406:
common posture, followed by lying (16.1%), walking (10.4%), jumping (4%), vertical clinging (3.1%), climbing (1.5%), running (0.8%), hanging suspended by the back legs (0.8%), horizontal clinging (0.7%) and standing 0.2%). If postures of locomotor behaviors are excluded from this analysis then the scores were sitting (74.8%), lying (19.3%), vertical clinging (3.7%), hanging suspended from the hind foot (0.9%), horizontal clinging (0.8%) and standing (0.2%). Previously Kinzey & Rosenberger had pointed out that these animals fit into the "clinging and leaping" group of primates. Groups of collared titis sleep on top of large branches of emergent trees, frequently a bit above the level of the main canopy.
730:
held for several seconds; (3) tail twinning – when duetting or resting the pair often wind their tails around each other's tail; (4) tongue flicking – in two contexts; aggressive just before attack or as space reducer towards mate and probably just before copulation (hand-raised female at EBC tongue flicks at human "parent", especially at height of estrus cycle; (5) chest rubbing – using a wadded leaf the individual rubs from throat to chest after first wetting the leaf with saliva; performed in presence of human observer; nervousness.
675:
sometimes attracted several individual males in short order, which attempted to duet with the female. Since the female had been raised by humans, she did not show interest in duetting with the newly appeared males nor in establishing a relationship with them, and the males eventually desisted and left. The only exception to this was one male which attempted to establish a relationship during two years before giving up and leaving during an accidental 26-day absence of the female when she became inadvertently lost in the forest.
93:
552:(4.41%); Annonaceae (4.19%); Cecropiaceae (4.03%); Araceae (1.95%); Elaeocarpaceae (1.78%); Dilleniaceae (1.69%), Combretaceae (1.17%), Apocynaceae (1%); Aquifoliaceae (1%), Meliaceae (0.88%); Sapotaceae (0.85%); Burseraceae (0.81%); Apocynaceae (0.67%); Monimiaceae (0.23%); Piperaceae (0.22%); Melastomaceae (0.18%); Humiriaceae (0.13%) Celastracezae (0.11%); Myrtaceae (0.09%); Lecythidaceae (0.08%); Aquifoliaceae (0.07%); Sterculiaceae (0.07%); Solanaceae (0.05%); Clusiaceae (0.02%).
68:
49:
663:
while the first vocalizers listen. There are instances when two pairs interchange vocalizations from very close together or from almost the same place in the forest. Sometimes these emotional interactions may finish in chases by the pair or an individual against the others. RodrĂguez & Palacios (1994) found evidence of different types of agonistic interactions between different pairs.
667:
recordings of duetting caused the territory owners to duet in return and to travel parallel to the speaker. However, any approximate sound stimulus can cause duetting of territory owners, and many direct observations of duetting neighbors were observed to cause the territorial owners to move towards the calling, where they sometimes confronted each other across a small space.
754:, although sometimes the small monkeys give a burst of loud and aggressive-sounding vocalization ("bark") when they are approached closely by the larger species. Titis frequently hides and shows much caution towards raptors. Being frightened causes them to give alarm peeps, probably because they must be especially alert to predators. A
377:, which may have been a captive animal obtained in the village, since extensive and concerted efforts have failed to identify it for the entire area mentioned above; nor is it known by locals for this area. The nearest titi monkeys from Maipures in Colombia are found on the middle Tuparro River and south of the lower Vichada River.
674:
A human-raised and newly matured female black titi on first shouting, attracted the resident forest group to come closer until they became accustomed to her presence, although they always answered her calling with their duetting, later neither coming closer nor moving away. The female's vocalizations
637:
position when the base of the tail was stimulated. Contrariwise to her increased affection towards her perceived "family unit" (or two humans), she became much more aggressive than normal towards any "outsiders" (i.e. other human beings). During estrus the female tongue-flicked frequently, using this
547:
identified 62 species from 32 plant familias in the diet of a study group of black titis in the EstaciĂłn BiolĂłgica CaparĂş in eastern
Colombia. The preference values of each family, according to species utilized is as follow: Myristicaceae (25.02%); Euphorbiaceae (15.28%); Moraceae (14.37%); Arecaceae
393:
Social groups are made up of a monogamous pair and one or two of its young. A count of ten groups in
Vichada yielded an average of 3.5 per group. Occasionally groups of five are seen and unpaired individuals ("floaters") can also be detected from time to time. Second year youngsters usually leave the
725:
Individuals of both sexes occasionally mark their chests with pungent wadded leaves, rubbing the leaf up onto the throat and chin to the mouth, where the wad is wetted and rubbed down again, repeated various times while looking up into the air. One wild male did this as he approached the tame estrus
401:
Easley calculated a time budget based on 400 hours of observation as 62.7% rest, 16.5% moving, 16.1% feeding, 2.7% grooming, 1.6% playing and 0.3% vocalizing. Palacios & RodrĂguez calculated 54.3% rest, 22.9% moving, 17.6% feeding, 4.07% grooming, 0.41% playing, and 0.42% vocalizing based on 240
641:
One recognizable pair at the EstaciĂłn BiolĂłgica CaparĂş had been observed together for 14 years and was said to be still together at least four years more after this author had left. During the 14 years the pair produced 10 young, all of which survived the first year. During four years no young were
653:
near La
Macarena the birth season is apparently about the same time as in Vichada. On the lower Apaporis River in Vaupés with about 3815 mm of precipitation throughout the year, the birth season is also centered around December, although some outlying births are known as early as the first of
405:
Easley analyzed the locomotive and positional behavior of the species showing that it is a generalized quadruped using quadrupedal walking and running about 66.8% of the time. This species also engages in active jumping (23.9% of the time) and climbing 9.1% of the time). Sitting (62%3% is the most
729:
Displays are similar to the coppery titi, which were first described by
Moynihan (1966, 1967, 1976a). Some displays are listed here: (1) piloerection – agonistic; excited state when attacked or attacking; during danger; (2) arched-back – agonistic; before some attacks or when threatened; position
662:
The black titi is very affectionate within the family unit, but the adult pair is aggressive towards neighboring pairs. The most common interaction with neighbors is counter-singing of the pairs, where one pair waits listening while the other pair vocalizes their duet, later the listeners answer,
645:
In
Vichada young are usually produced in December or early January. This is a difficult season with sharply reduced fruit resources for many animals in this part of the country (which has an annual precipitation of about 2400 mm; a long dry season is just taking hold and January and February
397:
Measured home ranges have varied from about 15–25 ha. Appropriate habitat contains 4–5 groups/km (14 + "floaters"), which may add another 8–10 individuals to the total ecological density/km. The average day range calculated by Kinzey (1977) and Kinzey et al. (1977) was 819.4 m (n=22 days) for a
666:
Vocalizations of this species are very complex, especially a long-call display utilized by these animals, perhaps to regulate spacing and defined territory. Surprisingly, experimental playback of solo male calls caused the owners of a particular territory to move away from the recording, and
654:
October. Nevertheless, the birth season is the same as the other two sites, despite the lack of a strong dry season. However, we know that fleshy fruits are beginning to increase from their yearly low during this time, so the question of resource use by the species remains very interesting.
726:
female, who was near a building, after this male had left the forest and while walking on the elevated poles which had been set up for monkey travel. Another foraging female marked herself in the presence of an observing human who was 20 m (66 ft) from her.
670:
There is some evidence that titis not only can determine sex from a long call but can identify duetting individuals, so it should perhaps not be surprising that a resident pair could distinguish a recording from a live monkey and move away from it.
737:
observed play behavior only between the infant and male and between two juveniles. Agonistic behavior is common between neighboring groups and can sometimes results in fights, although usually the aggression is limited to intergroup vocalization.
646:
present only a very few millimeters of precipitation for each month. A close analysis of the diet of the black titi here would be interesting, inasmuch as it would serve to identify the resources which allow the species to have this birth pattern.
623:
The estrus cycle seems to be about 16 days, based on observations of 14 cycles of a tame, free-ranging female which lived at the Estación Biológica Caparú (Vaupés, Colombia). During the period of receptivity (which lasts 2–3 days) the black
948:
Azevedo, Renata
Bocorny de; Boubli, Jean P.; Urbani, Bernardo; Erwin Palacios (ConservaciĂłn Internacional Colombia, Bogotá; Thomas R. Defler (Departamento de BiologĂa, Universidad Nacional de Colombia (2015-01-26).
501:
Easley identified frequency of item choice in the diet of the same groups as above: 74.1% fruits, 15.8% insects, 8.8% leaves, 0.6% buds and flowers and 0.1% other. Of the 57 fruit species identified, the palm tree,
426:
are especially eaten with relish and probably occasional small lizards, judging by the hunting preferences of a tame, free-ranging adult female, which lived at the CaparĂş Biological
Research Station on the lower
632:
became swollen and hard and behavior changes occurred. During the receptive period the female became much more affectionate towards its human "parents", purred loudly, somewhat like a cat and crouched in a
351:
886:
Byrne, Hazel; Rylands, Anthony B.; Carneiro, Jeferson C.; Alfaro, Jessica W. Lynch; Bertuol, Fabricio; da Silva, Maria N. F.; Messias, Mariluce; Groves, Colin P.; Mittermeier, Russell A. (2016-01-01).
638:
signal in two opposite contexts; she tongue-flicked as she attempted to approach her favorite humans while she also tongue-flicked as a preliminary to attach on other (especially male) humans.
758:
was detected alongside a dead black titi during recent censuses on the Purité River in
Colombia, although the monkey was not freshly killed. The local group was no longer observed after this.
682:
Morning duet – the most commonly heard vocalization of the pair, singing in duet, complex and utilized to defend territory; it is interchanged with neighboring groups as counter-singing
235:
394:
group, although they may make it into the third year before leaving. These young animals sometimes appear, moving peripherally to the group and then disappear again to move alone.
