1726:, though scientific data supporting these outcomes in humans are very weak. A review of the fingernails literature reported brittle nail improvement as evidence from two pre-1990 clinical trials that had administered an oral dietary supplement of 2.5 mg/day for several months, without a placebo control comparison group. There is no more recent clinical trial literature. A review of biotin as treatment for hair loss identified case studies of infants and young children with genetic defect biotin deficiency having improved hair growth after supplementation, but went on to report that "there have been no randomized, controlled trials to prove efficacy of supplementation with biotin in normal, healthy individuals." Biotin is also incorporated into topical hair and skin products with similar claims.
1584:≈ 10 M, biotinylated compounds of interest can be isolated from a sample by exploiting this highly stable interaction. First, the chemically modified biotin reagents are bound to the targeted compounds in a solution via a process called biotinylation. The choice of which chemical modification to use is responsible for the biotin reagent binding to a specific protein. Second, the sample is incubated with avidin bound to beads, then rinsed, removing all unbound proteins, while leaving only the biotinylated protein bound to avidin. Last, the biotinylated protein can be eluted from the beads with excess free biotin. The process can also utilize bacteria-derived
38:
1503:
closer). Partial biotinidase deficiency is defined as 10% to 30% of normal serum activity. Incidence data stems from government mandated newborn screening. For profound deficiency, treatment is oral dosing with 5 to 20 mg per day. Seizures are reported as resolving in hours to days, with other symptoms resolving within weeks. Treatment of partial biotinidase deficiency is also recommended even though some untreated people never manifest symptoms. Lifelong treatment with supplemental biotin is recommended for both profound and partial biotinidase deficiency.
340:
223:
29:
1331:-CoA. These form 7-keto-8-aminopelargonic acid (KAPA). KAPA is transported from plant peroxisomes to mitochondria where it is converted to 7,8-diaminopelargonic acid (DAPA) with the help of the enzyme, BioA. The enzyme dethiobiotin synthetase catalyzes the formation of the ureido ring via a DAPA carbamate activated with ATP, creating dethiobiotin with the help of the enzyme, BioD, which is then converted into biotin which is catalyzed by BioB. The last step is catalyzed by
542:
1613:). Overconsumption of 5 mg/day or higher causes elevated concentration in plasma that interferes with biotin-streptavidin immunoassays in an unpredictable manner. Healthcare professionals are advised to instruct patients to stop taking biotin supplements for 48 h or even up to weeks before the test, depending on the specific test, dose, and frequency of biotin uptake. Guidance for laboratory staff is proposed to detect and manage biotin interference.
4455:
593:
2380:
2336:
1609:, and other analytes such as 25-hydroxyvitamin D. Biotin interference can produce both falsely normal and falsely abnormal results. In the US, biotin as a non-prescription dietary supplement is sold in amounts of 1 to 10 mg per serving, with claims for supporting hair and nail health, and as 300 mg per day as a possibly effective treatment for multiple sclerosis (see
547:
1710:
are mixed; a 2019 review concluded that a further investigation of the association between multiple sclerosis symptoms and biotin should be undertaken, whereas two 2020 reviews of a larger number of clinical trials reported no consistent evidence for benefits, and some evidence for increased disease activity and higher risk of relapse.
1466:. Rarer are carboxylase and biotin transporter deficiences. Neonatal screening for biotinidase deficiency started in the United States in 1984, with many countries now also testing for this genetic disorder at birth. Treatment is lifelong dietary supplement with biotin. If biotinidase deficiency goes untreated, it can be fatal.
546:
1669:, West and Wilson isolated a compound they called co-enzyme R. By 1940, it was recognized that all three compounds were identical and were collectively given the name: biotin. Gyorgy continued his work on biotin and in 1941 published a paper demonstrating that egg-white injury was caused by the binding of biotin by
1743:
biotin at 20 mg/day into daily diet reduces the risk of lameness. A review of controlled trials reported that supplementation at 20 mg/day increased milk yield by 4.8%. The discussion speculated that this could be an indirect consequence of improved hoof health or a direct effect on milk production.
1680:, a biosynthesis pathway was proposed by Rolfe and Eisenberg in 1968. The initial step was described as a condensation of pimelyl-CoA and alanine to form 7-oxo-8-aminopelargonic acid. From there, they described three-step process, the last being introducing a sulfur atom to form the tetrahydrothiophene ring.
1733:
states that the US Food and Drug
Administration must allow on the product label what are described as "Structure:Function" (S:F) health claims that ingredient(s) are essential for health. For example: Biotin helps maintain healthy skin, hair and nails. If a S:F claim is made, the label must include
1709:
sheath of nerve cells, slowing or even reversing neurodegeneration. The proposed mechanisms are that biotin activates acetyl-coA carboxylase, which is a key rate-limiting enzyme during the synthesis of myelin, and by reducing axonal hypoxia through enhanced energy production. Clinical trial results
1502:
Profound biotinidase deficiency, defined as less than 10% of normal serum enzyme activity, which has been reported as 7.1 nmol/min/mL, has an incidence of 1 in 40,000 to 1 in 60,000, but with rates as high as 1 in 10,000 in countries with high incidence of consanguineous marriages (second cousin or
858:
For US food and dietary supplement labeling purposes, the amount in a serving is expressed as a percent of daily value. For biotin labeling purposes, 100% of the daily value was 300 μg/day, but as of May 27, 2016, it was revised to 30 μg/day to bring it into an agreement with the adequate
1746:
For horses, conditions such as chronic laminitis, cracked hooves, or dry, brittle feet incapable of holding shoes are a common problem. Biotin is a popular nutritional supplement. There are recommendations that horses need 15 to 25 mg/day. Studies report biotin improves the growth of new hoof
1742:
In cattle, biotin is necessary for hoof health. Lameness due to hoof problems is common, with herd prevalence estimated at 10 to 35%. Consequences of lameness include less food consumption, lower milk production, and increased veterinary treatment costs. Results after 4–6 months from supplementing
1498:
is a deficiency of the enzyme that recycles biotin, the consequence of an inherited genetic mutation. Biotinidase catalyzes the cleavage of biotin from biocytin and biotinyl-peptides (the proteolytic degradation products of each holocarboxylase) and thereby recycles biotin. It is also important in
849:
The US National
Academy of Medicine estimates upper limits for vitamins and minerals when evidence for a true limit is sufficient. For biotin, however, there is no upper limit because adverse effects of high biotin intake have not been determined. The EFSA also reviewed safety and reached the same
1474:
Low serum and urine biotin are not sensitive indicators of inadequate biotin intake. However, serum testing can be useful for confirmation of consumption of biotin-containing dietary supplements, and whether a period of refraining from supplement use is long enough to eliminate the potential for
739:
for many vitamins in 1998. At that time there was insufficient information to establish estimated average requirement or recommended dietary allowance, terms that exist for most vitamins. In instances such as this, the academy sets adequate intakes (AIs) with the understanding that at some later
1242:
synthesize amounts of biotin estimated to be similar to the amount taken in the diet, and a significant portion of this biotin exists in the free (protein-unbound) form and, thus, is available for absorption. How much is absorbed in humans is unknown, although a review did report that human
1266:
occurs via two pathways. In one, the valeric acid sidechain is cleaved, resulting in bisnorbiotin. In the other pathway, the sulfur is oxidized, resulting in biotin sulfoxide. Urine content is proportionally about half biotin, plus bisnorbiotin, biotin sulfoxide, and small amounts of other
1673:. Unlike for many vitamins, there is insufficient information to establish a recommended dietary allowance, so dietary guidelines identify an "adequate intake" based on best available science with the understanding that at some later date this will be replaced by more exact information.
1454:
Primary biotin deficiency, meaning deficiency as a consequence of too little biotin in the diet, is rare, because biotin is contained in so many foods. Subclinical deficiency can cause mild symptoms, such as hair thinning, brittle fingernails, or skin rash, typically on the face.
545:
1210:
Biotin is a water-soluble B vitamin. Consumption of large amounts as a dietary supplement results in absorption, followed by excretion into urine as biotin. Consumption of biotin as part of a normal diet results in urinary excretion of biotin and biotin metabolites.
1319:
Biotin, synthesized in plants, is essential to plant growth and development. Bacteria also synthesize biotin, and it is thought that bacteria resident in the large intestine may synthesize biotin that is absorbed and utilized by the host organism.
1190:
Biotin is stable at room temperature and is not destroyed by cooking. The dietary biotin intake in
Western populations has been estimated to be in the range of 35 to 70 μg/day. Nursing infants ingest about 6 μg/day. Biotin is available in
1227:, frees biotin, which is then absorbed from the small intestine. When consumed as a biotin dietary supplement, absorption is nonsaturable, meaning that even very high amounts are absorbed effectively. Transport across the
841:(EFSA) also identifies AIs, setting values at 40 μg/day for adults, pregnancy at 40 μg/day, and breastfeeding at 45 μg/day. For children ages 1–17 years, the AIs increase with age from 20 to 35 μg/day.
1518:
prevents the body's cells from using biotin effectively and thus interferes with multiple carboxylase reactions. There can also be a genetic defect affecting the sodium-dependent multivitamin transporter protein.
