658:
406:
31:
321:
682:
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56:
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below eye-level, with the exception of the areas surrounding the bill and a small white spot above the eye. Males have a greenish gloss to the back and wings, particularly in the breeding season. This is less pronounced or absent in females, which have a brown tinge to these areas instead. Otherwise, the sexes look alike.
817:
since the nests are rarely found alone and colonies usually number dozens, rarely hundreds of pairs. The nests are frequently established rather close to the water edge, so that their integrity is affected by rising water levels of ponds or tides. This is particularly a hazard in the case of managed
808:
populations usually breed after the rainy season. The nests are typically sited within 1 km (0.62 mi) of a feeding location, and the pairs defend an extensive perimeter around groups of nests, patrolling in cooperation with their neighbors. Spacing between nests is approximately 65 ft
603:
Fall migration of the northernly birds takes place from July to
September, and they return to the breeding grounds between March and May. Usually, the entire population breeding at any one site arrives, mates, incubates eggs for about a month, and protects and broods the young until they are capable
499:
The black-necked stilt is distinguished from non-breeding vagrants of the black-winged stilt by the white spot above the eye. Vagrants of the northern
American form in turn are hard to tell apart from the resident Hawaiian stilt, in which only the eye-spot is markedly smaller. But though many stilt
484:
They have long pink legs and a long thin black bill. They are white below and have black wings and backs. The tail is white with some grey banding. A continuous area of black extends from the back along the hind neck to the head. There, it forms a cap covering the entire head from the top to just
495:
Where their ranges meet in northern Brazil and central Peru, the black-necked and white-backed stilts intergrade. Such individuals often have some white or grey on top of the head and a white or grey collar separating the black of the hindneck from that of the upper back.
435:
1534:
604:
of sustained flight (at 27–31 days old) and leaves again migrating in flocks of about 15 individuals sometimes juveniles congregating in small groups and other times siblings with family groups. There is some seasonal movement of the
657:
491:
young are light olive brown with lengthwise rows of black speckles (larger on the back) on the upperparts – essentially where adults are black – and dull white elsewhere, with some dark barring on the flanks.
433:
434:
377:
to some extent with its northern relative where their ranges meet in northern Brazil and central Peru, would warrant inclusion with the black-necked stilt when this is separated specifically, becoming
857:
affecting both the birds directly as well as their food stocks. But altogether, the population is healthy and occurs over a large range. This stilt is therefore classified as a
Species of
1103:
500:
populations are long-distance migrants and during their movements can be found hundreds of miles offshore, actual trans-oceanic vagrants are nonetheless a rare occurrence.
426:
1082:
Sordahl, T. A. 1980. Antipredator behavior and parental care in the
American Avocet and Black-necked Stilt (Aves: Recurvirostridae). Ph.D. thesis. Utah State Univ. Logan.
717:
The black-necked stilt forages by probing and gleaning primarily in mudflats and lakeshores, but also in very shallow waters near shores; it seeks out a range of aquatic
622:
1455:
Sordahl, T. A. 1980. Antipredator behavior and parental care in the
American Avocet and Black-necked Stilt (Aves: Recurvirostridae). Phd Thesis. Utah State Univ. Logan.
853:
Particularly the North
American populations of the black-necked stilt have somewhat declined in the 20th century, mainly due to conversion of habitat for human use and
1329:
Hays, Warren S.T. & Conant, Sheila (2007). "Biology and
Impacts of Pacific Island Invasive Species. 1. A Worldwide Review of Effects of the Small Indian Mongoose,
765:
and even flooded fields. For roosting and resting needs, this bird selects alkali flats (even flooded ones), lake shores, and islands surrounded by shallow water.
1897:
681:
547:
has increased significantly since 1960 in the US, and they may now be the primary wintering habitat; these salt ponds are especially prevalent in southern
865:. The Hawaiian stilt, which on occasionally has been separated as a distinct species, is very rare however and numbers less than 2,000 individuals.
