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published by the
Stamford Historical Society, "Blickensderfer's typewriter ... became the world's best seller, and the company became one of the world's largest typewriter manufacturers." The factory employed about 200 people and produced about 10,000 typewriters per year at its peak (1903-1907) until the factory closed in 1919. The first commercially successful model was the No. 5, which sold for $ 35, compared to the benchmark machines of the day which cost $ 100 or more. Each new Model 5 came in a simple wooden carrying case with an extra typewheel, a dozen ink rolls and a tool kit.
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230:. This positioning allowed the typist to keep his hands on the home row as much as possible, minimizing extraneous hand movement and increasing efficiency. The QWERTY keyboard introduced on the Sholes & Glidden typewriter in 1874 was designed for purely mechanical reasons and the chances of the keys striking each other and jamming was more limited with this configuration. Because the Blickensderfer used the typewheel, the "scientific" keyboard layout could be used for maximum typing efficiency.
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improved the paper scale, added black composite carriage knobs at both ends of the palten, added adjustable margin stops and a bell mechanism designed to be struck by a clapper attached to the inker arm indicating when the carriage was approaching the end of the typed line. The
Blickensderfer 7 was also mounted on an oak base fitted with an attractive bentwood laminated oak case. About 63,000 Blickensderfer No. 7's were produced from 1897 until 1916.
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characters: lower case, upper case and a row of numbers and symbols. Depressing a key caused the typewheel to turn so the correct letter was positioned over the paper. As the wheel turned it moved downward, contacting an ink roller prior to striking the paper. This allowed for greater speed in typing as there were no keys to become jammed or stuck together. The interchangeable typewheel principle is very similar to the
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that the ten most frequently used letters were A, D, E, H, I, N, O, R, S, and T, and were used in about 70% of written text and in about 85% of all words. The middle row contained letters that occurred 24% of the time and the top row about 6%. Blickensderfer offered the scientific keyboard in the hopes that his more efficient system would replace the clumsy but widely used
157:, and were the first truly portable, full-keyboard typewriters. The design also enabled the typist to see the typed work, at a time when most typewriters were understrike machines that concealed the writing. When Blickensderfer unveiled his small Model 5, its compactness and novel features attracted huge crowds and many orders.
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Industrial production in the 1890s was not highly automated and assembly was done completely by hand. This allowed for easy design changes and improvements to the production process. Blickensderfer continued to improve his machines and a number of new patents were filed for the
Blickensderfer 5 up to
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One unique feature of the
Blickensderfer typewriter was the scientific or DHIATENSOR keyboard. The DHIATENSOR layout is shown below (with alphanumeric characters only): Blickensderfer analyzed the English language and proposed a unique and more efficient keyboard based on his research. He determined
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The
Blickensderfer Electric was a revolutionary machine and was far ahead of its time when it was first introduced at the Pan-American Exhibition in Buffalo in 1901 following its patent in August 1900 (patent no.656,085). It had all the familiar characteristics of the manual models, plus a QWERTY or
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in 1883 but
Blickensderfer's genius was in the use of the typewheel combined with the simplicity and the small size of his machine. This invention was unlike anything else on the market and was considered a mechanical marvel that took typewriter engineering to a new level. Striking a key turned the
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On August 4, 1891, after several prototypes, Blickensderfer patented The
Blickensderfer Type Writing Machine. The central component was the use of the cylindrical shaped interchangeable type element which he initially patented on July 15, 1890. An earlier variation to Blickensderfer's typewheel was
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It is believed that the
Blickensderfer Electric was produced from 1901 to 1919. Although a technological and engineering success, it was a commercial failure as at the time many homes and businesses were not wired for electricity. Electricity was primarily used for lighting and therefore not widely
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as the
Dactyle . The Blickensderfer 5 was the simplest of all Blickensderfer models and more were produced than any other Blickensderfer machine. About 74,000 or 37% of the 200,000 Blickensderfer typewriters produced, were No. 5's and their production continued until 1913, when other models became
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Instead of the common mechanism with letters on the end of individual type bars connected to the keys, the first
Blickensderfer prototype used a cylindrical typewheel with four rows of characters; lower case, upper case, italics and short words embossed on it. It was later modified to three rows of
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George Blickensderfer died on August 15, 1917, after a short illness. With the brilliant chief engineer and designer gone, his company could not continue, and the heirs sold it in 1919. After several unsuccessful years under different ownership, the Remington Typewriter Company acquired the assets,
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The company's European business declined with the onset of World War I, and production and sales were particularly hard hit when the United States joined the war in 1917. As part of the war effort Blickensderfer converted much of his factory to produce munitions for the war, including a machine gun
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The Model 7, first introduced in 1897, became the deluxe version of the basic No. 5 and was designed to please a greater cross section of the market. The biggest and most obvious difference was the wraparound space bar, which gave the machine a more solid and distinctive look. Blickensderfer also
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or universal keyboard developed by Sholes and Glidden in 1874. Unfortunately for Blickensderfer, no other typewriter manufacturer adopted the scientific keyboard and Blickensderfer had no choice but to offer the universal keyboard on all his machines as an option. Toward the end of the company's
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wheel to the appropriate orientation while inking the typeface as it tipped downward past the ink roller to strike the paper. Holding the Cap or Fig keys shifted the typewheel along its axis to use either the middle row, for capital letters, or the lower row, for special characters and numbers.