1588:
bound to beads, but because it has a higher dissociation constant than avidin, very harsh conditions are needed to elute the biotinylated protein from the beads, which often will denature the protein of interest.
1631:
had performed experiments demonstrating the symptoms associated with "egg-white injury." They had found that rats fed large amounts of egg-white as their only protein source exhibited neurological dysfunction,
1655:('to live') and the suffix "-in" (a general chemical suffix used in organic chemistry). Other research groups, working independently, had isolated the same compound under different names. Hungarian scientist
1499:
freeing biotin from dietary protein-bound biotin. Neonatal screening for biotinidase deficiency started in the United States in 1984, which as of 2017 was reported as required in more than 30 countries.
1665:, German for 'hair and skin'). Further chemical characterization of vitamin H revealed that it was water-soluble and present in high amounts in the liver. After experiments performed with yeast and
687:
group. A C5-carboxylic acid side chain is appended to the former ring. The ureido ring, containing the −N−CO−N− group, serves as the carbon dioxide carrier in carboxylation reactions. Biotin is a
2533:
Chirapu SR, Rotter CJ, Miller EL, Varma MV, Dow RL, Finn MG (March 31, 2013). "High specificity in response of the sodium-dependent multivitamin transporter to derivatives of pantothenic acid".
2321:
643:. It is involved in a wide range of metabolic processes, both in humans and in other organisms, primarily related to the utilization of fats, carbohydrates, and amino acids. The name
863:
10 million or more in annual food sales, and by
January 1, 2021, for manufacturers with lower volume food sales. A table of the old and new adult daily values is provided at
2365:
1627:
In 1916, W. G. Bateman observed that a diet high in raw egg whites caused toxic symptoms in dogs, cats, rabbits, and humans. By 1927, scientists such as
Margarete Boas and
3298:
Morag E, Bayer EA, Wilchek M (December 1996). "Immobilized nitro-avidin and nitro-streptavidin as reusable affinity matrices for application in avidin-biotin technology".
1734:
the disclaimer "This statement has not been evaluated by the Food and Drug
Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease."
2230:
120:
548:
1458:
Aside from inadequate dietary intake (rare), deficiency of biotin can be caused by a genetic disorder that affects biotin metabolism. The most common among these is
2198:
1335:, a radical SAM enzyme. The sulfur is donated by an unusual ferredoxin. Depending on the species of bacteria, Biotin can be synthesized via multiple pathways.
1275:
Chronic alcohol use is associated with a significant reduction in plasma biotin. Intestinal biotin uptake also appears to be sensitive to the effect of the anti-
113:
4263:
3147:
1659:
began investigating the factor responsible for egg-white injury in 1933 and in 1939, was successful identifying what he called "Vitamin H" (the H represents
503:
3216:
1730:
606:
3591:
Kögl and Tönnis (1936). "Über das Bios-Problem. Darstellung von krystallisiertem Biotin aus Eigelb. 20. Mitteilung über pflanzliche
Wachstumsstoffe".
3337:
2156:
667:; 'life') and the suffix "-in" (a suffix used in chemistry usually to indicate 'forming'). Biotin appears as a white, needle-like crystalline solid.
570:
3548:
Parsons HT, Kelly E (1933). "The
Character of the Dermatitis-Producing Factor in Dietary Egg White as Shown by Certain Chemical Treatments".
1747:
horn rather than improving the status of existing hoof, so months of supplementation are needed for the hoof wall to be completely replaced.
3892:
György P, Rose CS, Eakin RE, Snell EE, Williams RJ (May 1941). "Egg-White Injury as the Result of
Nonabsorption or Inactivation of Biotin".
2262:
1303:, whereas, in lactation, the higher demand has yet to be elucidated. Recent studies have shown marginal biotin deficiency can be present in
389:
1829:
5377:
5240:
5236:
1886:
744:
effects of biotin are better understood, AIs will be replaced by more exact information. The biotin AIs for both males and females are:
5169:
2192:"Overview on Dietary Reference Values for the EU population as derived by the EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies"
3620:"The Curative Factor (vitamin H) for Egg White Injury, with Particular Reference to Its Presence in Different Foodstuffs and in Yeast"
563:
3849:
György P, Rose CS, Hofmann K, Melville DB, DU Vigneaud V (December 1940). "A Further Note on the
Identity of Vitamin H with Biotin".
1247:
1202:
According to the Global Fortification Data Exchange, biotin deficiency is so rare that no countries require that foods be fortified.
2459:
2353:
3166:"A Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Study Evaluating the Efficacy of an Oral Supplement in Women with Self-perceived Thinning Hair"
684:
4267:
2486:"Recent advances in transport of water-soluble vitamins in organs of the digestive system: a focus on the colon and the pancreas"
1873:
Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline
3368:"Dietary Supplements on Controlling Multiple Sclerosis Symptoms and Relapses: Current Clinical Evidence and Future Perspectives"
2223:
2041:
1429:. This compound is further degraded by biotinidase to release biotin, which is then reutilized by holocarboxylase synthetase.
5113:
3002:
Bowen R, Benavides R, Colón-Franco JM, Katzman BM, Muthukumar A, Sadrzadeh H, Straseski J, Klause U, Tran N (December 2019).
2629:
1989:
1605:
blood tests that use biotin-streptavidin technology. This methodology is commonly used to measure levels of hormones such as
1515:
241:
1921:
1308:
1219:
Biotin in food is bound to proteins. Digestive enzymes reduce the proteins to biotin-bound peptides. The intestinal enzyme
2279:
1299:
may be associated with an increased demand for biotin. In pregnancy, this may be due to a possible acceleration of biotin
4487:
1920:. Micronutrient Information Center, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR. October 21, 2015.
2950:"Chemistry of Biotin-Streptavidin and the Growing Concern of an Emerging Biotin Interference in Clinical Immunoassays"
2191:
5232:
5228:
4428:
3424:"Targeting demyelination and virtual hypoxia with high-dose biotin as a treatment for progressive multiple sclerosis"
2832:
1880:
363:
InChI=1S/C10H16N2O3S/c13-8(14)4-2-1-3-7-9-6(5-16-7)11-10(15)12-9/h6-7,9H,1-5H2,(H,13,14)(H2,11,12,15)/t6-,7-,9-/m0/s1
354:
3464:
2748:"α-proteobacteria synthesize biotin precursor pimeloyl-ACP using BioZ 3-ketoacyl-ACP synthase and lysine catabolism"
2016:
1287:. Relatively low levels of biotin have also been reported in the urine or plasma of patients who have had a partial
373:
InChI=1/C10H16N2O3S/c13-8(14)4-2-1-3-7-9-6(5-16-7)11-10(15)12-9/h6-7,9H,1-5H2,(H,13,14)(H2,11,12,15)/t6-,7-,9-/m0/s1
5130:
4256:
Department of Health and Human Services – Office of the Inspector General – Dietary Supplement Labels: Key Elements
3827:
3731:
3686:
3641:
613:
601:
4802:
3208:
2309:
1776:
1507:
859:
intake. Compliance with the updated labeling regulations was required by January 1, 2020, for manufacturers with
556:
1506:
Inherited metabolic disorders characterized by deficient activities of biotin-dependent carboxylases are termed
5296:
5162:
3046:
Wolf B, Grier RE, Secor McVoy JR, Heard GS (1985). "Biotinidase deficiency: a novel vitamin recycling defect".
1437:
1376:
838:
5354:
4357:
2811:
Cramer JD, Jarrett JT (2018). "Purification, Characterization, and Biochemical Assays of Biotin Synthase from
1825:
1639:
In 1936, Fritz Kögl and Benno Tönnis documented isolating a yeast growth factor in a journal article titled "
1980:
Penberthy WT, Sadri M, Zempleni J (2020). "Biotin". In BP Marriott, DF Birt, VA Stallings, AA Yates (eds.).
3333:
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2315:
297:
218:
2163:
5218:
4811:
4793:
2110:
Xu YM, Du JY, Lau AT (September 2014). "Posttranslational modifications of human histone H3: an update".
318:
2060:"The Enzymes of Biotin dependent CO₂ Metabolism: What Structures Reveal about Their Reaction Mechanisms"
1311:, decreased urinary excretion of biotin and bisnorbiotin, and decreased plasma concentration of biotin.
2157:"National Health and Medical Research Council: Nutrient Reference Values for Australia and New Zealand"
1511:
1344:
2404:"Determination of the biotin content of select foods using accurate and sensitive HPLC/avidin binding"
656:
160:
5584:
5155:
1705:, a demyelinating autoimmune disease. The hypothesis is that biotin may promote remyelination of the
1382:
3366:
Tryfonos C, Mantzorou M, Fotiou D, Vrizas M, Vadikolias K, Pavlidou E, Giaginis C (September 2019).
2256:"Federal Register May 27, 2016 Food Labeling: Revision of the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels"
5449:
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736:
335:
1475:
interfering with drug tests. Indirect measures depend on the biotin requirement for carboxylases.
5462:
5181:
5118:
4459:
2255:
1543:
1390:
4031:
Motte J, Gold R (December 2020). "High-dose biotin in multiple sclerosis: the end of the road".
5362:
5204:
4480:
1821:
1766:
1495:
1487:. Urinary excretion of this compound is an early and sensitive indicator of biotin deficiency.