389:, belongs to the (North) American species when this is considered separate; while it rarely has been treated as another distinct species, the AOS,
361:
is often seen. Matters are more complicated though; sometimes all five distinct lineages of the common stilt are treated as different species. The
1714:
1753:
761:, while coastal populations mostly eat other aquatic invertebrates. For feeding areas they prefer coastal estuaries, salt ponds, lakeshores,
585:
and elsewhere in the southern USA. In
Arizona, black-necked stilts may be seen along artificially created lakes and drainage basins in the
600:
to consolidate with flocks that were already summering there. In coastal areas flocks both summer and winter in these estuarine settings.
841:
at that early time. In spite of this early development the young normally return to the nest for resting for one or two more days. They
1420:
1189:
1882:
1678:
1727:
1467:
1792:
753:
and very rarely plant seeds. Its mainstay food varies according to availability; inland birds usually feed mainly on aquatic
1732:
845:
after about one month but remain dependent on their parents for some more weeks. Birds begin to breed at 1–2 years of age.
577:. In North America outside California, the black-necked stilt rarely breeds inland, but it is known as a breeding bird in
1823:
1506:
1490:
1399:
1892:
1831:
1758:
1197:
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are as far as 130 ft (40 m) from the nearest neighbor. The black-necked stilt is actually classified as
167:
347:
1434:, The Birds of North America Online (A. Poole, Ed.). Ithaca: Cornell Lab of Ornithology. Birds of North America.
1877:
1621:
1596:
1528:
1449:
1390:
405:
1605:
517:
1771:
30:
593:
669:
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809:(20 m), but sometimes nests are within 7 ft (2.1 m) of each other and some nests in the
663:
Stilts exhibit a weak or sick behavior in order to distract predators from the location of their young.
55:
1061:
Robinson, Julie A., J. Michael Reed, Joseph P. Skorupa and Lewis W. Oring. 1999. "Black-necked Stilt (
1836:
1634:
1416:
1766:
290:, wintering from the extreme south of the United States to southern Mexico, rarely as far south as
39:
1745:
1887:
562:, where it commonly winters. It is common to locally abundant in appropriate habitat in southern
1810:
1287:
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1558:
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that they are seen swimming within two hours after hatching and are also capable of rapid land
390:
1693:
1805:
1017:
870:
544:
308:
150:
1173:
Bent, A.C. (1927). "Life
Histories of North American Shorebirds: Order Limicolae (Part I)".
963:
1818:
1288:"Comparative Behavior of the American Avocet and the Black-necked Stilt (Recurvirostridae)"
532:
275:
8:
1872:
909:
829:
size generally is 3–5 eggs with an average of four. For 22–26 days both sexes take turns
1519:
1247:
n. gen., n. sp. (Digenea: Cyclocoelidae: Cyclocoelinae) from the long-billed dowitcher,
320:
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597:
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Robinson, Julie A., J. Michael Reed, Joseph P. Skorupa and Lewis W. Oring. (1999).
1352:
1344:
1302:
1267:
1214:
1205:
927:
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117:
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Zeiner, David C.; Laudenslayer, William F. & Meyer, Kenneth E. (eds.) (1988):
1779:
1644:
1378:
1335:
778:
528:
355:
325:
295:
259:
107:
964:"Black-necked Stilt Identification, All About Birds, Cornell Lab of Ornithology"
298:
peninsula it is only found regularly in winter. Some authorities, including the
1427:
1406:
Environmental Impact Report for the
Corinthian Villas Project on Richardson Bay
1106:
The Online Guide to the Animals of Trinidad and Tobago. Retrieved 16 March 2023
1013:
710:
688:
574:
488:
382:
374:
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918:
877:), introduced to hunt rats, is suspected to have contributed to its decline.
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It also breeds along lake shores in northeastern California and southeastern
540:
1413:
A breeding bird survey of the south San Francisco Bay salt pond levee system
797:
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186:
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1784:
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762:
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Dronen, Norman O.; Gardner, Scott L. & JimĂ©nez, F. AgustĂn (2006).
