55:
202:
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271:
Squeezing blackheads and whiteheads can remove them, but can also damage the skin. Doing so increases the risk of causing or transmitting infection and scarring, as well as potentially pushing any infection deeper into the skin. Comedo extractors are used with careful hygiene in beauty salons and by
162:
rather than poor hygiene or dirt causes blackheads to be black. Washing or scrubbing the skin too much could make it worse, by irritating the skin. Touching and picking at comedones might cause irritation and spread infection. What effect shaving has on the development of comedones or acne is
1026:
Orringer, JS; Kang, S; Hamilton, T; Schumacher, W; Cho, S; Hammerberg, C; Fisher, GJ; Karimipour, DJ; Johnson, TM; Voorhees, JJ (Jun 16, 2004). "Treatment of acne vulgaris with a pulsed dye laser: a randomized controlled trial".
307:
can often extract open comedones with minimal skin trauma, but closed comedones are more difficult. Laser treatment for acne might reduce comedones, but dermabrasion and laser therapy have also been known to cause scarring.
1347:
722:
Burkhart, CG; Burkhart, CN (October 2007). "Expanding the microcomedone theory and acne therapeutics: Propionibacterium acnes biofilm produces biological glue that holds corneocytes together to form plug".
174:
or nonacnegenic. Make-up and skin products that are oil-free and water-based may be less likely to cause acne. Whether dietary factors or sun exposure make comedones better, worse, or neither is unknown.
136:(DCIS) is not related to the skin conditions discussed here. DCIS is a noninvasive form of breast cancer, but comedo-type DCIS may be more aggressive, so may be more likely to become invasive.
913:
Korting, HC; Ponce-Pöschl, E; Klövekorn, W; Schmötzer, G; Arens-Corell, M; Braun-Falco, O (Mar–Apr 1995). "The influence of the regular use of a soap or an acidic syndet bar on pre-acne".
111:, meaning "to eat up", and was historically used to describe parasitic worms; in modern medical terminology, it is used to suggest the worm-like appearance of the expressed material.
956:
Pagnoni, A; Kligman, AM; Stoudemayer, T (1999). "Extraction of follicular horny impactions the face by polymers. Efficacy and safety of a cosmetic pore-cleansing strip (Bioré)".
301:
target infection specifically, but some treatments are aimed at the formation of comedones, as well. Others remove the dead layers of the skin and may help clear blocked pores.
260:
Using nonoily cleansers and mild soap may not cause as much irritation to the skin as regular soap. Blackheads can be removed across an area with commercially available
353:
around the oil-producing gland in the skin. It has widened open hair follicles with dark keratin plugs that resemble comedones, but they are not actually comedones.
232:
A comedo may be open to the air ("blackhead") or closed by skin ("whitehead"). Being open to the air causes oxidation of the melanin pigment, which turns it black.
252:
Solar comedones (sometimes called senile comedones) are related to many years of exposure to the sun, usually on the cheeks, not to acne-related pathophysiology.
1421:
311:
Macrocomedones (1 mm or larger) can be removed by a dermatologist using surgical instruments or cauterized with a device that uses light. The acne drug
2441:
389:
1545:
2451:
261:
1390:
249:
Comedones that are 1 mm or larger are called macrocomedones. They are closed comedones and are more frequent on the face than neck.
758:
Kumar, Vinay; Abbas, Abul K.; Aster, Jon C.; Turner, Jerrold R.; Perkins, James A.; Robbins, Stanley L.; Cotran, Ramzi S., eds. (2021).
1414:
122:. Whether a skin condition classifies as acne depends on the number of comedones and infection. Comedones should not be confused with
2466:
2446:
1866:
193:
and recent
African descent may experience more inflammation in comedones, more comedonal acne, and earlier onset of inflammation.
315:
can cause severe flare-ups of macrocomedones, so dermatologists recommend removal before starting the drug and during treatment.
2426:
1299:
1967:
1407:
1111:
767:
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increase sebum (oil) production. If sebum continues to build up behind the plug, it can enlarge and form a visible comedo.