1459:
1364:
1358:
864:
4294:
Langova L, Novotna I, Nemcova P, Machacek M, Havlicek Z, Zemanova M, Chrast V (October 2020).
1868:
5372:
5367:
5214:
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1864:
1575:
1223:, found in pancreatic secretions and in the brush border membranes of all three parts of the
676:
180:
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4583:
3901:
3858:
3762:
2759:
1476:
1406:
1370:
306:
50:
37:
3943:
Gyorgy P, Rose CS (1943). "The Liberation of Biotin from the Avidin-Biotin Complex (AB)".
8:
5569:
5454:
5260:
4973:
2451:
1254:, so high intakes of either of these vitamins can interfere with transport of the other.
680:
79:
3905:
3862:
3766:
3267:
3242:
2763:
1522:
Biochemical and clinical manifestations of any of these metabolic disorders can include
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1192:
4254:
4044:
4008:
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3822:
3726:
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3636:
3484:
3020:
3004:"Best practices in mitigating the risk of biotin interference with laboratory testing"
3003:
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5039:
5014:
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4040:
4003:
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3952:
3909:
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3817:
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3721:
3710:"Physicochemical Properties of the Factor (vitamin H) Curative of Egg White Injury"
3676:
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3379:
3307:
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1251:
514:
486:
417:
286:
4724:
4719:
4714:
3604:
3334:"The FDA Warns that Biotin May Interfere with Lab Tests: FDA Safety Communication"
5310:
5054:
4611:
4596:
4250:
3999:
2711:
2045:
1917:
1410:
1332:
1304:
1243:
epithelial cells of the colon in vitro demonstrated an ability to uptake biotin.
1224:
1008:
889:
712:
4702:
4697:
4692:
4687:
3913:
3870:
3774:
2647:"A newly discovered function of peroxisomes: involvement in biotin biosynthesis"
2546:
5579:
5326:
5124:
5044:
4757:
4570:
4092:
4076:"The Rise and Fall of High-Dose Biotin to Treat Progressive Multiple Sclerosis"
2921:
2824:
2771:
2419:
1698:
1531:
584:
4228:
3956:
3258:
5563:
5439:
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2501:
2384:
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1422:
1418:
1295:, as well as burn patients, elderly individuals, and athletes. Pregnancy and
1280:
959:
716:
475:
211:
4531:
4526:
2908:
Wolf B (September 2016). "Biotinidase deficiency and our champagne legacy".
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1328:
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1147:
1030:
509:
4420:
4397:
4380:
4017:
3753:
West PM, Wilson PW (June 1939). "The Relation of "coenzyme R" to Biotin".
3569:
3319:
3067:
569:
5429:
5382:
5031:
4888:
4709:
4601:
3665:"Attempts to Isolate the Factor (vitamin H) Curative of Egg White Injury"
3114:
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Maruyama J, Yamaoka S, Matsuo I, Tsutsumi N, Kitamoto K (December 2012).
2008:
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4381:"Effect of biotin on milk performance of dairy cattle: a meta-analysis"
3921:
3805:
3709:
3664:
3619:
3059:
2588:
2573:"Intestinal absorption of water-soluble vitamins in health and disease"
2280:"Daily Value Reference of the Dietary Supplement Label Database (DSLD)"
1984:. London, United Kingdom: Academic Press (Elsevier). pp. 289–304.
1723:
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industry to isolate proteins and non-protein compounds for biochemical
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3516:
3501:"The Effect of Desiccation upon the Nutritive Properties of Egg-white"
3098:"Biotinidase Deficiency: Prevalence, Impact And Management Strategies"
2662:
2009:"biotin | Origin and meaning of biotin by Online Etymology Dictionary"
1562:
Chemically modified versions of biotin are widely used throughout the
1462:. Low activity of this enzyme causes a failure to recycle biotin from
5504:
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5334:
5320:
5074:
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4983:
4949:
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4518:
2402:
Staggs CG, Sealey WM, McCabe BJ, Teague AM, Mock DM (December 2004).
2075:
1650:
1602:
1535:
1296:
1284:
724:
662:
4215:
Fiume MZ (2001). "Final report on the safety assessment of biotin".
583:
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their
5147:
4852:
4345:
1645:." (Representation of crystallized biotin from egg yolk). The name
1633:
1547:
1463:
1426:
1276:
1040:
688:
528:
261:
191:
28:
3241:
Laitinen OH, Hytönen VP, Nordlund HR, Kulomaa MS (December 2006).
119:
112:
5540:
5484:
5196:
4536:
4496:
4465:
3001:
2383:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
2339:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
1875:. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. pp. 374–89.
1539:
1480:
1433:
1414:
1324:
1228:
1127:
1070:
720:
273:
2354:"Industry Resources on the Changes to the Nutrition Facts Label"
1601:, a consequence can be clinically significant interference with
1490:
5514:
5489:
5423:
5419:
5415:
5411:
5178:
5009:
4926:
4454:
3803:
1706:
1670:
1592:
1571:
1351:
1177:
1107:
1050:
1019:
997:
937:
151:
3804:
DuVigneaud V, Hofmann K, Melville DB, György P (August 1941).
3240:
2694:
Satiaputra J, Shearwin KE, Booker GW, Polyak SW (March 2016).
2693:
1440:
that plays a role in chromatin stability and gene expression.
1250:(SMVT) mediates biotin uptake into the liver. SMVT also binds
4293:
3365:
2644:
1567:
1232:
1137:
1080:
654:
131:
102:
2696:"Mechanisms of biotin-regulated gene expression in microbes"
1479:
is an intermediate step in the catabolism of the amino acid
323:
5519:
5494:
5407:
4128:
Cashman MW, Sloan SB (2010). "Nutrition and nail disease".
2037:
Anonymous PubChem Compound Summary for CID 171548, Biotin.
1551:
1167:
1157:
1117:
970:
948:
900:
860:
480:
232 to 233 °C (450 to 451 °F; 505 to 506 K)
252:
2819:. Methods in Enzymology. Vol. 606. pp. 363–388.
1270:
3848:
3045:
2622:
The Vitamins: Fundamental Aspects in Nutrition and Health
2224:"Tolerable Upper Intake Levels For Vitamins And Minerals"
727:
plays a role in chromatin stability and gene expression.
4165:
3980:"Genetic and biochemical analysis of the biotin loci of
3422:
Sedel F, Bernard D, Mock DM, Tourbah A (November 2016).
2532:
2401:
3421:
2858:
2057:
3336:. US Food and Drug Administration. November 28, 2017.
1979:
1417:
metabolism. PCC catalyzes a step in the metabolism of
4264:
United States Department of Health and Human Services
3095:
2859:
Zempleni J, Hassan YI, Wijeratne SS (November 2008).
2058:
Waldrop GL, Holden HM, St Maurice M (November 2012).
1863:
834:
Australia and New Zealand set AIs similar to the US.
4166:
Patel DP, Swink SM, Castelo-Soccio L (August 2017).
3891:
3593:
Hoppe-Seyler's Zeitschrift für Physiologische Chemie
2741:
2739:
2452:"Map: Count of Nutrients In Fortification Standards"
3465:"The Digestibility and Utilization of Egg Proteins"
1731:
Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994
1597:When people are ingesting high levels of biotin in
1483:. In the absence of biotin, the pathway diverts to
240:
4296:"Impact of Nutrients on the Hoof Health in Cattle"
3243:"Genetically engineered avidins and streptavidins"
1642:Darstellung von krystallisiertem biotin aus eigelb
3662:
3297:
3170:The Journal of Clinical and Aesthetic Dermatology
3146:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (
2736:
1975:
1973:
1971:
1969:
1967:
1965:
1963:
1961:
1959:
1693:High-dose biotin (300 mg/day = 10,000 times
1307:, as evidenced by increased urinary excretion of
5561:
4073:
2039:https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/171548
1982:Present Knowledge in Nutrition, Eleventh Edition
1957:
1955:
1953:
1951:
1949:
1947:
1945:
1943:
1941:
1939:
285:
4378:
4249:
4067:
3590:
3361:
3359:
3357:
3355:
3236:
3234:
3203:
3201:
2865:Expert Review of Endocrinology & Metabolism
2854:
2852:
544:
88:
4289:
4287:
4123:
4121:
3977:
3159:
3157:
1822:"Biotin – Fact Sheet for Health Professionals"
1718:In the United States, biotin is promoted as a
5163:
4481:
4379:Chen B, Wang C, Wang YM, Liu JX (July 2011).
4168:"A Review of the Use of Biotin for Hair Loss"
3663:György P, Kuhn R, Lederer E (December 1939).
