572:. Though it is now accepted that music, especially white music, may be composed in the European influenced sense, the traditional view still greatly affects how songs and their creation or origin are considered. Songs are considered somewhat like objects, in that they may be created of components, but once finished become a unity. They may also be "given" or even sold. Some songs belong to everyone, some songs to just one person but may be sung by others, and some songs individuals save until times of great need. Two songs which may be aurally identical may be considered different songs if they have different origins, i.e., came from different visions.
393:
instruments or texts, and singing is not supposed to sound like talking (or imitate any other sound). Typically, songs which contain texts are short and not repetitive, such as: "It's a bad thing to be an old man", 1951 recording of a Crazy Dog
Society song) or the relatively lengthy, "Yonder woman, you must take me. I am powerful. Yonder woman, you must take me, you must hear me. Where I sit is powerful" (Wissler and Duvall 1909:85 sung by a rock to a woman in the buffalo-rock myth). Often when the text takes up most of the melody with fewer vocables the melodies are short. The vocables used, as in
468:
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closely with warfare and most singing is done by men and much by community leaders. "The acquisition of songs as associated with difficult feats—learned in visions brought about through self-denial and torture, required to be learned quickly, sung with the expenditure of great energy, sung in a difficult vocal style—all of this puts songs in the category of the heroic and the difficult."
335:
and the difficult in
Blackfoot life", with performance practices that strongly distinguish music from the rest of life. Singing is strongly distinguished from speech and many songs contain no words, and those with texts often describe important parts of myths in a succinct manner. Music is associated
761:
Though these recordings are countless there are chronological gaps (1910–1950), complex music and culture changed rapidly, and the various groups are treated unevenly. Additionally there are few studies of the musical culture (most recordings being made as part of ethnographic studies), mostly by
555:
Drumming has increased in prominence since 1900, now being virtually required, possibly because of the influence of pan-tribal culture, the decreased use of rattles and other percussion, or the decrease in frequency of songs texts. The use of the term "drumming" for musician/singer also increased
547:
increases as the drumming moves further to the center of the drum skin. At some point "hard beats", loud strokes off the rhythm by an individual, sometimes the leader, and beats may be omitted. Drumming may pause for a phrase or two in the last stanza of the last repetition and finish loudly. When
525:
happen but are rare, and the vocal style is the element least tampered with it being considered essential to sound like traditional
Indigenous music.. Though the European influenced concept of meter may be inapplicable to Blackfoot music as it is characterized by the relationships between phrases
392:
as lessening the importance and meaning of both words and music; and the same for the manner of listening to such music, that is, for entertainment or enjoyment, often while doing other things: if someone needed to say so many words, why didn't they just talk. Blackfoot music is not based on
683:), concepts, dances, or actions, or during gambling (hand game), or other uses. Songs are differentiated secondarily by association with a person, and thirdly and less commonly by association with a story or event. There are no types of music which are considered more or less music or
538:
Singing without drums is extremely rare and considered inappropriate. The drum accompaniment to songs is rhythmically independent to the singing but in perfect unison, "slightly off the beat", and "often related roughly by the proportion of 2:3", to the vocal pulse or
543:(though see Pantaleoni, 1987). Another change in Blackfoot music is increased relatedness of the drum part to the song now than in the past. Often drumming over repeated sections that comprise a song begins with players softly striking the rim of the bass drum. The
697:
Rehearsing happens increasingly, likely because of the influence of
European influenced concepts of performance, song origin or composition, and a change in the purpose of music: from communication with the supernatural to communication with other humans.
655:
The basic musical unit in
Blackfoot music is the song, and musicians, people who sing and drum, are called singers or drummers with both words being equivalent and referring to both activities. Women, though increasingly equal participants, are not called
623:. Songs begin with a "head motif" repeated by the second singer and then used to "generate" the rest of the song in ways which are fairly predictable to Blackfoot listeners, which facilitates accomplishing the ideal of learning songs in one hearing.
479:
Solo singing may have been more prominent, or the norm, in the past, but group singing has increased in prominence, with singing/drumming groups called "drums". Vocal blending is not required in ensemble singing. The leader may begin the head
500:
The vocal style is similar to other Plains
Indigenous nations with: "high-pitched beginnings, pulsations, vocal narrowness. nasality." "Pulsations on longer tones, the audible effects of tension, nasality, substantial
769:
Public interest in
Blackfoot music is indicated by the release of two records (17611 and 17635), recorded unexplainably in New York in 1914. Beginning in the 1950s professional singing groups were formed.
517:", than most Plains Indigenous music. From comparison of recordings one would agree with older consultants in the latter 1900s: "These younger fellows, they sing higher and louder than we used to.".
352:, derived from the word for song and associated primarily with European-American instruments), only percussion and voice, and few words. By far the most important percussion instruments are drums (
758:("White-Headed Chief"). After the invention of the tape recorder thousands of songs where recorded by Indigenous persons, ethnomusicologists, hobbyists and students, and record companies.
1475:
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Music, singing, is not thought to be like speech, or any other sound at all. There are no spoken introductions or conclusions and no "intermediary forms" between speech and singing.
