837:
128:
1643:. The allowed characters are left unchanged, while all other characters are converted into a string starting with the escape character. This kind of conversion allows the resulting text to be almost readable, in that letters and digits are part of the allowed characters, and are therefore left as they are in the encoded text. These encodings produce the shortest plain ASCII output for input that is mostly printable ASCII.
66:
25:
1678:'s first 192 codes, 164 have visible representations when quoted: 5 (white), 17–20 and 28–31 (colors and cursor controls), 32–90 (ascii equivalent), 91–127 (graphics), 129 (orange), 133–140 (function keys), 144–159 (colors and cursor controls), and 160–192 (graphics). This theoretically permits encodings, such as base128, between PETSCII-speaking machines.
421:
It is often desirable, however, to be able to send non-textual data through text-based systems, such as when one might attach an image file to an e-mail message. To accomplish this, the data is encoded in some way, such that eight-bit data is encoded into seven-bit ASCII characters (generally using
1658:
into different printable characters. Since there are more than 2 = 64 printable characters, this is possible. A given sequence of bytes is translated by viewing it as a stream of bits, breaking this stream in chunks of six bits and generating the sequence of corresponding characters. The
422:
only alphanumeric and punctuation characters—the ASCII printable characters). Upon safe arrival at its destination, it is then decoded back to its eight-bit form. This process is referred to as binary to text encoding. Many programs perform this conversion to allow for data-transport, such as
817:
Similar to Base64, but modified to avoid both non-alphanumeric characters (+ and /) and letters that might look ambiguous when printed (0 – zero, I – capital i, O – capital o and l – lower-case L). Base58 is used to represent
417:
data, and would not function properly if non-ASCII characters appeared in data that was expected to include only ASCII text. For example, if the value of the eighth bit is not preserved, the program might interpret a byte value above 127 as a flag telling it to perform some function.
1795:
Even in Byte mode, a typical QR code reader tries to interpret a byte sequence as text encoded in UTF-8 or ISO/IEC 8859-1. ... Such data has to be converted into an appropriate text before that text could be encoded as a QR code. ... Base45 ... offers a more compact QR code
1602:
128-bit Keys". A series of small
English words is easier for humans to read, remember, and type in than decimal or other binary-to-text encoding systems. Each 64-bit number is mapped to six short words, of one to four characters each, from a public 2048-word dictionary.
1740:
Encoding for QR code generation automatically selects the encoding to match the input character set, encoding 2 alphanumeric characters in 11 bits, and Base45 encodes 16 bits into 3 such characters. The efficiency is thus 32 bits of binary data encoded in 33 bits:
1670:
digits. Using 4 bits per encoded character leads to a 50% longer output than base64, but simplifies encoding and decoding—expanding each byte in the source independently to two encoded bytes is simpler than base64's expanding 3 source bytes to 4 encoded bytes.
342:
text-encoding standard uses 7 bits to encode characters. With this it is possible to encode 128 (i.e. 2) unique values (0–127) to represent the alphabetic, numeric, and punctuation characters commonly used in
886:
562:
493:, causing confusion if specific patterns appear in the message. The best-known is the string "From " (including trailing space) at the beginning of a line, used to separate mail messages in the
409:. Files that contain machine-executable code and non-textual data typically contain all 256 possible eight-bit byte values. Many computer programs came to rely on this distinction between seven-bit
525:
The table below compares the most used forms of binary-to-text encodings. The efficiency listed is the ratio between the number of bits in the input and the number of bits in the encoded output.
1502:
Proposed (and occasionally used) as replacement for
Uuencoding to avoid character set translation problems between ASCII and the EBCDIC systems that could corrupt Uuencoded data
883:
559:
501:
By using a binary-to-text encoding on messages that are already plain text, then decoding on the other end, one can make such systems appear to be completely
1141:
at the end, which also checks/corrects the Human
Readable Part. The Bech32m variant has a subtle change that makes it more resilient to changes in length.
590:
578:
601:
782:
A variant of Base58 encoding which further sheds the '1' and the lowercase 'o' characters in order to minimise the risk of fraud and human-error.
463:
Other systems have limits on the number of characters that may appear between line breaks, such as the "1000 characters per line" limit of some
1636:
encoding generates text that only contains upper case and lower case letters, (A–Z, a–z), numerals (0–9), and the "+", "/", and "=" symbols.