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The Blickensderfer typewriters were initially manufactured in a rented factory on Garden Street in Stamford, Connecticut. By 1896, due to strong foreign demand in particular for his machines, Blickensderfer opened a new and modern factory on Atlantic Street in Stamford. According to an article
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In 1910 George Blickensderfer introduced the Blickensderfer 6, which was cast in aluminium and was essentially a lighter version of the Blickensderfer 5 which used cast iron. The aluminium version also appeared as the Blickensderfer Featherweight, which was an improved Model 6 with a backspace
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The Blickensderfer Electrics were advertised and marketed in both France and Britain, although it is not known how many machines were ultimately sold. Very few machines are known to exist today, and they are found with both straight fronts and QWERTY keyboards or curved fronts and DHIATENSOR
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Blickensderfer typewriters were sold in France under the Dactyle name. The machines were sold in Canada by the Creelman Brothers Company of Georgetown, Ontario. They were also sold and marketed in Great Britain, Germany, New Zealand and Russia. The keyboards and type wheels were available for
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in Chicago. Production of the model 5 did not seriously get underway until 1895-1896. The 5 was the first portable, full keyboard, typewriter and came with the DHIATENSOR keyboard as standard or with a QWERTY keyboard available on request. Some of the earliest Blickensderfer 5's were sold in
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The Model 9, believed to be introduced in mid-1910, was similar in appearance to the Model 8, but lacked the nickel plated tabulator keys and also featured a folding ink roller arm support similar to the Blickensderfer Featherweight. Only about 10,000 machines were produced, ending in 1919.
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June 1, 1897, when the machine largely remained the same for the balance of its production life. Blickensderfer continued to invent new machines until his death, including the Blickensderfer Electric and various standard machines with the Blickensderfer 9 being his last major new model.
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The Blickensderfer typewriter dramatically reduced the complexity of the typewriter design. A typical Blickensderfer contained only 250 parts, compared to the 2,500 parts of a standard typewriter. It was much smaller, lighter and cheaper than others. Some of the first
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including tools, parts, drawings and intellectual rights, from the bankrupt L.R. Roberts Company in 1926. Remington attempted to introduce a modified Blickensderfer 5 called the Rem-Blick to the market, but by the end of 1928 the model was discontinued.
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numerous languages, including French, Spanish, German and Polish. Some machines, called the Oriental, were adapted so the carriage moved from left to right, to accommodate Hebrew and Arabic languages.
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a DHIATENSOR keyboard and all the advantages of later electric typewriters, including a light key touch, even typing, and automatic carriage return and line spacing. The machine was powered by an
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mechanism and the ink arm support was modified to an attractive curved folding design. These typewriters weighed only 5 pounds and were widely marketed as the Five-Pound Secretary.
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typewriters, marketed as the Blickensderfer 6 and the Blickensderfer Featherweight, were made by Blickensderfer, as was the world's first fully
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in Chicago. The Model 5 was a stripped-down version of the bigger, more complex Model 1. These machines were intended to compete with larger
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developed by George Blickensderfer after careful analysis of the English language. The home, or lowest row of keys, contained the
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on the side. The motor ran on 104 Volt 60 Hz AC electric current, which was not yet widely standard at the time. (See
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existence, most machines were sold with the universal keyboard. There were modifications to the layout made for
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A History of Thomas Canfield and of Matthew Camfield with A Genealogy of their Descendants in New Jersey
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The Blickensderfer 8 introduced in 1908 was the first Blickensderfer to boast a tabulator system (see
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592:"The Stamford Historical Society, Blickensderfer Manufacturing Co., The First Electric Typewriter"
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design introduced almost 70 years later in 1961. Like the Selectric, one could easily change the
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The first widely successful production model was the Blickensderfer 5, introduced at the 1893
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belt feed for the French government and 50 caliber machine gun mounts for aircraft.
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The Five-Pound Secretary An illustrated history of the Blickensderfer Typewriter
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http://www.portabletypewriters.co.uk/portable_typewriters_blickensderfer.htm
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or the font style on a Blickensderfer simply by changing the typewheel.
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Fine example of an early Blickensderfer No.5 typewriter, dated 1902
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Very early example of a Blickensderfer No. 5 typewriter dated 1894
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electric motor mounted on the rear and switched on by turning a
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662:. The Title Morehouse & Taylor Press, New Haven Conn.