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and/or reduction of the first.". However, there was more formal variation in the past. Songs sung with medicine basket openings and gamblings songs often use
784:
647:"manly-hearted women" (Lewis, 1941) who act in much of the social roles of men, were in the past also willing to sing alone and use a men's singing style.
730:. The second set of recordings, by Clark Wissler in 1903 and 1904 contains 146 cylinders, part of his larger studies and the third, by J.K. Dixon of the
552:, players drum upon a plank, and the drumming is more likely to coincide with vocal beats, but less accurate unison playing. Rattles are no longer used.
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Most songs, except gambling songs which simply repeat "litany-like" one or two phrases, are characterized by an "incomplete repetition"
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often being associated with the objects, such as sticks or dancers legs, they are attached to rather than as instruments of their own.
274:
668:– "dance" or "ceremony" – often implicitly includes music and is often applied to ceremonies with little dancing and much singing.
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of a song, and then be repeated or "raised" by another singer, possibly the second singer. In pan-Indigenous powwow terminology,
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679:. Songs are differentiated primarily by use: in ceremonies, often associated with specific Naruto (especially in
17:
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505:, and some ornamentation are characteristic." Though this may have become "exaggerated" through influence from
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there are many collections of
Blackfoot music, the largest being at the Archives of Traditional Music at
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1509:
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or game song repertoire, except for Mice Songs associated with one game, and songs usually called
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245:
168:
714:. Historical comparisons may be made as the earliest recordings of Blackfoot music were done on
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Traditionally, songs are considered to be given, completed, to individual
Blackfoot people in
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sung to them by their mothers. Women used to have their own small repertoire of lullabies,
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pattern, "many of them can ultimately be reduced to a binary form in which the section is a
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https://web.archive.org/web/20110621010914/http://www.blackfootdigitallibrary.org/
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and it is considered somewhat inappropriate for women to sing loudly or alone.
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of subsequent repetitions of a section is common, though may also occur down a
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European influenced musical thought which tends to be more
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Jack Gladstone (Montana's Traubadour and Blackfeet poet singer)
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or vocal texts. Blackfoot people see the profusion of words in
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accompanied by husband Lucien Hanks in 1938, was recorded in
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generally equals the rate at which vocal pulsations occur.
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1132:(Media notes). Smithsonian Folkways Recordings. FE 34001.
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War against the Crow and Gros Ventre (circa 1861–1867)
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or others singing around forty songs in or around the
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No. 2 in 1909, includes several songs sung mostly by
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Blackfoot Musical Thought: Comparative Perspectives
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331:proposes that Blackfoot music is an "emblem of the
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1455:Peace with the Cree, circa 1871, (symbolized by
1167:https://www.angelfire.com/ar/waakomimm/midi.html
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774:Current traditional musical groups and musicians
1466:US land annexation, migration to Canada (1874)
344:Blackfoot music is primarily vocal, using few
1192:
1130:An Historical Album of Blackfeet Indian Music
815:An Historical Album of Blackfeet Indian Music
521:with European influenced instrumentation and
282:
817:. Smithsonian Folkways Recordings: FE 34001.
1419:1775–1782 North American smallpox epidemic
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1248:Amskapi Pikuni, South Piegan or Blackfeet
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1111:"Jack Gladstone - "Montana's Troubadour""
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320:– "song"). Singing predominates and was
671:Blackfoot musical thought is also more
492:to a song are often called "push-ups".
14:
1523:
60:Music of indigenous tribes and peoples
1238:Piikani, Northern Peigan or Blackfoot
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706:As the Blackfoot are one of the most
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591:rhythmic structures or lesser note-
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24:
708:studied American Indigenous groups
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595:values. Typically songs begin in
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25:
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556:between the 1960s and the 1980s.
526:usually of irregular length, the
1504:
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308:people (best translated in the
1319:Fort Belknap Indian Reservation
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742:. The next big collection, by
631:Children do not have their own
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436:tend slightly to be higher in
13:
1:
1476:Starvation winter (1883–1884)
1438:Treaty of Fort Laramie (1868)
1429:Treaty of Fort Laramie (1851)
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599:before singers move to their
27:Music of the Blackfoot people
1313:Blackfeet Indian Reservation
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238:Awards ceremonies and awards
7:
1424:1837–1838 smallpox epidemic
1143:Kent State University Press
718:. The first recordings, by
533:
376:Singing consists mostly of
45:North American Indian music
10:
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52:Aboriginal music of Canada
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1444:Battle of the Belly River
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795:Two Medicine Lake Singers
1446:(against the Cree, 1870)
790:Young Grey Horse Society
471:Young Blackfoot dancer,
428:) and other consonants.
1481:Sweetgrass Hills Treaty
607:appears to be used, as
507:Plains Indigenous music
386:European American music
476:
464:
390:African American music
1266:Gros Ventre or Atsina
1208:Blackfoot Confederacy
1137:Nettl, Bruno (1989).
1128:Nettl, Bruno (1973).
