3951:
returns made by the
Provincial Administration, for the information of the British Parliament, contained the names of 157 officers and others receiving salaries, who are apparently of British or foreign origin and the names of 47 who are, apparently, natives of the country, of French origin; that this statement does not exhibit the whole disproportion which exists in the distribution of the public money and power, the latter class being, for the most part, appointed to the inferior and less lucrative offices, and most frequently only obtaining even them, by becoming the dependent of those who hold the higher and the more lucrative offices; that the accumulation of many of the best paid and most influential, and at the same time incompatible, offices in the same person, which is forbidden by the laws and by sound policy, exists especially for the benefit of the former class; and that two-thirds of the persons included in the last commission of the peace issued in the province, are apparently of British or foreign origin, and one-third only of French origin.
2592:âMany of the respondents cited inconsistency and quality control as major issues when it came to translation. The quality of the service varies greatly from one translator to another and there are often errors in the translations even when a request for a secondary review is made. Some respondents noted that the two language versions of committee reports often do not convey the same meaning and that, in some cases, the translation is simply erroneous. Much time is reportedly spent by senators and staff reviewing the documents in question and ensuring that the translation is accurate. Other respondents reported that longer documents that had been translated by more than one individual were disjointed and difficult to read because a common style had not been used. Recommendations ranged from the need to hire specialized translators to facilitate the translation of committee reports on technical matters, to ensuring proper revision of translations before their delivery, and to the need to provide for a feedback mechanism that could be used to alert the
2419:
receive about 600 hours of French-language classes by the time of graduation. The goal of âCore Frenchâ programs is not to produce fully bilingual graduates, but rather "to provide students with the ability to communicate adequately in the second language, and to provide students with linguistic tools to continue their second-language studies by building on a solid communicative base". There are no mandatory core French class in
British Columbia, Alberta and Saskatchewan, and second-language courses are mandatory only in BC. One result of this is that comprehension levels are often lower than parents would prefer. A scholar who interviewed a former New Brunswick premier, as well as the province's deputy ministers of education and health and the chairman of its Board of Management and Official Languages Branch reports: "ll expressed reservations about the effectiveness of the Core program in promoting individual bilingualism and believed the program must be improved if anglophone students are to obtain a level of proficiency in the French language."
1559:(better known as "Bill 101") to promote and preserve the French language in the province, indirectly disputing the federal bilingualism policy. Initially, Bill 101 banned the use of all languages but French on most commercial signs in the province (except for companies with four employees or fewer), but those limitations were later loosened by allowing other languages on signs, as long as the French version is predominant. Bill 101 also requires that children of most immigrants residing in Quebec attend French-language public schools; the children of Canadian citizens who have received their education in Canada in English may attend English-language public schools, which are operated by English-language school boards throughout the province. The controversy over this part of Quebec's language legislation has lessened in recent years as these laws became more entrenched and the public use of French increased.
1513:
1663:). NWT residents have the right to use any of the territory's eleven official languages in a territorial court and in debates and proceedings of the legislature. However, laws are legally binding only in their French and English versions, and the government publishes laws and other documents in the territory's other official languages only when asked by the legislature. Furthermore, access to services in any language is limited to institutions and circumstances where there is significant demand for that language or where it is reasonable to expect it given the nature of the services requested. In practice, this means that only English language services are universally available, and there is no guarantee that any particular government service will use other languages except the courts. Following a 2006 territorial supreme court ruling,
2956:
bilingualism" are eager to enrol their children in French immersion. On the other hand, we find that the application of the official languages policy is a major irritant outside Quebec, and not much appreciated inside Quebec ... In spite of real and needed progress in linguistic fair play in federal institutions, a sometimes mechanical, overzealous, and unreasonably costly approach to the policy has led to decisions to that have helped bring it into disrepute. Citizens tell us that bilingual bonuses, costly translation of technical manuals of very limited use, public servants' low use of hard-acquired French-language training, excessive designation of bilingual jobs, and a sometimes narrow, legalistic approach are sapping a principle they would otherwise welcome as part of Canada's basic identity.
2550:âThe review committee found that although principals were finding it very difficult to hire teachers who are qualified to teach French immersion, qualifications alone were not enough to ensure a quality program. âThe review committee heard repeatedly from different stakeholders regarding instances where a teacher had the requisite paper qualifications but was not fluent in French. Furthermore, the review committee heard that qualified and fluent teachers sometimes chose to leave the French immersion program to teach in the English program. The review committee heard that although it is very difficult for principals to find French immersion teachers for permanent contract teaching assignments, it is even more problematic for them to find FI teachers for long-term occasional assignments.â
4907:
French and
English. However, the agency does not collect data on bilingualism in non-official languages (either persons who speak more than one non-official language, or who have an official language as their mother tongue and afterwards learn a non-official language). Thus, it is possible only to determine that 6,147,840 Canadians have a non-official language as their mother tongue (see p. 2, line 5), and that 520,385 Canadians do not speak either official language (see p. 6, line 108). Since all persons who speak neither official language must have a non-official language as their mother tongue, simple subtraction shows that 5,627,455 Canadians, or 18.0% of the population, are bilingual in a non-official language plus an official language.
2599:âIssues related to the quality of interpretation were also raised. Some senators reported hearing literal translations that did not convey the true meaning of what the speaker had said. Others noted that regional expressions were not properly interpreted. Many respondents asked if it would be possible to have the same interpreters covering the Chamber and specific committees as this would ensure continuity. The need to upgrade the Senate's technological equipment was raised as devices in some committee rooms did not work properly. Some committee clerks noted that a more modern way for clerks to provide material to the interpreters was needed. Such technological upgrades could make communication of information quicker and more efficient.â
2580:âInterpretation is a good barometer of government activity. In the 1960s, a decade that interpreter Ronald DesprĂ©s called the âgolden age of simultaneous interpretation,â it was not unusual for interpreters to put in 80-hour weeks. Marguerite Ouimet said that she spent more time in a booth than at home, as did many of her colleagues. From the mid-1970s onward, technician Jean-Pierre Dulude, whose outstanding skill was widely recognized in interpretation circles, supervised the installation of some 60 interpretersâ booths on Parliament Hill, and in federal departments and buildings across the country. He took great care to ensure that the booths met national standards.â
940:
2614:âIn our previous study, Official Language Policies at the Federal Level in Canada: Costs and Benefits in 2006, we estimated that the total cost of federal bilingualism at $ 1.8 billion. Since these expenditures include transfers to provinces that are spent by them on official language programs (Vaillancourt and Coche, 2009: 25, table 1), aggregating federal, provincial, and local spending must net out these transfers to avoid double counting. Once transfers are netted out, we have $ 1.5 billion at the federal level and $ 868 million at the local and provincial level for a total rounded of $ 2.4 billion or $ 85 per capita for 2006/07.â
1542:, to allow the provincial legislature to operate in both French and English, and to allow all Quebec courts to operate in both languages. Section 23 of the Charter applies to Quebec, but to a more limited degree than in other provinces. Quebec is required to provide an education in English to all children whose Canadian citizen parents were educated in English in Canada, while all other provinces are required to provide an education in French to the children of Canadian citizen parents who either received their education in French in Canada or whose native tongue is French.
2759:'As to two languages, it has long been accepted that Red Men are entitled to their own original ancient language which precedes that of the languages of the Western World by thousands of years. However the Red Man welcomes, for the purpose of survival in a world of competition, a second language, which has proven to be the English language despite some 320 years of association with the French language which was the first white man's language heard by the Iroquois in about 1645. It is clear that we are part of a two-language world.' (Caughnawaga Defence Committee, 1965, 3)
2892:
bilingualism in any form. Opposition seems to be directed to the actions of the federal government, rather than to bilingualism itself ... his distinction is key to understanding public opinion on the issue." This helps to explain results that would otherwise seem contradictory, such as a 1994 poll in which 56% of
Canadians outside Quebec indicated that they either strongly or moderately supported official bilingualism, but 50% agreed with a statement that "the current official bilingualism policy should be scrapped because it's expensive and inefficient."