1226:
722:
692:
563:
552:
450:
370:
332:
291:
247:
43:
1394:(Volume 3: Hoatzin to Auks): 345, plate 31. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona.
1373:
McCaskie, G.; DeBenedictus, D.; Erickson, R. & Morlan, J. (1979):
1323:
A field guide to the nests, eggs and nestlings of North American birds
1195:
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salt ponds where water levels may be altered rapidly in the salt pond
1306:
866:
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834:
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645:
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509:
263:
239:
67:
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1069:(A. Poole, Ed.). Ithaca: Cornell Lab of Ornithology; Retrieved from
286:. The northernmost populations, particularly those from inland, are
1670:
1575:
1408:. Report prepared for the city of Mill Valley by Earth Metrics Inc.
842:
838:
805:
640:
618:
605:
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243:
87:
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Calls from an agitated black-necked stilt in Palo Alto, California
1629:
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524:
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351:
255:
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through much of the interior western United States and along the
1797:
1616:
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del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew & Sargatal, Jordi (eds.):
1328:
754:
726:
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populations, but this is not long-range and poorly understood.
570:
536:
283:
267:
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wetlands and coastlines. It is found from the coastal areas of
77:
1482:
Shorebirds: an identification guide to the waders of the world
705:
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819:
789:
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was described from the air sacs of a black-necked stilt from
127:
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746:
734:
513:
394:
299:
271:
97:
543:. It is also found in seasonally flooded wetlands. Use of
1480:
Hayman, Peter; Marchant, John & Prater, Tony (1986):
1496:
Stiles, F. Gary & Skutch, Alexander Frank (1989):
1285:
1251:(Charadriiformes: Scolopacidae) from Oklahoma, U.S.A."
1196:
Brattstrom, Bayard H. & Howell, Thomas R. (1956).
904:
1375:
Birds of Northern California, an annotated field list
638:
and seems to be closely related to the similar genus
933:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T22727969A155440465.en
531:has been found up to 8,200 ft (2,500 m)
1198:"The Birds of the Revilla Gigedo Islands, Mexico"
555:, the black-necked stilt is resident year-round.
1864:
1442:The Sibley Field Guide to Birds of North America
589:metropolitan area, in remnant riparian habitat.
1384:Pierce, Ray J. (1996): 1. Black-winged Stilt.
1099:
1097:
1525:—USGS Patuxent Bird Identification InfoCenter
219:
174:
1898:Taxa named by Philipp Ludwig Statius MĂĽller
1094:
792:for nest locations, as long as the soil is
503:
1421:San Francisco Bay National Wildlife Refuge
1325:. W. Collins and Company, Cleveland, Ohio.
1233:Corman, T. & Wise-Gervais, C. (2005):
185:
29:
1356:
1104:Himantopus mexicanus (Black-necked Stilt)
931:
800:occurs from late April through August in
596:of California, a migration occurs to the
1030:
1028:
1026:
784:This stilt chooses mudflats, desiccated
772:
704:
527:; it is generally a lowland bird but in
404:
319:
1073:: bna.birds.cornell.edu/bna/species/449
592:For flocks that summer in the northern
194:Range of black-necked stilt (including
1865:
1468:California Department of Fish and Game
900:
898:
1557:
1556:
1023:
999:
997:
995:
993:
991:
989:
987:
985:
983:
558:This bird is locally abundant in the
1411:Rigney, M. & Rigney, T. (1981):
1190:Black-necked Stilt Species Factsheet
1175:Bulletin of the U.S. National Museum
1172:
804:, with peak activity in June, while
198:of most of South America, see text)
1415:. U.S. Department of the Interior,
1278:Garrett, K. & Dunn, J. (1981):
919:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
895:
700:
508:The black-necked stilt is found in
480:: 28.1–29.7 in (71–75 cm)
468:: 13.8–15.3 in (35–39 cm)
369:when the species is recognized) is
278:, with an isolated population, the
13:
1529:Black-necked Stilt Species Account
1498:A guide to the birds of Costa Rica
1474:
980:
474:: 5.3–6.2 oz (150–180 g)
415:
14:
1909:
1513:
1237:. University of New Mexico Press.