2403:
2284:
1972:
1952:
1921:
643:
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1891:
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Genes may play a role in the chances of developing acne. Comedones may be more common in some ethnic groups. People of
2790:
2408:
2167:
1957:
1947:
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are beneficial and do not cause increased pigmentation of the skin. If using a retinoid, sunscreen is recommended.
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2279:
1068:
264:(which can still damage the skin by leaving the pores wide open and ripping excess skin) or the more aggressive
1590:
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2216:
190:
2795:
2471:
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221:. These units are mostly on the face, neck, upper chest, shoulders, and back. Excess keratin combined with
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153:
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28:
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1685:
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Khaddar, RK; Mahjoub, WK; Zaraa, I; Sassi, MB; Osman, AB; Debbiche, AC; Mokni, M (January 2012). "".
356:
17:
278:
options for acne in general have not been shown to be effective in trials. These include aloe vera,
114:
The chronic inflammatory condition that usually includes comedones, inflamed papules, and pustules (
2600:
2584:
2398:
2256:
983:
Gollnick, HP; Krautheim, A (2003). "Topical treatment in acne: current status and future aspects".
678:"A review of acne in ethnic skin: pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, and management strategies"
130:
2747:
2700:
2578:
2511:
2344:
2028:
1977:
1773:
1695:
1387:
792:"Clinical pearl: comedone extraction for persistent macrocomedones while on isotretinoin therapy"
166:
Some skin products might increase comedones by blocking pores, and greasy hair products (such as
2595:
2289:
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2124:
2114:
1901:
1896:
1650:
1379:
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Hallermann, C; Bertsch, HP (Jul–Aug 2004). "Two sisters with familial dyskeratotic comedones".
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1989:
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182:, can also block the pore and cause a bulge or lead to infection (causing inflammation and
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is the suspected infectious agent in acne. It can proliferate in sebum and cause inflamed
8:
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Zarkik, S; Bouhllab, J; Methqal, A; Afifi, Y; Senouci, K; Hassam, B (Jul 15, 2012). "
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67:
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Bhagwat, PV; Tophakhane, RS; Shashikumar, BM; Noronha, TM; Naidu, V (Jul–Aug 2009).
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1064:"Retinoids and azelaic Acid to treat acne and hyperpigmentation in skin of color"
218:
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to be common in adolescents. Acne is also found premenstrually and in women with
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can plug the opening of the follicle. This small plug is called a microcomedo.
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2018:
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170:) can worsen acne. Skin products that claim to not clog pores may be labeled
92:(skin debris) combines with oil to block the follicle. A comedo can be open (
85:
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genetic condition, with keratotic (tough) papules and comedo-like lesions.
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62:
Illustration comparing a normal skin pore with a whitehead and a blackhead
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1471:
512:
Williams, HC; Dellavalle, RP; Garner, S (Jan 28, 2012). "Acne vulgaris".
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Multiple open comedones at the nasolabial fold and the alar of the nose
118:) is called acne. Infection causes inflammation and the development of
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occurs in sun-damaged skin and includes open and closed comedones.
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2154:
1102:
Rapini, Ronald P.; Bolognia, Jean L.; Jorizzo, Joseph L. (2007).
641:
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89:
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511:
115:
452:. Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care (IQWiG)
287:
222:
105:
835:
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762:(10th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier. p. 1165.
149:
101:
604:
272:
dermatologists, usually after using steam or warm water.
183:
119:
1201:
Indian
Journal of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology
359:
is a genetic pigment disorder that includes comedo-like
318:
Some research suggests that the common acne medications
650:. British Association of Dermatologists. Archived from
1194:"Three cases of Dowling Degos disease in two families"
1270:
1029:
JAMA: The
Journal of the American Medical Association
757:
1329:
982:
721:
1062:Woolery-Lloyd, HC; Keri, J; Doig, S (Apr 1, 2013).
675:
443:
246:are inflamed, painful, deep bumps under the skin.