2458:; however, as there is a prerequisite number of previous instruction hours, usually only students previously enrolled in the Extended French or French Immersion programs can enter. In this program, at least 25% of all instruction must be in French. From Grades 4 through 8, this means that at least one course per year other than "French as a Second Language" must be taught solely in French. From Grades 9 through 12, along with taking the Extended French language course every year, students must complete their mandatory Grade 9
7700:
658:
1281:
954:
1680:
2806:âThe head of the Assembly of First Nations is calling for the nearly 60 indigenous languages spoken in Canada to be declared official along with English and French, an expensive proposition but one that he says is becoming more urgent as the mother tongues of aboriginal peoples disappear. âPerry Bellegarde, who was elected National Chief of the AFN last fall, agrees it would not be easy to require translations of all indigenous languages to be printed on the sides of cereal boxes and milk cartons.
2691:
mention neither the
Indians nor the Eskimos. Since it is obvious that these two groups do not form part of the "founding races," as the phrase is used in the terms of reference, it would logically be necessary to include them under the heading "other ethnic groups." Yet it is clear that the term "other ethnic groups" means those peoples of diverse origins who came to Canada during or after the founding of the Canadian state and that it does not include the first inhabitants of this country.
826:
3515:
and other instruments, in the administration of justice, in communicating with or providing services to the public and in carrying out the work of federal institutions; (b) support the development of
English and French linguistic minority communities and generally advance the equality of status and use of the English and French languages within Canadian society; and (c) set out the powers, duties and functions of federal institutions with respect to the official languages of Canada.
2541:âAlthough most Canadian school children are taught English or French as a second language in school, these lessons often fail to yield functional bilingualism. For example, New Brunswickâs French Second Language Commission recently reported that fewer than 1% of the students who enrolled in âcore Frenchâ in 1994 had met the provincial minimum goal by 2007. And fewer than 10% of students who enrolled in early-French immersion in 1995 had attained the provincial goal by 2007.â
46:
2739:, said that the Trudeau government has put Canada's francophone communities in an "impossible position": "No one in Canada wants to be against reconciliation," she said. "Francophone communities know better than most what it means to be a linguistic minority and how important it is to acknowledge Indigenous languages." But Chouinard said English Canadians would likely balk if a governor general spoke an Indigenous language and French but not a word of English."
1718:
rights. Three provinces (Manitoba, New
Brunswick and Quebec) have constitutional guarantees for bilingualism and language rights. Three other provinces (Alberta, Ontario and Saskatchewan) have statutory provisions relating to bilingualism in the legal system, as do each of the three territories (Northwest Territories, Nunavut and Yukon). Four provinces (British Columbia, Newfoundland and Labrador, Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island) are unilingual English.
670:
1354:
language of the United States, one of the most powerful countries of the world, English has a massive preponderance in North
America. Thus the English-language group in this country draws much of its strength from the English-speaking population of our neighbour. The French-language group is, on the other hand, a minority on the North American continent and suffers from its isolation not only from France but from the other French speaking peoples of the world.
7712:
1390:
ever undertaken, the patronage-driven hiring process seems to have produced a more equitable representation of the two language groups. In the period between 1867 and the turn of the
Twentieth Century, French-Canadians made up about one-third of the Canadian population, and seem also to have represented about one-third of civil service appointments at junior levels, although they had only about half that much representation at the most senior level.
2666:âThe bilingual advantage appears to extend to individual income. According to the 2001 Canadian census, people who speak both official languages had a median income ($ 24,974) that was nearly 10% higher than that of those who speak English only ($ 22,987) and 40% higher than that of those who speak French only ($ 17,659). Similar gaps remain after controlling for individual characteristics such as educational attainment and work experience.â
2900:
is a marked divergence between the responses of French-speaking and
English-speaking Canadians. In a 2003 poll, 75% of Francophones indicated that "having two official languages, English and French" made them proud to be Canadian. Among English-speakers, 55% said that bilingualism made them proud, but far higher percentages (86% and 94%, respectively) indicated that multiculturalism and the Charter of Rights made them feel proud.
1501:
925:
3270:(the party's declaration of its then-current policies) stated that "The Reform Party supports official bilingualism in key federal institutions, such as Parliament and the Supreme Court, and in critical federal services in parts of the country where need is sufficient to warrant services on a cost-effective basis." By 2002, the policy declaration of the Reform Party's political successor, the
1370:
numbers less than would be justified by their proportion of the national population. For the greater part of Canadaâs history, French-speakers were underrepresented, and English-speakers were overrepresented in the ranks of the public service, and the disproportion became more pronounced in the more senior ranks of public servants. However, this trend has reversed itself in recent decades.
3213:(Bill C-232). If adopted, this bill will have the effect of blocking any candidate who is not already sufficiently bilingual to understand oral arguments in both official languages from being appointed to the Supreme Court. This bill was passed at third reading on March 31, with all NDP, Liberal and Bloc members in support and all Conservative MPs opposed. but did not pass the Senate.
2483:
learning French, with the other 20% being for math. The rest of the core curriculum (Social Studies, Science, and Language Arts in English) is condensed for the second half of the year, comprising 80% of the time, with one hour for French. In the grade 7 year students continue to have one hour of core French per day. This results in 600 hours of French instruction over the two years.
1222:(which created Canada as a legal entity and still contains the most important provisions of governmental powers) has no official French-language version because it was enacted by the United Kingdom Parliament, which functions in the English language exclusively. Similarly, all other parts of the Constitution that were enacted by the United Kingdom (with the important exception of the
2647:, and other laws obligate a greater demand for English and French speakers (even foreign ones if necessary) than a freer linguistic market would require. This, combined with English and French being more difficult to learn than some languages due to their orthographic (especially for the Deaf, dyslexics, and Deaf-dyslexics), grammatical, and lexical particularities, accentuates the
2809:â"That would be the ultimate goal," Mr. Bellegarde said in an interview on Wednesday at the three-day annual general meeting of the AFN, Canada's largest indigenous organization. "But let's do small steps to get there."â Romeo Saganash has expressed the belief that Members of Parliament have a constitutional right to speak any of Canadaâs indigenous languages in Parliament.
2930:
resent the anglophone hesitancy to make available rights and privileges secured under the Official Languages Act of New Brunswick of 1969 and the Constitution Act (1982) ... They favour their own schools, control over their education, increased access to civil service positions and services in their own language through separate institutions and administrations.
751:" is the term used in Canada to collectively describe the policies, constitutional provisions, and laws that ensure legal equality of English and French in the Parliament and courts of Canada, protect the linguistic rights of English- and French-speaking minorities in different provinces, and ensure a level of government services in both languages across Canada.
2948:
frustrated with the implementation of official languages policy. Thus, for example, nearly 80% of group discussions sponsored by the Commission produced favourable comments from participants on what the commission's report refers to as "bilingualism generally", but nearly 80% of these discussions produced negative comments on "official languages policy".
1585:. This criterion allows students who have completed the "major part" of their primary education in English in Canada to continue their studies in English in Quebec. The court did not strike down the law but, as it had done in its 1988 ruling on sign laws, presented the province with a set of criteria for interpreting the law in conformity with the
3324:. More recently, the party has edged towards supporting an asymmetrical version of bilingualism. Early in 2008, the partyâs languages critic, Yvon Godin, stated that its MPs would vote in favour of a bill, sponsored by the Bloc QuĂ©bĂ©cois, which would cause federal institutions to operate on a French-preferred or French-only basis in Quebec.
3134:
ideas are sometimes inspired by Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights relating to discrimination on the basis of language, and Article 26(3) of the same Declaration so as to give parents the freedom âto choose the kind of education that shall be given to their children.â Others can be inspired by religious or other beliefs.
3301:: "English and French are the official languages of the Party and have equality of status and equal rights and privileges as to their use in all federal institutions of the Party. In pursuing its fundamental purposes and in all its activities, the Party must preserve and promote the status, rights and privileges of English and French."
1033:, which became law in 1982 and declares English and French Canada's official languages. Sections 16â19 guarantee them equal status in federal parliament, government institutions and courts; require all statutes, records and journals of Parliament be published in both languages; and give both those versions equal authority.
