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Biodiversity hotspot

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climate zones, but recent human interaction and encroachment have put these historically safe hotspots at risk. OCBILs have mainly been threatened by the relocation of indigenous groups and military actions as the infertile ground has previously dissuaded human populations. The conservation of OCBILs within biodiversity hotspots has started to garner attention because current theories believe these sites provide not only high levels of biodiversity, but they have relatively stable lineages and the potential for high levels of speciation in the future. Because these sites are relatively stable, they can be classified as
152: 6612: 6623: 94:", the aim of which is to select priority ecoregions for conservation from fourteen terrestrial, three freshwater, and four marine habitat types. They are chosen for species richness, endemism, taxonomic uniqueness, unusual ecological or evolutionary phenomena, and global rarity. All biodiversity hotspots contain at least one Global 200 Ecoregion. 159:
A majority of biodiversity exists within the tropics; likewise, most biodiversity hotspots are within the tropics. Of the 36 biodiversity hotspots, 15 are classified as old, climatically-buffered, infertile landscapes (OCBILs). These areas have been historically isolated from interactions with other
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is why approximately 60% of the world's terrestrial life lives on only 2.4% of the land surface area. Caribbean Islands like Haiti and Jamaica are facing serious pressures on the populations of endemic plants and vertebrates as a result of rapid deforestation. Other areas include the Tropical Andes,
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Harvey, Michael G.; Bravo, Gustavo A.; Claramunt, Santiago; Cuervo, Andrés M.; Derryberry, Graham E.; Battilana, Jaqueline; Seeholzer, Glenn F.; McKay, Jessica Shearer; O’Meara, Brian C.; Faircloth, Brant C.; Edwards, Scott V.; Pérez-Emán, Jorge; Moyle, Robert G.; Sheldon, Frederick H.; Aleixo,
83:(CEPF) is a global program that provides funding and technical assistance to nongovernmental organizations in order to protect the Earth's richest regions of plant and animal diversity, including biodiversity hotspots, high-biodiversity wilderness areas and important marine regions. 6566: 523:
The high profile of the biodiversity hotspots approach has resulted in some criticism. Papers such as Kareiva & Marvier (2003) have pointed out that biodiversity hotspots (and many other priority region sets) do not address the concept of cost, and do not consider
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Biodiversity hotspots host their diverse ecosystems on just 2.4% of the planet's surface. Ten hotspots were originally identified by Myer; the current 36 used to cover more than 15.7% of all the land but have lost around 85% of their area. This
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Brooks, Thomas M.; Mittermeier, Russell A.; Mittermeier, Cristina G.; da Fonseca, Gustavo A. B.; Rylands, Anthony B.; Konstant, William R.; Flick, Penny; Pilgrim, John; Oldfield, Sara; Magin, Georgina; Hilton-Taylor, Craig (August 2002).
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in 1988 and 1990, after which the concept was revised following thorough analysis by Myers and others into "Hotspots: Earth's Biologically Richest and Most Endangered Terrestrial Ecoregions" and a paper published in the journal
4663: 4348: 6502: 4633: 55:, and it has to have lost at least 70% of its primary vegetation. Globally, 36 zones qualify under this definition. These sites support nearly 60% of the world's plant, bird, mammal, reptile, and amphibian 6589: 5511: 6180: 5426: 4688: 4668: 2316: 131:
has prepared a world map of the hotspots and ArcView shapefile and metadata for the Biodiversity Hotspots including details of the individual endangered fauna in each hotspot, which is available from
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is an initiative of scientific organizations and conservation groups who co-operate to focus on the most threatened endemic species of the world. They have identified 595 sites, including many
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Only a small percentage of the total land area within biodiversity hotspots is now protected. Several international organizations are working to conserve biodiversity hotspots.
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Philippines, Mesoamerica, and Sundaland, which, under the current levels at which deforestation is occurring, will likely lose most of their plant and vertebrate species.
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To qualify as a biodiversity hotspot on Myers' 2000 edition of the hotspot map, a region must meet two strict criteria: it must contain at least 1,500 species of
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Noss, Reed F.; Platt, William J.; Sorrie, Bruce A.; Weakley, Alan S.; Means, D. Bruce; Costanza, Jennifer; Peet, Robert K. (2015).
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Myers, Norman; Mittermeier, Russell A.; Mittermeier, Cristina G.; da Fonseca, Gustavo A. B.; Kent, Jennifer (2000).
247: 6507: 6324: 6246: 5864: 5771: 5257: 2761: 2513: 2352: 1947: 1942: 1920: 1915: 1893: 1836: 1811: 1715: 1703: 1688: 1638: 1270: 241: 5945: 5915: 5905: 5564: 2856: 2851: 2347: 2084: 2024: 1994: 1977: 1851: 1846: 1774: 1698: 627: 5935: 5859: 5834: 5791: 2791: 1972: 1663: 1643: 301: 185: 6334: 6319: 5920: 5869: 5849: 5659: 5476: 2392: 2311: 1024: 942: 423: 411: 179: 161: 995: 6133: 5736: 5726: 5701: 5635: 4388: 4353: 2958: 2866: 1576: 490: 117: 5786: 5649: 4050: 3915: 2701: 1453: 417: 322: 128: 1146: 6512: 6170: 5960: 5741: 5674: 4817: 4130: 4015: 3019: 2963: 818: 132: 87: 6528: 5679: 5579: 4220: 2990: 2920: 1597: 1294:"How global biodiversity hotspots may go unrecognized: lessons from the North American Coastal Plain" 343: 750: 6359: 5781: 5746: 5711: 5684: 5574: 5486: 4125: 1607: 313: 107: 1449:"Spatial incongruence among hotspots and complementary areas of tree diversity in southern Africa" 2603: 405: 1119: 6309: 6198: 5716: 5669: 5664: 3910: 3757: 2874: 525: 368: 97: 844: 6651: 6477: 6203: 6118: 5731: 5654: 3880: 2661: 2639: 591: 586: 386: 283: 111: 6497: 6457: 5721: 5706: 3985: 3870: 1602: 1308: 1228: 1173: 1059: 876: 765: 675: 544: 8: 6487: 5796: 5696: 2821: 2628: 484: 441: 295: 268: 64: 1312: 1232: 1177: 1063: 880: 769: 679: 6113: 2943: 1587: 1472: 1429: 1365: 1252: 1197: 1101: 900: 797: 699: 469: 451: 101: 1047: 648: 6467: 6098: 5761: 2948: 2938: 1421: 1413: 1357: 1244: 1201: 1189: 1133: 1105: 1093: 1085: 892: 888: 789: 781: 730: 691: 558: – Ecologically and geographically defined area that is smaller than a bioregion 459: 372: 316: 214: 1476: 1256: 917: 904: 1462: 1433: 1403: 1349: 1316: 1236: 1181: 1075: 1067: 884: 864: 801: 773: 703: 683: 550: 358: 168: 1016: 727:
Hotspots: Earth's Biologically Richest and Most Endangered Terrestrial Ecoregions,
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National Environmental Management: Integrated Coastal Management Act, 24 of 2008
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Hopper, Stephen D.; Silveira, Fernando A. O.; Fiedler, Peggy L. (2016-06-01).
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Biodiversity hotspots. Original proposal in green, and added regions in blue.
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Russell A. Mittermeier, Norman Myers and Cristina Goettsch Mittermeier,
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Myers, N. (1988). "Threatened biotas: "Hot spots" in tropical forests".
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Daru, Barnabas H.; van der Bank, Michelle; Davies, T. Jonathan (2014).
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National Environmental Management: Protected Areas Act, 57 of 2003
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Percy FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology Virtual Museum
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List of marine invertebrates of the Cape Peninsula and False Bay
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Hotspots of endemic terrestrial invertebrates in Southern Greece
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National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act, 10 of 2004
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List of marine vertebrates of the Cape Peninsula and False Bay
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A-Z of Areas of Biodiversity Importance: Biodiversity Hotspots
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on Biodiversity Hotspots. Some articles are freely available.
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https://academic.oup.com/biolinnean/article/133/2/266/6118895
865:"Habitat Loss and Extinction in the Hotspots of Biodiversity" 142:(CAMPA) seeks to control the destruction of forests in India. 1526:
African Wild Dog Conservancy's Biodiversity Hotspots Project
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Compensatory Afforestation Management and Planning Authority
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List of brown seaweeds of the Cape Peninsula and False Bay
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List of green seaweeds of the Cape Peninsula and False Bay
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List of Southern African indigenous trees and woody lianes
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Conservation International's Biodiversity Hotspots project
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South African Association for Marine Biological Research
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List of red seaweeds of the Cape Peninsula and False Bay
969:. The Biodiversity Hotspots. 2010-10-07. Archived from 941:. The Biodiversity Hotspots. 2010-10-07. Archived from 581:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
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Possingham, Hugh P.; Wilson, Kerrie A. (August 2005).