2442:Disseminate and recurrent infundibulofolliculitis
796:The Journal of Clinical and Aesthetic Dermatology
682:The Journal of Clinical and Aesthetic Dermatology
2782:
1429:
1388:What causes blackheads, Treatment and Prevention
760:Robbins & Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease
148:increases during puberty, causing comedones and
27:"Blackhead" redirects here. For other uses, see
1546:Congenital onychodysplasia of the index fingers
789:
725:Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology
563:
2452:Erythromelanosis follicularis faciei et colli
1415:
1055:
1132:Keratoacanthoma arising in nevus comedonicus
439:
437:
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427:
425:
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366:Familial dyskeratotic comedones are a rare
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1238:Annales de Dermatologie et de Vénéréologie
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396:. Oxford University Press. Archived from
379:
178:A hair that does not emerge normally, an
2447:Erosive pustular dermatosis of the scalp
1867:Central centrifugal cicatricial alopecia
1095:
976:
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783:
781:
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637:
635:
559:
557:
555:
553:
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412:
200:
949:
831:
829:
827:
710:
676:Davis, EC; Callender, VD (April 2010).
671:
669:
642:British Association of Dermatologists.
564:Purdy, Sarah; De Berker, David (2011).
14:
2783:
2427:Acrokeratosis paraneoplastica of Bazex
1120:
790:Wise, EM; Graber, EM (November 2011).
464:
1403:
1370:
1168:
862:
776:
632:
548:
2467:Intermittent hair–follicle dystrophy
1173:. New Zealand Dermatological Society
885:
867:. New Zealand Dermatological Society
824:
666:
294:herbal treatments, and acupuncture.
2404:Recurrent palmoplantar hidradenitis
2285:Idiopathic facial aseptic granuloma
1922:Marie Unna hereditary hypotrichosis
958:Journal of Dermatological Treatment
104:. The word "comedo" comes from the
24:
2145:Lupus miliaris disseminatus faciei
1892:Dissecting cellulitis of the scalp
1300:"Comedones, familial dyskeratotic"
1106:. St. Louis: Mosby. p. 1847.
844:. Primary Care Dermatology Society
836:Primary Care Dermatology Society.
605:National Cancer Institute (2002).
329:
242:(pimples) characteristic of acne.
209:Comedones are associated with the
196:
25:
2812:
2409:Neutrophilic eccrine hidradenitis
2168:Granulomatous perioral dermatitis
1371:Rines, George Edwin, ed. (1920).
1325:
1297:
1087:
2569:Traumatic anserine folliculosis
2280:Granulomatous facial dermatitis
1291:
1273:European Journal of Dermatology
1229:
1185:
1162:
1069:Journal of Drugs in Dermatology
1019:
906:
879:
856:
268:method used by dermatologists.
1591:Malalignment of the nail plate
751:
598:
13:
1:
2217:Erythrotelangiectatic rosacea
613:. National Cancer Institute.
526:10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60321-8
373:
255:
2472:Keratosis pilaris atropicans
2375:Folliculitis nares perforans
1250:10.1016/j.annder.2011.10.403
886:Poli, F (Apr 15, 2002). "".
345:or comedo nevus is a benign
290:(Japanese herbal medicine),
156:. Smoking may worsen acne.
100:) and occur with or without
7:
2242:Persistent edema of rosacea
648:Patient information leaflet
154:polycystic ovarian syndrome
10:
2817:
2674:Postmiliarial hypohidrosis
2502:Menkes kinky hair syndrome
1917:Frontal fibrosing alopecia
1726:Staining of the nail plate
1586:Longitudinal erythronychia
1581:Lichen planus of the nails
1136:Dermatology Online Journal
737:10.1016/j.jaad.2007.05.013
29:Blackhead (disambiguation)
26:
2756:
2728:
2629:
2618:
2559:Rubinstein–Taybi syndrome
2419:
2387:Pseudofolliculitis barbae
2360:
2307:
2272:
2153:
2009:
1998:
1930:
1758:
1749:
1686:Pterygium inversum unguis
1438:
1333:
1104:Dermatology: 2-Volume Set
970:10.3109/09546639909055910
607:"Breast cancer treatment"
139:
66:
61:
52:
44:
39:
2791:Dermatologic terminology
2601:Uncombable hair syndrome
2585:Trichorrhexis invaginata
2399:Hidradenitis suppurativa
2257:Periorificial dermatitis
1041:10.1001/jama.291.23.2834
444:Informed Health Online.