3140:: National First Nations Language Strategy, presented by the Assembly of First Nations on 5 July 2007, inspired by previous statements including the report of the Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples presented in 1996, rejects official bilingualism in favour of linguistic equality for speakers of indigenous languages:
1236:
versions would be equally authoritative. To avoid the situation where an inaccurately translated French version would have a weight equal to the English original, Section 55 requires that the French-language versions be approved using the same process under which actual constitutional amendments are adopted.
1145:, rights holders do not deprive their descendants of the right to an English-language education by choosing to enroll their children in French school. (This applies if certain administrative steps are taken at each generation. Otherwise, the right may still be transmitted to grandchildren under article 76.)
3274:, had been moderated further, and stated that it was "the federal government's responsibility to uphold minority rights" by providing services in both languages in any "rural township or city neighbourhood where at least ten percent of the local population uses either English or French in its daily life".
1700:, Francophones in 25 designated areas across the provinceâbut not in other parts of the provinceâare guaranteed access to provincial government services in French. Similarly, since 2005, the City of Ottawa has been officially required under Ontario law, to set a municipal policy on English and French.
2943:
was established by the federal government with a mandate to engage in "a dialogue and discussion with and among Canadians ... to discuss the values and characteristics fundamental to the well-being of Canada". The Forum, which was headed by former Commissioner of Official Languages Keith Spicer,
2899:
Both French-speaking and English-speaking Canadians tend to regard the capacity to speak the other official language as having cultural and economic value, and both groups have indicated that they regard bilingualism as an integral element of the Canadian national identity. Once again, however, there
2895:
In English Canada, there is some regional variation in attitudes towards federal bilingualism policy, but it is relatively modest when compared to the divergence between the views expressed by Quebecers and those expressed in the rest of the country. For example, in a poll conducted in 2000, only 22%
2879:
This variation can be seen, for example, in responses to the question, "Are you, personally, in favour of bilingualism for all of Canada?" Between 1988 and 2003, support for this statement among Francophones ranged between 79% and 91%, but among Anglophones support was never higher than 48%, and fell
2867:
Among Anglophones, support for providing federal French-language services to French-speakers living outside Quebec has remained consistently high over a quarter-century periodâ79% in 1977 and 76% in 2002. Over the same period, support among English-speakers for the "right to French language education
768:
provides support to non-government actors to encourage or promote the use or the status of one or the other of the two official languages. This includes grants and contributions to groups representing the English-speaking minority in Quebec and the French-speaking minorities in the other provinces to
5991:
La position du Québec est d'autant plus difficile à expliquer que, comme le rappelle clairement le professeur Beaulac dans son blogue du 12 mai 2016, « Asymétrie Canada-Québec en droits linguistiques », la spécificité linguistique de la province est, juridiquement pleinement reconnue (art.
2891:
According to Turcotte and Parkin, other poll data reveal that "in contrast to Francophones, Anglophones, in general, have resisted putting more government effort and resources into promoting bilingualism... What is revealing, however, is that only 11% of those outside Quebec said they disagreed with
2726:
An issue has been raised about the amount the federal government spends on francophone education in Nunavut, compared to the amount it spends for Indigenous language education: "According to numbers from Nunavut Tunngavik Inc., the federal government spends 44 times more on French in Nunavut than it
2699:
Still, as we have pointed out earlier, there is such a thing as a French culture and a British culture. Of course, the differences between them are not as great as they would be if either were compared to one of the many Asian or African cultures. In Canada, the Anglophones and the Francophones wear
1476:
tried and failed to address the crisis, with the opposition refusing to attend legislative sessions. In 1985 the Supreme Court ruled that the act had been violated and that all provincial legislation must be published in both French and English, restoring the legal equality of the languages that had
1389:
in the 1840s, the power to make civil service appointments was transferred to elected politicians, who had a strong incentive to ensure that French Canadian voters did not feel that they were being frozen out of hiring and promotions. Although no formal reform of the hiring and promotion process was
1381:
House of Assembly drew attention to the fact that French Canadians, who at the time were 88% of the colony's population, held only 30% of the posts in the 157-member colonial civil service. Moreover, the resolution stated, French Canadians were, "for the most part, appointed to the inferior and less
5282:
See Jesse Robichaud, "Keep parents involved in language education: Lord," in the Moncton Times and Transcript, February 21, 2008, and Daniel McHardie, "Language battle: Education Minister will seek public input before responding to French Second Language Review," in New Brunswick Telegraph-Journal,
3514:
The purpose of this Act is to (a) ensure respect for English and French as the official languages of Canada and ensure equality of status and equal rights and privileges as to their use in all federal institutions, in particular with respect to their use in parliamentary proceedings, in legislative
3340:
is to assist in the independence of Quebec, the partyâs parliamentary caucus has maintained an active interest in issues relating to official languages policy (for example, sending MPs to participate in the standing Commons committee on official languages). The party seeks to alter federal language
2765:
French Canadians in positions of political power or influence continue to reject the principle of an international auxiliary language (and especially of English playing that role) in favour of the right of the 'two founding peoples' to personal unilingualism and the obligation of the state to serve
2453:
Some schools in Ontario offer a third method of FSL education: the Extended French program. Students enter into this program as early as Grade 4âthe starting grade is set by each region's school boardâand may continue the program through to graduation. The program can also be entered when beginning
2378:
Canadaâs thirteen provincial and territorial education systems place a high priority on boosting the number of bilingual high school graduates. For example, in 2008 New Brunswick's provincial government reconfirmed its goal of boosting the percentage of bilingualism among graduates from its current
2100:
At least 35% of Canadians speak more than one language. Moreover, fewer than 2% of Canadians cannot speak at least one of the two official languages. However, of these multilingual Canadians, somewhat less than one fifth of the population (5,448,850 persons, or 17.4% of the Canadian population) are
1572:
of the Charter of Rights to set aside enforcement of the court ruling for five years. A UN appeal of the 'McIntyre Case' resulted in a condemnation of Quebec's sign law – regardless of the legality of the notwithstanding clause under Canadian law. In response, in 1993 Quebec enacted
1353:
Compared to other bilingual states â among them Finland, South Africa, and Belgium, which we shall discuss later â Canada is fortunate that her official languages both have international status⊠In Canada, however, one of the two language groups begins with a considerable advantage. As the national
1300:
was adopted in 1988 to improve the 1969 law's efforts to address two basic policy objectives: (1) to specify the powers, duties and functions of federal institutions relevant to official languages; (2) to support the development of linguistic minority communities. As well, following the adoption in
1243:
Section 57 states that the "English and French versions of this Act are equally authoritative." The purpose of this provision is to clear up any ambiguity that might have existed about the equal status of the two versions as a result of the novel way in which this part of Canada's supreme law came
1239:
Pursuant to section 55, a French Constitutional Drafting Committee produced French-language versions of all the British North America Acts in the decade following 1982. However, these versions were never ratified under the Constitutionâs amendment procedure, and therefore have never been officially
1235:
set out a framework for changing this situation. Section 55 calls for French versions of all parts of the Constitution that exist only in English to be prepared as quickly as possible. Section 56 provided that, following adoption of the French versions, both the English-language and French-language
1037:
guarantees each Canadian's right to English or French communication with every central office of the federal government and with each of its regional offices on which exists "a significant demand for communication with and services from that office". Significant demand is not defined in the Charter
857:
Linguistic diversity existed in northern North America long before the arrival of the French and the English. Due to the widespread trade that occurred between many linguistic communities, indigenous linguistic knowledge across northern North America appears to have consisted of bilingualism in the
6141:
Parkin and Turcotte, p. 10. The specific reference is to a 1977 poll in which 54% of non-Quebecers but only 34% of Quebecers identified with the statement, "I generally agree with or support the principle of bilingualism but I disagree with the form bilingualism has taken under the present federal
4906:
Statistics Canada, 2006 Census Profile of Federal Electoral Districts (2003 Representation Order): Language, Mobility and Migration and Immigration and Citizenship. Ottawa, 2007, pp. 2, 6. Statistics Canada collects data on mother tongue, on "first official language spoken", and on bilingualism in
3963:
writes: âIn the Dominion Civil Service, CĂŽtĂ©âs ââPolitical Appointmentsââ, 1867â1895, shows that, over that period, eliminating duplications, the French Canadians had rather over a third of the official of the House and of the two Dominion Courts; rather less than a third of other officials of the
2947:
These comments, which probably represent the most extensive consultation ever with Canadians on the subject of official bilingualism, were compiled statistically by the Spicer Commission, and tend to reinforce the findings of pollsters, that Canadians are favourable towards bilingual services, but
2929:
Qualitative analysis illustrate that, as the majority, anglophones are reticent about extending opportunities and services to the francophone minority for fear of placing themselves at a disadvantage, whether it be in the education system or civil service employment. Francophones, as the minority,
2887:
By 2006, affirmative responses to the question "Are you personally in favour of bilingualism for all of Canada?" had increased considerably, with 72% of Canadians (and 64% of anglophones) agreeing. 70% of Canadians, and 64% of anglophones were "in favour of bilingualism for province". Support for
2786:
Up until its reaction to the Government of Ontario's decision to eliminate the Office of the Commissioner of Francophone services in October 2018, Quebec had tended to oppose calls on the part of French-speakers to broaden French-language rights outside of that province such as when it opposed the
1471:
Despite the protests of Franco-Manitobans that the act had been violated, Manitoba remained monolingual in practice until the early 1980s, when legal challenges created a crisis that threatened to invalidate almost all laws passed in Manitoba since 1890, on the grounds that these statutes were not
1196:
declared that section 23 guaranteed a "sliding scale". In certain circumstances, the children whose parents could exercise the right might be so few that literally no minority language education may be provided by the government. With a greater number of children, some schools might be required to
1133:
One practical consequence of this asymmetry is that all migrants who arrive in Quebec from foreign countries only have access to French-language public schools for their children. This includes immigrants whose mother tongue is English and immigrants who received their schooling in English. On the
4896:
Statistics Canada, 2006 Census Profile of Federal Electoral Districts (2003 Representation Order): Language, Mobility and Migration and Immigration and Citizenship. Ottawa, 2007, p. 6, line 108. In 2006, Canadaâs population was 31,241,030. Of this, 520,385 Canadians, or 1.7%, did not speak either
3133:
Some organizations or individuals within certain movements also propose introducing a more inclusive language policy either via official multilingualism, or an official unilingual language policy in an auxiliary language so as to intrude minimally into the first-language choice of residents. Such
2921:
was commissioned by the provincial legislature as a way of determining the response of the population to the 1982 Poirier-Bastarache Report, which had recommended a considerable expansion of French-language services. Public hearings were conducted in twelve cities and towns across the province in
2908:
From time to time, boards or panels are commissioned, either by the federal government or the government of one of the provinces, to conduct hearings into the publicâs views on matters of policy. Some of these hearings have dealt largely, or even primarily, with official languages policy, and the
2681:
inquire into and report upon the existing state of bilingualism and biculturalism in Canada and to recommend what steps should be taken to develop the Canadian Confederation on the basis of an equal partnership between the two founding races, taking into account the contribution made by the other
1670:
This is despite the fact that the proportion of native French-speakers in the territories is negligible, and they are vastly outnumbered by speakers of indigenous languages. At the 2016 census, there were 1,455 "mother-tongue" speakers of French in Yukon (4.3%), 1,175 in the Northwest Territories
1487:
guarantees access to provincial government services in French, though in practice French language services are available only in some areas. Public primary and secondary education is provided in both French and English, and parents are free to choose instruction in either language. Post-secondary
1369:
The issue of proportional hiring and promotion of speakers of both official languages has been an issue in Canadian politics since before Confederation. Members of each linguistic group have complained of injustice when their group have been represented, in public service hiring and promotion, in
1337:
This provides a legal definition for the otherwise vague requirement that services be provided in the minority official languages wherever there is "significant demand." The definition used in the regulations is complex, but basically an area of the country is served in both languages if at least
2651:
between official and Deaf, indigenous, and other unofficial language communities by limiting market supply and blocking equal access to Federal and federally-regulated employment ranging from the packaging and labelling industries all the way up to appointments to the Supreme Court of Canada for
1717:
There is considerable variation across Canada concerning the right to use English and French in legislatures and courts (federal, provincial and territorial). Rights under federal law are consistent throughout Canada, but different provinces and territories have different approaches to language
1140:
However, admission to French-language schools outside Quebec remains restricted in some ways it is not in Quebec. In particular, rights-holding parents who choose to enroll their child in English school may thereby deprive that child's descendants of the right to attend French school. In Quebec,
905:
French has been a language of government in the part of Canada that is today Quebec, with limited interruptions, since the arrival of the first French settlers in Canada in 1604 (Acadians) and in 1608 in Quebec, and has been entrenched in the Constitution of Canada since 1867. English has been a
3950:
Resolution 75. Resolved, That the number of the Inhabitants of the country being about 600,000, those of French origin are about 525,000, and those of British or other origin 75,000; and that the establishment of the civil government of Lower Canada, for the year 1832, accordingly to the yearly
2955:
Canada's use of two official languages is widely seen as a fundamental and distinctive Canadian characteristic. Among many, especially the young, the ability to speak, read and write both French and English is accepted as a significant personal advantage. Even many parents who dislike "official
2690:
We should point out here that the Commission will not examine the question of the Indians and the Eskimos. Our terms of reference contain no allusion to Canada's native populations. They speak of "two founding races," namely Canadians of British and French origin, and "other ethnic groups," but
2482:
Intensive French is a method of FSL education that originated in Newfoundland. In 2004, Intensive French began in some schools in British Columbia. Intensive French is a choice program (in offering schools). For the first five months of the grade 6 school year, students spend 80% of their time
2418:
Non-Francophone students learn French by taking courses on the French language as part of an education that is otherwise conducted in English. In Quebec and New Brunswick, French classes begin in Grade 1. In the other provinces, French classes typically start in Grade 4 or 5. Students normally
1463:
was passed, creating the province and mandating the equal status of English and French in all legislative bodies, legislative records, laws and court proceedings. At this time, Manitoba had a majority Francophone population, but within 20 years mass immigration from Ontario and non-Francophone
1404:
Canada's thirteen provinces and territories have adopted widely diverging policies with regard to minority-language services for their respective linguistic minorities. Given the wide range of services, such as policing, health care and education, that fall under provincial jurisdiction, these
805:
are also considered unilingual (English only). In practice, all provinces, including Quebec, offer some services in both English and French and some publicly funded education in both official languages up to the high school level (English-language post-secondary education institutions are also
6131:
Parkin and Turcotte, p. 8. A parallel question, "Are you in favour of bilingualism for your province?" also received a much more favourable response from Francophone respondents (most of whom were in Quebec) than from Anglophone respondents, indicating that Francophones were consistently more
2817:
Given the logistic and economic challenges of official multilingualism based on the personality principle, some proponents of an equal right to the indigenous language have proposed a policy of official indigenous unilingualism based on the territoriality principle whereby a local or regional
2108:
Knowledge of the two official languages is largely determined by geography. Nearly 95% of Quebecers can speak French, but only 40.6% speak English. In the rest of the country, 97.6% of the population is capable of speaking English, but only 7.5% can speak French. Personal bilingualism is most
1690:
Although no Canadian province has officially adopted English as its sole official language, English is the de facto language of government services and internal government operations in Canada's seven remaining provinces. Service levels in French vary greatly from one province to another (and
1313:
and other prescribed bilingual regions be conducive to accommodating the use of French and English at work. Part VI mandates that English-speaking Canadians and French-speaking Canadians not be discriminated against based on ethnic origin or first language learned when it comes to employment
2626:, the Standing Committee on Official languages states: âCPF British Columbia and Yukon has already identified three strategies: recruiting from other provinces and territories and from abroad; supporting post-secondary institutions so they can train more teachers; and supporting teachers.â
2700:
the same sort of clothing, live in the same sort of houses, and use the same tools . They are very similar in their social behaviour, belong to religions which are not exclusive, and share the same general knowledge. To a greater or lesser extent, they share a North American way of living.