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Drakensberg montane grasslands, woodlands and forests
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GEOG 30N: Environment and Society in a Changing World
5613: 751:"Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities" 739: 110:coordinates programs aiming to identify and manage 71: 6057:Southeast Atlantic Seamounts Marine Protected Area 5941:Table Mountain National Park Marine Protected Area 4664:Southern Namaqualand Quartzite Klipkoppe Shrubland 1536:New biodiversity maps color-coded to show hotspots 1048:"The evolution of a tropical biodiversity hotspot" 6104:Department of Environment, Forestry and Fisheries 5830:Addo Elephant National Park Marine Protected Area 2812:Drakensberg alti-montane grasslands and woodlands 6643: 6219:South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity 1575: 1541:Shapefile of the Biodiversity Hotspots (v2016.1) 1389: 716:Myers, N. The Environmentalist 10 243-256 (1990) 547: – Study of threats to biological diversity 6406:List of authors of South African botanical taxa 6214:South African Environmental Observation Network 6155: 6062:Southwest Indian Seamount Marine Protected Area 2566:Regional taxon checklists and other minor lists 6473:International Union for Conservation of Nature 4349:Nieuwoudtville-Roggeveld Dolerite Renosterveld 2524:List of invasive plant species in South Africa 1677: 1335: 643: 641: 579: – American marine biologist and lecturer 6224:South African National Biodiversity Institute 1621: 1561: 541: – Variety and variability of life forms 6503:South African Sustainable Seafood Initiative 6411:List of authors of South African animal taxa 6385:University of KwaZulu-Natal Botanical Garden 6129:Nelson Mandela Bay Metropolitan Municipality 4634:Richtersveld Sandy Coastal Scorpionstailveld 6590:List of field guides to South African biota 6557:National Environmental Management Act, 1998 6463:Environmental impact of recreational diving 6067:Port Elizabeth Corals Marine Protected Area 6047:Prince Edward Islands Marine Protected Area 6037:Namaqua Fossil Forest Marine Protected Area 6032:iSimangaliso Offshore Marine Protected Area 5901:Namaqua National Park Marine Protected Area 5512:Subantarctic Biotic Herbfield and Grassland 638: 35:wrote about the concept in two articles in 6622: 6181:South African National Collection of Fungi 5977:Agulhas Bank Complex Marine Protected Area 5427:Pondoland-Natal Sandstone Coastal Sourveld 2827:Maputaland–Pondoland bushland and thickets 1568: 1554: 1501:Spyros Sfenthourakis, Anastasios Legakis: 1336:Kareiva, Peter; Marvier, Michelle (2003). 622: 620: 6662:International environmental organizations 6012:Browns Bank Complex Marine Protected Area 4689:Stinkfonteinberge Eastern Apron Shrubland 4669:Southern Richtersveld Inselberg Shrubland 2098: 1466: 1407: 1320: 1079: 242:Chilean Winter Rainfall-Valdivian Forests 146: 51:(more than 0.5% of the world's total) as 6380:Stellenbosch University Botanical Garden 6017:Browns Bank Corals Marine Protected Area 5931:Sixteen Mile Beach Marine Protected Area 5752:ǀAi-ǀAis/Richtersveld Transfrontier Park 5626:Index of protected areas of South Africa 3060:Dwarsberg-Swartruggens Mountain Bushveld 3002:List of vegetation types of South Africa 2544:List of botanists by author abbreviation 2519:List of invasive species in South Africa 2161:Whip spiders and tailless whip scorpions 1162:"Biodiversity hotspots and Ocbil theory" 150: 31:that is threatened by human habitation. 6552:Marine Living Resources Act, 18 of 1998 6390:Walter Sisulu National Botanical Garden 6350:KwaZulu-Natal National Botanical Garden 6330:Harold Porter National Botanical Garden 6042:Orange Shelf Edge Marine Protected Area 5997:Amathole Offshore Marine Protected Area 5187:Southern Nababiepsberge Mountain Desert 5172:Northern Nababiepsberge Mountain Desert 4729:Vyftienmyl se Berge Succulent Shrubland 4674:Southern Richtersveld Scorpionstailveld 4594:Northern Richtersveld Scorpionstailveld 4454:Central Richtersveld Mountain Shrubland 3718:Southern Drakensberg Highland Grassland 3653:Northern Drakensberg Highland Grassland 3543:Drakensberg-Amathole Afromontane Fynbos 617: 606: – Undisturbed natural environment 583:: biodiversity hotspots in the open sea 6644: 6370:North-West University Botanical Garden 6365:Manie van der Schijff Botanical Garden 6345:Kirstenbosch National Botanical Garden 6340:Karoo Desert National Botanical Garden 6242:African Coelacanth Ecosystem Programme 5886:Langebaan Lagoon Marine Protected Area 4709:Tatasberg Mountain Succulent Shrubland 4211:Swartberg Altimontane Sandstone Fynbos 3793:Waterberg-Magaliesberg Summit Sourveld 3723:Southern KwaZulu-Natal Moist Grassland 3678:Northern KwaZulu-Natal Moist Grassland 3668:Northern Escarpment Quartzite Sourveld 3663:Northern Escarpment Dolomite Grassland 3658:Northern Escarpment Afromontane Fynbos 1214: 813: 811: 6431: 6154: 5612: 5527:Subantarctic Drainage Line Vegetation 5278:Eastern Temperate Freshwater Wetlands 4719:Upper Annisvlakte Succulent Shrubland 4679:Southern Richtersveld Yellow Duneveld 4599:Northern Richtersveld Yellow Duneveld 4246:Western Coastal Shale Band Vegetation 4111:Northern Inland Shale Band Vegetation 3941:Eastern Coastal Shale Band Vegetation 3926:Central Coastal Shale Band Vegetation 3773:Vaal Reefs Dolomite Sinkhole Woodland 2984: 2718: 2622: 2564: 2175:Alderflies, dobsonflies and fishflies 1620: 1549: 1273:. Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund 665: 6534:List of nature reserves in Cape Town 6315:Free State National Botanical Garden 6109:Department of Science and Innovation 6072:uThukela Banks Marine Protected Area 5956:uThukela Banks Marine Protected Area 5585:KwaZulu-Natal coastal lowland forest 4714:Umdaus Mountains Succulent Shrubland 4639:Riethuis-Wallekraal Quartz Vygieveld 4609:Piketberg Quartz Succulent Shrubland 4484:Goariep Mountain Succulent Shrubland 4304:Hantam Plateau Dolerite Renosterveld 4241:Western Altimontane Sandstone Fynbos 3946:Eastern Inland Shale Band Vegetation 3931:Central Inland Shale Band Vegetation 3688:Northern Zululand Mistbelt Grassland 3538:Drakensberg Foothill Moist Grassland 2903:Southern Indian Ocean Islands tundra 2772:Tropical and subtropical grasslands, 2534:List of slime moulds of South Africa 436:Eastern Australian temperate forests 6124:iSimangaliso Wetland Park Authority 6007:Benguela Muds Marine Protected Area 6002:Benguela Bank Marine Protected Area 5982:Agulhas Front Marine Protected Area 5911:Robben Island Marine Protected Area 5896:Marcus Island Marine Protected Area 5891:Malgas Island Marine Protected Area 5881:Jutten Island Marine Protected Area 5692:Golden Gate Highlands National Park 5592:List of forests of the Western Cape 5570:List of forests of the Eastern Cape 5517:Subantarctic Cinder Cone Vegetation 4284:Central Mountain Shale Renosterveld 3130:Koranna-Langeberg Mountain Bushveld 2645:Maputaland-Pondoland-Albany Hotspot 1593:Marine biodiversity of South Africa 823:Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund 808: 81:Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund 13: 6375:Pretoria National Botanical Garden 6052:Protea Banks Marine Protected Area 5992:Aliwal Shoal Marine Protected Area 5987:Agulhas Muds Marine Protected Area 5926:Sardinia Bay Marine Protected Area 5876:iSimangaliso Marine Protected Area 5363:Subtropical Estuarine Salt Marshes 4479:Eenriet Plains Succulent Shrubland 4196:Stinkfonteinberge Quartzite Fynbos 4161:South Kammanassie Sandstone Fynbos 4081:North Kammanassie Sandstone Fynbos 3558:Eastern Free State Sandy Grassland 3488:Amersfoort Highveld Clay Grassland 3150:KwaZulu-Natal Hinterland Thornveld 2782:Kalahari Acacia-Baikiaea woodlands 2757:KwaZulu–Cape coastal forest mosaic 2732:List of ecoregions in South Africa 1505:. Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2001 1486: 567:Hawaiian honeycreeper conservation 14: 6673: 6355:Lowveld National Botanical Garden 6027:Childs Bank Marine Protected Area 6022:Cape Canyon Marine Protected Area 5951:Tsitsikamma Marine Protected Area 5855:Dwesa-Cwebe Marine Protected Area 5845:Bird Island Marine Protected Area 5840:Betty's Bay Marine Protected Area 5777:Gouritz Cluster Biosphere Reserve 5537:Subantarctic Fernbrake Vegetation 4659:Rosyntjieberg Succulent Shrubland 4554:Namaqualand Heuweltjie Strandveld 4344:Nieuwoudtville Shale Renosterveld 4324:Matjiesfontein Shale Renosterveld 3798:Western Free State Clay Grassland 3613:Lesotho Highland Basalt Grassland 3553:Eastern Free State Clay Grassland 3435:Western Maputaland Sandy Bushveld 2529:List of Oomycetes of South Africa 1509: 1392:"Turning up the heat on hotspots" 1215:Hopper, Stephen D. (2009-09-01). 729:Conservation International, 2000 572:High-Biodiversity Wilderness Area 290:Coastal Forests of Eastern Africa 90:has devised a system called the " 6621: 6611: 6610: 6508:World Register of Marine Species 6325:Hantam National Botanical Garden 6247:National Biodiversity Assessment 5865:Helderberg Marine Protected Area 5772:Cape Winelands Biosphere Reserve 5388:Upper Gariep Alluvial Vegetation 5348:Subantarctic Kelp Bed Vegetation 5303:Lower Gariep Alluvial Vegetation 5258:Cape Lowland Freshwater Wetlands 5253:Cape Lowland Alluvial Vegetation 4604:Oograbies Plains Sandy Grassland 4579:Namaqualand Spinescent Grassland 4409:Western Ruêns Shale Renosterveld 4339:Namaqualand Granite Renosterveld 4299:Eastern Ruêns Shale Renosterveld 4289:Central Ruêns Shale Renosterveld 4269:Baviaanskloof Shale Renosterveld 4186:South Swartberg Sandstone Fynbos 4181:South Sonderend Sandstone Fynbos 4171:South Outeniqua Sandstone Fynbos 4166:South Langeberg Sandstone Fynbos 4106:North Swartberg Sandstone Fynbos 4101:North Sonderend Sandstone Fynbos 4091:North Outeniqua Sandstone Fynbos 4086:North Langeberg Sandstone Fynbos 3808:Western Lesotho Basalt Shrubland 3803:Western Highveld Sandy Grassland 3783:Vredefort Dome Granite Grassland 3738:Steenkampsberg Montane Grassland 3683:Northern KwaZulu-Natal Shrubland 3603:KwaZulu-Natal Highland Thornveld 3533:Drakensberg Afroalpine Heathland 3523:Carletonville Dolomite Grassland 3430:Western Maputaland Clay Bushveld 3320:Poung Dolomite Mountain Bushveld 3155:KwaZulu-Natal Sandstone Sourveld 2762:Maputaland coastal forest mosaic 2514:List of bacteria of South Africa 2181:Booklice, barklice and barkflies 889:10.1046/j.1523-1739.2002.00530.x 628:"Biodiversity Hotspots in India" 72:Hotspot conservation initiatives 6252:National Vegetation Map Project 5946:Trafalgar Marine Protected Area 5916:Rocherpan Marine Protected Area 5906:Pondoland Marine Protected Area 5615:Protected areas of South Africa 5565:List of forests of South Africa 5522:Subantarctic Coastal Vegetation 5378:Subtropical Seashore Vegetation 5368:Subtropical Freshwater Wetlands 5353:Subtropical Alluvial Vegetation 5323:Namaqualand Seashore Vegetation 4614:Platbakkies Succulent Shrubland 4569:Namaqualand Klipkoppe Shrubland 4444:Bushmanland Inselberg Shrubland 4404:Vanrhynsdorp Shale Renosterveld 4394:Swartland Silcrete Renosterveld 4379:Swartland Alluvium Renosterveld 4176:South Rooiberg Sandstone Fynbos 4096:North Rooiberg Sandstone Fynbos 4056:Matjiesfontein Quartzite Fynbos 3693:Paulpietersburg Moist Grassland 3355:South Eastern Coastal Thornveld 3300:Phalaborwa-Timbavati Mopaneveld 3075:Gauteng Shale Mountain Bushveld 2857:Montane fynbos and renosterveld 2852:Lowland fynbos and renosterveld 2226:Sawflies, wasps, bees, and ants 1440: 1383: 1329: 1285: 1263: 1208: 1153: 1112: 1038: 1009: 984: 959: 928: 911: 819:"Biodiversity hotspots defined" 122:Birdlife's Important Bird Areas 5936:Stilbaai Marine Protected Area 5860:Goukamma Marine Protected Area 5835:Amathole Marine Protected Area 5792:Magaliesberg Biosphere Reserve 5182:Richtersveld Sheet Wash Desert 5132:Alexander Bay Coastal Duneveld 4589:Northern Knersvlakte Vygieveld 4529:Lekkersing Succulent Shrubland 4524:Kosiesberg Succulent Shrubland 4519:Koedoesberge-Moordenaars Karoo 4504:Knersvlakte Dolomite Vygieveld 4494:Kamiesberg Mountains Shrubland 4384:Swartland Granite Renosterveld 4359:Robertson Granite Renosterveld 3788:Wakkerstroom Montane Grassland 3618:Low Escarpment Moist Grassland 3518:Bloemfontein Karroid Shrubland 3405:Tshokwane-Hlane Basalt Lowveld 3365:Soutpansberg Mountain Bushveld 3095:Gordonia Kameeldoring Bushveld 2792:Zambezian and mopane woodlands 2752:Knysna–Amatole montane forests 2719: 2287:Marine heterobranch gastropods 1531:Biodiversity hotspots in India 1271:"North American Coastal Plain" 855: 837: 719: 710: 659: 302:Guinean Forests of West Africa 16:Biodiverse region under threat 1: 6335:Johannesburg Botanical Garden 6320:Garden Route Botanical Garden 5921:Robberg Marine Protected Area 5870:Hluleka Marine Protected Area 5850:De Hoop Marine Protected Area 5660:Augrabies Falls National Park 5477:Southern Afrotemperate Forest 5452:Northern Afrotemperate Forest 5197:Western Gariep Lowland Desert 4978:Saldanha Limestone Strandveld 4898:Grahamstown Grassland Thicket 4624:Richtersveld Coastal Duneveld 4619:Prince Albert Succulent Karoo 4534:Little Karoo Quartz Vygieveld 4464:Die Plate Succulent Shrubland 4449:Central Knersvlakte Vygieveld 4334:Mossel Bay Shale Renosterveld 4309:Humansdorp Shale Renosterveld 4226:Swartruggens Quartzite Fynbos 4031:Kouga Grassy Sandstone Fynbos 4021:Kouebokkeveld Alluvium Fynbos 3673:Northern Free State Shrubland 3643:Mooi River Highland Grassland 3305:Pilanesberg Mountain Bushveld 3295:Olifantshoek Plains Thornveld 3285:Nwambyia-Pumbe Sandy Bushveld 3030:Barberton Serpentine Sourveld 1025:Pennsylvania State University 611: 180:California Floristic Province 6617:Biodiversity of South Africa 6176:National Research Foundation 6134:South African National Parks 5737:Table Mountain National Park 5727:Mountain Zebra National Park 5702:Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park 5288:Highveld Alluvial Vegetation 5202:Western Gariep Plains Desert 5177:Richtersberg Mountain Desert 