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353:
Legal writers, as opposed to economic historians, incorrectly assume that the constitutional phrase "Bills of Credit" was simply a synonym for paper money, but it refers to only one, though a very important, type of paper currency. The
Constitution explicitly prohibits the states from issuing bills
176:
to include the
Contract Clause into the United States Constitution, so that the individual states could not issue bills of credit or "make any Thing, but gold and silver Coin a Tender in Payment of Debts." This restriction of bills of credit was extended to the Federal government, as the power to
164:
Article I, Section 10, Clause 1 prohibits the states from issuing Bills of Credit. The prohibition of states issuing Bills of Credit came in direct response to how states managed their financial policy during the era of the
Articles of Confederation. While all states in theory recognized the
295:, the hybrid nature of these instruments allowed the government to directly distribute debt by paying the notes out to creditors as legal tender, and then relying on interest-seeking parties to eventually remove them from circulation in order to redeem them with interest at maturity.
86:, where merchants and lenders stood to lose value when new bills were issued, and borrowers stood to gain, because they could repay their debts with depreciated bills. The Massachusetts bills were finally retired in 1749 when the province received a large payment in
2192:
81:
Colonial decisions on the issuance of bills of credit were also frequently the subject of disputes between differing factions within the colony, and with royally appointed governors. Between 1690 and 1750 the matter was regularly debated in the
344:
Banks, rather than by all collectively. They were backed in a similar way to
National Bank Notes, using U.S. bonds, but issued by Federal Reserve banks instead of by chartered National banks. Federal Reserve Bank Notes are no longer issued.
231:
as obligations of the United States. United States Notes are examples of Bills of Credit as they used to be inserted by the
Treasury into circulation free of interest (production of these notes was halted in 1971 during termination of the
2178:
69:
British colonies in North
America would issue bills of credit in order to deal with fiscal crises, although doing so without receiving them as revenue in like amounts would increase the money supply, resulting in price
210:
frequently issued bills of credit referred to as
Continentals. Because of inflation they rapidly declined in value, leading to the unfavorable comparison that something was "not worth a Continental".
340:
in the United States. They had the same value as other kinds of notes of similar face value. Federal
Reserve Bank Notes differ from Federal Reserve Notes in that they are backed by one of the twelve
78:. The documents would circulate as if they were currency, and colonial governments would accept them as payment for debts like taxes. They were not always considered legal tender for private debts.
284:
and debt. They were issued in denominations of $ 10, $ 20, $ 50, $ 100, $ 500 and $ 1000. While they were legal tender at face value, they were redeemable after three years with six percent annual
1512:
1202:
1020:
1527:
957:
1477:
1058:
1325:
566:
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as their official currency, in reality, nearly every state issued its own Bills of credit, which further devalued the
Continental and led to its eventual collapse as a currency.
1427:
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684:
639:
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689:
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1387:
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1688:
1357:
1235:
1372:
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1910:
1000:
995:
922:
177:"emit bills" from the Articles of Confederation was abolished, leaving Congress with the power "to borrow money on credit."
2221:
2123:
1643:
1437:
236:, yet Congress retains the power to put more into circulation at any time, and $ 300 million remain in circulation still).
2019:
1638:
1230:
2677:
1275:
2170:
189:, issued Bills of Credit to utilize in place of paper currency. Most instances of this have occurred during wartime.
166:
2369:
1618:
980:
655:
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277:
172:
The painful experience of the runaway inflation and collapse of the
Continental dollar prompted the delegates to the
151:
2561:
2409:
2118:
1462:
98:
issued bills of credit beginning in the 1710s, but successfully managed to avoid significant inflationary effects.
42:
or currency substitutes. Bills of credit are mentioned in Article One, Section 10, Clause One (also known as the
2567:
2352:
2346:
1467:
1452:
34:
issued by a government that represent a government's indebtedness to the holder. They are typically designed to
544:
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17:
2703:
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2404:
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1936:
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1045:
927:
727:
186:
2697:
2279:
2152:
2056:
2014:
2009:
1412:
1098:
1063:
252:. The grouping includes the one- and two-year notes authorized by the Act of March 3, 1863, which bore
2106:
1553:
1522:
1245:
1010:
1005:
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133:
122:
91:
47:
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64:
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1776:
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1220:
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1118:
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95:
35:
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at face value, and were issued in denominations of $ 10, $ 20, $ 50, $ 100, $ 500 and $ 1000.
