warhead, the need for it to be carried
487:
systems were steadily improving, making the approach to the V bomber's targets more difficult. An extensive study, "The
Pattern of the Future Offensive", suggested that an attacking force of 100 aircraft would suffer 8% losses at night, and as much as 29% during the day due to the much greater number
629:
Considering the submission, the
Ministry responded by ordering Avro to work only on the OR.1137 requirements. This produced the first complete design, W.100. They proposed building the missile from AF.520 stainless steel to handle the aerodynamic heating from flight at Mach 3, and expected to learn
608:
projects would seem like the natural choice for the contract, and planned to have their weapon in operation two years earlier than the other teams, but the
Ministry had a cold relationship with the company. Avro appears to have been selected due to a number of RAE personnel having been hired by the
780:
The program ran into delays almost immediately. All of the systems - missile, navigation and motor - ran into problems and this resulted in the companies pointing fingers at each other. By the late 1950s it was clear the missiles would not be ready for their 1962 initial operational introduction,
682:
weapon known as "Green Bamboo". To achieve the desired 1 MT yield, the implosion had to be extremely symmetrical, and this required a 72-point explosive system that led to the weapon being 45 inches (1,100 mm) in diameter and massing an estimated 4,500 pounds (2,000 kg). This weapon was
625:
that would provide the required 100 nautical miles (190 km; 120 mi) range at speeds up to Mach 2.5. The 16,000 pounds (7,300 kg) Stage 2 would use an improved engine and more fuel to provide range up to 240 nautical miles (440 km; 280 mi) at speeds up to Mach 4.5. Stage 3
887:
supplemented the remaining modified Blue Steel missiles, using a low-level penetration followed by a pop-up manoeuvre to release the weapon at 1,000 ft (300 m). One live operational round was deployed on each of forty-eight Vulcan and Victor bombers, and a further five live rounds were
776:
would develop the liquid fuel engine. The design period was protracted, with various development problems exacerbated by the fact that designers lacked information on the actual size and weight of the proposed Green Bamboo, or its likely thermonuclear successor derived from the
Granite series.
724:
powered. Avro simply could not find a place to put an air intake on the missile which did not result it in being too large in some other dimension, typically length. The difficulties encountered bending sheets of stainless steel led to the initial versions of W.100 being very "linear", with a
851:, carried by Vulcans and Victors, although its limitations were already apparent. The short range of the missile meant that the V bombers were still vulnerable to enemy surface-to-air missiles. A replacement for Blue Steel, the Mark 2, was planned with increased range and a
784:
By this time it was clear that the
Soviets were going to install an even more extensive missile system that originally believed, one that would cover the approach routes to the targets and even have sites on the Russian coastline, well outside the range of the missile.
580:
were much more interested, proposing longer-ranged weapons that would extend the life of their existing V bomber designs. Handley Page's concept rejected the MoS's shorter range and offered a design of 500 nautical miles (930 km; 580 mi) using
744:
gyro-based guidance system was inaccurate beyond 100 nmi (190 km) and this range would be wasted. Avro's W.100 won the development contract. Blue Steel emerged as a pilotless, winged aircraft roughly the size of the experimental
408:
Blue Steel entered service in 1963, by which point improved SAMs with longer range had greatly eroded the advantages of the design. A longer-range version, Blue Steel II, was considered, but cancelled in favour of the much longer-range
788:
Avro proposed that Blue Steel would evolve over time, subsequent versions increasing speed (to Mach 4.5) and range. The ultimate Blue Steel would be a 900 nmi (1,700 km) range weapon that could be launched by the supersonic
828:
1.5. Once close to the target, the second chamber of the engine (6,000 lbf) would accelerate the missile to Mach 3. Over the target the engine would cut out and the missile would free-fall before detonating its warhead as an
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company to form their design department, the
Weapons Research Division, including the Chief Engineer, R.H. Fransis. On 4 May 1955 the Ministry of Supply issued the G/Proj/6220/GW35A contract with Avro and assigned it the
719:
It was the large size of the warhead, and the resulting 48 inches (1,200 mm) diameter fuselage needed to carry it, that led Avro to the use of a rocket motor when most standoff weapons to that point were jet or
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in Soviet service. The paper concluded with a summary showing the expected losses over time as the Soviet forces improved, by 1957 it was expected that losses would be 10 to 20% at night, and then further erode.