5137:Eastern Gariep Plains Desert 4928:Koedoeskloof Karroid Thicket 4823:Crossroads Grassland Thicket 4734:Western Bushmanland Klipveld 4694:Swartruggens Quartzite Karoo 4549:Namaqualand Coastal Duneveld 4509:Knersvlakte Quartz Vygieveld 4469:Doringrivier Quartzite Karoo 4399:Uniondale Shale Renosterveld 4389:Swartland Shale Renosterveld 4374:Swartberg Shale Renosterveld 4364:Roggeveld Shale Renosterveld 4354:Peninsula Shale Renosterveld 4319:Langkloof Shale Renosterveld 4314:Kango Limestone Renosterveld 4274:Breede Alluvium Renosterveld 4236:Tsitsikamma Sandstone Fynbos 3981:Grootrivier Quartzite Fynbos 3728:Soutpansberg Summit Sourveld 3708:Sekhukhune Montane Grassland 3573:Frankfort Highveld Grassland 3528:Central Free State Grassland 3508:Besemkaree Koppies Shrubland 3345:Sekhukhune Mountain Bushveld 2959:Southeast Atlantic ecoregion 2867:Deserts and xeric shrublands 1577:Biodiversity of South Africa 1495:Philosophical Transactions B 967:"Conservation International" 936:"Conservation International" 825:. Conservation International 518: 491:Mountains of Southwest China 317:and the Indian Ocean Islands 118:Alliance for Zero Extinction 7: 6432: 6156:Biodiversity research in SA 5787:Kruger to Canyons Biosphere 5650:Addo Elephant National Park 5422:Maputaland Wooded Grassland 5338:Southern Kalahari Salt Pans 5243:Cape Estuarine Salt Marshes 5233:Arid Estuarine Salt Marshes 5192:Western Gariep Hills Desert 5142:Eastern Gariep Rocky Desert 5082:Bushmanland Sandy Grassland 5077:Bushmanland Basin Shrubland 4973:Saldanha Granite Strandveld 4828:Doubledrift Karroid Thicket 4699:Tanqua Escarpment Shrubland 4574:Namaqualand Shale Shrubland 4564:Namaqualand Inland Duneveld 4514:Knersvlakte Shale Vygieveld 4369:Ruêns Silcrete Renosterveld 4251:Winterhoek Sandstone Fynbos 4061:Matjiesfontein Shale Fynbos 4051:Lourensford Alluvium Fynbos 3971:Graafwater Sandstone Fynbos 3961:Garden Route Granite Fynbos 3916:Cape Winelands Shale Fynbos 3818:Wolkberg Dolomite Grassland 3768:uKhahlamba Basalt Grassland 3753:Tarkastad Montane Shrubland 3743:Stormberg Plateau Grassland 3638:Midlands Mistbelt Grassland 3623:Lydenburg Montane Grassland 3493:Barberton Montane Grassland 3478:Amathole Mistbelt Grassland 3425:Waterberg Mountain Bushveld 3290:Ohrigstad Mountain Bushveld 3085:Gold Reef Mountain Bushveld 2702:Maputaland-Pondoland Region 2193:Dragonflies and damselflies 1454:Diversity and Distributions 1301:Diversity and Distributions 531: 323:Maputaland-Pondoland-Albany 129:National Geographic Society 27:with significant levels of 10: 6678: 6657:Environmental conservation 6513:World Wide Fund for Nature 6171:Iziko South African Museum 5961:Walker Bay Whale Sanctuary 5742:Tankwa Karoo National Park 5675:Garden Route National Park 5412:KwaZulu-Natal Coastal Belt 5333:Southern Kalahari Mekgacha 5283:Fynbos Riparian Vegetation 5218:Albany Alluvial Vegetation 5102:Kalahari Karroid Shrubland 5072:Bushmanland Arid Grassland 5067:Blouputs Karroid Thornveld 4948:Motherwell Karroid Thicket 4908:Groot Brak Dune Strandveld 4818:Cape Flats Dune Strandveld 4559:Namaqualand Heuweltjieveld 4539:Namaqualand Arid Grassland 4329:Montagu Shale Renosterveld 4231:Swellendam Silcrete Fynbos 4156:South Hex Sandstone Fynbos 4136:Piketberg Sandstone Fynbos 4131:Peninsula Sandstone Fynbos 4076:North Hex Sandstone Fynbos 4046:Loerie Conglomerate Fynbos 4026:Kouebokkeveld Shale Fynbos 4016:Kogelberg Sandstone Fynbos 3921:Cederberg Sandstone Fynbos 3876:Bokkeveld Sandstone Fynbos 3823:Woodbush Granite Grassland 3748:Strydpoort Summit Sourveld 3593:Karoo Escarpment Grassland 3588:KaNgwane Montane Grassland 3563:Eastern Highveld Grassland 3513:Bloemfontein Dry Grassland 3483:Amathole Montane Grassland 3473:Aliwal North Dry Grassland 3450:Zululand Coastal Thornveld 3350:Sekhukhune Plains Bushveld 3325:Pretoriuskop Sour Bushveld 3310:Polokwane Plateau Bushveld 3275:Northern Zululand Sourveld 3225:Mamabolo Mountain Bushveld 3220:Malelane Mountain Bushveld 3020:Andesite Mountain Bushveld 2964:Southwest Indian ecoregion 2332:Marine spiny-finned fishes 653:Conservation International 186:Madrean pine–oak woodlands 133:Conservation International 88:World Wide Fund for Nature 6606: 6582: 6544: 6529:Biodiversity of Cape Town 6521: 6438: 6427: 6398: 6298: 6270: 6232: 6189: 6161: 6150: 6084: 5969: 5822: 5805: 5760: 5680:Tsitsikamma National Park 5634: 5621: 5608: 5580:KwaZulu-Natal Dune Forest 5555: 5547:Subantarctic Polar Desert 5500: 5396: 5328:Namib Seashore Vegetation 5210: 5157:Kwaggarug Mountain Desert 5046: 5028:Vanstadens Forest Thicket 4968:Saldanha Flats Strandveld 4958:Oudshoorn Karroid Thicket 4943:Mons Ruber Fynbos Thicket 4938:Langebaan Dune Strandveld 4853:Escarpment Valley Thicket 4757: 4724:Vanrhynsdorp Gannabosveld 4654:Rooiberg Quartz Vygieveld 4629:Richtersveld Red Duneveld 4439:Anenous Plateau Shrubland 4434:Agter-Sederberg Shrubland 4429:Aggeneys Gravel Vygieveld 4417: 4279:Breede Shale Renosterveld 4259: 4221:Swartland Alluvium Fynbos 4201:Suurberg Quartzite Fynbos 4191:Southern Cape Dune Fynbos 4141:Potberg Ferricrete Fynbos 4121:Overberg Sandstone Fynbos 4116:Olifants Sandstone Fynbos 4041:Leipoldtville Sand Fynbos 4006:Kango Conglomerate Fynbos 4001:Kamiesberg Granite Fynbos 3991:Hawequas Sandstone Fynbos 3966:Garden Route Shale Fynbos 3841: 3828:Xhariep Karroid Grassland 3733:Soweto Highveld Grassland 3583:Ithala Quartzite Sourveld 3548:East Griqualand Grassland 3498:Basotho Montane Shrubland 3463: 3370:Springbokvlakte Thornveld 3360:Southern Lebombo Bushveld 3340:Schweizer-Reneke Bushveld 3270:Northern Lebombo Bushveld 3195:Madikwe Dolomite Bushveld 3190:Lowveld Rugged Mopaneveld 3135:Kuruman Mountain Bushveld 3115:Kaalrug Mountain Bushveld 3110:Gravelotte Rocky Bushveld 3100:Gordonia Plains Shrubland 3080:Ghaap Plateau Vaalbosveld 3040:Cathedral Mopane Bushveld 3010: 2997: 2991:Vegetation classification 2980: 2929: 2921:Southern Africa mangroves 2911: 2893: 2865: 2835: 2800: 2770: 2740: 2727: 2714: 2677:Drakensberg Alpine Centre 2635: 2618: 2571: 2560: 2506: 2391: 2365: 2299: 2264: 2168: 2149:Shorttailed whipscorpions 2130: 2047: 1631: 1627: 1622:National taxon checklists 1616: 1598:Temperate Southern Africa 1583: 1241:10.1007/s11104-009-0068-0 1186:10.1007/s11104-015-2764-2 344:Mountains of Central Asia 6360:Makana Botanical Gardens 5782:Kogelberg Nature Reserve 5747:West Coast National Park 5712:Mapungubwe National Park 5685:Wilderness National Park 5575:Forests of KwaZulu-Natal 5487:Southern Mistbelt Forest 5462:Northern Mistbelt Forest 5358:Subtropical Dune Thicket 5263:Cape Seashore Vegetation 5107:Lower Gariep Broken Veld 5018:Thorndale Forest Thicket 4998:Subtropical Dune Thicket 4983:Saltaire Karroid Thicket 4963:Overberg Dune Strandveld 4933:Lambert's Bay Strandveld 4848:Escarpment Mesic Thicket 4294:Ceres Shale Renosterveld 4151:Robertson Granite Fynbos 4146:Potberg Sandstone Fynbos 4126:Peninsula Granite Fynbos 3936:De Hoop Limestone Fynbos 3851:Agulhas Limestone Fynbos 3813:Winburg Grassy Shrubland 3778:Vaal-Vet Sandy Grassland 3180:Loskop Mountain Bushveld 2787:Southern Africa bushveld 2774:savannas, and shrublands 2742:Tropical and subtropical 2232:Silverfish and firebrats 2190:Cockroaches and termites 1608:Wildlife of South Africa 1046:Alexandre (2020-12-11). 