2875:
According to a review of three decades' worth of poll results published in 2004 by Andre Turcotte and Andrew Parkin, "Francophones in Quebec are almost unanimous in their support of the official languages policy" but "there is a much wider variation in opinion among Anglophones ..."
2708:
Commissioner J. B. Rudnyckyj wrote a separate statement challenging his colleaguesâ proposals for an exclusively Anglo-French language policy. Esperanto Services, Ottawa; the Indian-Eskimo Association of Canada, Toronto; and other organizations representing different indigenous and other
3229:
and the Canadian Alliance. The new party adopted the principles of the old Progressive Conservatives as its founding principles, with only a handful of changes. One of these was the addition of the following founding principle, which is lifted almost verbatim from Section 16(1) of the
1101:
Section 23 provides a limited right to receive publicly funded primary and secondary-schooling in the two official languages when they are "in a minority situation"âin other words, to English-language schooling in Quebec, and to French-language schooling in the rest of the country.
2863:
However, among English-speaking Canadians there is only limited support for broadening the scope of official bilingualism, and reservations exist among Anglophones as to the intrusiveness and/or fairness of the policy. Among Francophones, polls have revealed no such reservations.
1197:
provide classrooms in which the children could receive minority language education. An even greater number would require the construction of new schools dedicated solely to minority language education. More recent cases, which have significantly extended these rights, include
2387:
Three methods of providing French second-language education (known as "FSL") exist side by side in each of the provinces (including Quebec, where extensive French-language education opportunities are available for the provinceâs large population of non-Francophone children):
6132:
supportive than Anglophones of a fully bilingual Quebec within a fully bilingual Canada, whereas Anglophones were consistently more supportive than Francophones of a unilingual French Quebec within a Canada where the other provinces are for the most part unilingual English.
1148:
Another element of asymmetry between Quebec and most anglophone provinces is that while Quebec provides public English-language primary and secondary education throughout the province, most other provinces provide French-language education only "where numbers warrant".
2092:
A bilingual country is not one where all the inhabitants necessarily have to speak two languages; rather it is a country where the principal public and private institutions must provide services in two languages to the citizens, the vast majority of whom may well be
2755:
By the 1960s, indigenous Canadians had already started to apply this principle to English. John Curotte, Chairman of the Caughnawaga Defence Committee, in a brief presented by that Committee to the Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism in 1965, states:
2101:
able to maintain a conversation in both of the official languages according to a self-assessment. However, in Canada the terms "bilingual" and "unilingual" are normally used to refer to bilingualism in English and French. In this sense, nearly 83% of Canadians are
2834:
Others have argued that parents should be entitled to public funding for education in the language of their choice for their children according to market supply and demand and Esperanto as a second language. It is argued that such a policy would conform to the
2510:: Most non-anglophone students are required to enrol in French-language schools. English is taught to all students, starting in Grade 1, in a program that is essentially identical to the "Core French" taught to English-speaking students in the other provinces.
915:
privileged position, and French was not fully equal. The two languages have gradually achieved a greater level of equality in most of the provinces, and full equality at the federal level. In the 1970s French in Quebec became the province's official language.
1248:
been enacted as most preceding amendments to Canada's constitution had been, as a statute of the British parliament, it would, like any other British statute, have been an English-only document. Instead, the British parliament enacted a very concise law (the
2379:
rate of 34% to 70% rate by 2012. In 2003, the federal government announced a ten-year plan of subsidies to provincial education ministries with the goal of boosting bilingualism among all Canadian graduates from its then-current level of 24% to 50% by 2013.
3327:
In 2017, NDP MP Romeo Saganash spoke forcefully against making Anglo-French bilingualism a requirement for Supreme-Court judges in addition to criticizing official bilingualism generally due to the linguistic barriers it imposes on indigenous candidates.
2565:âGrowing demand from parents for French immersion has created a shortage of teachers in many parts of the country, with some school boards settling for educators who can speak French only slightly better than their students, according to a new report.â
901:(used by speakers of 37 oral languages in 12 families spread across an area of 2.6 million square kilometres stretching from what is now northern Mexico to the southern Northwest Territories, and from the Pacific Northwest to the Saint-Lawrence Seaway).
2791:âs call to gain the ability to admit more students to its French-language schools at the Supreme Court of Canada fearing that a victory for the French-language school board in Yukon could have negatively affected the promotion of French in Quebec.
5992:
59 de la Loi constitutionnelle de 1982, dĂ©cisions de la Cour suprĂȘme, etc.). Il est incomprĂ©hensible que le gouvernement du QuĂ©bec ne mise pas sur cette reconnaissance et soit si hĂ©sitant Ă appuyer la dĂ©fense juridique des minoritĂ©s francophones.
3153:: The NAFRAC favours a more interlingual approach to language policy that promotes the local sign language, the local indigenous language, Esperanto or another international auxiliary language, and more linguistic freedom in unofficial domains.
2433:
Non-Francophone students with no previous French-language training learn French by being taught all subjects in the French language, rather than by taking courses on the French language as part of an education otherwise conducted in English. In
1182:
did for the constitutional obligation to provide federal services where âthere is a sufficient demand.â As a result, disputes over the extent of the right to a publicly funded minority-language education have been the source of much litigation.
2742:
In the fall of 2022, further Franco-indigenous tensions erupted after the Treasury Board rejected an idea pitched by some Indigenous public servants to offer "blanket exemptions" so they don't have to learn both of Canada's official languages.
2720:âAll Indigenous people in Canada speak one official language or the other, English or French,â Saganash argued. âTo exclude that part of the population from the possibility of sitting on the Supreme Court has always seemed unacceptable to me.â
2970:
A number of groups exist, which, as part of their mandate, seek to promote official bilingualism or to extend the scope of the policy (although advocacy is not always the sole, or even the primary activity, of the groups). Among these groups:
761:
encourages lower tiers of government (most notably the provinces and territories, but also some municipalities) to conduct themselves in both official languages and to provide services in both English and French rather than in just one or the
2734:
In response to the appointment of Mary Simon (who is bilingual in English and Inuktitut) to the position of Governor General in July 2021, political scientist Stéphanie Chouinard, an assistant professor at Canada's Royal Military College in
1333:
authorizes the Governor in Council (i.e., the federal cabinet) to issue regulations that define the geographic regions where the federal government offers services in the relevant minority language (English in Quebec and French elsewhere).
3253:"i) A Conservative Government will support the Official Languages Act ensuring that English and French have equality of status and equal rights and privileges as to their use in all institutions of the Parliament and Government of Canada.
2123:. In all, 55% of bilingual Canadians are Quebecers, and a high percentage of the bilingual population in the rest of Canada resides in Ontario and New Brunswick. Statistics Canada collects much of its language data from self-assessments.
8394:
2818:
government would have an obligation to provide services only in the local indigenous languages but not in any other of Canadaâs indigenous languages. Some First Nations already apply this principle on territory under their jurisdiction.
1623:
French and English are official languages in Canada's three federal territories: Yukon, Nunavut, and the Northwest Territories. Nunavut and the Northwest Territories also accord official language status to several indigenous languages.
1177:
The phrase, "where numbers ... warrant" is not defined in Section 23. Education is under provincial jurisdiction, which means that it has not been possible for Parliament to enact a single nationwide definition of the term, as the 1988
1321:
and specifies their duties to hear and investigate complaints, make recommendations to Parliament, and delegate authority in matters pertaining to official languages in Canada. Canada's current Commissioner of Official Languages is
2779:
In Lament for a Notion, Scott Reid proposes maintaining the present official languages but deregulating them, limiting them mostly to the official sphere, and applying the territoriality principle except where numbers warrant it.
4085:
877:(spoken by members of indigenous, neighbouring, Hawaiian, Chinese, English, French, and other nations throughout the Pacific Northwest; reaching its peak in around 1900 with an estimated 100,000 speakers; and still spoken today),
3964:
rank of Deputy Minister and, of the officials from Chief Clerk up to Deputy Minister rather less than one-seventh.â SourceâEugene Forsey, ââFreedom and Order: Collected Essays.ââ Ottawa: Carleton University Press, 1974, p. 243.