553:(AWRE), who could not guarentee the size of the warhead. Accordingly, the W layers were designed to the maximum possible size that each of the bombers could carry, 40 inches (1,000 mm) diameter for the
859:
to minimise delays to the Mk.1. The UK sought to acquire the much longer-ranged United States AGM-48 Skybolt air-launched ballistic missile and was greatly frustrated when that weapon was cancelled in late
820:
bombers could tie their systems into those of the missile and make use of the guidance system to help plot their own flight plan, since the unit in the missile was more advanced than that in the aircraft.
549:(RAE), whose Guided Weapon Department had been studying such a system for a while and had produced a series of "W weapons" of different layouts. These had been designed to address the problem that the
797:
fabrication techniques; this would have been gained in building the Avro 730 but that had been cancelled by then. The
Elliots guidance system was plagued by accuracy problems, delaying test flights.
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cylindrical fuselage, conical nose and straight wings and control surfaces. As part of ongoing industry-wide research, the design underwent several evolutionary changes. The wings and canards became
841:
630:
how to do so using the 730 contract to build testbeds. A series of smaller designs, W.101 through 104, would be made from a variety of materials and used to test the flight dynamics,
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program and its V-300 missiles had limited range around 30 kilometres (19 mi) at best. As these were deployed, expected in the late 1950s, approaching the target for attact with
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produced as operational spares. An additional four non-nuclear rounds were produced for various RAF requirements, and there were sixteen other unspecified training rounds.
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On launch the rocket engine's first chamber developing 24,000 lbf (110 kN) thrust would power the missile along a predetermined course to the target at around
2053:
621:
Avro's initial response, in late 1955, was a four-stage development effort. In Stage 1, the 13,000 pounds (5,900 kg) weapon would be powered by a two-chamber
716:, had two chambers, one for cruising at about Mach 1, and a second larger one that was ignited close to the target to increase speed to Mach 3 for a final dash.
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system from the US. When development of that system was cancelled in 1962, the V-bomber fleet was considered highly vulnerable. Blue Steel remained the primary
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by any of the three V-bomber types in use, and that it should be able to reach Mach 3. At the time the only strategic warhead available in the UK was the
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under development. They were told to limit themselves to the specification of OR.1132. The project was delayed by the need to develop the required
2082:
529:
The conclusion of this paper, and other reports like it, was that the situation could be greatly improved through the combination of improved
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B) was quickly produced to extend the life of the V-bomber force in the strategic role until the
Polaris missile was deployed. This WE.177
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of 1.1 Mt yield. Red Snow was smaller and lighter than the earlier warhead proposals. The missile was fitted with a state-of-the-art
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On 3 September 1954 the Air Staff issued
Operational Requirement OR.1132 for the standoff weapon. This was essentially issued to the
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58:
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550:
504:. The system had been developed to fend off a WWII-style attack by 1,000 low-speed aircraft, like those raids carried out by
414:
39:
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Blue Steel was officially retired on 31 December 1970, with the United
Kingdom's strategic nuclear capacity passing to the
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unit. This system allowed the missile to strike within 100 metres of its designated target. In addition, the pilots of the
65:
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Aliminum begins to soften around Mach 2.2 to 2.4, which is why most high-performance aircraft are limited to that speed.
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As it turned out, neither of the originally-proposed UK-designed warheads were actually fitted, being superseded by
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1976:
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693:(RAE) guided-weapon department, including RV Francis who led it. They responded with their W.100 design, made of
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Bott, Ian & Gibson, Chris (July 2024). "Blue Steel: The RAF's Air-Launched Strategic Deterrent, 1952–1970".
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formed a working group of engineers known as the Weapons Research Division made up mostly of people from the
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force. It allowed the bomber to launch the missile against its target while still outside the range of
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Avro Blue Steel missile (side view) at the Midland Air Museum behind the wing of an Avro Vulcan bomber
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leading to significant critism of Avro on the part of the Ministry of Supply and the Air Ministry.