108:Plant life International 5482:Southern Coastal Forest 5457:Northern Coastal Forest 5442:Lowveld Riverine Forest 5417:Maputaland Coastal Belt 5147:Helskloof Canyon Desert 5112:Lower Karoo Gwarrieveld 4993:St Francis Dune Thicket 4988:Sardinia Forest Thicket 4883:Geluk Grassland Thicket 4843:Escarpment Arid Thicket 4793:Baviaans Valley Thicket 4071:Namaqualand Sand Fynbos 3891:Breede Quartzite Fynbos 3833:Zastron Moist Grassland 3713:Senqu Montane Shrubland 3703:Rand Highveld Grassland 3648:Mthatha Moist Grassland 3568:Egoli Granite Grassland 3415:Vaalbos Rocky Shrubland 3395:Thukela Valley Bushveld 3380:Swaziland Sour Bushveld 3265:Norite Koppies Bushveld 3250:Mopane Gabbro Shrubland 3245:Mopane Basalt Shrubland 3215:Makuleke Sandy Bushveld 3160:Lebombo Summit Sourveld 3065:Eastern Valley Bushveld 2744:moist broadleaf forests 2604:Timber trees of Gauteng 2337:Marine Perciform fishes 1072:10.1126/science.aaz6970 1017:"Biodiversity Hotspots" 922:August 8, 2007, at the 849:www.e-education.psu.edu 845:"Biodiversity Hotspots" 406:East Melanesian Islands 6310:Durban Botanic Gardens 6199:Animal Demography Unit 5717:Marakele National Park 5670:Camdeboo National Park 5665:Bontebok National Park 5532:Subantarctic Fellfield 5343:Southern Karoo Riviere 5223:Albany Dune Strandveld 5152:Kahams Mountain Desert 5038:Willowmore Gwarrieveld 5013:Sundays Valley Thicket 4953:Nanaga Savanna Thicket 4918:Hartenbos Dune Thicket 4893:Gouritz Valley Thicket 4813:Buffels Valley Thicket 4749:Willowmore Gwarrieveld 4584:Namaqualand Strandveld 4499:Klawer Sandy Shrubland 4216:Swartberg Shale Fynbos 4036:Kouga Sandstone Fynbos 3956:Elim Ferricrete Fynbos 3911:Cape Flats Sand Fynbos 3906:Canca Limestone Fynbos 3886:Breede Alluvium Fynbos 3866:Algoa Sandstone Fynbos 3861:Albertinia Sand Fynbos 3758:Tsakane Clay Grassland 3633:Mabela Sandy Grassland 3578:Income Sandy Grassland 3440:Western Sandy Bushveld 3335:Schmidtsdrif Thornveld 3255:Musina Mopane Bushveld 3210:Makhado Sweet Bushveld 3175:Limpopo Sweet Bushveld 3170:Limpopo Ridge Bushveld 3165:Legogote Sour Bushveld 3070:Gabbro Grassy Bushveld 3045:Central Sandy Bushveld 2875:Kalahari xeric savanna 2837:Mediterranean forests, 2667:Griqualand West Centre 2235:Stick and leaf insects 526:phylogenetic diversity 248:Tumbes–Chocó–Magdalena 156: 147:Distribution by region 98:Birdlife International 6522:Regional biodiversity 6478:Marine protected area 6204:BirdLife South Africa 6119:Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife 5732:Namaqua National Park 5655:Agulhas National Park 5432:Transkei Coastal Belt 5373:Subtropical Salt Pans 5318:Namaqualand Salt Pans 5248:Cape Inland Salt Pans 5228:Algoa Dune Strandveld 5122:Upper Karoo Hardeveld 5023:Umtiza Forest Thicket 5008:Sundays Mesic Thicket 4888:Goukamma Dune Thicket 4838:Elands Forest Thicket 4808:Buffels Mesic Thicket 4788:Albany Valley Thicket 4206:Suurberg Shale Fynbos 3996:Hopefield Sand Fynbos 3881:Boland Granite Fynbos 3608:Leolo Summit Sourveld 3503:Bedford Dry Grassland 3410:Tzaneen Sour Bushveld 3315:Postmasburg Thornveld 3205:Makatini Clay Thicket 2692:Sekhukhuneland Centre 2662:Cape Floristic Region 2640:Cape Floristic Region 2625:Biodiversity hotspots 2184:Butterflies and moths 649:"Why Hotspots Matter" 592:Megadiverse countries 587:Key Biodiversity Area 284:Cape Floristic Region 154: 112:Important Plant Areas 92:Global 200 Ecoregions 6498:Scuba diving tourism 6458:Encyclopedia of Life 5722:Mokala National Park 5707:Kruger National Park 5273:Drakensberg Wetlands 5167:Noms Mountain Desert 5117:Northern Upper Karoo 5003:Sundays Arid Thicket 4923:Kasouga Dune Thicket 4913:Hamburg Dune Thicket 4878:Gamka Valley Thicket 4798:Bethelsdorp Bontveld 4783:Albany Mesic Thicket 4744:Western Little Karoo 4544:Namaqualand Blomveld 4474:Eastern Little Karoo 4066:Montagu Shale Fynbos 3986:Hangklip Sand Fynbos 3976:Greyton Shale Fynbos 3871:Atlantis Sand Fynbos 3698:Queenstown Thornveld 3598:Klerksdorp Thornveld 3385:Tembe Sandy Bushveld 3240:Moot Plains Bushveld 2839:woodlands, and scrub 2629:Centres of diversity 2205:Jumping bristletails 1603:Western Indo-Pacific 869:Conservation Biology 545:Conservation biology 430:Polynesia-Micronesia 100:has identified 218 " 37:The Environmentalist 25:biogeographic region 21:biodiversity hotspot 6488:Nature conservation 5797:Waterberg Biosphere 5697:Karoo National Park 5437:Ironwood Dry Forest 5383:Tanqua Wash Riviere 5313:Namaqualand Riviere 5162:Namib Lichen Fields 5127:Western Upper Karoo 5092:Eastern Upper Karoo 5087:Eastern Lower Karoo 5033:Western Gwarrieveld 4903:Grassridge Bontveld 4868:Fish Valley Thicket 4833:Eastern Gwarrieveld 4773:Albany Arid Thicket 4739:Western Gwarrieveld 4684:Steytlerville Karoo 4459:Citrusdal Vygieveld 3901:Breede Shale Fynbos 3856:Agulhas Sand Fynbos 3628:Lydenburg Thornveld 3145:Kuruman Vaalbosveld 3125:Kimberley Thornveld 3055:Dwaalboom Thornveld 2822:Highveld grasslands 2682:Soutpansberg Centre 2272:Non-marine molluscs 2140:Microwhip scorpions 1493:Dedicated issue of 1313:2015DivDi..21..236N 1233:2009PlSoi.322...49H 1178:2016PlSoi.403..167H 1064:2020Sci...370.1343H 1058:(6522): 1343–1348. 881:2002ConBi..16..909B 770:2000Natur.403..853M 680:1988ThEnv...8..187M 632:www.bsienvis.nic.in 442:Southwest Australia 296:Eastern Afromontane 269:Mediterranean Basin 6257:Reef Atlas Project 6114:Eastern Cape Parks 5293:Highveld Salt Pans 5238:Bushmanland Vloere 5062:Albany Broken Veld 4873:Gamka Arid Thicket 4863:Fish Mesic Thicket 4803:Blombos Strandveld 4011:Knysna Sand Fynbos 3951:Elgin Shale Fynbos 3896:Breede Sand Fynbos 3330:Roodeberg Bushveld 3230:Marikana Thornveld 2944:Benguela ecoregion 2802:Montane grasslands 2327:Marine bony fishes 2217:Net-winged insects 2106:Marine crustaceans 1588:Afrotropical realm 1354:10.1511/2003.4.344 1342:American Scientist 688:10.1007/BF02240252 157: 102:Endemic Bird Areas 6639: 6638: 6602: 6601: 6598: 6597: 6468:Low impact diving 6423: 6422: 6419: 6418: 6146: 6145: 6142: 6141: 6099:City of Cape Town 6080: 6079: 5604: 5603: 5600: 5599: 5542:Subantarctic Mire 5268:Cape Vernal Pools 4858:Fish Arid Thicket 3445:Zeerust Thornveld 3400:Tsende Mopaneveld 3390:Thukela Thornveld 3200:Mafikeng Bushveld 3140:Kuruman Thornveld 3090:Gordonia Duneveld 2976: 2975: 2972: 2971: 2949:Delagoa ecoregion 2939:Agulhas ecoregion 2931:Marine ecoregions 2710: 2709: 2614: 2613: 2556: 2555: 2552: 2551: 2361: 2360: 2317:Freshwater fishes 2282:Marine gastropods 2260: 2259: 2077:Marine cnidarians 2043: 2042: 1468:10.1111/ddi.12290 1402:(7053): 919–920. 1322:10.1111/ddi.12278 1141:Missing or empty 764:(6772): 853–858. 