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Creelman Brothers Blickensderfer 5 typewriter, circa 1895
574:"The Virtual Typewriter Museum: Blickensderfer Electric"
554:"Instructions for Using the Blickensderfer Typewriter"
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http://www.antikeychop.com/blickensderfer-typewriters
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Typewriter invented by George Canfield Blickensderfer
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431:Blickensderfer "scientific" keyboard advertisement
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382:The typewheel, like the later typeball of the
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696:"Blickensderfer 1-8 and Electric typewriters"
273:Blickensderfer Featherweight typewriter, 1915
667:Blickensderfer, Robert; Paul Robert (2003).
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636:http://www.stamfordhistory.org/blickens.htm
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615:"Portable Typewriters - Blickensderfer"
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673:. The Virtual Typewriter Museum.
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1530:Sholes and Glidden typewriter
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336:Blickensderfer model 8, 1909
290:Blickensderfer model 7, 1909
253:World's Columbian Exposition
147:World's Columbian Exposition
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1769:Boston Typewriter Orchestra
1449:Imperial Typewriter Company
1358:Blickensderfer (DHIATENSOR)
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58:"Blickensderfer typewriter"
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613:Milton, Richard (2004).
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488:. The same vowels, plus
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374:Blickensderfer typewheel
1741:Speech-to-text reporter
1556:Lucien Stephen Crandall
1434:Commodore International
596:www.stamfordhistory.org
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390:Scientific keyboard
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201:electric typewriter
153:, Hammond and Yost
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498:ETAOIN SHRDLU
495:
476:. The Dvorak
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60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
1806:Touch typing
1778:
1760:Cultural and
1746:Stenographer
1726:Audio typist
1680:Carbon paper
1504:
1479:Smith Corona
1474:Silver Seiko
1357:
1342:ISO/IEC 9995
741:Latin script
669:
658:
647:Bibliography
619:the original
595:
586:
577:
568:
557:. Retrieved
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53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
1832:Typewriters
1751:Typesetting
1721:Copy typist
1714:Occupations
1673:Accessories
1540:Hermes 3000
1415:Typewriters
1317:Microwriter
1225:ShapeWriter
1200:Flick input
1169:Thumb board
1107: [
1095: [
989:thumb-shift
797:QWERTY-like
324:keyboards.
155:typewriters
1821:Categories
1695:Ink ribbon
1630:Components
1581:Henry Mill
1351:Historical
1295:One handed
1269:Two handed
1220:MessagEase
1137:LetterWise
1104:Nico Touch
1074:For mobile
783:Portuguese
559:2014-01-03
528:References
228:DHIATENSOR
99:April 2022
69:newspapers
1736:Secretary
1330:Standards
1281:Stenotype
1276:Palantype
1261:keyboards
1210:Graffiti
1142:Multi-tap
1029:Intellark
1003:Sebeolsik
999:Dubeolsik
912:Non-Latin
889:Turkish F
773:Icelandic
543:, Chart 9
197:aluminium
151:Remington
143:stenotype
1791:Samizdat
1459:Olivetti
1363:Linotype
1286:Velotype
1245:Typewise
1240:TouchPal
1230:SwiftKey
1159:SureType
1120:Physical
1041:Georgian
985:Japanese
938:InScript
819:Albanian
788:Romanian
656:(1897).
454:home row
342:Tab stop
310:Yale key
213:typeface
1429:Brother
1337:ECMA-23
1312:FrogPad
1259:Chorded
1185:5-Tiles
1178:Virtual
1076:devices
980:Chinese
954:Sinhala
928:Bengali
899:Workman
874:Maltron
849:Colemak
778:Italian
607:Sources
500:order.
410:Spanish
348:Model 9
328:Model 8
306:Emerson
282:Model 7
239:Model 5
161:History
83:scholar
1664:Platen
1657:QWERTZ
1652:QWERTY
1647:Dvorak
1642:AZERTY
1498:Models
1205:Gboard
1195:Fleksy
1190:FITALY
1046:Hebrew
1024:Arabic
995:Korean
914:script
894:ŪGJRMV
869:HCESAR
864:EurKEY
858:Svorak
854:Dvorak
826:QZERTY
814:German
809:QWERTZ
804:AZERTY
755:QWERTY
677:
472:
468:
464:
460:
422:Polish
420:, and
418:German
414:French
405:QWERTY
258:France
234:Models
190:Design
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
1489:Xerox
1469:Sharp
1307:CyKey
1235:Swype
1127:E.161
1111:]
1099:]
1017:Other
959:Tamil
944:Khmer
623:(via
504:Notes
90:JSTOR
76:books
1368:PLUM
1215:KALQ
1132:iTap
1061:Urdu
1034:Jawi
844:BÉPO
759:list
745:list
675:ISBN
484:and
129:The
62:news
1444:IBM
1302:BAT
1152:XT9
884:SKY
879:Neo
45:by
1823::
1147:T9
1109:ja
1097:ja
1005:,
1001:,
963:99
594:.
576:.
424:.
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470:N
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462:H
458:D
112:)
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97:(
87:·
80:·
73:·
66:·
39:.
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