779:
581:
599:
557:
470:
1294:
373:, contrary to the distribution map of Hershkovitz. This error is due to the collection of a specimen by the English ornithologist Cherrie in about 1904 from
611:
504:
436:
569:
480:
688:
Purr – sounds very much like a cat's purr; used by all members of the group to show contentment, affection or request for food, grooming or contact;
354:. The species is found in the Vichada selva between the Vichada and Guaviare Rivers and the northernmost Colombian population extends north of the
2220:
385:
The pelage is generally blackish mixed with dark brownish and some reddish brown hairs on the back and the flanks. Hands are white or yellowish.
508:, was the most commonly eaten in 22.7% of the feeding observations. The following lists the range of preference observed in this study: 22.7%
2570:
2406:
2393:
445:
2540:
1041:"On the taxonomic history and true identity of the collared titi, cheracebus torquatus (Hoffmannsegg, 1807) (Platyrrhini, Callicebinae)"
374:
1376:
2499:
2341:
2194:
1274:
Hernández-Camacho, J.I.; Cooper, G.W. (1976). "The non-human primates of
Colombia". In Thorington, R.W. Jr.; Heltne, P.G. (eds.).
2512:
2367:
2233:
700:
Soft whine – especially young animals but also adults when requesting something of another such as food or while grooming another
888:"Phylogenetic relationships of the New World titi monkeys (Callicebus): first appraisal of taxonomy based on molecular evidence"
2517:
2372:
2251:
1344:
1304:
1283:
2238:
1040:
685:
Danger peep – various soft, high-pitched peeps but sometimes low intensity, advising of danger; very difficult to localize
2565:
2082:
862:
852:
398:
research project in Peru and at the Estación Biológica Caparú the average was 807.2 m (range 513.7 – 1070 m, n=26).
358:, reaching the middle Tomo River, where it probably extends to the upper Tomo, although this needs to be confirmed.
2411:
2014:
1811:
703:
Bark – loud, sharp and sudden bark when molested by the unwelcome close presence of other larger primates such as
1775:
2005:
1996:
1567:
2560:
1964:
1369:
2555:
1946:
1892:
2550:
2320:
2315:
2306:
2246:
1293:
Cracraft, J. (1983). "Species concepts and speciation analysis". In
Johnston, R.F.; Power, D.M. (eds.).
2120:
1847:
1793:
1644:
1626:
775:
92:
17:
947:
2023:
1883:
1802:
1617:
697:
Play growl – low, gargling growl used in play and changing in tone, terminating in interrogative tone
350:, and recently it was observed by the Colombian biologist RocĂo Palanco north of the Guayabero above
347:
822:
1937:
1784:
1362:
555:
The most important species consumed during six months in this study are listed as follows: 13.88%
1910:
1874:
1865:
1856:
1748:
1608:
2450:
2225:
2136:
2091:
1838:
605:
434:
Kinzey found the following range of dietary preference during his 135 hours study in Peru: 14%
224:
1928:
2445:
767:
207:
2437:
976:
Hershkovitz, P. (1988): Origin, speciation, dispersal of South American titi monkeys, genus
2385:
2181:
2100:
2032:
1766:
1757:
524:
sp. (Lauraceae); 5.8% Ocotea no. 2 (Lauraceae); 4.8% unidentified; 3.5% unidentified; 3.5%
8:
2545:
2064:
1901:
1829:
1685:
747:
57:
1513:
1955:
1919:
1599:
1354:
922:
887:
328:
247:
87:
799:
2486:
2432:
2328:
2168:
1820:
1486:
1468:
1340:
1310:
1300:
1279:
1096:
1055:
927:
909:
868:
858:
691:
Rough growl – given by young animals when complaining of rain or when greeting adults
575:
2491:
2477:
1635:
1558:
1540:
1522:
1477:
1086:
917:
899:
817:
563:
549:
282:
2333:
2173:
2419:
2291:
2264:
1459:
751:
650:
460:
343:
2398:
1694:
336:
1703:
1504:
798:
Boubli, J.P.; Palacios, E.; Urbani, B.; Defler, T.R.; de Azevedo, R.B. (2021).
455:
450:
428:
1091:
1074:
904:
797:
2534:
2380:
2159:
1731:
1314:
1100:
1059:
913:
848:
808:
771:
746:
The black titi usually attempts to move out of the path of passing troops of
495:
370:
366:
355:
286:
77:
72:
872:
1582:
931:
844:
415:
324:
2424:
2354:
2300:
2207:
1721:
1676:
1442:
1432:
1386:
419:
174:
30:
This article is about the monkey. For the plant known as black titi, see
857:(3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 143.
2504:
2346:
2199:
2047:
1979:
1495:
1422:
485:
423:
362:
319:
184:
154:
2359:
346:,, where it was collected in 1959 by Jorge Hernández Camacho, both in
2212:
1549:
1531:
705:
587:
475:
465:
298:
104:
31:
2130:
48:
2471:
2285:
2153:
1416:
1410:
1404:
1278:. Washington, D. C.: National Academy of Sciences. pp. 35–69.
634:
629:
441:
294:
124:
234:
950:
854:
Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference
332:
144:
2186:
1659:
1398:
755:
717:
490:
290:
164:
134:
114:
1039:
Byrne, H.; Rylands, A. B.; Nash, S. D.; Boubli, J. P. (2020).