2810:
2687:
2397:
2395:
2393:
1936:
1491:Deficiency as a result of metabolic disorders
4161:
4159:
4127:
3806:"Isolation of Biotin (vitamin H) from Liver"
3547:
3417:
3415:
3413:
3352:
3231:
3198:
3091:
3089:
3087:
3085:
2997:
2995:
2993:
2947:
2943:
2941:
2939:
2849:
1660:
1640:
1593:Interference with medical laboratory results
1510:. These include deficiencies in the enzymes
735:The US National Academy of Medicine updated
648:
4284:
4118:
3707:
3154:
3041:
3039:
2566:
2564:
2479:
2477:
2186:
2184:
2003:
2001:
1257:
5170:
5156:
4607:Calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol)
4488:
4474:
3942:
3752:
2390:
730:
338:
221:
179:
4396:
4321:
4311:
4191:
4156:
4101:
4091:
4030:
4024:
4007:
3821:
3725:
3680:
3635:
3524:
3483:
3439:
3410:
3393:
3383:
3266:
3181:
3123:
3113:
3082:
3019:
2990:
2973:
2936:
2884:
2787:
2719:
2670:
2596:
2509:
2427:
2083:
1859:
1857:
1855:
1853:
1851:
1849:
1847:
1347:covalently attaches biotin to five human
1323:Biosynthesis starts from two precursors,
1248:sodium-dependent multivitamin transporter
305:
4372:
3096:Canda E, Kalkan Uçar S, Çoker M (2020).
3036:
2745:
2638:
2619:
2561:
2474:
2408:Journal of Food Composition and Analysis
2302:
2284:Dietary Supplement Label Database (DSLD)
2268:from the original on September 22, 2017.
2229:. European Food Safety Authority. 2006.
2181:
2151:
2149:
2105:
2103:
1998:
1338:
3462:
3326:
3219:from the original on September 26, 2012
2490:Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol
2109:
1557:
1425:carboxylases leads to the formation of
1271:Factors that affect biotin requirements
853:
670:
334:
199:
5562:
4273:from the original on November 18, 2004
4074:Goldschmidt CH, Cohen JA (July 2020).
3617:
3163:
3048:Journal of Inherited Metabolic Disease
2368:from the original on December 25, 2020
2310:"Changes to the Nutrition Facts Label"
2248:
1844:
1389:For the first two, biotin serves as a
1195:, individually or as an ingredient in
653:, derives from the Ancient Greek word
212:
5151:
4469:
4214:
3978:Rolfe B, Eisenberg MA (August 1968).
3830:from the original on January 13, 2021
3734:from the original on January 14, 2021
3689:from the original on January 14, 2021
3644:from the original on January 13, 2021
2948:Luong JH, Vashist SK (January 2020).
2613:
2535:Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry
2146:
2100:
1924:from the original on January 18, 2018
1912:
1910:
1908:
1906:
1904:
1816:
1814:
1812:
1810:
1808:
1806:
1804:
1802:
1688:
1636:, dermatitis, and eventually, death.
1516:Holocarboxylase synthetase deficiency
366:Key: YBJHBAHKTGYVGT-ZKWXMUAHSA-N
159:
139:
5177:
3708:Birch TW, György P (December 1939).
3498:
3247:Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences
2907:
2746:Hu Y, Cronan JE (November 5, 2020).
2570:
2483:
2204:from the original on August 28, 2017
2019:from the original on August 22, 2020
1824:. Office of Dietary Supplements, US
1713:
850:conclusion as in the United States.
513:
4217:International Journal of Toxicology
3550:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
3340:from the original on April 24, 2019
2861:"Biotin and biotinidase deficiency"
2462:from the original on April 11, 2019
2444:
2236:from the original on March 16, 2016
1832:from the original on April 14, 2020
1436:proteins in nuclear chromatin is a
695:enzymes, which are involved in the
376:Key: YBJHBAHKTGYVGT-ZKWXMUAHBB
276:
260:
13:
4803:2-Methylnaphthalene-1,4-diamine (K
4495:
4431:from the original on June 10, 2021
4338:
4142:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2010.03.037
3562:10.1111/j.1753-4887.1980.tb05948.x
2456:Global Fortification Data Exchange
1901:
1889:from the original on July 17, 2015
1799:
825:Lactating females (14 to 50 years)
540:
14:
5601:
4447:
4360:from the original on May 17, 2022
3945:Experimental Biology and Medicine
3021:10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2019.08.012
817:Pregnant females (14 to 50 years)
4453:
4356:(Part 2): 145–53. October 2005.
4346:"Biotin and lameness - A review"
3441:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.08.028
2378:
2334:
2324:from the original on May 6, 2018
1574:binds strongly to biotin with a
591:
435:
429:
36:
27:
4413:
4243:
4208:
3971:
3936:
3885:
3842:
3810:Journal of Biological Chemistry
3797:
3746:
3714:Journal of Biological Chemistry
3701:
3669:Journal of Biological Chemistry
3656:
3624:Journal of Biological Chemistry
3611:
3584:
3541:
3492:
3472:Journal of Biological Chemistry
3456:
3291:
3118:(inactive September 12, 2024).
2901:
2804:
2526:
2346:
2272:
2216:
1777:Multiple carboxylase deficiency
1508:multiple carboxylase deficiency
1421:. Metabolic degradation of the
1314:
587:(at 25 °C , 100 kPa).
4812:4-Amino-3-methyl-1-naphthol (K
4794:4-Amino-2-methyl-1-naphthol (K
3209:"Overview of Protein Labeling"
2051:
2031:
1438:posttranslational modification
1377:Methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase
839:European Food Safety Authority
748:Biotin Adequate Intakes (AIs)
447:
441:
423:
55:5-imidazol-4-yl]pentanoic acid
16:Chemical compound (vitamin B7)
1:
4045:10.1016/S1474-4422(20)30353-7
3823:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)51355-7
3727:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)73470-4
3682:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)73469-8
3637:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)73468-6
3605:10.1515/bchm2.1936.242.1-2.43
3485:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)87458-0
1826:National Institutes of Health
1792:
1610:
1443:
1214:
1205:
4000:10.1128/JB.96.2.515-524.1968
2712:10.1016/j.synbio.2016.01.005
2624:. San Diego: Elsevier, Inc.
2360:Food and Drug Administration
2316:Food and Drug Administration
1651:
1649:derives from the Greek word
1469:
1393:responsible for transfer of
1359:Acetyl-CoA carboxylase alpha
663:
7:
3914:10.1126/science.93.2420.477
3871:10.1126/science.92.2400.609
3775:10.1126/science.89.2322.607
2547:10.2174/1568026611313070006
1750:
1722:for strengthening hair and
1683:
1365:Acetyl-CoA carboxylase beta
679:, with a sulfur-containing
647:, borrowed from the German
402:C12((S1)CCCCC(=O)O)NC(=O)N2
10:
5606:
4093:10.1007/s13311-020-00907-5
3618:György P (December 1939).
3164:Glynis A (November 2012).
2922:10.1016/j.gene.2015.10.010
2825:10.1016/bs.mie.2018.06.003
2772:10.1038/s41467-020-19251-5
2420:10.1016/j.jfca.2003.09.015
1737:
1620:
1616:
1512:holocarboxylase synthetase
1447:
1413:. MCC catalyzes a step in
1345:holocarboxylase synthetase
1231:is faster than across the
870:
675:Biotin is classified as a
655:
470:White crystalline needles
5532:
5475:
5353:
5195:
5188:
5108:
5092:
5065:
4837:
4828:
4743:
4673:
4602:25-hydroxycholecalciferol
4550:
4517:
4508:
4229:10.1080/10915810160233712
3957:10.3181/00379727-53-14183
3259:10.1007/s00018-006-6288-z
3102:Pediatric Health Med Ther
2484:Said HM (November 2013).
1641:
1383:Propionyl-CoA carboxylase
844:
737:Dietary Reference Intakes
581:
522:
496:
410:
385:
350:
72:
61:
49:
44:
35:
26:
3463:Bateman WG (June 1916).
3385:10.3390/medicines6030095
3213:Thermo Fisher Scientific
2966:10.1021/acsomega.9b03013
2877:10.1586/17446651.3.6.715
2502:10.1152/ajpgi.00231.2013
2048:(accessed Oct 19, 2023).
1485:3-hydroxyisovaleric acid
1309:3-hydroxyisovaleric acid
1291:or have other causes of
1258:Metabolism and excretion
3988:Journal of Bacteriology
3505:The Biochemical Journal
2571:Said HM (August 2011).
2044:August 6, 2023, at the
731:Dietary recommendations
397:O=C1N2(SC2N1)CCCCC(=O)O
4425:Kentucky Equine Basics
3312:10.1006/abio.1996.0514
2124:10.1002/pmic.201300435
1767:Biotinidase deficiency
1661:
1623:Vitamin § History
1570:. Because egg-derived
1496:Biotinidase deficiency
1460:biotinidase deficiency
865:Reference Daily Intake
649:
551:
4625:Dihydroergocalciferol
4398:10.3168/jds.2010-3764
4172:Skin Appendage Disord
2752:Nature Communications
2700:Synth Syst Biotechnol
2364:. December 21, 2018.
1865:Institute of Medicine
1621:Further information:
1576:dissociation constant
1409:. PC participates in
1339:Cofactor biochemistry
677:heterocyclic compound
550:
5080:Dehydroascorbic acid
4584:7-Dehydrocholesterol
4462:at Wikimedia Commons
4427:. November 4, 2003.
3115:10.2147/PHMT.S198656
2118:(17–18): 2047–2060.
1828:. December 8, 2017.