1137:. The data portion is encoded like Base32 with the possibility to check and correct up to 6 mistyped characters using the 6-character
192:
443:
164:
2053:
145:
38:
1460:
582:
318:
text. Those communication protocols may only be 7-bit safe (and within that avoid certain ASCII control codes), and may require
1659:
different encodings differ in the mapping between sequences of bits and characters and in how the resulting text is formatted.
171:
1750:
For arbitrary data; encoding all 189 non-unreserved characters with three bytes, and the remaining 66 characters with one.
178:
1950:
1497:
1456:
902:
634:
1716:
1639:
Some of these encoding (quoted-printable and percent encoding) are based on a set of allowed characters and a single
229:
211:
109:
52:
160:
91:
502:
483:
2058:
1809:
769:
682:
149:
76:
698:
464:
323:
836:
702:
44:
1311:
2063:
1824:
1128:
1124:
948:
686:
1926:
1615:
827:
808:
570:
1768:
One byte stored as =XX. Encoding all but the 94 characters which don't need it (incl. space and tab).
1116:
185:
1194:
1974:
1592:
717:
674:
650:
944:
910:
823:
597:
311:
138:
87:
83:
1702:
1687:
940:
319:
1666:) use four bits instead of six, mapping all possible sequences of 4 bits onto the 16 standard
1165:
800:
574:
1105:
505:. This is sometimes referred to as 'ASCII armoring'. For example, the ViewState component of
263:
259:
1540:
1532:
1520:
8:
514:
423:
279:
327:
306:
The basic need for a binary-to-text encoding comes from a need to communicate arbitrary
1692:
1214:
479:
456:
Some systems have a more limited character set they can handle; not only are they not
1471:
1442:
1175:
1134:
490:
427:
388:
348:
2012:
1996:
1640:
1571:
1324:
1288:
1274:
1264:
993:
971:
917:
646:
468:
344:
283:
251:
1548:
890:
777:
721:
709:
566:
439:
2016:
2000:
1662:
Some encodings (the original version of BinHex and the recommended encoding for
1575:
751:
Defined in IETF Specification RFC 9285 for including binary data compactly in a
472:
287:
1712:
1599:
921:
713:
315:
2047:
1946:
1823:
Dake He; Yu Sun; Zhen Jia; Xiuying Yu; Wei Guo; Wei He; Chao Qi; Xianhui Lu.
1377:
1157:
1053:
630:
351:
which do not represent printable characters. For example, the capital letter
1464:
1448:
1020:
593:
1394:
1369:
1307:
1247:
990:
1789:
Fältström, Patrik; Ljunggren, Freik; Gulik, Dirk-Willem van (2022-08-11).
1493:
1452:
1161:
1065:
898:
448:
Binary-to-text encoding methods are also used as a mechanism for encoding
1853:
1667:
1663:
1061:
457:
307:
275:
1906:
1086:
405:
In contrast, most computers store data in memory organized in eight-bit
1651:
1482:
1433:
1417:
1411:
1112:
1045:
812:
796:
449:
255:
1873:
1628:
Most of these encodings generate text containing only a subset of all
1298:
1049:
804:
586:
1790:
1355:
1233:
1222:
1210:
906:
862:
858:
638:
2029:
1892:
1189:
Usually the default representation for input/output from/to humans.
642:
258:. More precisely, it is an encoding of binary data in a sequence of
127:
94:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
1721:
1697:
1425:
1343:
1138:
1016:
773:
746:
742:
444:
Return-to-libc attack § Protection from return-to-libc attacks
1845:
1563:
1508:
1359:
1237:
1024:
997:
513:
encoding to safely transmit text via HTTP POST, in order to avoid
262:. These encodings are necessary for transmission of data when the
1707:
1675:
1611:
1555:
1536:
1120:
1057:
954:
894:
819:
752:
725:
548:
506:
1524:
916:
An early and still-popular encoding, first specified as part of
1979:
1959:
1931:
1911:
1647:
1633:
1528:
1278:
1268:
1146:
929:
872:
847:
831:
662:
619:
607:
510:
295:
867:
Similar to Base64, but contains only alphanumeric characters.