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2422:
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1983:
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1330:
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990:
937:
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2297:
2128:
1683:
1397:
1392:
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207:
8:
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2649:
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2509:
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2487:
2475:
2441:
2358:
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2111:
1900:
1628:
1492:
1280:
1225:
1128:
985:
522:
2616:
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2520:
2503:
2429:
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1813:
1797:
1658:
1472:
1447:
1432:
1342:
1310:
1300:
1260:
1250:
496:
465:
336:
Federal Reserve Bank Notes, issued between 1915 and 1934, are bills of credit that are
320:
245:
228:
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2709:
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2537:
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1879:
1864:
1844:
1718:
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500:
469:
440:
316:
624:
1755:
1502:
1377:
1305:
1290:
1025:
970:
932:
355:
319:. Their issuance reflects the end of a coin-hoarding period that began during the
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2040:
1988:
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1828:
1739:
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1549:
1285:
1255:
1113:
341:
292:
43:
1978:
1957:
1941:
1905:
1849:
1818:
1633:
75:
2743:
2083:
2004:
1962:
1931:
1859:
1781:
1653:
1623:
1539:
1442:
1153:
1108:
268:
2463:
2415:
2258:
607:
359:
337:
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that the United States Treasury issued in 1879. They issued it only in the
257:
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and coining money. States are only permitted to make gold and silver coin
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2035:
1915:
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439:(18th ed.). Clifton, NJ: The Coin & Currency Institute, Inc.
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39:
31:
1703:
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567:
Paper Money and the Original Understanding of the Coinage Clause
323:, and represented a return to public confidence in paper money.
185:
The United States Government has, at numerous times throughout
101:
87:
50:, where their issuance by state governments is prohibited.
58:
197:
276:
Compound interest treasury notes were emissions of the
654:
132:. Please help to ensure that disputed statements are
597:
263:
2078:Notes of Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787
272:Two-year $ 20 1864 compound interest treasury note
280:authorized in 1863 and 1864 with aspects of both
2741:
488:
459:
2089:Bibliography of the United States Constitution
248:-era bills of credit-related emissions of the
2765:Article One of the United States Constitution
2186:
640:
492:The Comprehensive Catalog of U.S. Paper Money
462:The Comprehensive Catalog of U.S. Paper Money
348:
331:
90:for its financial contributions to the 1745
618:The Constitutional Law Of The United States
434:
180:
102:Insertion in the United States Constitution
2193:
2179:
647:
633:
571:Harvard Journal of Law & Public Policy
489:Hessler, Gene; Chambliss, Carlson (2006).
460:Hessler, Gene; Chambliss, Carlson (2006).
2770:Clauses of the United States Constitution
385:. Business Dictionary.com. Archived from
244:Interest-bearing notes are a grouping of
239:
152:Learn how and when to remove this message
2145:Scene at the Signing of the Constitution
303:The Refunding Certificate was a type of
298:
267:
225:United States Department of the Treasury
128:Relevant discussion may be found on the
2254:Maryland Tobacco Inspection Act of 1747
533:: Honest Money League of the Northwest.
416:U.S Constitution, Article 1, Section 10
59:Use in the American Colonies (pre-1775)
14:
2742:
520:
435:Friedberg, Arthur L.; S., Ira (2006).
425:U.S Constitution, Article 1, Section 8
218:
198:American Revolutionary War (1775–1783)
2174:
628:
2222:Monetary policy of the United States
2206:central banking in the United States
2124:Constitution Day and Citizenship Day
105:
74:and a drop in value relative to the
2504:New York Clearing House Association
2112:Rotunda for the Charters of Freedom
1639:Incorporation of the Bill of Rights
547:. United States Treasury Department
24:
2316:Article I of the U.S. Constitution
1203:Drafting and ratification timeline
948:District of Columbia Voting Rights
25:
2781:
656:Constitution of the United States
593:
278:United States Treasury Department
256:at five percent annually, were a
2410:Second Bank of the United States
1059:Convention to propose amendments
600:
437:Paper Money of the United States
264:Compound interest treasury notes
110:
2568:Compound interest treasury note
2353:First Bank of the United States
620:, by Westel Woodbury Willoughby
559:
525:The Contraction of the Currency
379:"Definition of Bills of Credit"
326:
213:
192:
2755:Banknotes of the United States
2292:Continental currency banknotes
1674:Separation of church and state
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514:
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13:
1:
2660:Specie Payment Resumption Act
2405:Banking in the Jacksonian Era
1178:Virginia Ratifying Convention
616:"Bills of Credit" section of
365:
84:Province of Massachusetts Bay
2722:National Monetary Commission
2139:National Constitution Center
1937:Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer
1236:Assemble and Petition Clause
291:In the absence of efficient
7:
2698:Sherman Silver Purchase Act
2430:New York Safety Fund System
2304:U.S. Finance Superintendent
2280:Second Continental Congress
2010:Charles Cotesworth Pinckney
1064:State ratifying conventions
1001:Equal Opportunity to Govern
996:Electoral College abolition
923:Congressional Apportionment
521:Backus, Charles K. (1878).