982:
Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia
414:
Although fruits are the major portion of this primate's diet,
2259:
993:
Hershkovitz, P (1990): Titis, new world monkeys of the genus
711:
625:
593:
1195:(Humboldt, 1812) (Primates, Cebidae) in eastern Colombia".
791:
741:
278:
1330:]. Bogotá, Colombia: Universidad Nacional de Colombia.
885:
1299:. Vol. 1. New York: Plenum Press. pp. 159–187.
1384:
997:(Cebidae, Platyrrhini): a preliminary taxonomic review,
951:"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Cheracebus lugens"
782:
and in the two biological preserves Nukak and Puinawai.
532:
sp. (Annonaceae); 2.4% unidentified; 2.0% unidentified;
1273:
1213:
1038:
342:
The species has been observed on the left bank of the
1207:
694:
Sharp scream – when fighting to express extra disgust
1276:
Neotropical Primates: Field Studies and Conservation
548:(8.68%); Caesalpiniaceae (7.85%) Rubiaceae (5.10%);
678:Some vocalizations of black titi are listed here:
418:and leaves are also consumed to a smaller degree.
1191:Defler, T.R. "Some population characteristics of
2532:
1128:
1126:
1124:
1114:
1112:
1110:
823:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T41563A191705731.en
987:
970:
1370:
1219:
1150:
1148:
1146:
1144:
1142:
1324:Historia Natural de los Primates Colombianos
1228:
1121:
1107:
1021:
1019:
1017:
1015:
1013:
1011:
1009:
1007:
1184:
1175:
961:
352:La Cordillera de los Picachos National Park
1377:
1363:
1250:
1241:
1166:
1157:
1139:
1066:
317:This species has the largest range of the
233:
66:
47:
1328:Natural History of the Colombian Primates
1090:
1004:
943:
941:
921:
903:
821:
361:The black titi is not found on the lower
1292:
879:
742:Interspecific interactions and predators
14:
2533:
1334:
1321:
1072:
938:
843:
543:Palacios & RodrĂguez and Palacios
2135:
2134:
1358:
1029:. Conservation International, Bogota.
2571:Taxa named by Alexander von Humboldt
1001:(Zoology, New Series, no. 55):1-109-
2541:IUCN Red List least concern species
1214:Hernández-Camacho & Cooper 1976
955:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
837:
809:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
369:nor on the north bank of the lower
24:
1190:
388:
25:
2582:
1339:. Smithsonian Institution Press.
1032:
657:
91:
980:(family Cebidae, Platyrrhini),
618:
312:
1225:RodrĂguez & Palacios, 1994
380:
301:. It was described in 1811 as
13:
1:
2083:Colombian black-handed titi (
1568:Vanzolini's bald-faced saki (
785:
305:. It is sometimes called the
1645:Reddish-brown bearded saki (
520:sp. (Caesalpiniaceae); 5.9%
7:
2015:Coastal black-handed titi (
1618:Brown-backed bearded saki (
1247:Kinzey & Robinson, 1983
1193:Callicebus torquatus legens
1075:"A remote park in Colombia"
27:Species of New World monkey
10:
2587:
776:Chiribiquete National Park
323:species, ranging from the
29:
2566:Mammals described in 1811
2461:
2275:
2143:
2117:
2045:
1977:
1729:
1720:
1657:
1627:Uta Hick's bearded saki (
1609:Red-backed bearded saki (
1580:
1440:
1431:
1393:
1385:Extant species of family
1092:10.1017/S0030605300018330
905:10.1186/s12983-016-0142-4
774:. It may be protected in
761:
585:(Caesalbiniaceae); 5.10%
348:La Macarena National Park
253:
246:
241:
232:
213:
206:
88:Scientific classification
86:
64:
55:
46:
41:
1812:Prince Bernhard's titi (
851:; Reeder, D. M. (eds.).
780:El Tuparro National Park
516:no. 1 (Lauraceae); 6.6%
1893:Chestnut-bellied titi (
1776:Olalla brothers' titi (
603:(Myristicaceae); 3.84%
591:sp. (Rubiaceae); 5.02%
582:Heterostemon conjugatus
567:(Myristicaceae); 8.35%
536:sp. (Annonaceae); 1.9%
528:sp. (Annonaceae); 3.4%
409:
2006:Coimbra Filho's titi (
1997:Barbara Brown's titi (
1073:Defler, T. R. (1983).
816:: e.T41563A191705731.
606:Helicostylis tomentosa
600:Iryanthera crassifolia
597:sp. (Moraceae); 4.53%
573:(Myristicaceae); 7.06
558:Sandwithia heterocalyx
402:hours of observation.
2446:Paleobiology Database
1965:Stephen Nash's titi (
1794:Urubamba brown titi (
1686:Black-headed uakari (
1335:Groves, C.P. (2001).
1322:Defler, T.R. (2010).