735:978-968-6397-58-1 215:Caribbean Islands 6669: 6625: 6624: 6614: 6613: 6519: 6518: 6429: 6428: 6187: 6186: 6152: 6151: 5820: 5819: 5632: 5631: 5610: 5609: 5308:Muscadel Riviere 3455:Zululand Lowveld 3185:Loskop Thornveld 3035:Bhisho Thornveld 3008: 3007: 2982: 2981: 2738: 2737: 2716: 2715: 2697:Barberton Centre 2620: 2619: 2562: 2561: 2128: 2127: 2096: 2095: 2081:Marine flatworms 1909:Scrophulariaceae 1675: 1674: 1629: 1628: 1618: 1617: 1570: 1563: 1556: 1547: 1546: 1481: 1480: 1470: 1444: 1438: 1437: 1411: 1387: 1381: 1380: 1378: 1376: 1333: 1327: 1326: 1324: 1298: 1289: 1283: 1282: 1280: 1278: 1267: 1261: 1260: 1212: 1206: 1205: 1157: 1151: 1150: 1144: 1139: 1137: 1129: 1127: 1126: 1116: 1110: 1109: 1083: 1042: 1036: 1035: 1033: 1031: 1013: 1007: 1006: 1004: 1003: 988: 982: 981: 979: 978: 963: 957: 956: 954: 953: 947: 940: 932: 926: 915: 909: 908: 859: 853: 852: 841: 835: 834: 832: 830: 815: 806: 805: 778:10.1038/35002501 755: 746: 737: 723: 717: 714: 708: 707: 668:Environmentalist 663: 657: 656: 645: 636: 635: 624: 582: 551:Crisis ecoregion 359:Eastern Himalaya 44:, both in 2000. 6677: 6676: 6672: 6671: 6670: 6668: 6667: 6666: 6642: 6641: 6640: 6635: 6594: 6578: 6540: 6517: 6434: 6415: 6394: 6301: 6294: 6272: 6271:Citizen science 6266: 6234: 6228: 6191: 6185: 6166:Bolus Herbarium 6157: 6138: 6086: 6076: 5965: 5814: 5812: 5810: 5808: 5801: 5763: 5756: 5641: 5639: 5637: 5630: 5617: 5596: 5557: 5551: 5504: 5496: 5447:Mangrove Forest 5403: 5401: 5399: 5392: 5206: 5053: 5051: 5049: 5042: 4778:Albany Bontveld 4764: 4762: 4760: 4753: 4649:Roggeveld Karoo 4644:Robertson Karoo 4420: 4413: 4255: 3837: 3763:Tsomo Grassland 3459: 3420:VhaVenda Miombo 3375:Stella Bushveld 3280:Nossob Bushveld 3235:Molopo Bushveld 3105:Granite Lowveld 3050:Delagoa Lowveld 3006: 2993: 2968: 2954:Natal ecoregion 2925: 2907: 2889: 2885:Succulent Karoo 2861: 2847:Albany thickets 2838: 2831: 2803: 2796: 2773: 2766: 2743: 2736: 2723: 2706: 2687:Wolkberg Centre 2657:Succulent Karoo 2650:Succulent Karoo 2631: 2610: 2567: 2548: 2502: 2387: 2357: 2295: 2277:Marine molluscs 2256: 2164: 2143:Pseudoscorpions 2126: 2094: 2039: 1817:Crossosomatales 1802:Ceratophyllales 1680: 1673: 1623: 1612: 1579: 1574: 1512: 1489: 1487:Further reading 1484: 1445: 1441: 1409:10.1038/436919a 1388: 1384: 1374: 1372: 1334: 1330: 1296: 1290: 1286: 1276: 1274: 1269: 1268: 1264: 1213: 1209: 1158: 1154: 1142: 1140: 1131: 1130: 1124: 1122: 1118: 1117: 1113: 1043: 1039: 1029: 1027: 1015: 1014: 1010: 1001: 999: 990: 989: 985: 976: 974: 965: 964: 960: 951: 949: 945: 938: 934: 933: 929: 924:Wayback Machine 916: 912: 860: 856: 843: 842: 838: 828: 826: 817: 816: 809: 753: 747: 740: 724: 720: 715: 711: 664: 660: 647: 646: 639: 626: 625: 618: 614: 609: 580: 534: 521: 512:Irano-Anatolian 456:Nicobar islands 329:Succulent Karoo 230:Atlantic Forest 197:North American 173:Central America 149: 74: 65:loss of habitat 49:vascular plants 17: 12: 11: 5: 6675: 6665: 6664: 6659: 6654: 6637: 6636: 6634: 6633: 6626: 6619: 6607: 6604: 6603: 6600: 6599: 6596: 6595: 6593: 6592: 6586: 6584: 6580: 6579: 6577: 6576: 6575: 6574: 6569: 6564: 6554: 6548: 6546: 6542: 6541: 6539: 6538: 6537: 6536: 6525: 6523: 6516: 6515: 6510: 6505: 6500: 6495: 6493:Nature reserve 6490: 6485: 6480: 6475: 6470: 6465: 6460: 6455: 6450: 6445: 6439: 6436: 6435: 6425: 6424: 6421: 6420: 6417: 6416: 6414: 6413: 6408: 6402: 6400: 6396: 6395: 6393: 6392: 6387: 6382: 6377: 6372: 6367: 6362: 6357: 6352: 6347: 6342: 6337: 6332: 6327: 6322: 6317: 6312: 6306: 6304: 6296: 6295: 6293: 6292: 6287: 6282: 6276: 6274: 6268: 6267: 6265: 6264: 6259: 6254: 6249: 6244: 6238: 6236: 6230: 6229: 6227: 6226: 6221: 6216: 6211: 6206: 6201: 6195: 6193: 6184: 6183: 6178: 6173: 6168: 6162: 6159: 6158: 6148: 6147: 6144: 6143: 6140: 6139: 6137: 6136: 6131: 6126: 6121: 6116: 6111: 6106: 6101: 6096: 6090: 6088: 6082: 6081: 6078: 6077: 6075: 6074: 6069: 6064: 6059: 6054: 6049: 6044: 6039: 6034: 6029: 6024: 6019: 6014: 6009: 6004: 5999: 5994: 5989: 5984: 5979: 5973: 5971: 5967: 5966: 5964: 5963: 5958: 5953: 5948: 5943: 5938: 5933: 5928: 5923: 5918: 5913: 5908: 5903: 5898: 5893: 5888: 5883: 5878: 5873: 5867: 5862: 5857: 5852: 5847: 5842: 5837: 5832: 5826: 5824: 5817: 5803: 5802: 5800: 5799: 5794: 5789: 5784: 5779: 5774: 5768: 5766: 5758: 5757: 5755: 5754: 5749: 5744: 5739: 5734: 5729: 5724: 5719: 5714: 5709: 5704: 5699: 5694: 5689: 5688: 5687: 5682: 5672: 5667: 5662: 5657: 5652: 5646: 5644: 5629: 5628: 5622: 5619: 5618: 5606: 5605: 5602: 5601: 5598: 5597: 5595: 5594: 5589: 5588: 5587: 5582: 5572: 5567: 5561: 5559: 5553: 5552: 5550: 5549: 5544: 5539: 5534: 5529: 5524: 5519: 5514: 5508: 5506: 5498: 5497: 5495: 5494: 5489: 5484: 5479: 5474: 5469: 5464: 5459: 5454: 5449: 5444: 5439: 5434: 5429: 5424: 5419: 5414: 5408: 5406: 5394: 5393: 5391: 5390: 5385: 5380: 5375: 5370: 5365: 5360: 5355: 5350: 5345: 5340: 5335: 5330: 5325: 5320: 5315: 5310: 5305: 5300: 5295: 5290: 5285: 5280: 5275: 5270: 5265: 5260: 5255: 5250: 5245: 5240: 5235: 5230: 5225: 5220: 5214: 5212: 5208: 5207: 5205: 5204: 5199: 5194: 5189: 5184: 5179: 5174: 5169: 5164: 5159: 5154: 5149: 5144: 5139: 5134: 5129: 5124: 5119: 5114: 5109: 5104: 5099: 5094: 5089: 5084: 5079: 5074: 5069: 5064: 5058: 5056: 5044: 5043: 5041: 5040: 5035: 5030: 5025: 5020: 5015: 5010: 5005: 5000: 4995: 4990: 4985: 4980: 4975: 4970: 4965: 4960: 4955: 4950: 4945: 4940: 4935: 4930: 4925: 4920: 4915: 4910: 4905: 4900: 4895: 4890: 4885: 4880: 4875: 4870: 4865: 4860: 4855: 4850: 4845: 4840: 4835: 4830: 4825: 4820: 4815: 4810: 4805: 4800: 4795: 4790: 4785: 4780: 4775: 4769: 4767: 4755: 4754: 4752: 4751: 4746: 4741: 4736: 4731: 4726: 4721: 4716: 4711: 4706: 4701: 4696: 4691: 4686: 4681: 4676: 4671: 4666: 4661: 4656: 4651: 4646: 4641: 4636: 4631: 4626: 4621: 4616: 4611: 4606: 4601: 4596: 4591: 4586: 4581: 4576: 4571: 4566: 4561: 4556: 4551: 4546: 4541: 4536: 4531: 4526: 4521: 4516: 4511: 4506: 4501: 4496: 4491: 4486: 4481: 4476: 4471: 4466: 4461: 4456: 4451: 4446: 4441: 4436: 4431: 4425: 4423: 4415: 4414: 4412: 4411: 4406: 4401: 4396: 4391: 4386: 4381: 4376: 4371: 4366: 4361: 4356: 4351: 4346: 4341: 4336: 4331: 4326: 4321: 4316: 4311: 4306: 4301: 4296: 4291: 4286: 4281: 4276: 4271: 4265: 4263: 4257: 4256: 4254: 4253: 4248: 4243: 4238: 4233: 4228: 4223: 4218: 4213: 4208: 4203: 4198: 4193: 4188: 4183: 4178: 4173: 4168: 4163: 4158: 4153: 4148: 4143: 4138: 4133: 4128: 4123: 4118: 4113: 4108: 4103: 4098: 4093: 4088: 4083: 4078: 4073: 4068: 4063: 4058: 4053: 4048: 4043: 4038: 4033: 4028: 4023: 4018: 4013: 4008: 4003: 3998: 3993: 3988: 3983: 3978: 3973: 3968: 3963: 3958: 3953: 3948: 3943: 3938: 3933: 3928: 3923: 3918: 3913: 3908: 3903: 3898: 3893: 3888: 3883: 3878: 3873: 3868: 3863: 3858: 3853: 3847: 3845: 3839: 3838: 3836: 3835: 3830: 3825: 3820: 3815: 3810: 3805: 3800: 3795: 3790: 3785: 3780: 3775: 3770: 3765: 3760: 3755: 3750: 3745: 3740: 3735: 3730: 3725: 3720: 3715: 3710: 3705: 3700: 3695: 3690: 3685: 3680: 3675: 3670: 3665: 3660: 3655: 3650: 3645: 3640: 3635: 3630: 3625: 3620: 3615: 3610: 3605: 3600: 3595: 3590: 3585: 3580: 3575: 3570: 3565: 3560: 3555: 3550: 3545: 3540: 3535: 3530: 3525: 3520: 3515: 