10:
2786:
579:
349:Confusion with paper money
332:Federal Reserve Bank Notes
288:compounded semi-annually.
204:American Revolutionary War
62:
53:
48:United States Constitution
2606:2nd Industrial Revolution
2604:
2596:Public Credit Act of 1869
2482:Independent U.S. Treasury
2452:
2270:1st Industrial Revolution
2268:
2230:
2217:
2097:
2069:
2049:
2028:
1997:
1971:
1950:
1924:
1888:
1837:
1806:
1790:
1769:
1748:
1727:
1711:
1702:
1581:
1463:Privileges and Immunities
1276:Congressional enforcement
1211:
1198:Rhode Island ratification
1089:Articles of Confederation
1076:
1054:
1031:Parental Rights amendment
956:
913:
838:
810:
789:
726:
722:
713:
662:
589:. New York: Norton. 1984.
174:Constitutional Convention
30:are documents similar to
2521:Legal Tender Act of 1862
2334:U.S. Treasury Department
1694:Unitary executive theory
1468:Privileges or Immunities
1183:New York Circular Letter
1173:Massachusetts Compromise
315:denomination, depicting
181:Usage throughout history
2636:National Gold Bank Note
2591:Contraction Act of 1866
2340:U.S. Treasury Secretary
1614:Dormant Commerce Clause
1458:Presidential succession
1193:Fayetteville Convention
1188:Hillsborough Convention
1124:Three-fifths Compromise
1104:Philadelphia Convention
1094:Mount Vernon Conference
981:Campaign finance reform
573:, vol. 31, pp. 1044–45
65:Early American currency
2347:U.S. Treasury security
2248:Tobacco Inspection Act
1777:William Samuel Johnson
1649:Nondelegation doctrine
1221:Admission to the Union
1168:Anti-Federalist Papers
1119:Connecticut Compromise
273:
240:Interest-bearing notes
96:Province of New Jersey
2691:Juilliard v. Greenman
2684:Refunding Certificate
2550:National banks system
2544:Interest bearing note
2423:McCulloch v. Maryland
2310:Bank of North America
2286:U.S. dollar banknotes
2232:Commercial Revolution
1984:Richard Dobbs Spaight
1453:Presidential Electors
1428:Original Jurisdiction
1368:Full Faith and Credit
1241:Assistance of Counsel
1162:The Federalist Papers
991:Crittenden Compromise
587:New Jersey: A History
545:"Legal Tender Status"
299:Refunding Certificate
271:
2716:Aldrich–Vreeland Act
2631:Currency Act of 1870
2298:Bank of Pennsylvania
2153:A More Perfect Union
2129:Constitution Gardens
2050:Convention Secretary
1712:Convention President
1684:Symmetric federalism
1679:Separation of powers
1413:Necessary and Proper
1408:Natural-born citizen
1353:Freedom of the Press
1291:Copyright and Patent
1281:Contingent Elections
1099:Annapolis Convention
565:Natelson, Robert G.
234:Bretton Woods system
208:Continental Congress
167:American Continental
121:factual accuracy is
2728:Federal Reserve Act
2650:Coinage Act of 1873
2624:Hepburn v. Griswold
2574:Coinage Act of 1864
2532:Fractional currency
2510:Coinage Act of 1857
2499:Coinage Act of 1853
2488:Coinage Act of 1849
2442:Coinage Act of 1834
2359:Coinage Act of 1792
2160:Worldwide influence
1901:Gunning Bedford Jr.
