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505:, The President of the provisional government of Hawaii attempted to quell the anxiety by assuring the public there would be no invasion. On January 3, 1894 public anxiety became critical, giving the incident its name, the “Black Week”. As the anticipation of a conflict intensified in Honolulu, Irwin became concerned for American citizens and property in the city, considering he may actually have to land troops to protect them if violence erupted in retaliation for the crisis. The commanders of the
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485:, directing their guns toward the capital. Willis' goal was to maintain fear of the United States to pressure the Provisional Government into forfeiting the island back to the Queen and to maintain a US invasion as a possibility, whilst remaining officially neutral. Willis stated there were more than 1,000 men of military age in the city that the Provisional Government was arming. Willis ordered
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Though Willis did not restore the monarchy, he was able to incite doubt in the
Hawaiian public over the Provisional Government and communicate that the US was capable of going to war with them. This was one of the factors resulting in the formation of a republic. To Cleveland this was an improvement;
585:
wrote: "The idea of sending out a minister accredited to the
President of a new republic, having him present his credentials to that President and address him as 'Great and Good Friend', and then deliberately set to work to organize a conspiracy to overthrow his Government and re-establish the
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avoiding annexation left the potential to restore the monarchy and was more favorable in keeping Hawaii an independent country than as a territory of the United States. Shortly afterward, on 4 July 1894, the
Provisional Government renamed itself by declaring the
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using troops on the two
American ships. He made no attempt to conceal preparations of the operation, as men readied equipment on deck. The next shipment of mail, news, and information was yet to arrive aboard the
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wrote: "If
Minister Willis has not already been ordered to quit meddling in Hawaiian affairs and mind his own business, no time should be lost in giving him emphatic instructions to that effect." The
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wrote: "Is it not high time to stop the business of interference with the domestic affairs of foreign nations? Hawaii is 2000 miles from our nearest coast. Let it alone." The
Democratic
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asked to join the landing operation, in order to protect lives and property of their respective nationalities. On
January 11, 1894, Willis revealed to Dole the invasion to be a hoax.
430:, for a US led invasion to restore the monarchy. However, the negotiations fell through due to President Cleveland's unwillingness to use force against the Provisional Government.
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unannounced, this caused anticipation of an
American invasion to restore the monarchy. During this hysteria, Willis stimulated fears by staging a mock invasion with the
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Report
Committee Foreign Relations, United States Senate, Accompanying Testimony, Executive Documents transmitted Congress January 1, 1893, March 10, 1891, p 1793
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Report
Committee Foreign Relations, United States Senate, Accompanying Testimony, Executive Documents transmitted Congress January 1, 1893, March 10, 1891, p 2144
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Report Committee Foreign Relations, United States Senate, Accompanying Testimony, Executive Documents transmitted Congress January 1, 1893, March 10, 1891, p 2044
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and vowed to reverse the damage done, and to restore the Kingdom. Following the Overthrow, Cleveland launched an investigation headed by
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authority of the deposed Queen, is repugnant to every man who holds American honor and justice in any sort of respect." The Democratic
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An 1893 editorial cartoon with Willis, Queen Liliʻuokalani, and President Sanford B. Dole by the newspaper The Morning Call
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called Willis' trip a "forlorn and humiliating failure to carry out Mr. Cleveland's outrageous project". The Republican
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History of later years of the Hawaiian Monarchy and the revolution of 1893 By William De Witt Alexander, p 103
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said: "Mr. Cleveland lacks ... the first essential qualification of a referee or arbitrator." The
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newspapers that defended Cleveland's decisions: "Mr. Willis discharged his duty as he understood it."
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For the series of battles resulting in British defeats during the Second Boer War, see
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Domestic response to Willis' and Cleveland's efforts was largely negative. The
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692:"Five Things To Know About Liliʻuokalani, the Last Queen of Hawaiʻi"
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USRC Thomas Corwin, whose unexpected arrival caused the incident
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810:. Vol. 75, no. 4. January 11, 1894. p. 1.
757:"The Establishment of the Republic of Hawaii, 1893-1894"
614:"Grover Cleveland: Defender of Hawaiian Independence"
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640:"The U.S. Occupation of the Hawaiian Kingdom"
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665:"Americans overthrow Hawaiian monarchy"
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618:Columbian College of Arts and Sciences
378:that nearly caused a war between the
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59:December 14, 1893 – January 11, 1894
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843:Riots and civil disorder in Hawaii
755:Rowland, Donald (September 1935).
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838:Overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom
807:Manufacturers and Farmers Journal
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396:Overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom
335:Overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom
114:United States political victory
416:United States Minister to Hawaii
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544:Domestic press responses
512:and the British cruiser
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449:On December 14, 1893,
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186:Commanders and leaders
94:21.30694°N 157.85833°W
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353:1895 Wilcox rebellion
322:Wilcox Rebellion 1889
696:Smithsonian Magazine
329:Burlesque Conspiracy
128:Annexation of Hawaii
99:21.30694; -157.85833
592:was one of the few
428:Queen Liliʻuokalani
394:In the wake of the
304:Hawaiian Rebellions
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538:Republic of Hawaii
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833:Conflicts in 1894
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802:"Hawaiian Papers"
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141:Belligerents
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550:independent
457:aboard the
453:arrived in
408:coup d'Ă©tat
243:Screw sloop
97: /
85:157°51′30″W
822:Categories
600:References
574:Republican
559:Democratic
490:John Irwin
390:Background
368:Black Week
346:Black Week
210:John Irwin
82:21°18′25″N
28:Black Week
18:Black Week
786:27 August
781:0030-8684
701:27 August
675:27 August
649:27 August
623:27 August
531:Aftermath
514:HMS
414:(as then
340:Leper War
130:postponed
516:Champion
455:Honolulu
442:Cruiser
382:and the
372:Honolulu
229:Strength
69:Honolulu
64:Location
33:Part of
669:HISTORY
644:nea.org
499:Alameda
402:of the
249:Cruiser
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509:Naniwa
478:, and
468:Corwin
461:Corwin
444:Naniwa
434:Crisis
376:Hawaii
164:
152:
110:Result
73:Hawaii
475:Adams
466:USRC
459:USRC
788:2023
777:ISSN
703:2023
677:2023
651:2023
625:2023
480:USS
473:USS
366:The
56:Date
769:doi
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711:^
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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