561:(Euphorbiaceae); 10%
471:Psychotrian axillaris
444:); 13% unidentified (
2561:Mammals of Venezuela
2024:Black-fronted titi (
1947:Hershkovitz's titi (
1884:Alta Floresta titi (
1803:Baptista Lake titi (
1600:Black bearded saki (
1048:Primate Conservation
1027:Primates de Colombia
1025:Defler, T. R. 2003.
892:Frontiers in Zoology
766:It is considered of
2556:Mammals of Colombia
1938:White-tailed titi (
1785:White-coated titi (
1487:Golden-faced saki (
1469:White-footed saki (
1296:Current Ornithology
748:brown woolly monkey
579:(Arecaceae); 6.53%
422:larva, spiders and
277:), is a species of
58:Conservation status
2551:Primates of Brazil
1857:Red-bellied titi (
1848:Hoffmanns's titi (
1749:White-eared titi (
1636:White-nosed saki (
1559:White-faced saki (
1514:Rio TapajĂłs saki (
612:Brosimum rubescens
609:(Moraceae); 3.39%
540:sp. (Annonaceae).
512:(Arecaceae), 7.9%
510:Jessenis polycarpa
505:Jessenia polycarpa
2528:
2527:
2433:Open Tree of Life
2307:Cheracebus lugens
2277:Cheracebus lugens
2145:Callicebus lugens
2137:Taxon identifiers
2128:
2127:
2113:
2112:
2092:Red-headed titi (
2058:
1999:C. barbarabrownae
1990:
1839:Ashy black titi (
1742:
1716:
1715:
1688:C. melanocephalus
1670:
1593:
1460:Equatorial saki (
1453:
1346:978-1-56098-872-4
1306:978-0-306-41780-1
1285:978-0-309-02442-6
984:, 140(1):240-272.
802:Cheracebus lugens
576:Oenocarpus bataua
437:Clarisia racemosa
289:. It is found in
274:Cheracebus lugens
269:black titi monkey
265:
264:
260:
256:Callicebus lugens
242:Black titi range
217:Cheracebus lugens
81:
16:(Redirected from
2578:
2521:
2520:
2508:
2507:
2495:
2494:
2482:
2481:
2480:
2454:
2453:
2441:
2440:
2428:
2427:
2415:
2414:
2402:
2401:
2389:
2388:
2376:
2375:
2363:
2362:
2350:
2349:
2337:
2336:
2324:
2323:
2311:
2310:
2309:
2296:
2295:
2294:
2268:
2267:
2255:
2254:
2242:
2241:
2229:
2228:
2216:
2215:
2203:
2202:
2190:
2189:
2177:
2176:
2164:
2163:
2162:
2132:
2131:
2057:
2056:
2052:
1989:
1988:
1984:
1741:
1740:
1736:
1727:
1726:
1704:Neblina uakari (
1669:
1668:
1664:
1592:
1591:
1587:
1505:Burnished saki (
1462:P. aequatorialis
1452:
1451:
1447:
1438:
1437:
1379:
1372:
1365:
1356:
1355:
1350:
1337:Primate Taxonomy
1331:
1318:
1289:
1261:
1254:
1248:
1245:
1239:
1232:
1226:
1223:
1217:
1216:, pp. 35–69
1211:
1205:
1204:
1188:
1182:
1179:
1173:
1170:
1164:
1161:
1155:
1152:
1137:
1130:
1119:
1116:
1105:
1104:
1094:
1070:
1064:
1063:
1045:
1036:
1030:
1023:
1002:
991:
985:
974:
968:
965:
959:
958:
945:
936:
935:
925:
907:
883:
877:
876:
841:
835:
834:
832:
830:
825:
795:
564:Virola melinonii
550:Chrysobalanaceae
303:Calicebus lugens
283:New World monkey
258:
237:
219:
96:
95:
75:
70:
69:
51:
39:
38:
21:
2586:
2585:
2581:
2580:
2579:
2577:
2576:
2575:
2531:
2530:
2529:
2524:
2516:
2511:
2503:
2498:
2490:
2485:
2476:
2475:
2470:
2457:
2449:
2444:
2436:
2431:
2423:
2420:Observation.org
2418:
2410:
2405:
2397:
2392:
2384:
2379:
2371:
2366:
2358:
2353:
2345:
2340:
2332:
2327:
2319:
2314:
2305:
2304:
2299:
2290:
2289:
2284:
2271:
2263:
2258:
2250:
2245:
2237:
2232:
2224:
2219:
2211:
2206:
2198:
2193:
2185:
2180:
2172:
2167:
2158:
2157:
2152:
2139:
2129:
2124:
2109:
2101:Collared titi (
2054:
2053:
2051:
2041:
2033:Atlantic titi (
1986:
1985:
1983:
1973:
1967:P. stephennashi
1922:P. aureipalatii
1911:Toppin's titi (
1875:Milton's titi (
1866:Vieira's titi (
1796:P. urubambensis
1767:Rio Mayo titi (
1758:Rio Beni titi (
1751:P. donacophilus
1738:
1737:
1735:
1712:
1666:
1665:
1663:
1653:
1590:(Bearded sakis)
1589:
1588:
1586:
1576:
1541:Miller's saki (
1523:Isabel's saki (
1489:P.chrysocephala
1478:Cazuza's saki (
1449:
1448:
1446:
1427:
1389:
1383:
1353:
1347:
1307:
1286:
1264:
1255:
1251:
1246:
1242:
1233:
1229:
1224:
1220:
1212:
1208:
1189:
1185:
1180:
1176:
1171:
1167:
1162:
1158:
1153:
1140:
1131:
1122:
1117:
1108:
1071:
1067:
1043:
1037:
1033:
1024:
1005:
992:
988:
975:
971:
966:
962:
946:
939:
884:
880:
865:
842:
838:
828:
826:
796:
792:
788:
764:
752:tufted capuchin
744:
660:
651:Guayabero River
621:
570:Iryanthera ulei
481:Guatteria elata
461:Jessenia bataua
412:
391:
389:Natural history
383:
344:Guayabero River
315:
228:
221:
215:
202:
90:
82:
71:
67:
60:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2584:
2574:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2526:
2525:
2523:
2522:
2509:
2496:
2483:
2467:
2465:
2459:
2458:
2456:
2455:
2442:
2429:
2416:
2403:
2390:
2377:
2364:
2351:
2338:
2325:
2312:
2297:
2281:
2279:
2273:
2272:
2270:
2269:
2256:
2243:
2230:
2217:
2204:
2191:
2178:
2165:
2149:
2147:
2141:
2140:
2126:
2125:
2118:
2115:
2114:
2111:
2110:
2108:
2107:
2098:
2089:
2080:
2071:
2065:Lucifer titi (
2061:
2059:
2043:
2042:
2040:
2039:
2030:
2021:
2012:
2003:
1993:
1991:
1975:
1974:
1972:
1971:
1962:
1953:
1944:
1935:
1931:P. caquetensis
1929:Caquetá titi (
1926:
1917:
1908:
1902:Coppery titi (
1899:
1890:
1881:
1872:
1863:
1854:
1845:
1841:P. cinerascens
1836:
1830:Parecis titi (
1827:
1818:
1809:
1800:
1791:
1782:
1773:
1764:
1755:
1745:
1743:
1724:
1718:
1717:
1714:
1713:
1711:
1710:
1701:
1695:Aracá uakari (
1692:
1683:
1673:
1671:
1655:
1654:
1652:
1651:
1642:
1633:
1624:
1615:
1606:
1596:
1594:
1578:
1577:
1575:
1574:
1565:
1556:
1547:
1538:
1529:
1520:
1511:
1502:
1493:
1484:
1475:
1466:
1456:
1454:
1450:(Saki monkeys)
1435:
1429:
1428:
1426:
1425:
1419:
1413:
1407:
1401:
1394:
1391:
1390:
1382:
1381:
1374:
1367:
1359:
1352:
1351:
1345:
1332:
1319:
1305:
1290:
1284:
1270:
1269:
1268:
1263:
1262:
1249:
1240:
1227:
1218:
1206:
1183:
1174:
1165:
1156:
1138:
1120:
1118:Palacios, 1994
1106:
1065:
1031:
1003:
986:
969:
967:Olivares, 1962
960:
937:
878:
863:
836:
789:
787:
784:
763:
760:
743:
740:
723:
722:
701:
698:
695:
692:
689:
686:
683:
659:
656:
620:
617:
456:Convolvulaceae
451:Pithecellobium
429:Apaporis River
411:
408:
390:
387:
382:
379:
339:river basins.
314:
311:
263:
262:
259:Humboldt, 1811
251:
250:
244:
243:
239:
238:
230:
229:
222:
211:
210:
204:
203:
199:C. lugens
196:
194:
190:
189:
182:
178:
177:
172:
168:
167:
162:
158:
157:
152:
148:
147:
142:
138:
137:
132:
128:
127:
122:
118:
117:
112:
108:
107:
102:
98:
97:
84:
83:
65:
62:
61:
56:
53:
52:
44:
43:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2583:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2538:
2536:
2519:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2488:
2484:
2479:
2473:
2469:
2468:
2466:
2464:
2460:
2452:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2317:
2313:
2308:
2302:
2298:
2293:
2287:
2283:
2282:
2280:
2278:
2274:
2266:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2170:
2166:
2161:
2155:
2151:
2150:
2148:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2133:
2123:
2122:
2116:
2106:
2104:
2099:
2097:
2095:
2090:
2088:
2086:
2081:
2079:
2077:
2072:
2070:
2068:
2063:
2062:
2060:
2050:
2049:
2044:
2038:
2036:
2035:C. personatus
2031:
2029:
2027:
2026:C. nigrifrons
2022:
2020:
2018:
2017:C. melanochir
2013:
2011:
2009:
2004:
2002:
2000:
1995:
1994:
1992:
1982:
1981:
1976:
1970:
1968:
1963:
1961:
1959:
1956:Ornate titi (
1954:
1952:
1950:
1945:
1943:
1941:
1936:
1934:
1932:
1927:
1925:
1923:
1920:Madidi titi (
1918:
1916:
1914:
1909:
1907:
1905:
1900:
1898:
1896:
1891:
1889:
1887:
1882:
1880:
1878:
1873:
1871:
1869:
1864:
1862:
1860:
1855:
1853:
1851:
1850:P. hoffmannsi
1846:
1844:
1842:
1837:
1835:
1833:
1828:
1826:
1824:
1819:
1817:
1815:
1810:
1808:
1806:
1801:
1799:
1797:
1792:
1790:
1788:
1787:P. pallescens
1783:
1781:
1779:
1774:
1772:
1770:
1765:
1763:
1761:
1756:
1754:
1752:
1747:
1746:
1744:
1734:
1733:
1732:Plecturocebus
1728:
1725:
1723:
1719:
1709:
1707:
1702:
1700:
1698:
1693:
1691:
1689:
1684:
1682:
1680:
1677:Bald uakari (
1675:
1674:
1672:
1662:
1661:
1656:
1650:
1648:
1643:
1641:
1639:
1634:
1632:
1630:
1625:
1623:
1621:
1616:
1614:
1612:
1611:C. chiropotes
1607:
1605:
1603:
1598:
1597:
1595:
1585:
1584:
1579:
1573:
1571:
1570:P. vanzolinii
1566:
1564:
1562:
1557:
1555:
1553:
1548:
1546:
1544:
1539:
1537:
1535:
1530:
1528:
1526:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1512:
1510:
1508:
1503:
1501:
1499:
1494:
1492:
1490:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1476:
1474:
1472:
1467:
1465:
1463:
1458:
1457:
1455:
1445:
1444:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1430:
1424:
1420:
1418:
1414:
1412:
1408:
1406:
1402:
1400:
1396:
1395:
1392:
1388:
1380:
1375:
1373:
1368:
1366:
1361:
1360:
1357:
1348:
1342:
1338:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1302:
1298:
1297:
1291:
1287:
1281:
1277:
1272:
1271:
1266:
1265:
1259:
1253:
1244:
1237:
1231:
1222:
1215:
1210:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1187:
1178:
1169:
1160:
1151:
1149:
1147:
1145:
1143:
1135:
1129:
1127:
1125:
1115:
1113:
1111:
1102:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1069:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1042:
1035:
1028:
1022:
1020:
1018:
1016:
1014:
1012:
1010:
1008:
1000:
996:
990:
983:
979:
973:
964:
956:
952:
944:
942:
933:
929:
924:
919:
915:
911:
906:
901:
897:
893:
889:
882:
874:
870:
866:
864:0-801-88221-4
860:
856:
855:
850:
849:Wilson, D. E.
846:
845:Groves, C. P.
840:
824:
819:
815:
811:
810:
805:
803:
794:
790:
783:
781:
777:
773:
772:IUCN Red List
769:
768:least concern
759:
757:
753:
749:
739:
736:
731:
727:
720:
719:
714:
713:
708:
707:
702:
699:
696:
693:
690:
687:
684:
681:
680:
679:
676:
672:
668:
664:
658:Communication
655:
652:
647:
643:
639:
636:
631:
627:
616:
614:
613:
608:
607:
602:
601:
596:
595:
590:
589:
584:
583:
578:
577:
572:
571:
566:
565:
560:
559:
553:
551:
546:
541:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
522:Beilschmiedia
519:
515:
511:
507:
506:
499:
497:
496:Myristicaceae
493:
492:
487:
483:
482:
477:
473:
472:
467:
463:
462:
457:
453:
452:
447:
443:
439:
438:
432:
430:
425:
421:
417:
416:invertebrates
407:
403:
399:
395:
386:
378:
376:
372:
371:Vichada River
368:
367:Tuparro River
364:
359:
357:
356:Vichada River
353:
349:
345:
340:
338:
334:
331:north to the
330:
326:
322:
321:
310:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
287:South America
284:
280:
276:
275:
270:
261:
257:
252:
249:
245:
240:
236:
231:
226:
220:
218:
212:
209:
208:Binomial name
205:
201:
200:
195:
192:
191:
188:
187:
183:
180:
179:
176:
173:
170:
169:
166:
163:
160:
159:
156:
153:
150:
149:
146:
143:
140:
139:
136:
133:
130:
129:
126:
123:
120:
119:
116:
113:
110:
109:
106:
103:
100:
99:
94:
89:
85:
79:
74:
73:Least Concern
63:
59:
54:
50:
45:
40:
37:
33:
19:
2463:Simia lugens
2462:
2276:
2144:
2119:
2103:C. torquatus
2102:
2093:
2084:
2075:
2074:Black titi (
2073:
2066:
2046:
2034:
2025:
2016:
2007:
1998:
1978:
1966:
1957:
1948:
1939:
1930:
1921:
1912:
1903:
1895:P. caligatus
1894:
1885:
1876:
1867:
1858:
1849:
1840:
1831:
1822:
1821:Brown titi (
1814:P. bernhardi
1813:
1804:
1795:
1786:
1777:
1768:
1759:
1750:
1730:
1722:Callicebinae
1705:
1696:
1687:
1678:
1658:
1647:C. sagulatus
1646:
1638:C. albinasus
1637:
1629:C. utahickae
1628:
1620:C. israelita
1619:
1610:
1601:
1581:
1569:
1560:
1551:
1542:
1533:
1524:
1515:
1506:
1497:
1496:Hairy saki (
1488:
1479:
1470:
1461:
1441:
1336:
1327:
1323:
1295:
1275:
1257:
1252:
1243:
1235:
1230:
1221:
1209:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1186:
1181:Kinzey, 1977
1177:
1172:Kinzey, 1981
1168:
1163:Kinzey, 1975
1159:
1154:Easley, 1982
1133:
1082:
1078:
1068:
1051:
1047:
1034:
1026:
998:
994:
989:
981:
977:
972:
963:
954:
895:
891:
881:
853:
839:
827:. Retrieved
813:
807:
801:
793:
765:
745:
734:
732:
728:
724:
716:
710:
704:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
648:
644:
640:
622:
619:Reproduction
615:(Moraceae).