1558:Use in biotechnology
1477:3-Methylcrotonyl-CoA
1407:fatty acid synthesis
1371:Pyruvate carboxylase
1238:The large intestine
854:Labeling regulations
723:proteins in nuclear
671:Chemical description
533:(fire diamond)
51:Preferred IUPAC name
4974:Pyridoxal phosphate
4313:10.3390/ani10101824
4266:, OEI-01-01-00120,
3906:1941Sci....93..477G
3863:1940Sci....92..609G
3767:1939Sci....89..607W
2817:Radical SAM Enzymes
2764:2020NatCo..11.5598H
2169:on January 21, 2017
1697:) has been used in
1599:dietary supplements
1544:developmental delay
1524:ketolactic acidosis
1401:, converting it to
1193:dietary supplements
756:Biotin AI (μg/day)
749:
681:tetrahydrothiophene
487:Solubility in water
462: g·mol
23:
5135:Never to phase III
4648:Dihydrotachysterol
3060:10.1007/BF01800660
2651:Plant Signal Behav
2589:10.1042/BJ20110326
2013:www.etymonline.com
1720:dietary supplement
1703:multiple sclerosis
1689:Multiple sclerosis
1667:Rhizobium trifolii
809:19 years and older
747:
614:Infobox references
552:
21:
5557:
5556:
5528:
5527:
5145:
5144:
5088:
5087:
5040:Adenosylcobalamin
5015:Dihydrofolic acid
4824:
4823:
4458:Media related to
4223:(Suppl 4): 1–12.
4184:10.1159/000462981
4080:Neurotherapeutics
3517:10.1042/bj0210712
3428:Neuropharmacology
3253:(24): 2992–3017.
3054:(Suppl 1): 53–8.
2663:10.4161/psb.22405
2631:978-0-12-183493-7
2620:Combs GF (2008).
2070:(11): 1597–1619.
1991:978-0-323-66162-1
1757:Biotin deficiency
1714:Hair, nails, skin
1701:for treatment of
1450:Biotin deficiency
1432:Biotinylation of
1187:
1186:
1090:
1089:
980:
979:
940:, canned in water
832:
831:
622:Chemical compound
620:
619:
319:CompTox Dashboard
121:Interactive image
114:Interactive image
5597:
5585:Carboxylic acids
5193:
5192:
5172:
5165:
5158:
5149:
5148:
5050:Hydroxocobalamin
5025:Levomefolic acid
4945:Pantothenic acid
4835:
4834:
4758:Phylloquinone (K
4515:
4514:
4490:
4483:
4476:
4467:
4466:
4457:
4441:
4440:
4438:
4436:
4417:
4411:
4410:
4400:
4376:
4370:
4369:
4367:
4365:
4342:
4336:
4335:
4325:
4315:
4291:
4282:
4281:
4280:
4278:
4272:
4261:
4247:
4241:
4240:
4212:
4206:
4205:
4195:
4163:
4154:
4153:
4125:
4116:
4115:
4105:
4095:
4071:
4065:
4064:
4028:
4022:
4021:
4011:
3982:Escherichia coli
3975:
3969:
3968:
3940:
3934:
3933:
3889:
3883:
3882:
3846:
3840:
3839:
3837:
3835:
3825:
3801:
3795:
3794:
3750:
3744:
3743:
3741:
3739:
3729:
3705:
3699:
3698:
3696:
3694:
3684:
3660:
3654:
3653:
3651:
3649:
3639:
3615:
3609:
3608:
3588:
3582:
3581:
3545:
3539:
3538:
3528:
3511:(3): 712–724.1.
3499:Boas MA (1927).
3496:
3490:
3489:
3487:
3469:
3460:
3454:
3453:
3443:
3434:(Pt B): 644–53.
3419:
3408:
3407:
3397:
3387:
3363:
3350:
3349:
3347:
3345:
3330:
3324:
3323:
3295:
3289:
3288:
3270:
3238:
3229:
3228:
3226:
3224:
3205:
3196:
3195:
3185:
3161:
3152:
3151:
3145:
3137:
3127:
3117:
3093:
3080:
3079:
3043:
3034:
3033:
3023:
2999:
2988:
2987:
2977:
2945:
2934:
2933:
2905:
2899:
2898:
2888:
2856:
2847:
2846:
2813:Escherichia coli
2808:
2802:
2801:
2791:
2743:
2734:
2733:
2723:
2691:
2685:
2684:
2674:
2642:
2636:
2635:
2617:
2611:
2610:
2600:
2568:
2559:
2558:
2530:
2524:
2523:
2513:
2481:
2472:
2471:
2469:
2467:
2448:
2442:
2441:
2431:
2399:
2388:
2382:
2381:
2377:
2375:
2373:
2350:
2344:
2338:
2337:
2333:
2331:
2329:
2320:. May 27, 2016.
2306:
2300:
2299:
2297:
2295:
2290:on April 7, 2020
2286:. Archived from
2276:
2270:
2269:
2267:
2260:
2252:
2246:
2245:
2243:
2241:
2235:
2228:
2220:
2214:
2213:
2211:
2209:
2203:
2196:
2188:
2179:
2178:
2176:
2174:
2168:
2162:. Archived from
2161:
2153:
2144:
2143:
2107:
2098:
2097:
2087:
2076:10.1002/pro.2156
2055:
2049:
2035:
2029:
2028:
2026:
2024:
2005:
1996:
1995:
1977:
1934:
1933:
1931:
1929:
1914:
1899:
1898:
1896:
1894:
1861:
1842:
1841:
1839:
1837:
1818:
1762:Biotin sulfoxide
1664:
1654:
1644:
1643:
1607:thyroid hormones
1528:organic aciduria
1252:pantothenic acid
1094:
1093:
984:
983:
876:
875:
750:
746:
683:ring fused to a
666:
660:
659:
652:
639:) is one of the
604:
598:
595:
594:
572:
565:
558:
543:
517:
461:
449:
443:
437:
431:
425:
418:Chemical formula
343:
342:
327:
325:
309:
289:
278:
264:
244:
225:
214:
203:
183:
163:
143:
123:
116:
92:
40:
31:
24:
20:
5605:
5604:
5600:
5599:
5598:
5596:
5595:
5594:
5560:
5559:
5558:
5553:
5524:
5471:
5466:
5458:
5349:
5340:
5332:
5316:
5302:
5292:
5284:
5276:
5266:
5256:
5246:
5224:
5210:
5184:
5176:
5146:
5141:
5140:
5125:Clinical trials
5104:
5084:
5061:
5055:Methylcobalamin
5035:
5006:
4993:
4965:
4941:
4922:
4908:
4863:
4849:
4830:
4820:
4815:
4806:
4797:
4788:
4779:
4770:
4767:Menaquinones (K
4761:
4739:
4669:
4635:
4621:
4612:Calcitroic acid
4597:Cholecalciferol
4592:
4580:
4562:
4546:
4510:
4504:
4494:
4450:
4445:
4444:
4434:
4432:
4421:"Biotin Basics"
4419:
4418:
4414:
4377:
4373:
4363:
4361:
4350:Cattle Practice
4344:
4343:
4339:
4292:
4285:
4276:
4274:
4270:
4259:
4251:Janet Rehnquist
4248:
4244:
4213:
4209:
4164:
4157:
4126:
4119:
4072:
4068:
4029:
4025:
3976:
3972:
3941:
3937:
3900:(2420): 477–8.
3890:
3886:
3847:
3843:
3833:
3831:
3802:
3798:
3761:(2322): 607–8.
3751:
3747:
3737:
3735:
3706:
3702:
3692:
3690:
3661:
3657:
3647:
3645:
3616:
3612:
3589:
3585:
3556:(11): 377–379.
3546:
3542:
3497:
3493:
3467:
3461:
3457:
3420:
3411:
3364:
3353:
3343:
3341:
3332:
3331:
3327:
3296:
3292:
3239:
3232:
3222:
3220:
3207:
3206:
3199:
3162:
3155:
3139:
3138:
3094:
3083:
3044:
3037:
3000:
2991:
2946:
2937:
2906:
2902:
2857:
2850:
2835:
2809:
2805:
2744:
2737:
2692:
2688:
2657:(12): 1589–93.
2643:
2639:
2632:
2618:
2614:
2569:
2562:
2531:
2527:
2482:
2475:
2465:
2463:
2450:
2449:
2445:
2400:
2391:
2379:
2371:
2369:
2352:
2351:
2347:
2335:
2327:
2325:
2308:
2307:
2303:
2293:
2291:
2278:
2277:
2273:
2265:
2258:
2254:
2253:
2249:
2239:
2237:
2233:
2226:
2222:
2221:
2217:
2207:
2205:
2201:
2194:
2190:
2189:
2182:
2172:
2170:
2166:
2159:
2155:
2154:
2147:
2108:
2101:
2064:Protein Science
2056:
2052:
2046:Wayback Machine
2036:
2032:
2022:
2020:
2007:
2006:
1999:
1992:
1978:
1937:
1927:
1925:
1916:
1915:
1902:
1892:
1890:
1883:
1862:
1845:
1835:
1833:
1820:
1819:
1800:
1795:
1753:
1740:
1716:
1699:clinical trials
1695:adequate intake
1691:
1686:
1625:
1619:
1595:
1583:
1560:
1493:
1472:
1452:
1446:
1411:gluconeogenesis
1341:
1333:biotin synthase
1317:
1305:human gestation
1273:
1260:
1246:Once absorbed,
1225:small intestine
1217:
1208:
1188:
1101:
1091:
1009:Sunflower seeds
991:
981:
973:, white, canned
883:
873:
856:
847:
740:date, when the
733:
713:gluconeogenesis
707:, synthesis of
673:
633:
628:(also known as
623:
616:
611:
610:
609: ?)