1629:
1579:
1544:
1390:
1365:
1243:
678:
339:
267:
1822:
1759:
For text; only encoding each of the 18 reserved characters.
1622:
1475:
1255:
690:
611:
494:
406:
271:
247:
826:
on non-alphanumeric strings. This is avoided by not using
460:, some cannot even handle every printable ASCII character.
1655:
1558:, omitting a few characters that may cause program bugs (
1421:
1372:
memory chips. 49.6% assumes 255 binary bytes per record.
1294:
694:
1874:"Convert binary data to a text with the lowest overhead"
1788:
728:
or SnipURL/Snipr as compact alphanumeric identifiers.
1654:) are based on mapping all possible sequences of six
1832:
International
Institute of Informatics and Systemics
1621:Some older and today uncommon formats include BOO,
1338:Preserves line breaks; cuts lines at 76 characters
1104:62.5% + at least 8 chars (label, separator, 6-char
822:addresses. Some messaging and social media systems
489:A few poorly-regarded but still-used protocols use
322:at certain maximum intervals, and may not maintain
152:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
314:that were designed to carry only English language
1825:"A Proposal of Substitute for Base85/64 – Base91"
2045:
294:" for binary-to-text encoding when referring to
606:There exist several variants of this encoding,
2019:"A Convention for Human-Readable 128-bit Keys"
1283:Encoding container for e-mail-like formatting
1945:
1987:
53:Learn how and when to remove these messages
1992:
1990:
1975:"Bech32m format for v1+ witness addresses"
840:Base58 in the original bitcoin source code
1890:
230:Learn how and when to remove this message
212:Learn how and when to remove this message
110:Learn how and when to remove this message
1470:An early encoding developed in 1980 for
835:
834:, it was replaced by Bech32, see below.
1632:printable characters: for example, the
1554:Specifies a subset of ASCII similar to
1133:Specification. Used in Bitcoin and the
2046:
1807:
433:
2003:"The S/KEY One-Time Password System".
1103:
520:
16:Conversion of computer data into text
540:Programming language implementations
355:is represented in 7 bits as 100 0001
266:does not allow binary data (such as
150:adding citations to reliable sources
121:
59:
18:
1489:
1440:
1331:
1303:
1229:
1182:
792:
669:
13:
330:are "safe" to use to convey data.
14:
2075:
1891:Albertson, Kevin (Nov 26, 2016).
1810:"Base-56 Integer Encoding in PHP"
1614:codes 32 to 126 are known as the
34:This article has multiple issues.
1808:Duggan, Ross (August 18, 2009).
991:C, Java, PHP, 8086 Assembly, AWK
126:
64:
23:
2054:Binary-to-text encoding formats
2022:
2006:
1967:
1939:
1846:"binary to ASCII text encoding"
1762:
1753:
1744:
1517:80% (similar to Ascii85/Base85)
1474:. Largely replaced by MIME and
137:needs additional citations for
42:or discuss these issues on the
1919:
1899:
1884:
1866:
1838:
1816:
1801:
1782:
1734:
333:
1:
1775:
1058:Base125 Python and Javascript
465:Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
2030:"Commodore 64 PETSCII codes"
1949:; et al. (2020-10-15).
1490:~75% (similar to Uuencoding)
440:Delimiter § ASCII armor
7:
1681:
301:
90:the claims made and adding
10:
2082:
1955:in the Lightning RFC repo"
1791:"The Base45 Data Encoding"
1616:ASCII printable characters
1562:). The format conforms to
1389:Typically used to program
1364:Typically used to program
1242:Typically used to program
437:
328:printable ASCII characters
161:"Binary-to-text encoding"
1727:
718:ISO basic Latin alphabet
467:software, as allowed by
312:communications protocols
1907:"BaseXML - for XML1.0+"
1717:listed by notation type
1002:Variable width variant
976:Constant width variant
828:URI reserved characters
244:binary-to-text encoding
1703:Computer number format
1688:Alphanumeric shellcode
1646:Some other encodings (
1467:, probably many others
1314:, probably many others
841:
347:, plus a selection of
2059:Computer file formats
839:
264:communication channel
1625:, and USR encoding.
720:). Commonly used by
326:. Thus, only the 94
260:printable characters
146:improve this article
1893:"Base-122 Encoding"
1087:C Python JavaScript
953:Revised version of
515:delimiter collision
434:Encoding plain text
2064:Character encoding
1983:. 5 December 2021.