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The UK intelligence services were also aware that the Soviets were planning to deploy an extensive
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name of "Blue Steel" which it would keep in service. With Elliots working on the guidance system,
1971:
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https://web.archive.org/web/20040208232113/http://www.skomer.u-net.com/projects/bluesteel.htm
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would not be accurate enough to fly this distance and hit its targets within the desired
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design was still in its early stages, and the intended weapon for the missile was a
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658:, which was very large and so required a large missile fuselage to carry it. The
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https://web.archive.org/web/20061209210406/http://www.vectorsite.net/twcruz.html
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1991:
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1267:
Leitch, Andy. "V-Force Arsenal: Weapons for the Valiant, Victor and Vulcan".
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740:, who designed a missile with 500 nmi (930 km) range. However, the
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secret and only the diameter and mass were revealed to prospective entrants.
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3, and would trigger within 100 m of the pre-defined target point.
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aerospace museum, showing the twin-chamber "Stentor" rocket motor
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2006:
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Official history: RAF Nuclear Deterrent Forces: Author: Wynne
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Ambiguity and Deterrence: British Nuclear Strategy 1945-1964
401:(SAMs). The missile proceeded to the target at speeds up to
1963:
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at Mach 3 speeds and powered by a rocket engine running on
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British Secret Projects: Hypersonics, Ramjets and Missiles
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gave Avro confidence in construction of rounded surfaces.
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missile capable of carrying a large nuclear (or projected
1419:
1376:
in February 1959, showing the (still unnamed) Blue Steel.
2073:
Cold War air-to-surface missiles of the United Kingdom
1767:
list of code names used for projects (Rainbow Codes)
1029:
1017:
46:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
768:Avro began work proper in 1955, with the assigned
2054:Cold War military equipment of the United Kingdom
1273:No. 107, September/October 2003. pp. 52–59.
2064:
1251:Avro Vulcan Britain's Famous Delta-Wing V-Bomber
600:Vickers, who had worked on the somewhat similar
847:Blue Steel finally entered service in February
736:The only other entrant for the system was from
444:Avro Blue Steel nuclear missile (front) at the
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1405:
1283:
1248:
1224:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 349–351.
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386:was a British air-launched, rocket-propelled
120:Nuclear stand-off air-launched cruise missile
585:power. However, the Ministry noted that the
2088:Military equipment introduced in the 1960s
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1731:
1412:
1398:
1370:an AVRO advertisement for the Vulcan from
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1213:
1107:
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1249:Butler, Phil & Buttler, Tony (2007).
106:Learn how and when to remove this message
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458:
450:
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2083:Nuclear weapons of the United Kingdom
1726:
1393:
1284:Gibson, Chris; Buttler, Tony (2007).
1082:V-bombers: Valiant, Vulcan and Victor
551:Atomic Weapons Research Establishment
526:would become increasingly dangerous.
842:No. 4 Joint Services Trials Unit RAF
804:, an Anglicised variant of the U.S.
512:, the system was partially based on
237:34 ft 11 in (10.64 m)
44:adding citations to reliable sources
15:
1202:
476:During the early 1950s, the Soviet
463:Rear view of Blue Steel missile at
253:12 ft 11 in (3.94 m)
13:
1367:The Vulcan Gets New Striking Power
1304:
951:: 1.22 m (48 in) minimum
871:AEC Mandator Blue Steel tender at
557:and 50 inches (1,300 mm) for
14:
2104:
1328:
1113:"Avro Blue Steel Nuclear Missile"
930:
2049:
2048:
1335:Video of Blue Steel in operation
1084:, Crowood Press, 2000, p.134-139
969:: 21,500 m (70,500 ft)
905:
245:1.22 m (48 in) minimum
133:
20:
2078:Nuclear air-to-surface missiles
1977:British hydrogen bomb programme
1242:
1117:Bomber County Aviation Resource
957:: 7,270 lb (3,300 kg)
302:hydrogen peroxide with kerosene
31:needs additional citations for
1122:
1074:
1049:
666:as OR.1132 in September 1954.