335:Favre–Racouchot syndrome
286:), fruit-derived acids,
2579:Trichomycosis axillaris
2512:Parakeratosis pustulosa
2029:Acne miliaris necrotica
1810:(male-pattern baldness)
1774:noncicatricial alopecia
1696:Purpura of the nail bed
1214:10.4103/0378-6323.53139
2596:Trichostasis spinulosa
2290:Periorbital dermatitis
2207:Papulopustular rosacea
2125:Acne with facial edema
2115:Acne keloidalis nuchae
1902:Folliculitis decalvans
1897:Graham-Little syndrome
1651:Onychoptosis defluvium
1380:Encyclopedia Americana
1306:. OMIM. Archived from
838:"Acne: macrocomedones"
276:Complementary medicine
206:
144:Oil production in the
2766:Sebaceous hyperplasia
2681:Granulosis rubra nasi
2544:Pityriasis amiantacea
2497:Loose anagen syndrome
2437:Bubble hair deformity
2227:Gram-negative rosacea
1990:Nevoid hypertrichosis
1862:Pseudopelade of Brocq
1741:Twenty-nail dystrophy
1616:Nail–patella syndrome
1596:Median nail dystrophy
888:La Revue du Praticien
570:BMJ Clinical Evidence
357:Dowling–Degos disease
262:pore-cleansing strips
204:
96:) or closed by skin (
2649:Miliaria crystalline
2590:Trichorrhexis nodosa
1857:cicatricial alopecia
1839:Alopecia neoplastica
1834:Trichorrhexis nodosa
1467:Yellow nail syndrome
611:Physician Desk Query
400:on December 21, 2013
88:(pore) in the skin.
2796:Acneiform eruptions
2748:Fox–Fordyce disease
2533:Pili pseudoannulati
2487:Lichen planopilaris
2462:Hair follicle nevus
2380:Tufted folliculitis
2163:Perioral dermatitis
1912:Triangular alopecia
1829:Lichen planopilaris
1808:Androgenic alopecia
1716:Splinter hemorrhage
1711:Shell nail syndrome
1556:Half and half nails
349:(birthmark) of the
235:Cutibacterium acnes
213:, which includes a
124:sebaceous filaments
2669:Occlusion miliaria
2659:Miliaria pustulosa
2549:Plica neuropathica
2247:Rosacea conglobata
2058:Acne medicamentosa
1877:Traumatic alopecia
1731:Subungual hematoma
1393:2020-01-27 at the
1148:10.5070/D38XZ7951S
927:10.1007/bf01833872
368:autosomal-dominant
351:pilosebaceous unit
211:pilosebaceous unit
207:
2778:
2777:
2774:
2773:
2654:Miliaria profunda
2614:
2613:
2606:Woolly hair nevus
2492:Lichen spinulosus
2330:Trichilemmal cyst
2303:
2302:
2222:Glandular rosacea
2175:Phymatous rosacea
2105:Occupational acne
1887:Hot comb alopecia
1872:Pressure alopecia
1849:Alopecia mucinosa
1824:Traction alopecia
1819:Telogen effluvium
1374:"Comedones"
1366:
1365:
1113:978-1-4160-2999-1
997:10.1159/000067820
865:"Solar comedones"
842:Clinical Guidance
769:978-0-323-53113-9
394:Oxford Dictionary
342:Nevus comedonicus
131:ductal carcinoma
78:
77:
48:Plural: comedones
34:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
2808:
2627:
2626:
2564:Setleis syndrome
2528:Pili multigemini
2262:Pyoderma faciale
2007:
2006:
1844:Anagen effluvium
1756:
1755:
1691:Pterygium unguis
1611:Muehrcke's lines
1498:Onychotillomania
1424:
1417:
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1401:
1400:
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520:(9813): 361–72.