744:Jane Richardson Hanks
627:Genres and repertoire
470:
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225:Native American flute
1381:Gros Ventre language
1243:Siksika or Blackfoot
732:Wanamaker Expedition
720:George Bird Grinnell
511:pan-Indigenous music
324:only by percussion.
304:is the music of the
1541:First Nations music
1536:Plains Indian music
1472:(with Canada, 1877)
1415:(circa 1730s-1800s)
1272:Tsuutʼina or Sarcee
1059:, pp. 84, 125.
1035:, pp. 100–101.
865:, pp. 162–163.
785:Heart Butte Singers
780:Black Lodge Singers
35:Indigenous music of
1452:(by US Army, 1870)
1396:Blackfoot religion
1386:Tsuutʼina language
1376:Blackfoot language
1224:Blackfoot-speaking
752:Canadian Blackfoot
712:Indiana University
605:Octave equivalence
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459:Blackfoot dancer,
327:Ethnomusicologist
310:Blackfoot language
1531:Blackfoot culture
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1268:(circa 1793–1861)
1215:Tribes or Nations
748:Gleichen, Alberta
397:singing, are the
395:Plains Indigenous
316:– "I sing", from
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16:(Redirected from
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1483:(with USA, 1887)
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681:medicine bundles
560:Song composition
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174:New Mexico music
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220:Clapper stick
218:
216:
215:Apache fiddle
213:
211:
210:Anasazi flute
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103:Kwakwaka'wakw
101:
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41:
40:
37:North America
34:
33:
30:
19:
1390:
1329:
1303:Reservations
1301:
1257:
1222:
1138:
1129:
1105:
1076:
1064:
1052:
1040:
1028:
1016:
1004:
977:
933:
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677:hierarchical
670:
665:
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657:
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630:
574:
563:
554:
548:playing the
537:
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375:
361:
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350:ninihkiátsis
349:
343:
326:
317:
313:
301:
300:
258:Grammy Award
72:
29:
1351:Siksika 146
1346:Piikani 147
1294:Communities
877:, p. .
764:Bruno Nettl
740:Crow Agency
702:Ethnography
673:enumerative
611:down by an
601:head voices
589:isorhythmic
496:Vocal style
346:instruments
329:Bruno Nettl
322:accompanied
202:Instruments
184:Peyote song
164:Ghost Dance
1525:Categories
1461:Poundmaker
1440:(with USA)
1431:(with USA)
1098:Nettl 1973
1081:Nettl 1989
1069:Nettl 1989
1057:Nettl 1989
1045:Nettl 1989
1033:Nettl 1989
1021:Nettl 1989
1009:Nettl 1989
997:Nettl 1989
982:Nettl 1989
970:Nettl 1989
953:Nettl 1989
938:Nettl 1989
926:Nettl 1989
914:Nettl 1989
902:Nettl 1989
887:Nettl 1989
875:Nettl 1989
863:Nettl 1989
851:Nettl 1989
822:References
809:Recordings
750:among the
736:Chief Bull
645:Two-Spirit
550:stick game
541:beat level
528:beat level
399:consonants
318:nínihksini
314:nitsínihki
263:Juno Award
230:Water drum
1411:War with
1341:Blood 148
827:Citations
691:thought.
637:lullabies
585:isometric
581:variation
515:tessitura
306:Blackfoot
73:Blackfeet
1500:Category
1470:Treaty 7
1463:in 1873)
1457:Crowfoot
1413:Shoshone
1334:(Canada)
1331:Reserves
1141:. Kent:
756:Spumiapi
662:drummers
597:falsetto
534:Drumming
378:vocables
356:), with
348:(called
123:Seminole
93:Iroquois
1510:Commons
1405:History
1369:Culture
1122:Sources
738:at the
685:musical
666:Páskani
658:singers
641:laments
566:visions
523:harmony
490:stanzas
473:Alberta
461:Alberta
452:lower.
372:Singing
358:rattles
189:Pow wow
169:Hip hop
68:Arapaho
1149:
613:octave
593:length
577:formal
570:dreams
486:phrase
482:motive
475:. 1973
448:, and
414:vowels
412:, and
382:lyrics
364:) and
362:awanáá
333:heroic
246:APCMAs
118:Pueblo
113:Navajo
545:tempo
438:pitch
366:bells
251:NAMAs
179:Opera
138:Yuman
133:Yaqui
128:Sioux
108:Métis
98:Kiowa
88:Inuit
1306:(US)
1147:ISBN
633:song
587:and
509:and
503:rasp
463:1973
432:and
388:and
154:List
83:Innu
78:Dene
660:or
619:or
603:.
568:or
484:or
312:as
1527::
1145:.
1088:^
989:^
960:^
945:^
894:^
835:^
766:.
444:,
440:,
426:ts
420:,
408:,
404:,
1200:e
1193:t
1186:v
1155:.
1113:.
1100:.
853:.
450:u
446:o
442:a
434:e
430:i
424:(
422:c
418:n
410:w
406:y
402:h
360:(
290:e
283:t
276:v
20:)
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