662:issued this requirement for a
485:ground controlled interception
435:
322:21,500 m (70,500 ft)
229:17,000 lb (7,700 kg)
216:One/mod for low-level delivery
202:
1:
1062:
855:engine, but was cancelled in
669:
1067:
691:Royal Aircraft Establishment
547:Royal Aircraft Establishment
294:20,000 lbf (89 kN)
7:
1895:surface-to-surface missiles
1380:"Blue Steel And Its Engine"
1006:
975:: 240 km (150 mi)
898:
697:to handle the heating from
508:. Known in the west as the
150:air-launched cruise missile
10:
2109:
1923:Orange William (Swingfire)
939:: 10.7 m (35 ft)
806:W-28 thermonuclear warhead
729:and the experience of the
587:inertial navigation system
540:
531:electronic countermeasures
471:
345:Inertial navigation system
291:Armstrong Siddeley Stentor
208:53 operational live rounds
2046:
2020:
1959:
1933:satellite launch vehicles
1931:
1893:
1845:
1822:
1773:
1764:
1756:military projects of the
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1676:
1638:
1576:(Sea Ceptor, Land Ceptor)
1554:
1486:
1428:
1386:article on the Blue Steel
1209:Gibson & Buttler 2007
1197:Gibson & Buttler 2007
1182:Gibson & Buttler 2007
1167:Gibson & Buttler 2007
1155:Gibson & Buttler 2007
1097:Butler & Buttler 2007
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415:British nuclear deterrent
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314:926 km (575 mi)
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156:Place of origin
155:
144:
132:
125:
55:"Blue Steel" missile
1918:Blue Rapier / Red Rapier
1357:. Publisher: HMSO, 1994.
1042:
616:
589:(INS) being deveoped by
425:ballistic missiles from
1972:High Explosive Research
1875:Red Shoes (Thunderbird)
1870:Red Duster (Bloodhound)
1847:surface-to-air missiles
1824:air-to-surface missiles
945:: 4 m (13 ft)
836:To speed the trials at
595:circular error probable
516:research in the German
399:surface-to-air missiles
360:flight control surfaces
1715: Anglo-Australian
1313:The Aviation Historian
1288:. Midland Publishing.
1253:. Midland Publishing.
875:
498:surface-to-air missile
468:
456:
448:
1788:Blue Jay (Firestreak)
1423:of the United Kingdom
1220:Baylis, John (1995).
870:
637:The answer was for a
462:
454:
443:
1865:Green Light (SeaCat)
1783:Blue Sky (Fireflash)
1130:"Midland Air Museum"
500:(SAM) system around
481:interceptor aircraft
265:thermonuclear weapon
40:improve this article
1775:air-to-air missiles
818:Handley Page Victor
810:inertial navigation
563:Handley Page Victor
483:and its associated
393:, built to arm the
1713:
1711: Anglo-French
1640:Surface-to-surface
876:
873:RAF Museum, Hendon
774:Armstrong Siddeley
747:Saunders-Roe SR.53
711:Armstrong Siddeley
709:. The engine, the
703:high test peroxide
591:Elliott Automation
570:Ministry of Supply
506:RAF Bomber Command
469:
457:
449:
446:Midland Air Museum
421:started operating
187:Production history
148:Nuclear stand-off
139:Blue Steel missile
2060:
2059:
1860:CF.299 (Sea Dart)
1720:
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1260:978-1-85780-256-6
574:Vickers Armstrong
430:-class submarines
417:weapon until the
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1013:AGM-28 Hound Dog
911:
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714:Stentor Mark 101
391:standoff missile
329:
271:Blast yield
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1305:Further reading
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795:stainless steel
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695:stainless steel
680:boosted fission
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555:Vickers Valiant
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169:In service
164:Service history
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1762:
1761:
1758:United Kingdom
1750:
1749:
1742:
1735:
1727:
1718:
1717:
1710:
1707:
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1698:
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1597:
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1587:
1582:
1577:
1571:
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1560:
1558:
1556:Surface-to-air
1552:
1551:
1549:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1492:
1490:
1488:Air-to-surface
1484:
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1465:
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1455:
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1329:External links
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1303:
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1301:
1295:978-1857802580
1294:
1281:
1270:Air Enthusiast
1265:
1259:
1244:
1241:
1238:
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1230:
1212:
1201:
1199:, p. 109.