600:
596:
592:
588:
577:
576:
575:
574:
567:
560:
553:
549:
541:
506:
489:
459:
446:
440:
434:
428:
420:
406:
403:
398:
393:
392:
381:
378:
377:
374:
368:
367:
364:
358:
357:
346:
328:
321:
312:
292:
279:
267:
247:
234:
206:
186:
166:
146:
126:
106:
95:
82:
68:
67:
57:
56:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5603:
5593:
5592:
5587:
5582:
5577:
5572:
5555:
5554:
5552:
5551:
5536:
5534:
5530:
5529:
5526:
5525:
5523:
5522:
5517:
5512:
5507:
5502:
5497:
5492:
5487:
5481:
5479:
5473:
5472:
5470:
5469:
5464:
5460:
5456:
5452:
5447:
5442:
5437:
5432:
5427:
5405:
5400:
5395:
5390:
5385:
5380:
5375:
5370:
5365:
5359:
5357:
5351:
5350:
5348:
5347:
5342:
5338:
5330:
5324:
5318:
5314:
5304:
5300:
5290:
5282:
5278:
5274:
5268:
5264:
5258:
5254:
5248:
5244:
5226:
5222:
5212:
5208:
5201:
5199:
5190:
5186:
5185:
5175:
5174:
5167:
5160:
5152:
5143:
5142:
5139:
5138:
5137:
5136:
5133:
5122:
5116:
5110:
5109:
5106:
5105:
5103:
5102:
5096:
5094:
5090:
5089:
5086:
5085:
5083:
5082:
5077:
5071:
5069:
5063:
5062:
5060:
5059:
5058:
5057:
5052:
5047:
5045:Cyanocobalamin
5042:
5033:
5029:
5028:
5027:
5022:
5017:
5012:
5004:
5001:
5000:
4999:
4991:
4988:
4987:
4986:
4981:
4976:
4963:
4959:
4958:
4957:
4952:
4947:
4939:
4936:
4935:
4934:
4929:
4920:
4916:
4915:
4914:
4906:
4903:
4902:
4901:
4896:
4891:
4886:
4881:
4876:
4871:
4861:
4857:
4856:
4855:
4847:
4843:
4841:
4832:
4826:
4825:
4822:
4821:
4819:
4818:
4813:
4809:
4804:
4800:
4795:
4791:
4786:
4782:
4777:
4773:
4768:
4764:
4759:
4755:
4753:Naphthoquinone
4749:
4747:
4741:
4740:
4738:
4737:
4732:
4731:
4730:
4727:
4722:
4717:
4707:
4706:
4705:
4700:
4695:
4690:
4679:
4677:
4671:
4670:
4668:
4667:
4666:
4665:
4660:
4655:
4650:
4645:
4637:
4633:
4629:
4628:
4627:
4619:
4616:
4615:
4614:
4609:
4604:
4599:
4594:
4590:
4586:
4578:
4575:
4574:
4573:
4571:Ergocalciferol
4568:
4560:
4556:
4554:
4548:
4547:
4545:
4544:
4539:
4534:
4529:
4523:
4521:
4512:
4506:
4505:
4493:
4492:
4485:
4478:
4470:
4464:
4463:
4449:
4448:External links
4446:
4443:
4442:
4412:
4391:(7): 3537–46.
4371:
4337:
4283:
4253:(March 2003),
4242:
4207:
4155:
4117:
4066:
4039:(12): 965–66.
4023:
3970:
3935:
3884:
3841:
3796:
3745:
3700:
3655:
3610:
3599:(1–2): 43–73.
3583:
3540:
3491:
3455:
3409:
3351:
3325:
3306:(2): 257–263.
3290:
3230:
3197:
3153:
3081:
3035:
2989:
2935:
2900:
2848:
2833:
2803:
2735:
2686:
2637:
2630:
2612:
2560:
2525:
2496:(9): G601–10.
2473:
2443:
2389:
2345:
2301:
2271:
2247:
2215:
2180:
2145:
2099:
2050:
2030:
1997:
1990:
1935:
1900:
1881:
1843:
1797:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1790:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1752:
1749:
1739:
1736:
1715:
1712:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1618:
1615:
1594:
1591:
1581:
1559:
1556:
1532:hyperammonemia
1492:
1489:
1471:
1468:
1448:Main article:
1445:
1442:
1387:
1386:
1380:
1374:
1368:
1362:
1340:
1337:
1316:
1313:
1272:
1269:
1259:
1256:
1216:
1213:
1207:
1204:
1185:
1184:
1181:
1174:
1173:
1170:
1164:
1163:
1160:
1154:
1153:
1150:
1144:
1143:
1140:
1134:
1133:
1130:
1124:
1123:
1120:
1114:
1113:
1110:
1104:
1103:
1098:
1092:
1088:
1087:
1084:
1077:
1076:
1073:
1067:
1066:
1063:
1057:
1056:
1053:
1047:
1046:
1043:
1037:
1036:
1033:
1027:
1026:
1023:
1016:
1015:
1012:
1005:
1004:
1001:
994:
993:
988:
982:
978:
977:
974:
967:
966:
963:
956:
955:
952:
945:
944:
941:
934:
933:
930:
926:
925:
922:
918:
917:
914:
908:
907:
904:
897:
896:
893:
886:
885:
880:
874:
872:
869:
855:
852:
846:
843:
830:
829:
826:
822:
821:
818:
814:
813:
810:
806:
805:
802:
801:14 to 18 years
798:
797:
794:
790:
789:
786:
782:
781:
778:
774:
773:
770:
769:7 to 12 months
766:
765:
762:
758:
757:
754:
732:
729:
672:
669:
631:
621:
618:
617:
612:
590:
589:
585:standard state
582:
579:
578:
568:
561:
554:
539:
538:
537:
536:
534:
525:
524:
520:
519:
507:
502:
499:
498:
494:
493:
490:
485:
482:
481:
478:
472:
471:
468:
464:
463:
457:
451:
450:
444:
438:
432:
426:
421:
416:
413:
412:
408:
407:
405:
404:
401:
399:
396:
388:
387:
386:
383:
382:
380:
379:
375:
372:
371:
369:
365:
362:
361:
353:
352:
351:
348:
347:
345:
344:
331:
329:
317:
314:
313:
311:
310:
302:
300:
294:
293:
291:
290:
282:
280:
272:
269:
268:
266:
265:
257:
255:
249:
248:
246:
245:
237:
235:
230:
227:
226:
216:
208:
207:
205:
204:
196:
194:
188:
187:
185:
184:
176:
174:
168:
167:
165:
164:
156:
154:
148:
147:
145:
144:
136:
134:
128:
127:
125:
124:
117:
109:
107:
100:
97:
96:
94:
93:
85:
83:
78:
75:
74:
70:
69:
65:
63:
59:
58:
54:
53:
47:
46:
42:
41:
33:
32:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5602:
5591:
5588:
5586:
5583:
5581:
5578:
5576:
5573:
5571:
5568:
5567:
5565:
5550:
5549:
5543:
5542:
5538:
5537:
5535:
5531:
5521:
5518:
5516:
5513:
5511:
5508:
5506:
5503:
5501:
5498:
5496:
5493:
5491:
5488:
5486:
5483:
5482:
5480:
5478:
5474:
5468:
5461:
5459:
5453:
5451:
5448:
5446:
5443:
5441:
5440:Molybdopterin
5438:
5436:
5433:
5431:
5428:
5425:
5421:
5417:
5413:
5409:
5406:
5404:
5401:
5399:
5396:
5394:
5393:Cofactor F430
5391:
5389:
5386:
5384:
5381:
5379:
5376:
5374:
5371:
5369:
5366:
5364:
5361:
5360:
5358:
5356:
5352:
5346:
5345:Coenzyme F420
5343:
5336:
5328:
5327:Phylloquinone
5325:
5322:
5321:Ascorbic acid
5319:
5312:
5308:
5305:
5298:
5294:
5286:
5279:
5272:
5269:
5262:
5259:
5252:
5249:
5242:
5238:
5234:
5230:
5227:
5220:
5216:
5213:
5206:
5203:
5202:
5200:
5198:
5194:
5191:
5187:
5183:
5180:
5173:
5168:
5166:
5161:
5159:
5154:
5153:
5150:
5134:
5132:
5129:
5128:
5126:
5123:
5120:
5117:
5115:
5112:
5111:
5107:
5101:
5100:Multivitamins
5098:
5097:
5095:
5091:
5081:
5078:
5076:
5075:Ascorbic acid
5073:
5072:
5070:
5068:
5064:
5056:
5053:
5051:
5048:
5046:
5043:
5041:
5038:
5037:
5036:
5030:
5026:
5023:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5013:
5011:
5008:
5007:
5002:
4998:
4995:
4994:
4989:
4985:
4982:
4980:
4977:
4975:
4971:
4968:
4967:
4966:
4960:
4956:
4953:
4951:
4948:
4946:
4943:
4942:
4937:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4924:
4923:
4917:
4913:
4910:
4909:
4904:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4894:Prosultiamine
4892:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4884:Fursultiamine
4882:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4869:Acefurtiamine
4867:
4866:
4865:
4858:
4854:
4851:
4850:
4845:
4844:
4842:
4840:
4836:
4833:
4827:
4817:
4810:
4808:
4801:
4799:
4792:
4790:
4783:
4781:
4774:
4772:
4765:
4763:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4750:
4748:
4746:
4742:
4736:
4733:
4728:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4712:
4711:
4708:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4685:
4684:
4681:
4680:
4678:
4676:
4672:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4640:
4638:
4636:
4630:
4626:
4623:
4622:
4617:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4581:
4576:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4563:
4558:
4557:
4555:
4553:
4549:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4524:
4522:
4520:
4516:
4513:
4507:
4502:
4498:
4491:
4486:
4484:
4479:
4477:
4472:
4471:
4468:
4461:
4456:
4452:
4451:
4430:
4426:
4422:
4416:
4408:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4390:
4386:
4382:
4375:
4359:
4355:
4351:
4347:
4341:
4333:
4329:
4324:
4319:
4314:
4309:
4305:
4301:
4297:
4290:
4288:
4269:
4265:
4258:
4257:
4252:
4246:
4238:
4234:
4230:
4226:
4222:
4218:
4211:
4203:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4185:
4181:
4178:(3): 166–69.