1629:Executive privilege
1609:Criminal sentencing
1532:Title of Nobility (
1523:Taxing and Spending
1423:Oath or Affirmation
1383:House Apportionment
1246:Case or Controversy
1129:Committee of Detail
1021:"Liberty" amendment
986:Christian amendment
229:United States Notes
219:United States Notes
92:Siege of Louisbourg
2678:Silver certificate
2617:Legal Tender Cases
2556:National Bank Note
2538:National Bank Acts
2526:United States Note
2364:United States Mint
1814:William Livingston
1798:Alexander Hamilton
1604:Criminal procedure
1599:Constitutional law
1534:Foreign Emoluments
1498:State of the Union
1483:Self-Incrimination
1473:Recess appointment
1266:Compulsory Process
928:Titles of Nobility
497:Port Clinton, Ohio
466:Port Clinton, Ohio
407:Fleming, pp. 29–30
321:American Civil War
274:
2737:
2736:
2710:Gold Standard Act
2672:Bland–Allison Act
2666:Twenty-cent piece
2585:Three-cent nickel
2493:Three-cent silver
2370:U.S. dollar coins
2168:
2167:
2134:Constitution Week
2119:Independence Mall
2107:National Archives
2065:
2064:
1880:Gouverneur Morris
1865:Thomas Fitzsimons
1845:Benjamin Franklin
1719:George Washington
1619:Enumerated powers
1594:Concurrent powers
1589:Balance of powers
1418:No Religious Test
1358:Freedom of Speech
1149:Independence Hall
1072:
1071:
976:Bricker amendment
909:
908:
585:Fleming, Thomas.
531:Chicago, Illinois
317:Benjamin Franklin
162:
161:
154:
16:(Redirected from
2777:
2562:Gold certificate
2195:
2188:
2181:
2172:
2171:
2015:Charles Pinckney
1824:William Paterson
1756:Nathaniel Gorham
1709:
1708:
1488:Speech or Debate
1316:Equal Protection
1026:Ludlow amendment
1011:Flag Desecration
1006:Federal Marriage
971:Blaine amendment
933:Corwin Amendment
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723:
720:
719:
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495:(7th ed.).
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464:(7th ed.).
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408:
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399:
398:
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389:on 4 August 2020
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293:investment banks
187:American History
157:
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134:reliably sourced
114:
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21:
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2760:Payment systems
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2476:Forstall System
2470:Wildcat banking
2456:
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2382:1792 half disme
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2264:
2242:Bills of credit
2234:
2226:
2213:
2202:Monetary policy
2199:
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2099:
2093:
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2057:William Jackson
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2041:Abraham Baldwin
2024:
1993:
1989:Hugh Williamson
1967:
1946:
1920:
1911:Richard Bassett
1884:
1870:Jared Ingersoll
1833:
1829:Jonathan Dayton
1802:
1786:
1765:
1744:
1740:Nicholas Gilman
1723:
1698:
1664:Reserved powers
1644:Judicial review
1577:
1373:General Welfare
1296:Double Jeopardy
1207:
1134:List of Framers
1114:New Jersey Plan
1068:
1050:
1046:Victims' Rights
966:Balanced budget
952:
905:
834:
806:
785:
709:
658:
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383:Web Finance Inc
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342:Federal Reserve
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301:
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227:began to issue
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127:
119:This section's
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67:
61:
56:
44:Contract Clause
28:Bills of credit
23:
22:
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11:
5:
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2579:Two-cent piece
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2558:(1863–c. 1930)
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2244:(c. 1690–1750)
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2017:
2012:
2007:
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1999:
1998:South Carolina
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1994:
1992:
1991:
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1981:
1979:William Blount
1975:
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1972:North Carolina
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1942:Daniel Carroll
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1906:John Dickinson
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1850:Thomas Mifflin
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1819:David Brearley
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2020:Pierce Butler
2018:
2016:
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2005:John Rutledge
2003:
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506:0-931960-66-5
502:
499:: BNR Press.
498:
494:
491:
485:
477:
475:0-931960-66-5
471:
468:: BNR Press.