1071:The Birds of North America Online
1067:The Birds of North America Online
1535:Black-necked Stilt photo gallery
1052:Corman & Wise-Gervais (2005)
1020:: Brattstrom & Howell (1953)
709:Black-necked stilts foraging on
680:
668:
656:
449:Problems playing this file? See
431:
54:
1883:Birds of the Dominican Republic
1286:Hamilton, Robert Bruce (1975).
1154:
1145:
1136:
1127:
1118:
1109:
1085:
1076:
1055:
344:Himantopus himantopus mexicanus
212:Himantopus himantopus mexicanus
1391:Handbook of Birds of the World
1282:. Los Angeles Audubon Society.
1046:
1037:
1006:
956:
947:
886:
675:Bolsa Chica Ecological Reserve
400:
379:Himantopus mexicanus melanurus
1:
1166:
1537:at VIREO (Drexel University)
1484:. Houghton Mifflin, Boston.
1444:. Alfred A. Knopf, New York
1280:Birds of Southern California
1012:E.g. as a casual visitor on
892:Pierce (1996), Sibley (2003)
365:from much of South America (
7:
1531:—Cornell Lab of Ornithology
1404:Ransom, Kay et al. (1984):
1333:(Carnivora: Herpestidae)".
1235:Arizona Breeding Bird Atlas
833:the eggs. The young are so
768:
350:has always considered it a
315:
10:
1914:
1142:Rigney & Rigney (1981)
695:of the black-necked stilt.
354:in its own right, and the
1565:
1541:Interactive range map of
1417:Fish and Wildlife Service
1295:Ornithological Monographs
1272:10.11646/zootaxa.1131.1.3
1034:Garrett & Dunn (1981)
926:: e.T22727969A155440465.
848:
623:Neoallopyge americanensis
566:from April to September.
409:Flying in California, USA
331:It is often treated as a
209:
202:
193:
184:
156:
149:
51:Scientific classification
49:
37:
28:
23:
1321:Harrison, Colin (1978):
1192:. Retrieved 2008-SEP-24.
1160:Hays & Conant (2007)
880:
777:Black-necked stilt eggs
691:is usually considered a
504:Distribution and habitat
427:Black-necked stilt calls
238:) is a locally abundant
1893:Birds described in 1776
1381:, Berkeley, California.
1377:(2nd ed.). Golden Gate
1249:Limnodromus scolopaceus
1186:BirdLife International
1043:McCaskie et al. (1979)
906:BirdLife International
781:
714:
545:salt evaporation ponds
420:
410:
391:BirdLife International
328:
324:Black-necked stilt of
1878:Birds of the Americas
1806:Paleobiology Database
1500:. Comistock, Ithaca.