1186:
1184:, p. 108.
1171:
1169:, p. 107.
1159:
1157:, p. 105.
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1080:Jones, Barry.
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931:Specifications
929:
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927:
916:
915:
913:United Kingdom
900:
897:
885:laydown weapon
765:
762:
676:nuclear weapon
671:
668:
664:stand-off bomb
639:rocket-powered
618:
615:
613:"Blue Steel".
542:
539:
473:
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437:
434:
411:GAM-87 Skybolt
375:
374:
371:
366:
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328:Maximum speed
324:
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319:Flight ceiling
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159:United Kingdom
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2019:
2013:
2010:
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1998:
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1992:Orange Herald
1990:
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1916:
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1911:
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1885:Violet Friend
1883:
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1473:SRAAM/Taildog
1471:
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1355:0-11-772833-0
1352:
1348:
1346:
1343:
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1338:
1336:
1333:
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1322:
1318:
1315:(48): 10–22.
1314:
1309:
1308:
1297:
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1280:
1276:
1272:
1271:
1266:
1262:
1256:
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1231:0-19-828012-2
1227:
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1216:
1210:
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1125:
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1108:
1106:
1099:, p. 15.
1098:
1093:
1091:
1083:
1077:
1073:
1052:
1048:
1038:
1037:Rainbow Codes
1035:
1026:
1023:
1018:United States
1014:
1011:
1010:
1001:
1000:thermonuclear
998:
994:
991:
989:: ~100 metres
988:
987:
983:
980:
977:
974:
973:Maximum Range
971:
968:
965:
962:
959:
956:
955:Launch Weight
953:
950:
947:
944:
941:
938:
935:
934:
925:
921:
918:
917:
914:
903:
902:
896:
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869:
865:
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858:
854:
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843:
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827:
822:
819:
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811:
807:
803:
798:
796:
792:
786:
782:
778:
775:
771:
761:
759:
755:
751:
748:
743:
739:
734:
732:
728:
723:
717:
715:
712:
708:
704:
700:
699:skin friction
696:
692:
688:
684:
681:
677:
674:At the time,
667:
665:
661:
657:
652:
648:
647:thermonuclear
644:
640:
635:
633:
627:
624:
623:rocket engine
614:
612:
607:
603:
598:
596:
592:
588:
584:
579:
575:
571:
566:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
538:
536:
532:
527:
525:
524:gravity bombs
521:
520:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
494:
491:
486:
482:
479:
466:
461:
453:
447:
442:
433:
431:
429:
424:
420:
416:
412:
406:
404:
400:
396:
392:
389:
388:nuclear armed
385:
382:
372:
364:
361:
357:
349:
346:
343:
335:
331:
325:
321:
317:
313:
305:
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266:
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215:
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136:
131:
124:
118:
110:
107:
99:
96:November 2010
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71:
67:
64:
60:
57: –
56:
52:
51:Find sources:
45:
41:
35:
34:
29:This article
27:
23:
18:
17:
2093:Rainbow code
1987:Blue Peacock
1951:Black Prince
1946:Black Knight
1837:Green Cheese
1831:
1701:Green Cheese
1685:
1531:Storm Shadow
1383:
1371:
1366:
1312:
1300:</ref>
1285:
1268:
1250:
1243:Bibliography
1221:
1215:
1204:
1162:
1133:. Retrieved
1124:
1116:
1081:
1076:
1051:
1030:Soviet Union
992:
984:
978:
972:
966:
960:
954:
948:
942:
936:
890:
877:
846:
835:
823:
799:
787:
783:
779:
770:Rainbow Code
767:
760:foreplanes.