1308:
In addition to formalizing Charter provisions in Parts I through IV, the act adopts several specific measures to achieve these objectives. For example, Part V specifies that the work environment in federal institutions in the
1217:
Many of the documents in Canada's Constitution do not have an official French-language version; for legal purposes only the English-language version is official and any French translations are unofficial. In particular, the
5629:
François Vaillancourt, Olivier Coche, Marc Antoine Cadieux, and Jamie Lee Ronson, "Official Language Policies of the Canadian Provinces â Costs and Benefits in 2006", Fraser Institute â Studies in Language Policy (January
6083:
Parkin and Turcotte, p. 9. This is the wording used in the 2002 poll. In the 1977 poll, respondents were asked whether they supported "the provinces providing opportunities and facilities for education in French wherever
2704:
Book II, Chapter V.E.1, Paragraph 325 indicates that the government's policy with reference to indigenous Canadians was âto integrate these students as completely as possible into the existing provincial school systems.â
2871:
The national consensus has, at times, broken down when other aspects of official bilingualism are examined. However, a significant shift in anglophone opinion has occurred since the mid-2000s, in favour of bilingualism.
2751:
Prior to and at the start of European settlement, indigenous peoples, probably owing to the multiplicity of their languages, had embraced the principle of an international auxiliary language and personal bilingualism.
1580:
On March 31, 2005, the Supreme Court of Canada ruled unanimously that the interpretation made by the provincial administration of the "major part" criterion in Quebec's language-of-instruction provisions violated the
1477:
existed when the province was created. While this restoration of legal equality faced overwhelming public opposition at the time, polls taken in 2003 showed a majority of Manitobans supported provincial bilingualism.
1480:
Due to Manitoba's unique history, it has a complex bilingual profile combining that of a province with a "small official-language minority and one with constitutional protection of said minority". Currently, the
2896:
of Quebecers agreed with the statement, âWe have gone too far in pushing bilingualism,â while positive response rates in English Canada ranged from a low of 50% in the Atlantic to a high of 65% in the Prairies.
5724:
1129:
None of these education language rights precludes parents from placing their children in a private school (which they pay for) in the language of their choice; it applies only to subsidized public education.
765:
places obligations on private actors in Canadian society to provide access to goods or services in both official languages (such as the requirement that food products be labelled in both English and French);
3088:
was formed in 1984 and disbanded in 1986. Its primary purpose was to oppose the proposals of the province's "Poirier-Bastarache Committee" for an expansion of the province's policy of official bilingualism.
3032:
serves as an umbrella for 38 English language community organizations across Quebec for the purposes of supporting and assisting the development and enhancing the vitality of the English-speaking minority
1167:
The right to receive public schooling can only be exercised in localities where "...the number of children of citizens who have such a right is sufficient to warrant the provision to them out of public
1164:
If the parent's English-language or French-language education took place outside Canada, this in itself would not entitle the child to be educated in that languageâonly the parent's mother tongue would.
4071:
1592:
It is also illegal for signs on streets and highways in Quebec to contain English translations, thus most road signs in Quebec are in French-only although in 2018 efforts were underway to change that.
1137:
Section 23 also provides, "where numbers warrant", a right to French-language schooling for the children of all francophones living outside Quebec, including immigrants who become Canadian citizens.
3092:
In the first decade or so following the 1969 adoption of the act, opposition to the new policy sometimes took a radical form that has subsequently nearly disappeared. Books such as Jock V. Andrew's
2880:
as low as 32% in the early 1990s. The ebb in support for bilingualism among anglophones can likely be attributed to political developments in the late 1980s and 1990s, including the failure of the
2559:
Federal party leaders often master the official languages poorly themselves and even Senate translators might fail to master their languages of work well enough to provide trustworthy translations
2088:
bilingualism, which is the capacity of a person to speak two languages. This distinction was articulated in the 1967 report of the Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism, which stated:
1121:
In the rest of Canada, a child may receive free public education in French if at least one parent or a sibling was educated in Canada in French, or if at least one parent has French as his or her
1257:
simply state that an appendix to the act (the appendix is formally referred to as a "schedule") is to be integrated into the Canadian constitution. The schedule contains the complete text of the
3378:
B.C. premier W. A. C. Bennett mused that Pierre Trudeau implemented bilingualism because he was a Quebecâoriented politician who was mainly interested in promoting and protecting French Canada.
2783:
Former Quebec Premier Jean Charest had called on the Federal Government to apply the Charter of the French Language to all federally-regulated institutions operating in the province of Quebec.
2513:
Most high schools offer advanced-level ESL programs where students complete the Kâ11 program in Secondary 3 (Grade 9) and follow with first-language level in Grade 10 and 11 (literature class).
2115:, which stretches east from Quebec through northern and eastern New Brunswick. It also extends into eastern Ontario, with Ottawa, eastern, and northeastern Ontario holding large populations of
4002:
1349:
Book I Chapter 1.C of the report of the Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism, published on 8 October 1967, acknowledges the international influence on Canadian language policy:
4916:
Statistics Canada, 2006 Census Profile of Federal Electoral Districts (2003 Representation Order): Language, Mobility and Migration and Immigration and Citizenship. Ottawa, 2007, pp. 6, 60.
1568:
that the commercial sign law provisions of Bill 101, which banned the use of the English language on outdoor signs, were unconstitutional. In 1989, the Quebec National Assembly invoked the
2669:
While the inherent difficulties of English and French can prevent some from learning them well, their international spread can greatly benefit those who have the means to learn them well.
6483:
Action plan for official languages 2023-2028 : protection, promotion, collaboration / Plan d'action pour les langues officielles 2023-2028 : protection, promotion, collaboration
4092:
981:
In 1867, the use of both English and French for official Acts, parliamentary debates, parliamentary publications, and federal court cases was mandated, as mandated by Section 133 of the
3293:
The depth of the partyâs commitment to official bilingualism is demonstrated by the fact that the constitution of the Liberal Party contains provisions modelled almost word-for-word on
1468:
stripped funding from the French school system and revoked the equal status of French, a controversial move that caused tension between French and English speakers throughout Canada.
2762:
Though some French Canadians have likewise embraced the principle of an international auxiliary language and personal bilingualism, some prefer to apply this principle to Esperanto.
2589:
A report of the Advisory Working Group on the Parliamentary Translation Services of the Standing Committee on Internal Economy, Budgets and Administration revealed on 15 March 2018:
5489:
3075:
1483:
1413:
Of Canada's ten provinces, only one (New Brunswick) has voluntarily chosen to become officially bilingual. New Brunswick's bilingual status is constitutionally entrenched under the
6500:
The Official Languages Act : understanding its principles and implementation / La Loi sur les langues officielles : comprendre ses principes et son régime d'application
5769:
3930:
2556:, published by the Conseil supĂ©rieur de lâĂ©ducation (in Quebec) in 2014 reveals a struggle to recruit enough qualified second-language teachers for public schools in Quebec too.
1573:
amendments to the sign law, availing itself of the suggestions proposed in the 1988 Supreme Court ruling by allowing other languages on commercial signs, subject to French being
2821:
7374:
5377:"Ontario | Provincial Curriculum Guides | Program Support Materials (Teachers & Administrators) | French as a Second Language | Resources for Teachers"
3480:
3143:âFirst Nations seek legislated protection via a First Nations Languages Act that would be consistent with First Nations and Government of Canada laws dealing with languages.â
2717:
In an Article in the National Post of 10 November 2017, Member of Parliament Romeo Saganash stated in reference to requiring Supreme-Court judges to speak English and French:
1305:, it was necessary to create a legislative framework within which the Government of Canada could respect its new constitutional obligations regarding the official languages.
1034:
754:
In addition to the symbolic designation of English and French as official languages, official bilingualism is generally understood to include any law or other measure that:
6340:
3237:"A belief that English and French have equality of status, and equal rights and privileges as to their use in all institutions of the Parliament and Government of Canada."
2991:, established with the assistance of the Commissioner of Official Languages in 1977, promotes French second-language education for children whose mother tongue is English;
1538:(better-known as "Bill 22"). However, the province's language law does provide for limited services in English. As well, the province is obliged, under Section 133 of the
533:
312:
2503:
Quebec's educations system provides ESL on a more restricted basis to the children of immigrants and to students who are members of the province's Francophone majority.