1349:10.1353/psc.2007.0006
1245:Selfcoelum limnodromi
1018:Revillagigedo Islands
968:www.allaboutbirds.org
912:Himantopus himantopus
871:small Indian mongoose
776:
708:
573:as well as along the
535:and commonly seen in
419:
408:
323:
309:Himantopus himantopus
258:, then south through
1850:Himantopus-mexicanus
1622:himantopus-mexicanus
1597:Himantopus mexicanus
1567:Himantopus mexicanus
1543:Himantopus mexicanus
1522:Himantopus mexicanus
1430:Himantopus mexicanus
1428:Black-necked Stilt (
1133:Zeiner et al. (1988)
1091:Dronen et al. (2006)
1063:Himantopus mexicanus
539:habitat in northern
359:Himantopus mexicanus
235:Himantopus mexicanus
160:Himantopus mexicanus
1520:Black-necked Stilt
1460:California Wildlife
1438:Sibley, David Allen
1331:Herpestes javanicus
24:Black-necked stilt
1694:black-necked-stilt
1548:IUCN Red List maps
953:E.g. Pierce (1996)
782:
745:– and small
715:
598:San Joaquin Valley
560:San Joaquin Valley
421:
411:
363:white-backed stilt
337:black-winged stilt
329:
230:black-necked stilt
196:white-backed stilt
1860:
1859:
1559:Taxon identifiers
1509:
1493:
875:Urva auropunctata
549:San Francisco Bay
436:
381:. Similarly, the
335:of the common or
276:Galápagos Islands
226:
225:
216:
178:
142:H. mexicanus
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701:Food and feeding
684:
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438:
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418:
302:, treat it as a
214:
189:
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162:
118:Recurvirostridae
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1475:Further reading
1379:Audubon Society
1336:Pacific Science
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1219:10.2307/1364977
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1151:Harrison (1978)
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779:Quintana, Texas
771:
721:– mainly
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529:Central America
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356:scientific name
346:. However, the
326:Quintana, Texas
318:
296:Baja California
260:Central America
254:as far east as
217:
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164:
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145:
108:Charadriiformes
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17:
16:Species of bird
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1888:Birds of Haiti
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1514:External links
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1435:
1424:
1423:special report
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1213:(2): 107–120.
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711:Richardson Bay
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689:Hawaiian stilt
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594:Central Valley
575:Colorado River
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387:H. m. knudseni
383:Hawaiian stilt
341:trinomial name
317:
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280:Hawaiian stilt
252:Gulf of Mexico
224:
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215:(MĂĽller, 1776)
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1508:
1507:0-8014-9600-4
1504:
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1491:0-395-60237-8
1488:
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1400:84-87334-20-2
1397:
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1049:
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1019:
1015:
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1003:Pierce (1996)
1000:
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986:
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934:
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868:
864:
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859:Least Concern
856:
846:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
823:
821:
816:
812:
807:
803:
802:North America
799:
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766:
764:
760:
756:
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748:
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740:
736:
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724:
720:
719:invertebrates
712:
707:
694:
690:
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678:
671:
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659:
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634:is presently
633:
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584:
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542:
541:South America
538:
534:
530:
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523:
520:and emergent
519:
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213:
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155:
152:
151:Binomial name
148:
144:
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138:
135:
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119:
116:
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112:
109:
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57:
52:
48:
45:
41:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
1566:
1542:
1521:
1497:
1481:
1463:
1459:
1441:
1429:
1412:
1405:
1389:
1385:
1374:
1340:
1334:
1330:
1322:
1301:(17): 1–98.
1298:
1294:
1279:
1263:
1257:
1248:
1244:
1234:
1210:
1204:
1178:
1174:
1156:
1147:
1138:
1129:
1120:
1111:
1087:
1078:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1057:
1048:
1039:
1008:
971:. Retrieved
967:
958:
949:
937:. Retrieved
923:
917:
911:
888:
874:
852:
824:
815:semicolonial
798:Reproduction
788:verges, and
783:
763:alkali flats
729:) and other
716:
639:
621:
616:cyclocoeline
610:
602:
591:
568:
557:
507:
498:
494:
487:
483:
477:
471:
465:
459:Measurements
458:
457:
448:
386:
378:
367:H. melanurus
366:
358:
343:
339:, using the
330:
307:
234:
233:
229:
227:
211:
210:
168:P.L.S.MĂĽller
159:
157:
141:
140:
128:
40:Corte Madera
18:
1767:Neotropical
1741:NatureServe
1702:iNaturalist
1591:Wikispecies
1358:10125/22595
1343:(1): 3–16.
1115:Bent (1927)
723:crustaceans
644:, found in
581:locales in
401:Description
38:Adult near
1873:Himantopus
1867:Categories
1845:Xeno-canto
1450:067945120X
1167:References
973:2020-09-30
939:9 December
831:incubating
786:lacustrine
757:and their
731:arthropods
693:subspecies
564:California
553:Salton Sea
514:lacustrine
451:media help
375:intergrade
371:parapatric
333:subspecies
292:Costa Rica
248:California
129:Himantopus
44:California
1266:: 49–58.