509:
462:
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441:
410:
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386:
146:sebaceous glands
57:
37:
36:
21:
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2809:
2807:
2806:
2805:
2781:
2780:
2779:
2770:
2752:
2724:
2621:
2610:
2583:Trichorrhexis (
2415:
2356:
2325:Epidermoid cyst
2299:
2268:
2232:Steroid rosacea
2149:
2110:Acne aestivalis
2048:Excoriated acne
2024:Acne conglobata
2001:
1994:
1926:
1763:
1745:
1721:Spotted lunulae
1681:Psoriatic nails
1636:Onychomatricoma
1449:Onychogryphosis
1434:
1432:skin appendages
1428:
1395:Wayback Machine
1367:
1362:
1361:
1342:
1328:
1323:
1313:
1311:
1310:on 15 June 2013
1296:
1292:
1269:
1265:
1234:
1230:
1196:
1190:
1186:
1176:
1174:
1171:"Comedo Naevus"
1167:
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1100:
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752:
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623:
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599:
566:"Acne vulgaris"
562:
549:
510:
465:
455:
453:
442:
413:
403:
401:
388:
387:
380:
376:
332:
330:Rare conditions
299:acne treatments
285:
258:
219:sebaceous gland
199:
197:Pathophysiology
142:
35:
32:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2814:
2804:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2776:
2775:
2772:
2771:
2769:
2768:
2762:
2760:
2754:
2753:
2751:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2734:
2732:
2726:
2725:
2723:
2722:
2721:
2720:
2710:
2709:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2688:
2686:Ross' syndrome
2683:
2678:
2677:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2664:Miliaria rubra
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2644:Colloid milium
2635:
2633:
2624:
2616:
2615:
2612:
2611:
2609:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2587:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2523:Pili bifurcati
2520:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2482:Koenen's tumor
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2432:Acroosteolysis
2429:
2423:
2421:
2417:
2416:
2414:
2413:
2412:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2390:
2389:
2384:
2383:
2382:
2377:
2366:
2364:
2358:
2357:
2355:
2354:
2349:
2348:
2347:
2342:
2336:Steatocystoma
2334:
2333:
2332:
2327:
2319:Sebaceous cyst
2314:
2312:
2305:
2304:
2301:
2300:
2298:
2297:
2295:SAPHO syndrome
2292:
2287:
2282:
2276:
2274:
2270:
2269:
2267:
2266:
2265:
2264:
2259:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2237:Ocular rosacea
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2212:Lupoid rosacea
2209:
2204:
2203:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2172:
2171:
2170:
2159:
2157:
2151:
2150:
2148:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2135:Acne necrotica
2132:
2127:
2122:
2120:Acne mechanica
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2100:Acne cosmetica
2097:
2092:
2087:
2086:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2065:
2055:
2053:Acne fulminans
2050:
2045:
2039:Infantile acne
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2015:
2013:
2004:
1996:
1995:
1993:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1981:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1962:
1961:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1942:
1936:
1934:
1932:Hypertrichosis
1928:
1927:
1925:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1905:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1882:Tumor alopecia
1879:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1852:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1804:
1803:
1802:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1769:
1767:
1753:
1747:
1746:
1744:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1676:Plummer's nail
1673:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1537:
1536:
1531:
1519:
1518:
1513:
1506:
1505:
1500:
1493:
1492:
1487:
1480:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1457:
1456:
1451:
1444:
1442:
1436:
1435:
1427:
1426:
1419:
1412:
1404:
1398:
1397:
1385:
1364:
1363:
1360:
1359:
1343:
1338:
1337:
1335:
1334:Classification
1327:
1326:External links
1324:
1322:
1321:
1290:
1263:
1228:
1207:(4): 398–400.
1184:
1161:
1119:
1112:
1094:
1054:
1035:(23): 2834–9.