3510: 3505: 3500: 3495: 3490: 3485: 3480: 3475: 3469: 3467: 3461: 3460: 3458: 3457: 3452: 3447: 3442: 3437: 3432: 3427: 3422: 3417: 3412: 3407: 3402: 3397: 3392: 3387: 3382: 3377: 3372: 3367: 3362: 3357: 3352: 3347: 3342: 3337: 3332: 3327: 3322: 3317: 3312: 3307: 3302: 3297: 3292: 3287: 3282: 3277: 3272: 3267: 3262: 3257: 3252: 3247: 3242: 3237: 3232: 3227: 3222: 3217: 3212: 3207: 3202: 3197: 3192: 3187: 3182: 3177: 3172: 3167: 3162: 3157: 3152: 3147: 3142: 3137: 3132: 3127: 3122: 3120:Kathu Bushveld 3117: 3112: 3107: 3102: 3097: 3092: 3087: 3082: 3077: 3072: 3067: 3062: 3057: 3052: 3047: 3042: 3037: 3032: 3027: 3022: 3016: 3014: 3005: 3004: 2998: 2995: 2994: 2978: 2977: 2974: 2973: 2970: 2969: 2967: 2966: 2961: 2956: 2951: 2946: 2941: 2935: 2933: 2927: 2926: 2924: 2923: 2917: 2915: 2909: 2908: 2906: 2905: 2899: 2897: 2891: 2890: 2888: 2887: 2882: 2877: 2871: 2869: 2863: 2862: 2860: 2859: 2854: 2849: 2843: 2841: 2833: 2832: 2830: 2829: 2824: 2819: 2814: 2808: 2806: 2804:and shrublands 2798: 2797: 2795: 2794: 2789: 2784: 2778: 2776: 2768: 2767: 2765: 2764: 2759: 2754: 2748: 2746: 2735: 2734: 2728: 2725: 2724: 2712: 2711: 2708: 2707: 2705: 2704: 2699: 2694: 2689: 2684: 2679: 2674: 2669: 2664: 2659: 2653: 2652: 2647: 2642: 2636: 2633: 2632: 2616: 2615: 2612: 2611: 2609: 2608: 2607: 2606: 2598: 2593: 2588: 2583: 2578: 2572: 2569: 2568: 2558: 2557: 2554: 2553: 2550: 2549: 2547: 2546: 2541: 2536: 2531: 2526: 2521: 2516: 2510: 2508: 2504: 2503: 2501: 2500: 2497: 2494: 2491: 2488: 2485: 2480: 2475: 2470: 2467: 2464: 2459: 2456: 2453: 2448: 2443: 2440: 2437: 2434: 2429: 2426: 2423: 2418: 2413: 2408: 2403: 2397: 2395: 2389: 2388: 2386: 2385: 2380: 2378:Brown seaweeds 2375: 2373:Green seaweeds 2369: 2367: 2363: 2362: 2359: 2358: 2356: 2355: 2350: 2345: 2344: 2343: 2342: 2341: 2340: 2339: 2319: 2314: 2309: 2303: 2301: 2297: 2296: 2294: 2293: 2292: 2291: 2290: 2289: 2274: 2268: 2266: 2262: 2261: 2258: 2257: 2255: 2254: 2251: 2248: 2245: 2242: 2239: 2236: 2233: 2230: 2227: 2224: 2221: 2218: 2215: 2212: 2209: 2206: 2203: 2200: 2197: 2194: 2191: 2188: 2185: 2182: 2179: 2176: 2172: 2170: 2166: 2165: 2163: 2162: 2159: 2156: 2153: 2150: 2147: 2144: 2141: 2138: 2134: 2132: 2125: 2124: 2121: 2118: 2115: 2114: 2113: 2102: 2100: 2093: 2092: 2087: 2082: 2079: 2074: 2069: 2066: 2061: 2058: 2055: 2051: 2049: 2045: 2044: 2041: 2040: 2038: 2037: 2032: 2027: 2022: 2017: 2012: 2007: 2002: 1997: 1992: 1987: 1982: 1981: 1980: 1970: 1965: 1960: 1955: 1950: 1945: 1940: 1939: 1938: 1928: 1923: 1918: 1913: 1912: 1911: 1906: 1901: 1891: 1886: 1881: 1876: 1871: 1870: 1869: 1864: 1854: 1849: 1844: 1839: 1834: 1829: 1824: 1819: 1814: 1809: 1804: 1799: 1794: 1793: 1792: 1785:Caryophyllales 1782: 1777: 1772: 1767: 1762: 1757: 1756: 1755: 1745: 1744: 1743: 1738: 1733: 1728: 1718: 1713: 1708: 1707: 1706: 1696: 1691: 1685: 1683: 1672: 1671: 1666: 1661: 1656: 1651: 1646: 1641: 1635: 1633: 1625: 1624: 1614: 1613: 1611: 1610: 1605: 1600: 1595: 1590: 1584: 1581: 1580: 1573: 1572: 1565: 1558: 1550: 1544: 1543: 1538: 1533: 1528: 1523: 1518: 1511: 1510:External links 1508: 1507: 1506: 1499: 1488: 1485: 1483: 1482: 1461:(7): 769–780. 1439: 1382: 1348:(4): 344–351. 1328: 1307:(2): 236–244. 1284: 1262: 1221:Plant and Soil 1207: 1172:(1): 167–216. 1166:Plant and Soil 1152: 1111: 1037: 1008: 983: 958: 927: 910: 875:(4): 909–923. 854: 836: 807: 738: 718: 709: 674:(3): 187–208. 658: 637: 615: 613: 610: 608: 607: 601: 598:Protected area 595: 589: 584: 574: 569: 564: 559: 553: 548: 542: 535: 533: 530: 520: 517: 516: 515: 509: 495: 494: 488: 474: 473: 463: 445: 439: 433: 427: 421: 415: 409: 395:Southeast Asia 391: 390: 380: 362: 348: 347: 333: 332: 326: 320: 311: 308:Horn of Africa 305: 299: 293: 287: 273: 272: 258: 257: 254:Tropical Andes 251: 245: 239: 233: 219: 218: 203: 202: 195: 189: 183: 148: 145: 144: 143: 136: 125: 115: 105: 95: 84: 73: 70: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6674: 6663: 6660: 6658: 6655: 6653: 6650: 6649: 6647: 6632: 6631: 6627: 6620: 6618: 6609: 6608: 6605: 6591: 6588: 6587: 6585: 6581: 6573: 6570: 6568: 6565: 6563: 6560: 6559: 6558: 6555: 6553: 6550: 6549: 6547: 6543: 6535: 6532: 6531: 6530: 6527: 6526: 6524: 6520: 6514: 6511: 6509: 6506: 6504: 6501: 6499: 6496: 6494: 6491: 6489: 6486: 6484: 6483:National park 6481: 6479: 6476: 6474: 6471: 6469: 6466: 6464: 6461: 6459: 6456: 6454: 6451: 6449: 6446: 6444: 6441: 6440: 6437: 6430: 6426: 6412: 6409: 6407: 6404: 6403: 6401: 6397: 6391: 6388: 6386: 6383: 6381: 6378: 6376: 6373: 6371: 6368: 6366: 6363: 6361: 6358: 6356: 6353: 6351: 6348: 6346: 6343: 6341: 6338: 6336: 6333: 6331: 6328: 6326: 6323: 6321: 6318: 6316: 6313: 6311: 6308: 6307: 6305: 6303: 6297: 6291: 6288: 6286: 6283: 6281: 6278: 6277: 6275: 6269: 6263: 6260: 6258: 6255: 6253: 6250: 6248: 6245: 6243: 6240: 6239: 6237: 6231: 6225: 6222: 6220: 6217: 6215: 6212: 6210: 6207: 6205: 6202: 6200: 6197: 6196: 6194: 6192:organisations 6188: 6182: 6179: 6177: 6174: 6172: 6169: 6167: 6164: 6163: 6160: 6153: 6149: 6135: 6132: 6130: 6127: 6125: 6122: 6120: 6117: 6115: 6112: 6110: 6107: 6105: 6102: 6100: 6097: 6095: 6092: 6091: 6089: 6087:organisations 6083: 6073: 6070: 6068: 6065: 6063: 6060: 6058: 6055: 6053: 6050: 6048: 6045: 6043: 6040: 6038: 6035: 6033: 6030: 6028: 6025: 6023: 6020: 6018: 6015: 6013: 6010: 6008: 6005: 6003: 6000: 5998: 5995: 5993: 5990: 5988: 5985: 5983: 5980: 5978: 5975: 5974: 5972: 5968: 5962: 5959: 5957: 5954: 5952: 5949: 5947: 5944: 5942: 5939: 5937: 5934: 5932: 5929: 5927: 5924: 5922: 5919: 5917: 5914: 5912: 5909: 5907: 5904: 5902: 5899: 5897: 5894: 5892: 5889: 5887: 5884: 5882: 5879: 5877: 5874: 5871: 5868: 5866: 5863: 5861: 5858: 5856: 5853: 5851: 5848: 5846: 5843: 5841: 5838: 5836: 5833: 5831: 5828: 5827: 5825: 5821: 5818: 5816: 5804: 5798: 5795: 5793: 5790: 5788: 5785: 5783: 5780: 5778: 5775: 5773: 5770: 5769: 5767: 5765: 5759: 5753: 5750: 5748: 5745: 5743: 5740: 5738: 5735: 5733: 5730: 5728: 5725: 5723: 5720: 5718: 5715: 5713: 5710: 5708: 5705: 5703: 5700: 5698: 5695: 5693: 5690: 5686: 5683: 5681: 5678: 5677: 5676: 5673: 5671: 5668: 5666: 5663: 5661: 5658: 5656: 5653: 5651: 5648: 5647: 5645: 5643: 5633: 5627: 5624: 5623: 5620: 5616: 5611: 5607: 5593: 5590: 5586: 5583: 5581: 5578: 5577: 5576: 5573: 5571: 5568: 5566: 5563: 5562: 5560: 5554: 5548: 5545: 5543: 5540: 5538: 5535: 5533: 5530: 5528: 5525: 5523: 5520: 5518: 5515: 5513: 5510: 5509: 5507: 5503: 5499: 5493: 5490: 5488: 5485: 5483: 5480: 5478: 5475: 5473: 5470: 5468: 5465: 5463: 5460: 5458: 5455: 5453: 5450: 5448: 5445: 5443: 5440: 5438: 5435: 5433: 5430: 5428: 5425: 5423: 5420: 5418: 5415: 5413: 5410: 5409: 5407: 5405: 5395: 5389: 5386: 5384: 5381: 5379: 5376: 5374: 5371: 5369: 5366: 5364: 5361: 5359: 5356: 5354: 5351: 5349: 5346: 5344: 5341: 5339: 5336: 5334: 5331: 5329: 5326: 5324: 5321: 5319: 5316: 5314: 5311: 5309: 5306: 5304: 5301: 5299: 5298:Lesotho Mires 5296: 5294: 5291: 5289: 5286: 5284: 5281: 5279: 5276: 5274: 5271: 5269: 5266: 5264: 5261: 5259: 5256: 5254: 5251: 5249: 5246: 5244: 5241: 