908:(2019) .
867:Predation
855:pollution
835:precocial
822:process.
733:(such as
725:(such as
646:Old World
636:monotypic
613:parasitic
551:. At the
518:salt pond
510:estuarine
294:; on the
288:migratory
264:Caribbean
240:shorebird
173:(but see
136:Species:
74:Kingdom:
68:Eukaryota
1746:2.105198
1720:11085812
1576:Wikidata
1462:(Vol. 2
1440:(2003):
1367:86338152
1315:40166701
1188:(BLI) :
1181:: 1–420.
839:velocity
820:flooding
806:tropical
769:Breeding
751:tadpoles
743:mollusks
713:mudflats
641:Allopyge
619:flatworm
606:tropical
579:riparian
525:habitats
478:Wingspan
397:do not.
393:and the
316:Taxonomy
274:and the
262:and the
244:American
218:but see
204:Synonyms
170:, 1776)
114:Family:
88:Chordata
84:Phylum:
78:Animalia
64:Domain:
1684:5229128
1630:Avibase
1582:Q280358
1259:Zootaxa
1227:1364977
1016:in the
1014:ClariĂłn
869:by the
861:by the
811:rookery
794:friable
755:insects
741:), and
587:Phoenix
583:Arizona
522:wetland
352:species
304:synonym
256:Florida
124:Genus:
104:Order:
94:Class:
1837:159131
1811:369230
1798:159131
1772:bknsti
1759:227231
1733:176726
1691:GNAB:
1671:bknsti
1645:bknsti
1617:ARKive
1610:blnest
1505:
1489:
1448:
1398:
1365:
1313:
1225:
1206:Condor
849:Status
843:fledge
827:clutch
790:levees
759:larvae
727:shrimp
649:cranes
630:. Its
571:Oregon
537:llanos
472:Weight
466:Length
284:Hawaii
268:Brazil
1832:WoRMS
1785:21114
1715:IRMNG
1666:eBird
1658:6LWTY
1642:BOW:
1464:Birds
1363:S2CID
1311:JSTOR
1291:(PDF)
1254:(PDF)
1223:JSTOR
1201:(PDF)
881:Notes
739:flies
735:worms
632:genus
628:Texas
489:Downy
282:, in
1824:8192
1793:OBIS
1754:NCBI
1728:ITIS
1707:4836
1679:GBIF
1503:ISBN
1487:ISBN
1446:ISBN
1396:ISBN
1264:1131
1065:)",
941:2023
924:2019
863:IUCN
825:The
747:fish
737:and
687:The
611:The
395:IUCN
373:and
300:IUCN
272:Peru
228:The
220:text
175:text
98:Aves
1819:TSA
1653:CoL
1606:ABA
1546:at
1466:).
1386:In:
1353:hdl
1345:doi
1303:doi
1268:doi
1215:doi
1179:142
928:doi
533:ASL
348:AOS
306:of
266:to
242:of
1869::
1847::
1834::
1821::
1808::
1795::
1782::
1769::
1756::
1743::
1730::
1717::
1704::
1681::
1668::
1655::
1632::
1619::
1608::
1593::
1578::
1419:,
1361:.
1351:.
1341:61
1339:.
1309:.
1299:17
1297:.
1293:.
1262:.
1256:.
1221:.
1211:58
1209:.
1203:.
1177:.
1096:^
1025:^
982:^
966:.
922:.
916:.
897:^
796:.
749:,
651:.
516:,
512:,
461::
385:,
312:.
270:,
42:,
1470:.
1452:.
1432:)
1369:.
1355::
1347::
1317:.
1305::
1274:.
1270::
1243:"
1229:.
1217::
976:.
943:.
930::
914:"
910:"
873:(
453:.
232:(
177:)
166:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
,_Corte_Madera.jpg)