1018:
975:
948:
905:
878:
855:
823:
775:
768:
750:
709:
665:
631:
597:
547:
463:
411:
377:
375:
372:
331:
328:
305:Dermatologists
283:
257:
254:
198:
195:
172:noncomedogenic
141:
138:
76:
75:
70:
64:
63:
59:
58:
50:
49:
46:
42:
41:
33:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2813:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2788:
2786:
2767:
2764:
2763:
2761:
2759:
2755:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2743:Chromhidrosis
2741:
2739:
2736:
2735:
2733:
2731:
2727:
2719:
2716:
2715:
2714:
2711:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2693:
2692:
2691:Hyperhidrosis
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2641:
2640:
2637:
2636:
2634:
2632:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2617:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2518:Pili annulati
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2424:
2422:
2418:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2396:
2395:
2392:
2391:
2388:
2385:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2372:
2371:
2368:
2367:
2365:
2363:
2359:
2353:
2350:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2337:
2335:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2322:
2320:
2316:
2315:
2313:
2311:
2306:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2277:
2275:
2271:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2254:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2185:Blepharophyma
2183:
2181:
2178:
2177:
2176:
2173:
2169:
2166:
2165:
2164:
2161:
2160:
2158:
2156:
2152:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2070:
2069:
2066:
2063:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2043:Neonatal acne
2040:
2037:
2035:
2034:Tropical acne
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2019:Acne vulgaris
2017:
2016:
2014:
2012:
2008:
2005:
2003:
1997:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1965:
1963:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1945:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1937:
1935:
1933:
1929:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1907:
1906:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1854:
1853:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1814:Hypotrichosis
1812:
1809:
1806:
1805:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1781:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1771:
1770:
1768:
1766:
1761:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1748:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1736:Terry's nails
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1661:Onychoschizia
1659:
1657:
1656:Onychorrhexis
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1641:Onychomycosis
1639:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1631:Onychomadesis
1629:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1621:Onychoatrophy
1619:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1526:
1525:
1521:
1520:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1508:
1507:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1495:
1494:
1491:
1490:Nail clubbing
1488:
1486:
1482:
1481:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1459:
1458:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1446:
1445:
1443:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1430:Disorders of
1425:
1420:
1418:
1413:
1411:
1406:
1405:
1402:
1396:
1392:
1389:
1386:
1382:
1381:
1375:
1369:
1368:
1358:
1354:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1344:
1341:
1336:
1332:
1309:
1305:
1304:OMIM database
1301:
1294:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1267:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1232:
1224:
1220:
1215:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1195:
1188:
1172:
1165:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1126:
1124:
1115:
1109:
1105:
1098:
1090:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1070:
1065:
1058:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1022:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
979:
971:
967:
963:
959:
952:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
909:
901:
897:
894:(8): 859–62.
893:
889:
882:
866:
859:
843:
839:
832:
830:
828:
819:
815:
810:
805:
801:
797:
793:
786:
784:
782:
780:
771:
765:
761:
754:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
718:
716:
714:
705:
701:
696:
691:
687:
683:
679:
672:
670:
654:on 2013-10-04
653:
649:
645:
638:
636:
620:
616:
612:
608:
601:
593:
589:
584:
579:
575:
571:
567:
560:
558:
556:
554:
552:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
508:
506:
504:
502:
500:
498:
496:
494:
492:
490:
488:
486:
484:
482:
480:
478:
476:
474:
472:
470:
468:
451:
447:
440:
438:
436:
434:
432:
430:
428:
426:
424:
422:
420:
418:
416:
399:
395:
391:
385:
383:
378:
371:
369:
364:
362:
358:
354:
352:
348:
344:
343:
338:
336:
327:
325:
321:
316:
314:
309:
306:
302:
300:
295:
293:
289:
281:
277:
273:
269:
267:
266:cyanoacrylate
263:
253:
250:
247:
245:
241:
237:
236:
230:
228:
224:
220:
216:
215:hair follicle
212:
203:
194:
192:
187:
185:
181:
176:
173:
169:
164:
161:
157:
155:
151:
147:
137:
135:
134:
127:
125:
121:
117:
112:
110:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
86:hair follicle
84:is a clogged
83:
74:
71:
69:
65:
60:
56:
51:
47:
43:
38:
30:
19:
2713:Hypohidrosis
2706:Palmoplantar
2574:Trichomegaly
2477:Kinking hair
2394:Hidradenitis
2370:Folliculitis
2362:Inflammation
2251:
2068:Halogen acne
2062:steroid acne
1908:
1855:
1772:
1701:Racquet nail
1671:Pincer nails
1646:Onychophosis
1606:Melanonychia
1576:Ingrown nail
1566:Hapalonychia
1541:Chevron nail
1511:Ingrown nail
1503:Onychophagia
1477:Azure lunula
1462:Beau's lines
1378:
1346:
1312:. Retrieved
1308:the original
1303:
1293:
1279:(4): 214–5.