467:
463:
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446:0-87184-518-0
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33:
29:
19:
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2615:
2540:(1863; 1864)
2464:Free banking
2421:
2416:Suffolk Bank
2322:Section VIII
2261:(1751; 1764)
2241:
2151:
2143:
2076:
1875:James Wilson
1838:Pennsylvania
1735:John Langdon
1493:Speedy Trial
1335:
1226:Appointments
1160:
943:Equal Rights
839:20th century
617:
608:Money portal
586:
570:
561:
549:. Retrieved
539:
526:
523:
516:
493:
490:
484:
461:
455:
436:
430:
421:
412:
403:
391:. Retrieved
387:the original
382:
373:
360:legal tender
352:
338:legal tender
335:
327:20th century
302:
290:
275:
258:legal tender
243:
222:
214:19th century
201:
193:18th century
184:
171:
163:
148:
139:
120:
80:
68:
27:
26:
2724:(1909–1912)
2706:(1890–1891)
2686:(1879–1907)
2680:(1878–1964)
2668:(1875–1878)
2655:Free silver
2643:Knox v. Lee
2638:(1870–1875)
2609:(1870–1914)
2587:(1865–1889)
2581:(1864–1873)
2570:(1863–1864)
2564:(1863–1933)
2552:(1863–1913)
2546:(1863–1865)
2534:(1862–1876)
2528:(1862–1971)
2517:(1861–1862)
2515:Demand Note
2506:(1853–1863)
2495:(1851–1873)
2484:(1846–1913)
2478:(1842–1865)
2472:(1836–1865)
2466:(1836–1865)
2457:(1840–1870)
2438:, 1832–1836
2432:, 1829–1842
2418:, 1818–1858
2412:, 1816–1836
2401:(1812–1913)
2395:(1793–1857)
2389:(1793–1857)
2378:(1792–1873)
2366:(1792–1873)
2355:(1791–1811)
2338:1789–1913;
2320:1787–1788;
2312:(1781–1791)
2306:(1781–1785)
2300:(1780–1781)
2294:(1775–1779)
2282:(1776–1780)
2273:(1760–1840)
2235:(1607–1760)
2036:William Few
1916:Jacob Broom
1896:George Read
1770:Connecticut
1704:Signatories
1554:Legislative
1528:Territorial
1448:Presentment
1433:Origination
1388:Impeachment
1343:Extradition
1311:Engagements
1301:Due Process
1251:Citizenship
938:Child Labor
551:3 September
393:16 November
282:paper money
250:US Treasury
202:During the
2744:Categories
2393:Large cent
2148:(painting)
2100:and legacy
1958:John Blair
1807:New Jersey
1761:Rufus King
1659:Preemption
1573:War Powers
1508:Suspension
1326:Exceptions
1016:Human Life
915:Unratified
715:Amendments
366:References
2387:Half cent
2376:Half dime
2327:Section X
1669:Saxbe fix
1558:Executive
1513:Take Care
1503:Supremacy
1378:Guarantee
1306:Elections
1077:Formation
790:1795–1804
307:-bearing
246:Civil War
142:June 2024
130:talk page
72:inflation
46:) of the
36:circulate
32:banknotes
2750:Currency
2436:Bank War
2210:pre–1913
1951:Virginia
1925:Maryland
1889:Delaware
1791:New York
1568:Vicinage
1562:Judicial
1286:Contract
1256:Commerce
1144:Printing
958:Proposed
670:Preamble
663:Articles
309:banknote
305:interest
286:interest
254:interest
123:disputed
40:currency
2372:(1792–)
2288:(1775–)
2098:Display
2070:Related
2029:Georgia
1550:Vesting
1518:Takings
1403:Militia
1261:Compact
1213:Clauses
1139:Signing
1084:History
580:Sources
94:. The
54:History
2730:(1913)
2718:(1908)
2712:(1900)
2700:(1890)
2694:(1884)
2674:(1878)
2662:(1875)
2646:(1871)
2627:(1870)
2426:, 1819
2250:(1730)
2156:(film)
1540:Treaty
1443:Postal
1438:Pardon
503:
472:
443:
356:credit
2204:and
553:2015
501:ISBN
470:ISBN
441:ISBN
395:2017
313:$ 10
206:the
88:coin
705:VII
685:III
354:of
38:as
2746::
1560:/
1556:/
901:27
896:26
891:25
886:24
881:23
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866:20
861:19
856:18
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820:13
802:12
797:11
781:10
700:VI
690:IV
680:II
569:,
529:.
381:.
362:.
2212:)
2208:(
2194:e
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1564:)
1552:(
1536:)
776:9
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695:V
675:I
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641:t
634:v
555:.
511:.
509:.
478:.
449:.
397:.
155:)
149:(
144:)
140:(
136:.
126:.
20:)
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