5239: 5236: 5234: 5231: 5229: 5226: 5224: 5221: 5219: 5216: 5215: 5213: 5209: 5203: 5200: 5198: 5195: 5193: 5190: 5188: 5185: 5183: 5180: 5178: 5175: 5173: 5170: 5168: 5165: 5163: 5160: 5158: 5155: 5153: 5150: 5148: 5145: 5143: 5140: 5138: 5135: 5133: 5130: 5128: 5125: 5123: 5120: 5118: 5115: 5113: 5110: 5108: 5105: 5103: 5100: 5098: 5095: 5093: 5090: 5088: 5085: 5083: 5080: 5078: 5075: 5073: 5070: 5068: 5065: 5063: 5060: 5059: 5057: 5055: 5045: 5039: 5036: 5034: 5031: 5029: 5026: 5024: 5021: 5019: 5016: 5014: 5011: 5009: 5006: 5004: 5001: 4999: 4996: 4994: 4991: 4989: 4986: 4984: 4981: 4979: 4976: 4974: 4971: 4969: 4966: 4964: 4961: 4959: 4956: 4954: 4951: 4949: 4946: 4944: 4941: 4939: 4936: 4934: 4931: 4929: 4926: 4924: 4921: 4919: 4916: 4914: 4911: 4909: 4906: 4904: 4901: 4899: 4896: 4894: 4891: 4889: 4886: 4884: 4881: 4879: 4876: 4874: 4871: 4869: 4866: 4864: 4861: 4859: 4856: 4854: 4851: 4849: 4846: 4844: 4841: 4839: 4836: 4834: 4831: 4829: 4826: 4824: 4821: 4819: 4816: 4814: 4811: 4809: 4806: 4804: 4801: 4799: 4796: 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1763: 1761: 1758: 1754: 1751: 1750: 1749: 1746: 1742: 1739: 1737: 1734: 1732: 1731:Hyacinthaceae 1729: 1727: 1726:Asphodelaceae 1724: 1723: 1722: 1719: 1717: 1714: 1712: 1709: 1705: 1702: 1701: 1700: 1697: 1695: 1692: 1690: 1687: 1686: 1684: 1682: 1676: 1670: 1669:Pteridophytes 1667: 1665: 1662: 1660: 1657: 1655: 1652: 1650: 1647: 1645: 1642: 1640: 1637: 1636: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1619: 1615: 1609: 1606: 1604: 1601: 1599: 1596: 1594: 1591: 1589: 1586: 1585: 1582: 1578: 1571: 1566: 1564: 1559: 1557: 1552: 1551: 1548: 1542: 1539: 1537: 1534: 1532: 1529: 1527: 1524: 1522: 1519: 1517: 1514: 1513: 1504: 1500: 1498: 1496: 1491: 1490: 1478: 1474: 1469: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1455: 1450: 1443: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1410: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1386: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1332: 1323: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1295: 1288: 1272: 1266: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1211: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1175: 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2005:Sapindales 2000:Santalales 1963:Pandanales 1958:Oxalidales 1889:Icacinales 1884:Huerteales 1879:Gunnerales 1874:Geraniales 1832:Dipsacales 1780:Canellales 1753:Asteraceae 1659:Lycophytes 1654:Liverworts 1277:7 February 1125:2023-03-23 1002:2012-06-22 977:2012-06-22 952:2012-06-22 612:References 604:Wilderness 562:Global 200 369:Bangladesh 365:Indo-Burma 352:South Asia 314:Madagascar 6448:Biosphere 6300:Botanical 6273:databases 5809:protected 5762:Biosphere 4419:Succulent 3465:Grassland 2913:Mangroves 2600:Related: 2250:True bugs 2220:Notoptera 2152:Solifugae 2146:Scorpions 2131:Arachnids 2068:Nematodes 2057:Bryozoans 2054:Ascidians 2020:Vahliales 2015:Solanales 1985:Proteales 1968:Piperales 1904:Lamiaceae 1867:Rubiaceae 1790:Aizoaceae 1770:Bruniales 1748:Asterales 1736:Iridaceae 1679:Flowering 1649:Hornworts 1418:1476-4687 1362:0003-0996 1249:1573-5036 1202:254948226 1194:1573-5036 1106:228084618 1090:0036-8075 897:0888-8892 829:10 August 786:0028-0836 577:Hope spot 556:Ecoregion 519:Criticism 499:West Asia 478:East Asia 470:Indonesia 452:Indonesia 448:Sundaland 387:Sri Lanka 208:Caribbean 6235:projects 6233:Research 6190:Research 5970:Offshore 5811:areas of 5764:reserves 5640:National 2366:Seaweeds 2353:Reptiles 2265:Molluscs 2244:Termites 2214:Mayflies 2211:Mantises 1948:Myrtales 1943:Malvales 1921:Liliales 1916:Laurales 1894:Lamiales 1837:Ericales 1812:Cornales 1716:Arecales 1704:Apiaceae 1689:Acorales 1639:Conifers 1477:18417574 1426:16107821 1370:27858246 1257:28155038 1134:cite web 1098:33303617 1030:3 August 920:Archived 905:44009934 794:10706275 696:12322582 532:See also 506:Caucasus 466:Wallacea 53:endemics 6433:Related 6302:gardens 6262:SeaKeys 5823:Coastal 5638:African 5402:Coastal 4761:Thicket 3012:Savanna 2507:Related 2348:Mammals 2196:Earwigs 2178:Beetles 2169:Insects 2158:Ixodida 2155:Araneae 2085:Sponges 2048:Animals 2025:Vitales 1995:Rosales 1978:Poaceae 1852:Fagales 1847:Fabales 1775:Buxales 1699:Apiales 1434:4398455 1309:Bibcode 1229:Bibcode 1174:Bibcode 1060:Bibcode 1052:Science 877:Bibcode 802:4414279 766:Bibcode 704:2370659 676:Bibcode 377:Myanmar 236:Cerrado 162:refugia 57:species 5815:Africa 5807:Marine 5558:VEGMAP 5556:not on 5398:Forest 5211:Azonal 5054:desert 4759:Albany 3843:Fynbos 2987:Biomes 2895:Tundra 2247:Thrips 1973:Poales 1681:plants 1664:Mosses 1644:Cycads 1632:Plants 1475:  1432:  1424:  1416:  1396:Nature 1375:10 May 1368:  1360:  1255:  1247:  1200:  1192:  1104:  1096:  1088:  903:  895:  800:  792:  784:  758:Nature 733:  702:  694:  277:Africa 262:Europe 42:Nature 6630:Index 6285:iSpot 5813:South 5642:Parks 5636:South 5505:biome 5050:Karoo 4421:Karoo 2393:Fungi 2312:Birds 2202:Flies 2199:Fleas 1473:S2CID 1430:S2CID 1366:JSTOR 1297:(PDF) 1253:S2CID 1198:S2CID 1102:S2CID 946:(PDF) 939:(PDF) 901:S2CID 798:S2CID 754:(PDF) 700:S2CID 485:Japan 460:India 373:India 169:North 23:is a 5404:belt 5048:Nama 2989:and 2627:and 2208:Lice 1422:PMID 1414:ISSN 1377:2022 1358:ISSN 1279:2019 1245:ISSN 1190:ISSN 1147:help 1094:PMID 1086:ISSN 1032:2022 893:ISSN 831:2020 790:PMID 782:ISSN 731:ISBN 692:PMID 514:(30) 508:(15) 493:(20) 487:(33) 472:(17) 462:(16) 454:and 444:(22) 438:(35) 432:(25) 426:(18) 420:(24) 414:(23) 408:(34) 397:and 389:(21) 385:and 379:(19) 375:and 361:(32) 346:(31) 331:(13) 325:(27) 310:(29) 304:(11) 298:(28) 292:(10) 286:(12) 271:(14) 206:The 201:(36) 188:(26) 171:and 138:The 127:The 86:The 5400:and 5052:and 4763:and 1463:doi 1404:doi 1400:436 1350:doi 1317:doi 1237:doi 1225:322 1182:doi 1170:403 1076:hdl 1068:doi 1056:370 885:doi 774:doi 762:403 684:doi 468:of 458:of 319:(9) 256:(1) 250:(5) 244:(7) 238:(6) 232:(4) 217:(3) 194:(2) 182:(8) 6648:: 1471:. 1459:21 1457:. 1451:. 1428:. 1420:. 1412:. 1398:. 1394:. 1364:. 1356:. 1346:91 1344:. 1340:. 1315:. 1305:21 1303:. 1299:. 1251:. 1243:. 1235:. 1223:. 1219:. 1196:. 1188:. 1180:. 1168:. 1164:. 1138:: 1136:}} 1132:{{ 1100:. 1092:. 1084:. 1074:. 1066:. 1054:. 1050:. 1019:. 899:. 891:. 883:. 873:16 871:. 867:. 847:. 821:. 810:^ 796:. 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Index

biogeographic region
biodiversity
Norman Myers
vascular plants
endemics
species
loss of habitat
Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund
World Wide Fund for Nature
Global 200 Ecoregions
Birdlife International
Endemic Bird Areas
Plant life International
Important Plant Areas
Alliance for Zero Extinction
National Geographic Society
Conservation International
Compensatory Afforestation Management and Planning Authority

refugia
North
Central America
California Floristic Province
Madrean pine–oak woodlands
Mesoamerica
Coastal Plain
Caribbean
Caribbean Islands
South America
Atlantic Forest

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