4177:
4173:
4169:
4162:
4160:
4151:
4147:
4143:
4139:
4135:
4131:
4130:Clin Dermatol
4124:
4122:
4113:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4086:(3): 968–70.
4085:
4081:
4077:
4070:
4062:
4058:
4054:
4050:
4046:
4042:
4038:
4034:
4033:Lancet Neurol
4027:
4019:
4015:
4010:
4005:
4001:
3997:
3994:(2): 515–24.
3993:
3989:
3985:
3983:
3974:
3966:
3962:
3958:
3954:
3950:
3946:
3939:
3931:
3927:
3923:
3919:
3915:
3911:
3907:
3903:
3899:
3895:
3888:
3880:
3876:
3872:
3868:
3864:
3860:
3857:(2400): 609.
3856:
3852:
3845:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3816:(2): 643–51.
3815:
3811:
3807:
3800:
3792:
3788:
3784:
3780:
3776:
3772:
3768:
3764:
3760:
3756:
3749:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3720:(2): 761–66.
3719:
3715:
3711:
3704:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3675:(2): 745–59.
3674:
3670:
3666:
3659:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3630:(2): 733–44.
3629:
3625:
3621:
3614:
3606:
3602:
3598:
3594:
3587:
3579:
3575:
3571:
3567:
3563:
3559:
3555:
3551:
3544:
3536:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3518:
3514:
3510:
3506:
3502:
3495:
3486:
3481:
3477:
3473:
3466:
3459:
3451:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3433:
3429:
3425:
3418:
3416:
3414:
3405:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3377:
3373:
3369:
3362:
3360:
3358:
3356:
3339:
3335:
3329:
3321:
3317:
3313:
3309:
3305:
3301:
3294:
3286:
3282:
3278:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3260:
3256:
3252:
3248:
3244:
3237:
3235:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3204:
3202:
3193:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3176:(11): 28–34.
3175:
3171:
3167:
3160:
3158:
3149:
3143:
3135:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3092:
3090:
3088:
3086:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3042:
3040:
3031:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3013:
3009:
3005:
2998:
2996:
2994:
2985:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2944:
2942:
2940:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2916:(2): 142–50.
2915:
2911:
2904:
2896:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2871:(6): 715–24.
2870:
2866:
2862:
2855:
2853:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2834:9780128127940
2830:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2807:
2799:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2742:
2740:
2731:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2690:
2682:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2641:
2633:
2627:
2623:
2616:
2608:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2583:(3): 357–72.
2582:
2578:
2574:
2567:
2565:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2541:(7): 837–42.
2540:
2536:
2529:
2521:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2480:
2478:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2447:
2439:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2414:(6): 767–76.
2413:
2409:
2405:
2398:
2396:
2394:
2386:
2385:public domain
2367:
2363:
2361:
2355:
2349:
2342:
2341:public domain
2323:
2319:
2317:
2311:
2305:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2275:
2264:
2257:
2251:
2232:
2225:
2219:
2200:
2193:
2187:
2185:
2165:
2158:
2152:
2150:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2106:
2104:
2095:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2054:
2047:
2043:
2040:
2034:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2004:
2002:
1993:
1987:
1983:
1976:
1974:
1972:
1970:
1968:
1966:
1964:
1962:
1960:
1958:
1956:
1954:
1952:
1950:
1948:
1946:
1944:
1942:
1940:
1923:
1919:
1913:
1911:
1909:
1907:
1905:
1888:
1884:
1882:0-309-06554-2
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1860:
1858:
1856:
1854:
1852:
1850:
1848:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1817:
1815:
1813:
1811:
1809:
1807:
1805:
1803:
1798:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1772:Biotinylation
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1754:
1748:
1744:
1735:
1732:
1727:
1725:
1721:
1711:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1681:
1679:
1674:
1672:
1668:
1663:
1662:Haar und Haut
1658:
1653:
1648:
1637:
1635:
1630:
1629:Helen Parsons
1624:
1614:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1590:
1587:
1580:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1564:biotechnology
1555:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1520:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1504:
1500:
1497:
1488:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1467:
1465:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1441:
1439:
1435:
1430:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1419:propionyl-CoA
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1384:
1381:
1378:
1375:
1372:
1369:
1366:
1363:
1360:
1357:
1356:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1346:
1336:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1321:
1312:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1281:carbamazepine
1278:
1268:
1267:metabolites.
1265:
1255:
1253:
1249:
1244:
1241:
1236:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1212:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1197:multivitamins
1194:
1182:
1179:
1176:
1175:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1165:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1155:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1145:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1135:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1125:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1115:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1105:
1102:(μg / 100 g)
1099:
1096:
1095:
1085:
1082:
1079:
1078:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1068:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1058:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1048:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1038:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1028:
1024:
1021:
1018:
1017:
1013:
1010:
1007:
1006:
1002:
999:
996:
995:
992:(μg / 100 g)
989:
986:
985:
975:
972:
969:
968:
964:
961:
958:
957:
953:
950:
947:
946:
942:
939:
936:
935:
931:
928:
927:
923:
920:
919:
915:
913:
910:
909:
905:
902:
899:
898:
894:
891:
888:
887:
884:(μg / 100 g)
881:
878:
877:
868:
866:
862:
851:
842:
840:
835:
827:
824:
823:
819:
816:
815:
811:
808:
807:
803:
800:
799:
795:
793:9 to 13 years
792:
791:
787:
784:
783:
779:
776:
775:
771:
768:
767:
763:
761:0 to 6 months
760:
759:
755:
752:
751:
745:
743:
742:physiological
738:
728:
726:
722:
718:
717:Biotinylation
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
668:
665:
658:
651:
646:
642:
638:
634:
627:
615:
608:
603:
586:
580:
573:
566:
559:
535:
532:
531:
527:
526:
521:
516:
511:
508:
505:
501:
500:
497:Pharmacology
495:
492:22 mg/100 mL
491:
488:
484:
483:
479:
477:
476:Melting point
474:
473:
469:
466:
465:
458:
456:
453:
452:
422:
419:
415:
414:
409:
400:
395:
394:
391:
384:
370:
360:
359:
356:
349:
341:
337:
336:DTXSID7022679
333:
332:
330:
320:
316:
315:
308:
304:
303:
301:
299:
296:
295:
288:
284:
283:
281:
275:
271:
270:
263:
259:
258:
256:
254:
251:
250:
243:
239:
238:
236:
233:
229:
228:
224:
220:
217:
215:
213:ECHA InfoCard
210:
209:
202:
198:
197:
195:
193:
190:
189:
182:
178:
177:
175:
173:
170:
169:
162:
158:
157:
155:
153:
150:
149:
142:
138:
137:
135:
133:
130:
129:
122:
118:
115:
111:
110:
108:
104:
99:
98:
91:
87:
86:
84:
81:
77:
76:
71:
60:
52:
48:
43:
39:
34:
30:
25:
19:
5545:
5539:
5445:Mycofactocin
5435:Methanofuran
5355:non-vitamins
5270:
5189:Active forms
5093:Combinations
5020:Folinic acid
4996:
4979:Pyridoxamine
4950:Dexpanthenol
4899:Sulbutiamine
4879:Benfotiamine
4874:Allithiamine
4776:Menadione (K
4735:Tocofersolan
4663:Paricalcitol
4653:Calcipotriol
4643:Alfacalcidol
4639:D analogues
4589:Previtamin D
4433:. Retrieved
4424:
4415:
4388:
4384:
4374:
4362:. Retrieved
4353:
4349:
4340:
4306:(10): 1824.
4303:
4299:
4275:, retrieved
4255:
4245:
4220:
4216:
4210:
4175:
4171:
4136:(4): 420–5.