4025:
8399:
7647:
7384:
5376:
1399:
5706:
4780:
The other official languages, set out in s 4 of the act, are: Chipewyan, Cree, Gwichâin, Inuinnaqtun, Inuktitut, Inuvialuktun, North Slavey, South Slavey and TĆı̚chÇ«.
7525:
3294:
3148:
1569:
1086:
1082:
283:
3547:
2944:
published a report in June 1991, which included a detailed discussion of Canadiansâ reactions to a variety of issues, including federal official languages policy.
2445:, children are placed in French-language classes in a later grade. Currently, 7% of eligible students outside of Quebec are enrolled in French immersion programs.
6712:
5791:
5577:
Advisory Working Group on the Parliamentary Translation Services of the Senate Standing Committee on Internal Economy, Budgets and Administration, March 5, 2018.
3084:
1161:
The rights attach to the parent, not the child, and non-citizens residing in Canada do not have access to this right (even if their children are born in Canada).
6318:
3821:
3803:
3785:
3114:
in court, arguing that the subject matter was outside the jurisdiction of the federal government. In 1974, the Supreme Court of Canada ruled against Jones, and
8457:
3248:"The Conservative Party believes that Canadaâs official languages constitute a unique and significant social and economic advantage that benefit all Canadians.
1338:
5,000 persons in that area, or 5% of the local population (whichever is smaller), belongs to that province's English or French linguistic minority population.
5682:
2822:
Official multilingualism or multi-unilingualism including one or more official sign languages whether according to the personality or territoriality principle
8411:
5834:
2868:
outside Quebec where numbers make costs reasonable" has ranged from 79% to 91%. Among French-speaking Canadians, support for these policies was even higher.
1382:
lucrative offices, and most frequently only obtaining even them, by becoming the dependent of those who hold the higher and the more lucrative offices...."
1364:
1205:
6241:
3988:
3026:
seeks to promote the use of French within Quebec, and to challenge inequalities between the languages that may arise within areas of federal administration.
2686:
The same report clarifies the status of Canadaâs indigenous peoples relative to "the two founding races" in its Book I, General Introduction, Paragraph 21:
6054:"Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 26(3): "Parents have a prior right to choose the kind of education that shall be given to their children.""
3016:
2520:
have existed for French-speaking students in Quebec but these programs are often in conflict with the official language policies of the Quebec government.
1431:
Section 18(2) states that New Brunswick's laws will be bilingual, with both texts equally authoritative, and that official publications will be bilingual.
1013:
guarantees either language may be used in federal courts and the Parliament of Canada, and must be used in its parliamentary journals, records, and acts.
7878:
7602:
5510:
546:
185:
5471:
3020:
seeks to oversee the maintenance and development of municipal government services in French, in Ontario municipalities with French-speaking populations.
793:, that struck down seventy-year-old English-only laws in 1985, in practice, French language services are only provided in some regions of the province.
8416:
6439:
5292:
Canada, Privy Council Office, "The Next Act: New Momentum for Canada's Linguistic DualityâThe Action Plan for Official Languages." Ottawa, 2003, p. 27.
3414:
3059:
1293:
1134:
other hand, Section 23 provides a nearly universal right to English-language schooling for the children of Canadian-born anglophones living in Quebec.
4208:
8451:
5589:
4887:
Report of the Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism, Book I (General Introduction), Ottawa: Queen's Printer, p. xxviii, at paragraph 29.
4006:
4543:
7379:
6263:
1318:
5366:
Official Languages: Annual Report 2007â2008, Volume 1, Official Language Support Programs". Canadian Heritage, cat. No. CH10-2008-1, 2008, pg. 31.
3258:"ii) The Conservative Party will work with the provinces and territories to enhance opportunities for Canadians to learn both official languages."
8421:
976:
337:
261:
8404:
5628:
3282:
The Liberal Party sees itself as the party of official bilingualism, as it was a Liberal prime minister, Pierre Trudeau, who enacted the first
256:
6041:
Esperanto in the Modern World: Studies and Articles on Language Problems, the Right to Communicate, and the International Language (1959-1982)
4137:
1425:
Section 16(2) is a largely symbolic statement that "English and French are the official languages of New Brunswick" with "equality of status".
909:
Institutional bilingualism in various forms therefore predates the Canadian Confederation in 1867. However, for many years English occupied a
8674:
3767:
6672:
5450:
4173:
3119:
1118:
In Quebec, a child may receive free public education in English only if at least one parent or a sibling was educated in Canada in English.
710:
407:
63:
8648:
8278:
7750:
6652:
6397:
Liberal Party of Canada, âConstitutionâ, as adopted and amended at the biennial convention, November 30 â December 1, 2006, Section 2(3).
6222:
Citizens' Forum on Canada's Future, Report to the People and Government of Canada. Ottawa: Minister of Supply and Services, 1991, p. 161.
2925:
The briefs submitted to the Advisory Committee were subsequently summarized in an academic study of the hearings in the following terms:
303:
3907:
2097:
Nonetheless, the promotion of personal bilingualism in English and French is an important objective of official bilingualism in Canada.
6200:
New Brunswick (Irene Grant-Guerette and Lloyd B. Smith). Report of the Advisory Committee on Official Languages of New Brunswick. 1986.
6151:
Angus Reid Group, "The National Angus Reid/Southam News Poll: Canadians' Views on Official Bilingualism". Release date: April 29, 1994.
5542:
758:
mandates that the federal government conduct its business in both official languages and provide government services in both languages;
417:
353:
298:
5963:
5823:"Next governor general's inability to speak French leaves francophone communities conflicted", by Nancy Wood, CBC News, July 14, 2021.
6762:
6732:
6667:
5944:
5327:
Can Bilingualism Work? Attitudes Toward Language Policy in New Brunswick: The 1985 Public Hearings into the Poirier-Bastarache Report
3839:
1562:
Quebec's language laws have been the subject of a number of legal rulings. In 1988, the Supreme Court of Canada ruled in the case of
6211:
Can Bilingualism Work? Attitudes Towards Language Policy in New Brunswick: The 1985 Public Hearings on the Poirier-Bastarache Report
3689:
3110:, New Brunswick, was an aggressive opponent of bilingualism in the late 1960s and early 1970s. Jones challenged the validity of the
2586:âThe House cannot sit without interpreters and it has adjourned when the interpretation system experienced technical difficulties.â
3226:
1199:
278:
6574:
1512:
6608:
4274:
3893:
3879:
1085:
ensures that the Charter supplements, rather than replaces, any English or French language rights constitutionalized previously.
1029:
510:
429:
424:
385:
1055:, making it the only officially bilingual province in Canada. (Both languages are official in all three territories by statute:
8642:
8129:
2643:
17:
6004:
5231:
5179:
3493:
2709:
unofficial-language communities likewise presented briefs that presented alternative notions to that of 'two founding races.'
1421:
include parallel sections guaranteeing the same rights at the federal level and at the provincial level (New Brunswick only).
683:
6420:
5982:
5725:"Conference Board of Canada Study, reveals that the knowledge of both official languages is an asset to the Canadian Economy"
5153:
4032:
3420:
3127:
789:
492:
488:
5576:
5380:
4705:
3053:
was proclaimed in 1969, which sought to end official bilingualism or to reduce the scope of the policy. Among these groups:
2617:
8578:
8508:
6687:
6022:
4736:
2799:
In an article written by Gloria Galloway and published in the Globe and Mail on 8 July 2015, Galloway writes about how the
1464:
countries had reduced the Francophone proportion of the population to less than 10%. In 1890, the provincial government of
1076:
558:
474:
239:
2888:
bilingualism is thought likely to continue to increase, as young anglophones are more favourable to it than their elders.
8767:
8686:
7161:
6791:
5741:
5339:
4971:
631:
528:
190:
103:
6569:
5756:
5301:
4487:
2682:
ethnic groups to the cultural enrichment of Canada and the measures that should be taken to safeguard that contribution.