1276:
1272:
1266:
1241:
1237:
1231:
1204:
1200:
1187:
1175:. Retrieved
1164:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1103:
1097:
1076:(4): 434–7.
1073:
1067:
1057:
1032:
1028:
1021:
991:(1): 29–36.
988:
984:
978:
964:(1): 47–52.
961:
957:
951:
921:(2): 89–93.
918:
914:
908:
891:
887:
881:
869:. Retrieved
858:
846:. Retrieved
841:
802:(11): 20–1.
799:
795:
759:
753:
731:(4): 722–4.
728:
724:
688:(4): 24–38.
685:
681:
656:. Retrieved
652:the original
647:
622:. Retrieved
610:
600:
573:
569:
517:
513:
454:. Retrieved
449:
402:. Retrieved
398:the original
393:
365:
355:
340:
339:
333:
324:azelaic acid
317:
313:isotretinoin
310:
303:
296:
274:
270:
259:
251:
248:
233:
231:
208:
188:
180:ingrown hair
177:
165:
158:
143:
132:
129:Comedo-type
128:
113:
108:
97:
93:
81:
79:
2696:Generalized
2507:Monilethrix
2308:Follicular
2190:Gnathophyma
2130:Pomade acne
1985:Prepubertal
1968:generalised
1964:Congenital
1953:generalised
1794:universalis
1706:Red lunulae
1666:Platonychia
1626:Onycholysis
1601:Mees' lines
1551:Green nails
1522:ungrouped:
1485:Koilonychia
1472:Leukonychia
1447:thickness:
1244:(1): 54–7.
1169:DermNetNZ.
985:Dermatology
863:DermNetNZ.
363:and scars.
73:Dermatology
45:Other names
2785:Categories
2718:Anhidrosis
2538:Pili torti
2457:Hair casts
2180:Rhinophyma
2078:Bromoderma
1909:ungrouped:
1524:Paronychia
1496:behavior:
1454:Onychauxis
450:Fact sheet
374:References
282:(vitamin B
280:pyridoxine
256:Management
2758:Sebaceous
2738:Body odor
2701:Gustatory
2420:Ungrouped
2345:multiplex
2273:Ungrouped
2195:Metophyma
2140:Blackhead
2083:Chloracne
2073:Iododerma
2000:Acneiform
1973:localised
1958:patterned
1948:localised
1944:Acquired
1940:Hirsutism
1760:Hair loss
1571:Hook nail
1516:Anonychia
915:Infection
542:205962004
347:hamartoma
320:retinoids
292:ayurvedic
227:Androgens
163:unclear.
160:Oxidation
98:whitehead
94:blackhead
68:Specialty
18:Blackhead
2730:Apocrine
2639:Miliaria
2554:Poliosis
2252:variants
2200:Otophyma
2095:Tar acne
2090:Oil acne
2002:eruption
1978:X-linked
1799:Ophiasis
1779:Alopecia
1765:Baldness
1561:Hangnail
1391:Archived
1285:15319152
1258:22225744
1223:19584468
1156:22863626
1142:(7): 4.
1082:23652891
1049:15199033
1013:11179291
1005:12566803
943:39430391
900:12053795
818:22132254
745:17870436
704:20725545
619:26389187
592:21477388
576:: 1714.
534:21880356
390:"Comedo"
240:pustules
109:comedere
2801:Puberty
2631:Eccrine
2340:simplex
2155:Rosacea
2060:(e.g.,
1789:totalis
1534:Chronic
1509:other:
1483:shape:
1460:color:
1314:13 June
1177:16 June
935:7622270
871:16 June
848:12 June
809:3225139
695:2921746
658:12 June
624:13 June
583:3275168
404:16 June
361:lesions
244:Nodules
168:pomades
133:in situ
116:pimples
90:Keratin
2622:glands
2516:Pili (
1784:areata
1298:OMIM.
1283:
1256:
1221:
1154:
1110:
1080:
1047:
1011:
1003:
941:
933:
898:
816:
806:
766:
743:
702:
692:
644:"Acne"
617:
590:
580:
540:
532:
514:Lancet
456:9 June
446:"Acne"
191:Latino
140:Causes
82:comedo
40:Comedo
2620:Sweat
2352:Milia
2310:cysts
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