1935:. 8 December 2021.
1693:Character encoding
1598:"A Convention for
1564:ZeroMQ spec:32/Z85
1560:` \ " ' _ , ;
1514:Binary & ASCII
1509:ZeroMQ spec:32/Z85
889:2014-12-29 at the
842:
565:2014-12-29 at the
521:Encoding standards
349:Control characters
75:possibly contains
1880:. April 18, 2020.
1608:
1607:
1472:Unix-to-Unix Copy
1420:transactions via
1416:Used to transmit
1412:Node.js (and CLI)
1135:Lightning Network
491:in-band signaling
478:Still others add
428:GNU Privacy Guard
389:Control character
375:), the character
310:over preexisting
290:) uses the term "
240:
239:
232:
222:
221:
214:
196:
120:
119:
112:
77:original research
57:
2071:
2038:
2037:
2026:
2020:
2010:
2004:
1994:
1985:
1984:
1971:
1965:
1964:
1953:Payment encoding
1943:
1937:
1936:
1923:
1917:
1916:
1915:. 16 March 2019.
1903:
1897:
1896:
1888:
1882:
1881:
1870:
1864:
1863:
1861:
1860:
1842:
1836:
1835:
1829:
1820:
1814:
1813:
1805:
1799:
1798:
1786:
1769:
1766:
1760:
1757:
1751:
1748:
1742:
1738:
1641:escape character
1561:
1325:Quoted-printable
1319:
1289:Percent-encoding
1275:Quoted-printable
1265:Quoted-printable
1093:
1072:
1031:
701:, Visual Basic,
657:
528:
527:
363:) , the numeral
235:
228:
217:
210:
206:
203:
197:
195:
154:
130:
122:
115:
108:
104:
101:
95:
92:inline citations
68:
67:
60:
49:
27:
26:
19:
2081:
2080:
2074:
2073:
2072:
2070:
2069:
2068:
2044:
2043:
2042:
2041:
2028:
2027:
2023:
2011:
2007:
1995:
1988:
1973:
1972:
1968:
1944:
1940:
1925:
1924:
1920:
1905:
1904:
1900:
1889:
1885:
1872:
1871:
1867:
1858:
1856:
1844:
1843:
1839:
1827:
1821:
1817:
1806:
1802:
1787:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1772:
1767:
1763:
1758:
1754:
1749:
1745:
1739:
1735:
1730:
1713:Numeral systems
1684:
1559:
1317:
1091:
1070:
1029:
891:Wayback Machine
830:such as +. For
722:URL redirection
710:Arabic numerals
655:
567:Wayback Machine
523:
452:. For example:
446:
436:
401:
397:
386:
382:
374:
370:
362:
358:
336:
304:
282:documentation (
236:
225:
224:
223:
218:
207:
201:
198:
155:
153:
143:
131:
116:
105:
99:
96:
81:
69:
65:
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2079:
2078:
2067:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2040:
2039:
2021:
2005:
1986:
1966:
1938:
1927:"bitcoin/bips"
1918:
1898:
1883:
1878:Vorakl's notes
1865:
1837:
1815:
1800:
1780:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1771:
1770:
1761:
1752:
1743:
1732:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1725:
1724:
1719:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1683:
1680:
1606:
1605:
1600:Human-readable
1595:
1589:
1586:
1583:
1568:
1567:
1552:
1518:
1515:
1512:
1504:
1503:
1500:
1491:
1488:
1485:
1479:
1478:
1468:
1446:
1439:
1436:
1430:
1429:
1414:
1409:
1406:
1403:
1399:
1398:
1397:memory chips.