610:
604:
598:
592:
586:
580:
574:
568:
562:
556:
554:
544:
542:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
503:
500:
489:
479:
469:
459:
449:
435:
433:
424:orthopterans
420:Lepidopteran
413:
404:
400:
396:
392:
384:
360:
341:
325:Branco River
318:
316:
313:Distribution
307:widow monkey
306:
302:
281:, a type of
273:
272:
268:
266:
255:
254:
216:
214:
198:
197:
185:
161:Infraorder:
36:
2355:iNaturalist
2301:Wikispecies
2208:iNaturalist
2008:C. coimbrai
1940:P. discolor
1823:P. brunneus
1805:P. baptista
1769:P. oenanthe
1760:P. modestus
1561:P. pithecia
1552:P. napensis
1550:Napo saki (
1534:P. monachus
1532:Monk saki (
1516:P. irrorata
1471:P. albicans
1433:Pitheciinae
1387:Pitheciidae
1267:Books cited
829:19 November
721:or raptors.
446:Guttifereae
381:Description
175:Pitheciidae
165:Simiiformes
42:Black titi
2546:Cheracebus
2535:Categories
2478:Q109647587
2094:C. regulus
2067:C. lucifer
2048:Cheracebus
1980:Callicebus
1958:P. ornatus
1913:P. toppini
1904:P. cupreus
1886:P. grovesi
1877:P. miltoni
1868:P. vieirai
1832:P. parecis
1778:P. olallae
1697:C. ayresii
1602:C. satanas
1583:Chiropotes
1543:P. milleri
1525:P. isabela
1498:P. hirsuta
1480:P. cazuzai
1423:Haplorhini
1421:Suborder:
995:Callicebus
978:Callicebus
786:References
642:produced.
518:Tachigalia
486:Annonaceae
320:Cheracebus
186:Cheracebus
155:Haplorhini
151:Suborder:
18:Black titi
2292:Q56120636
2085:C. medemi
2076:C. lugens
1949:P. dubius
1859:P. moloch
1706:C. hosomi
1679:C. calvus
1667:(Uakaris)
1507:P. inusta
1397:Kingdom:
1315:181794456
1234:Robinson
1132:Palacios
1101:1365-3008
1085:: 15–17.
1060:0898-6207
1054:: 13–52.
999:Fieldiana
914:1742-9994
706:Lagothrix
588:Coussarea
534:Guatteria
526:Guatteria
476:Rubiaceae
466:Arecaceae
365:or lower
329:Rio Negro
299:Venezuela
193:Species:
111:Kingdom:
105:Eukaryota
32:Cliftonia
2472:Wikidata
2286:Wikidata
2260:Species+
2252:12100333
2226:10231506
2154:Wikidata
2121:Category
1443:Pithecia
1417:Primates
1411:Mammalia
1405:Chordata
1403:Phylum:
1399:Animalia
932:26937245
873:62265494
847:(2005).
635:lordotic
630:clitoris
628:and the
538:Duguetia
442:Moraceae
375:Maipures
295:Colombia
248:Synonyms
225:Humboldt
171:Family:
145:Primates
135:Mammalia
125:Chordata
121:Phylum:
115:Animalia
101:Domain:
78:IUCN 3.1
2518:1025108
2505:9453187
2399:1000864
2373:1025104
2347:9335792
2200:2436387
2160:Q478533
2055:(Titis)
1987:(Titis)
1739:(Titis)
1660:Cacajao
1415:Order:
1409:Class:
1260:., 1977
1256:Kinzey
1238:., 1987
1197:Lozania
1136:., 1997
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337:Caqueta
333:Orinoco
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491:Virola
448:); 7%
297:, and
291:Brazil
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2386:41563
2265:10898
2221:IRMNG
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1044:(PDF)
712:Cebus
626:labia
594:Ficus
494:sp. (
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2500:GBIF
2407:NCBI
2381:IUCN
2368:ITIS
2342:GBIF
2334:TXQL
2316:BOLD
2234:ITIS
2195:GBIF
2174:PMLJ
1341:ISBN
1311:OCLC
1301:ISBN
1280:ISBN
1097:ISSN
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1056:ISSN
928:PMID
910:ISSN
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814:2021
778:and
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267:The
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