163:, Central America also produced around 11-26 tons/ha/cycle using 1.6 ha poly-lined ponds. Another farm located in Maryland, USA also produced 45-ton shrimp per year using ~570 m indoor greenhouse BFT race-ways. BFT has been successfully practiced in large-scale shrimp and finfish farms in Asia, Latin, and Central America, the USA, South Korea, Brazil, Italy, China, India, and others. However, research on BFT by Universities and Research Centers are refining BFT for farm application in grow-out culture, feeding technology, reproduction, microbiology, biotechnology, and economics.
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bacteria are typically limited by carbon levels. Therefore, adding a readily available source of carbon allows the bacteria to simultaneously take up a greater portion of nitrogen (contributing to better water quality) as well as generate biomass that then serves as food for the cultured animals.
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that uses "microbial biotechnology to increase the efficacy and utilization of fish feeds, where toxic materials such as nitrogen components are treated and converted to a useful product, like a protein for using as supplementary feeds to the fish and crustaceans."
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Ray, Andrew J.; Seaborn, Gloria; Leffler, John W.; Wilde, Susan B.; Lawson, Alisha; Browdy, Craig L. (December 2010). "Characterization of microbial communities in minimal-exchange, intensive aquaculture systems and the effects of suspended solids management".
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Ray, Andrew J.; Lewis, Beth L.; Browdy, Craig L.; Leffler, John W. (February 2010). "Suspended solids removal to improve shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) production and an evaluation of a plant-based feed in minimal-exchange, superintensive culture systems".
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of bacteria (biofloc) are a nutrient-rich source of proteins and lipids, providing food for the fish throughout the day. The water column shows a complex interaction between living microbes, planktons, organic matter, substrates, and grazers, such as
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Burford, Michele A; Thompson, Peter J; McIntosh, Robins P; Bauman, Robert H; Pearson, Doug C (April 2004). "The contribution of flocculated material to shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) nutrition in a high-intensity, zero-exchange system".
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Burford, Michele A; Thompson, Peter J; McIntosh, Robins P; Bauman, Robert H; Pearson, Doug C (April 2004). "The contribution of flocculated material to shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) nutrition in a high-intensity, zero-exchange system".
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Wasielesky, Wilson; Atwood, Heidi; Stokes, Al; Browdy, Craig L. (August 2006). "Effect of natural production in a zero exchange suspended microbial floc based super-intensive culture system for white shrimp
Litopenaeus vannamei".
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McIntosh, D (January 2000). "The effect of a commercial bacterial supplement on the high-density culturing of
Litopenaeus vannamei with a low-protein diet in an outdoor tank system and no water exchange".
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Valle, Julio
Enrique Gavilanes; Garcia, Carlos Francisco Ludeña; Torres, Yuly Jacqueline Cassagne (2019-04-19). "Environmental Practices in Luxury Class and First Class Hotels of Guayaquil, Ecuador".
214:, adjust to fluctuations in dissolved oxygen (3–6 mg/L), settling solids (10–15 mL/L) and total ammonia compounds, and have omnivorous habits or the ability to consume microbial protein.
202:, and reduce the overall cost of production. The growth promotional factors have been attributed to both bacteria and plankton, where up to 30% of the total food is compensated in shrimp.
336:"Maturation and Spawning in Captivity of Penaeid Shrimp: Penaeus merguiensis de Man Penaeus japonicus Bate Penaeus aztecus Ives Metapenaeus ensis de Hann Penaeus semisulcatus de Haan".
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In BFT, there is a species compatibility norm for culturing. To improve growth performance, the candidate species must be resistant to high stocking density;
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which serves as a secondary source of food. The combination of these particulate matters keeps the recycling of nutrients and maintains the water quality.
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Jamal, Mamdoh T.; Broom, Mohammed; Al-Mur, Bandar A.; Harbi, Mamdouh Al; Ghandourah, Mohammed; Otaibi, Ahmed Al; Haque, Md Fazlul (2020-12-01).
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The first BFT was developed in the 1970s at
Ifremer-COP (French Research Institute for Exploitation of the Sea, Oceanic Center of Pacific) with
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767:"Developing a savanna burning emissions abatement methodology for tussock grasslands in high rainfall regions of northern Australia"
159:) using 1000m concrete tanks with limited water exchange achieving a record of 20–25 tons/ha/year in 2 crops. A farm located in
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Avnimelech, Yoram (April 2007). "Feeding with microbial flocs by tilapia in minimal discharge bio-flocs technology ponds".
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The consumption of floc by cultured organisms has proven to increase the immunity and growth rate, decrease
233:"Biofloc Technology: Emerging Microbial Biotechnology for the Improvement of Aquaculture Productivity"
144:. Israel and USA (Waddell Mariculture Center) also started Research and Development with Tilapia and
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play a vital role in feeding and maintaining the overall health of cultured animals. The
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Russell-Smith, Jeremy; Cameron Yates, Cameron; Evans, Jay; Mark
Desailly, Mark (2014).
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must be carefully chosen in order for the BFT system to realize its full potential.
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PUCEAT, Michel PUCEAT; Neri, Tui; Hiriart, Emilye; Van vliet, Piet (2019).
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Bentzon‐Tilia, Mikkel; Sonnenschein, Eva C.; Gram, Lone (September 2016).
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Tokrisna, Ruangrai (2004). "Analysis of Shrimp Farms' Use of Land".
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Proceedings of the Annual
Meeting - World Mariculture Society
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