1387:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1374:
1373:
1362:
1353:
1350:
1347:
1346:(Motorola hex)
1340:
1339:
1336:
1333:
1330:
1327:
1321:
1320:
1315:
1305:
1302:
1297:), Arbitrary (
1291:
1285:
1284:
1281:
1271:
1261:
1258:
1252:
1251:
1240:
1231:
1228:
1225:
1219:
1218:
1207:
1206:Most languages
1204:
1201:
1198:
1191:
1190:
1187:
1186:Most languages
1184:
1181:
1178:
1172:
1171:
1170:MacOS Classic
1168:
1155:
1152:
1149:
1143:
1142:
1131:
1109:
1102:
1099:
1095:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1081:
1078:
1074:
1073:
1068:
1043:
1040:
1037:
1033:
1032:
1027:
1014:
1011:
1008:
1004:
1003:
1000:
988:
985:
982:
978:
977:
974:
969:
966:
963:
959:
958:
951:
938:
935:
932:
926:
925:
914:
881:
878:
875:
869:
868:
865:
856:
853:
850:
844:
843:
815:
794:
791:
788:
784:
783:
780:
767:
764:
761:
757:
756:
749:
740:
737:
734:
730:
729:
706:
705:, many others
671:
668:
665:
659:
658:
653:
628:
625:
622:
616:
615:
604:
557:
554:
551:
545:
544:
541:
538:
535:
532:
522:
519:
499:
498:
487:
476:
461:
435:
432:
413:and eight-bit
399:
395:
384:
380:
372:
368:
360:
356:
335:
332:
316:human-readable
303:
300:
238:
237:
220:
219:
134:
132:
125:
118:
117:
72:
70:
63:
58:
32:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2077:
2076:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2051:
2049:
2035:
2031:
2025:
2018:
2014:
2009:
2002:
1998:
1993:
1991:
1982:
1981:
1976:
1970:
1962:
1961:
1956:
1954:
1948:
1947:Rusty Russell
1942:
1934:
1933:
1928:
1922:
1914:
1913:
1908:
1902:
1894:
1887:
1879:
1875:
1869:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1841:
1833:
1826:
1819:
1811:
1804:
1797:
1792:
1785:
1781:
1765:
1756:
1747:
1737:
1733:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1685:
1679:
1677:
1672:
1669:
1665:
1660:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1644:
1642:
1637:
1635:
1631:
1626:
1624:
1619:
1617:
1613:
1604:
1601:
1596:
1594:
1590:
1587:
1584:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1570:
1569:
1565:
1557:
1553:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1519:
1516:
1513:
1510:
1506:
1505:
1501:
1499:
1495:
1492:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1480:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1447:
1444:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1407:
1404:
1401:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1378:Tektronix hex
1376:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1361:
1357:
1354:
1351:
1348:
1345:
1342:
1341:
1337:
1335:Probably many
1334:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1322:
1316:
1313:
1309:
1306:
1304:~40% (33–70%)
1300:
1296:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1286:
1282:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1253:
1250:memory chips
1249:
1245:
1241:
1239:
1235:
1232:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
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503:transparent
458:8-bit clean
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387:), and the
379:is 111 1101
367:is 011 0010
359:, 0x41 (101
334:Description
320:line breaks
308:binary data
292:ASCII armor
276:8-bit clean
2048:Categories
1859:2023-03-20
1776:References
1652:uuencoding
1551:and others
1483:Xxencoding
1434:Uuencoding
1418:Blockchain
1209:Exists in
1119:, Python,
1113:JavaScript
1046:JavaScript
949:Python (2)
739:~67% (97%)
602:Python (2)
537:Efficiency
450:plain text
438:See also:
324:whitespace
256:plain text
172:newspapers
100:April 2010
84:improve it
39:improve it
1796:encoding.
1698:Compiling
1585:Arbitrary
1487:Arbitrary
1443:up to 70%
1438:Arbitrary
1395:NOR flash
1382:Arbitrary
1370:NOR flash
1356:C library
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1260:Arbitrary
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1234:C library
1227:Arbitrary
1223:Intel HEX
1217:variants
1215:lowercase
1211:uppercase
1200:Arbitrary
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543:Comments
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1344:S-record
1332:~33–100%
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1139:BCH code
1111:C, C++,
924:in 1987
887:Archived
563:Archived
531:Encoding
484:trailers
398:0x0D (15
371:0x32 (62
302:Overview
248:encoding
1708:Geocode
1676:PETSCII
1674:Out of
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1556:Ascii85
1299:RFC1738
1180:Integer
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1121:Haskell
1077:BaseXML
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955:Ascii85
820:bitcoin
790:Integer
763:Integer
753:QR code
726:TinyURL
667:Integer
614:, etc.
549:Ascii85
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480:headers
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186:scholar
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1960:GitHub
1932:GitHub
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