4133:
4129:
4083:
4079:
4069:
4036:
4032:
4026:
3991:
3987:
3981:
3973:
3948:
3944:
3938:
3897:
3893:
3887:
3854:
3850:
3844:
3832:. Retrieved
3813:
3809:
3799:
3758:
3754:
3748:
3736:. Retrieved
3717:
3713:
3703:
3691:. Retrieved
3672:
3668:
3658:
3646:. Retrieved
3627:
3623:
3613:
3596:
3592:
3586:
3553:
3549:
3543:
3508:
3504:
3494:
3475:
3471:
3458:
3431:
3427:
3375:
3371:
3342:. Retrieved
3328:
3303:
3300:Anal Biochem
3299:
3293:
3250:
3246:
3221:. Retrieved
3173:
3169:
3142:cite journal
3105:
3101:
3051:
3047:
3011:
3008:Clin Biochem
3007:
2960:(1): 10–18.
2957:
2953:
2913:
2909:
2903:
2868:
2864:
2816:
2812:
2806:
2755:
2751:
2706:(1): 17–24.
2703:
2699:
2689:
2654:
2650:
2640:
2621:
2615:
2580:
2576:
2538:
2534:
2528:
2493:
2489:
2464:. Retrieved
2455:
2446:
2411:
2407:
2370:. Retrieved
2357:
2348:
2326:. Retrieved
2313:
2304:
2292:. Retrieved
2288:the original
2283:
2274:
2250:
2238:. Retrieved
2218:
2206:. Retrieved
2173:February 19,
2171:. Retrieved
2164:the original
2115:
2111:
2067:
2063:
2053:
2033:
2023:November 14,
2021:. Retrieved
2012:
1981:
1926:. Retrieved
1891:. Retrieved
1872:
1836:February 25,
1834:. Retrieved
1745:
1741:
1728:
1717:
1692:
1677:
1675:
1666:
1646:
1638:
1626:
1596:
1586:streptavidin
1578:
1561:
1521:
1505:
1501:
1494:
1473:
1457:
1453:
1431:
1423:biotinylated
1388:
1342:
1322:
1318:
1315:Biosynthesis
1293:achlorhydria
1274:
1261:
1245:
1237:
1218:
1209:
1201:
1189:
1148:French fries
1031:Sweet potato
857:
848:
836:
833:
785:4 to 8 years
777:1 to 3 years
734:
674:
644:
636:
629:
625:
624:
529:
73:Identifiers
62:Other names
18:
5430:Lipoic Acid
5408:Heme / Haem
5335:Menaquinone
5121:from market
4932:Niacinamide
4889:Octotiamine
4710:Tocotrienol
4435:January 18,
4385:J Dairy Sci
3951:(1): 55–7.
3834:January 10,
3738:January 10,
3693:January 10,
3648:January 10,
2758:(1): 5598.
2466:January 11,
1928:January 16,
1787:Photobiotin
1782:NeutrAvidin
1724:fingernails
1657:Paul Gyorgy
1403:malonyl-CoA
1395:bicarbonate
1349:carboxylase
1343:The enzyme
1289:gastrectomy
1221:biotinidase
709:fatty acids
705:fatty acids
701:amino acids
693:carboxylase
467:Appearance
411:Properties
219:100.000.363
141:CHEBI:15956
5570:B vitamins
5564:Categories
5533:Base forms
5477:metal ions
5403:Coenzyme Q
5398:Coenzyme M
5388:Coenzyme B
5251:Coenzyme A
5205:TPP / ThDP
5010:Folic acid
4970:Pyridoxine
4955:Pantethine
4912:Riboflavin
4785:Various (K
4683:Tocopherol
4658:Tacalcitol
4566:Ergosterol
4532:β-Carotene
4527:α-Carotene
3478:: 263–91.
3344:January 5,
3108:: 127–33.
2208:August 30,
2112:Proteomics
1893:August 29,
1793:References
1611:§ Research
1603:diagnostic
1444:Deficiency
1399:acetyl-CoA
1301:catabolism
1264:catabolism
1240:microbiota
1215:Absorption
1206:Physiology
1061:Strawberry
697:catabolism
641:B vitamins
455:Molar mass
307:6SO6U10H04
232:IUPHAR/BPS
172:ChemSpider
101:3D model (
80:CAS Number
5590:Thiolanes
5575:Cofactors
5463:THMPT / H
5261:PLP / P5P
5182:cofactors
5131:Phase III
5119:Withdrawn
4984:Pyritinol
4864:analogues
4542:Tretinoin
4061:225049079
3378:(3): 95.
3372:Medicines
3223:April 22,
2954:ACS Omega
2780:2041-1723
2577:Biochem J
1634:hair loss
1536:hypotonia
1470:Diagnosis
1297:lactation
1285:primidone
1022:, roasted
1011:, roasted
1000:, roasted
921:Egg white
753:Age Group
725:chromatin
691:for five
637:vitamin H
630:vitamin B
161:ChEMBL857
64:Vitamin B
5548:vitamins
5541:vitamins
5455:THB / BH
5289:DHFA / H
5281:THFA / H
5197:vitamins
4853:Thiamine
4497:Vitamins
4429:Archived
4407:21700041
4358:Archived
4332:33036413
4277:April 2,
4268:archived
4237:11800048
4202:28879195
4150:20620759
4112:32761325
4053:33222766
3965:84419614
3930:17757050
3879:17795447
3828:Archived
3791:30138816
3783:17751623
3732:Archived
3687:Archived
3642:Archived
3578:86107167
3535:16743887
3450:26327679
3404:31547410
3338:Archived
3277:17086379
3268:11136427
3217:Archived
3192:23198010
3134:32440248
3076:11554577
3030:31473202
3014:: 1–11.
2984:31956746
2930:26456103
2895:19727438
2843:30097099
2798:33154364
2730:29062923
2681:23073000
2607:21749321
2555:23578027
2520:23989008
2460:Archived
2438:16648879
2366:Archived
2322:Archived
2263:Archived
2240:March 4,
2231:Archived
2199:Archived
2197:. 2017.
2140:11293428
2132:25044606
2094:22969052
2042:Archived
2017:Archived
1922:Archived
1918:"Biotin"
1887:Archived
1869:"Biotin"
1867:(1998).
1830:Archived
1751:See also
1684:Research
1548:alopecia
1540:seizures
1534:, rash,
1464:biocytin
1427:biocytin
1391:cofactor
1329:pimeloyl
1277:epilepsy
1180:, mashed
1178:Potatoes
1083:, canned
1041:Broccoli
929:Egg yolk
689:coenzyme
530:NFPA 704
523:Hazards
518:)
504:ATC code
192:DrugBank
4831:soluble
4537:Retinol
4511:soluble
4364:May 17,
4323:7600182
4300:Animals
4193:5582478
4103:7609671
4018:4877129
3922:1668938
3902:Bibcode
3894:Science
3859:Bibcode
3851:Science
3763:Bibcode
3755:Science
3570:7005763
3526:1251968
3395:6789617
3320:8954558
3285:7180383
3183:3509882
3125:7211084
3068:3930841
2975:6963918
2886:2726758
2789:7645780
2760:Bibcode
2721:5640590
2672:3578898
2598:4049159
2511:3840235
2429:1450323
2372:May 16,
2328:May 16,
2294:May 16,
2085:3527699
1738:Animals
1678:E. coli
1617:History
1481:leucine
1434:histone
1415:leucine
1352:enzymes
1325:alanine
1262:Biotin
1229:jejunum
1128:Oatmeal
1097:Source
1071:Avocado
1020:Almonds
998:Peanuts
987:Source
890:Chicken
879:Source
871:Sources
721:histone
607:what is
605: (
512: (
510:A11HA05
274:PubChem
201:DB00121
90:58-85-5
22:Biotin
5495:Fe, Fe
5307:AdoCbl
5271:Biotin
5179:Enzyme
5114:WHO-EM
4997:Biotin
4927:Niacin
4829:Water
4460:Biotin
4405:
4330:
4320:
4235:
4200:
4190:
4148:
4110:
4100:
4059:
4051:
4016:
4009:252325
4006:
3963:
3928:
3920:
3877:
3789:
3781:
3576:
3568:
3533:
3523:
3448:
3402:
3392:
3318:
3283:
3275:
3265:
3190:
3180:
3132:
3122:
3074:
3066:
3028:
2982:
2972:
2928:
2893:
2883:
2841:
2831:
2796:
2786:
2778:
2728:
2718:
2679:
2669:
2628:
2605:
2595:
2553:
2518:
2508:
2436:
2426:
2138:
2130:
2092:
2082:
1988:
1879:
1707:myelin
1676:Using
1671:avidin
1647:biotin
1572:avidin
1568:assays
1367:(ACC2)
1361:(ACC1)
1279:drugs
1108:Cheese
1100:Amount
1051:Tomato
990:Amount
962:breast
960:Turkey
938:Salmon
882:Amount
845:Safety
711:, and
685:ureido
664:bíotos
657:βίοτος
650:Biotin
645:biotin
626:Biotin
602:verify
599:
460:244.31
390:SMILES
287:171548
262:D00029
181:149962
152:ChEMBL
45:Names
5580:Ureas
5311:MeCbl
5241:NADPH
4729:Delta
4725:Gamma
4715:Alpha
4703:Delta
4698:Gamma
4688:Alpha
4271:(PDF)
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