738:Handley Page
735:
718:
685:
673:
663:
656:Green Bamboo
636:
628:
620:
611:rainbow code
599:
578:Handley Page
567:
544:
528:
517:
510:SA-1 "Guild"
495:
490:day fighters
475:
427:
407:
383:
378:
192:Manufacturer
177:Used by
117:
102:
93:
83:
76:
69:
62:
50:
38:Please help
33:verification
30:
2002:Violet Club
1982:Blue Danube
1941:Black Arrow
1908:Blue Streak
1691:Blue Streak
1630:Thunderbird
814:Avro Vulcan
754:delta wings
750:interceptor
731:Bristol 188
559:Avro Vulcan
514:World War 2
465:RAF Cosford
436:Development
308:Operational
205: built
127:Blue Steel
2067:Categories
2012:Yellow Sun
1913:Blue Water
1855:Blue Envoy
1832:Blue Steel
1696:Blue Water
1686:Blue Steel
1620:Starstreak
1564:Bloodhound
1448:Firestreak
1430:Air-to-air
1340:Blue Steel
1063:References
981:: Inertial
963:: Mach 2.3
756:and small
705:(HTP) and
670:Avro W.100
643:supersonic
606:Red Rapier
519:Wasserfall
478:PVO-Strany
428:Resolution
419:Royal Navy
384:Blue Steel
299:Propellant
66:newspapers
1997:Red Beard
1903:Blue Slug
1648:Swingfire
1615:Starburst
1605:Sea Viper
1536:Sea Venom
1521:Sea Eagle
1506:Brimstone
1501:Blue Boar
1443:Fireflash
1321:2051-1930
1279:0143-5450
1068:Citations
1028:– (
1016:– (
924:V bombers
893:submarine
831:air burst
660:Air Staff
634:and INS.
632:autopilot
602:Blue Boar
172:1963-1970
2038:Red Snow
2025:warheads
1814:Skyflash
1807:Taildog/
1798:Red Hebe
1793:Red Dean
1754:Cold War
1663:Vigilant
1625:Tigercat
1610:Sea Wolf
1595:Sea Dart
1569:Blowpipe
1526:Sea Skua
1478:Skyflash
1463:Red Hebe
1458:Red Dean
1135:16 March
1007:See also
1002:(1.1 Mt)
997:Red Snow
979:Guidance
949:Diameter
943:Wingspan
899:Operator
802:Red Snow
791:Avro 730
707:kerosene
535:Avro 730
395:V bomber
373:Aircraft
369:platform
358:Movable
352:Steering
338:Guidance
262:Red Snow
250:Wingspan
242:Diameter
213:Variants
2022:nuclear
1961:nuclear
1880:Seaslug
1803:Red Top
1678:Nuclear
1658:UB.109T
1653:Malkara
1600:Seaslug
1580:Javelin
1541:SPEAR 3
1516:Martlet
1468:Red Top
1382:a 1960
993:Warhead
967:Ceiling
895:fleet.
838:Woomera
742:Elliots
651:warhead
597:(CEP).
541:OR.1132
472:Origins
423:Polaris
332:Mach 3+
276:megaton
258:Warhead
80:scholar
2033:ET.317
2007:WE.177
1590:Seacat
1585:Rapier
1546:Tychon
1511:Martel
1453:Meteor
1438:ASRAAM
1384:Flight
1373:Flight
1353:
1319:
1292:
1277:
1257:
1228:
937:Length
910:
881:WE.177
853:ramjet
764:Delays
758:canard
727:deltas
722:ramjet
583:ramjet
502:Moscow
367:Launch
354:system
340:system
287:Engine
234:Length
82:
75:
68:
61:
53:
1964:bombs
1809:SRAAM
1496:ALARM
1043:Notes
1025:Kh-22
961:Speed
617:W.100
310:range
87:JSTOR
73:books
1668:NLAW
1574:CAMM
1351:ISBN
1317:ISSN
1290:ISBN
1275:ISSN
1255:ISBN
1226:ISBN
1137:2007
862:1962
857:1960
849:1963
826:Mach
687:Avro
604:and
576:and
568:The
561:and
403:Mach
381:Avro
379:The
274:1.1
226:Mass
196:Avro
145:Type
59:news
986:CEP
922:- (
816:or
488:of
203:No.
42:by
2069::
1189:^
1174:^
1145:^
1115:,
1104:^
1089:^
995::
864:.
833:.
649:)
641:,
565:.
537:.
432:.
1746:e
1739:t
1732:v
1413:e
1406:t
1399:v
1323:.
1298:.
1263:.
1234:.
1139:.
1032:)
1020:)
926:)
109:)
103:(
98:)
94:(
84:·
77:·
70:·
63:·
36:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