8772:
8669:
7331:
6742:
5822:
3341:
policy, as it applies within Quebec, so as to eliminate the statutory equality of English that is guaranteed under the
3203:. This bill was defeated in May 2008, with Bloc and NDP MPs voting in favour and Conservative and Liberal MPs opposed.
523:
148:
114:
6470:. Trans. by Peter Keating. Montréal: Commission des écoles catholiques de Montréal. 124 p., ill. with b&w photos.
5590:"Shortage prompts school boards to hire teachers who can speak French only slightly better than students, report says"
5101:
4774:
8625:
8185:
7979:
7100:
6757:
6682:
6677:
6662:
6475:
5881:
5707:"Chris Selley: Indigenous MP opposes fellow New Democrats on official bilingualism for Supreme Court - National Post"
5023:
4159:
3825:
3807:
3789:
3395:
2466:
credits in French. Students who complete these required courses and take one extra credit taught in French receive a
806:
present in Quebec, as are French language post-secondary institutions in other provinces, in particular in Manitoba,
380:
158:
5127:
2909:
responses that they have collected provide snapshots into the state of public opinion at particular points in time.
2852:
Polls show that Canadians consistently and strongly support two key aspects of Canadian official languages policy:
960:(French/English) sign for Preston Street (rue Preston) in Ottawa, placed above a sign marking that the street is in
895:(spoken between Breton and Basque fishermen and the Inuit of Labrador from the late 17th century to about 1760), and
8260:
8164:
8068:
7922:
7683:
7637:
7301:
6737:
6707:
5490:"The State of French Second-Language Education in Canada. Report of the Standing Committee on Official Languages ."
4408:
3094:
3002:
serves as an umbrella for 22 groups representing French-speaking minorities in different provinces and territories;
2471:
1709:
protects the right of French-speaking people to receive school instruction in the French language in the province.
1310:
947:
703:
3865:
2547:, published in 2014, presents the following quote from the Peel District School Boardâs Committee from 2011-2012:
8757:
8537:
7778:
7743:
7550:
6772:
6249:
5049:
4813:
4288:
3401:
3049:
2554:
Section 4.6 of LâamĂ©lioration de lâenseignement de lâanglais, langue seconde, au primaire: un Ă©quilibre Ă trouver
2545:
The state of French-Language Education Programs in Canada: Report of the Standing Committee on Official Languages
1275:
1040:
943:
834:
251:
5848:
5205:
5075:
4997:
3740:
1489:
8283:
7908:
7852:
7124:
5928:
4931:. The 2006 census shows that 3017,860 Quebecers are bilingual, out of a total of 5,448,850 bilingual Canadians.
4723:
1596:
1555:
1533:
449:
363:
5517:
5257:
4501:
358:
8613:
8200:
7198:
7001:
6752:
3345:
and other federal legislation. In recent years, this has included introducing a private member's bill titled
2491:
New Brunswick, being an officially bilingual province, has both anglophone and francophone school districts.
1684:
195:
4928:
2966:
Advocacy in support of expanding / extending official bilingualism exclusively of other language communities
1520:
is a loan word from the French language to the English language, in French it would precede the street name
1446:
Manitoba is the only province that was officially bilingual at the time of its establishment. Following the
739:, which "have equality of status and equal rights and privileges as to their use in all institutions of the
8586:
8372:
7840:
7274:
7249:
7181:
6642:
4664:
4544:
Courthouse Libraries BC: "Can I File My Court Documents in French in BC?" (last revised December 24, 2019.
4216:
3388:
3222:
1696:
892:
862:
573:
293:
119:
5641:
4380:
3588:
3166:
The issues on which Canadaâs political parties have most recently shown divergent voting patterns are two
1434:
Section 19(2) guarantees the right to use either official language in all New Brunswick court proceedings.
8731:
8703:
8446:
8327:
8322:
8250:
8235:
8019:
7673:
7254:
7129:
6987:
6601:
2618:
Distribution of wealth between official and deaf, indigenous, and other unofficial linguistic communities
1437:
Section 20(2) guarantees the right to receive provincial government services in either official language.
898:
696:
626:
606:
462:
174:
6270:
2723:
Senator Murray Sinclair has opposed requiring Supreme Court judges to know both official languages too.
1114:, provides that not all of the language rights listed in section 23 will apply in Quebec. Specifically:
8762:
8469:
8245:
8154:
7936:
7873:
7736:
7617:
7571:
7409:
7264:
7188:
7089:
7073:
6777:
6747:
6717:
6698:
3115:
3103:
939:
442:
375:
273:
207:
98:
6545:
6039:
Vilma Sindona Eicholz, "A Fair Bilingualism for Canada" in RĂŒdiger Eicholz and Vilma Sindona Eicholz,
4394:
4231:
2607:
In Official Language Policies of the Canadian Provinces: Costs and Benefits in 2006, published by the
1604:
8310:
8073:
7515:
7467:
7433:
7171:
7006:
6903:
6828:
3745:
2800:
2306:
1859:
810:
and New Brunswick). English and French are official languages in all three territories. In addition,
636:
412:
266:
87:
4160:"Quebec agrees to replace French-only highway signs with pictograms - Montreal | Globalnews.ca"
3822:"Official Languages Act â Part VI â Participation of English-speaking and French-speaking Canadians"
2769:
1105:
883:(spoken by the Mackenzie River Inuit and the Athabaskan peoples to their South until at least 1909),
8736:
8159:
7668:
7296:
7095:
7026:
7016:
7011:
6996:
6101:
4529:
4515:
4145:
3266:
had advocated the policy's repeal. However, the party's position moderated with time. By 1999, the
3167:
3123:
2672:
2524:
2078:
621:
500:
200:
153:
6242:"Alliance for the Preservation of English in Canada: Change of name and relocation of head office"
5983:"Un commentaire pour "Le Québec et la francophonie canadienne : Une position contradictoire""
3675:
8691:
8354:
8349:
8230:
7930:
7259:
7225:
7112:
6727:
6635:
6521:
5560:
3974:
3771:
1193:
641:
568:
553:
344:
332:
288:
8337:
5454:
4057:
2812:
1528:
French has been the only official language in Quebec since 1974, when the Liberal government of
8482:
8298:
8149:
8144:
8042:
8030:
7888:
7883:
7787:
7663:
7607:
7595:
7585:
7490:
7460:
7311:
7281:
7269:
7230:
7166:
7107:
7063:
6594:
5808:
4260:
3263:
2648:
1386:
1374:
1009:
994:
982:
775:
601:
370:
348:
325:
180:
141:
29:
Policy that the English and French languages have equal status and usage in Canadian government
8271:
6498:
Government of Canada, Public Services and Procurement Canada; Hudon, Marie-Ăve (1 July 2002).
6417:
Fédér. asymétrique & minorités linguis.: Cardinal, Linda: 9782894232224: Books - Amazon.ca
3639:
3569:
8240:
8139:
8124:
7338:
7220:
7176:
7134:
7119:
6869:
3911:
2859:
the right of official-language minorities to receive an education in their maternal language.
2336:
1997:
1068:
1007:
English and French have had limited constitutional protection since 1867. Section 133 of the
819:
515:
469:
5557:"Les difficultés du bilinguisme au Canada - le français et l'anglais parlés par ses leaders"
5472:"Lessons. in Learning. Parlez-vous français? The advantages of bilingualism in Canada - PDF"
4072:"Perceived Threat to the French Language and Culture and Support for Bilingualism in Canada"
2912:
2624:
Making the Most of the Action Plan for Official Languages 2018-2023: Investing in Our Future
1428:
Section 17(2) guarantees the right to use English or French in the New Brunswick legislature
128:
8553:
8514:
8288:
8255:
8180:
7926:
7811:
7443:
7426:
7416:
7358:
7353:
7080:
7050:
6843:
6053:
5425:
3309:
2291:
2127:
1928:
1705:
1612:
1546:
961:
906:
language of government in each of the provinces since their inception as British colonies.
744:
740:
616:
234:
58:
7857:
6074:. CRIC Paper #13. Ottawa: Centre for Research and Information on Canada. March 2004, p. 6.
3843:
3697:
3470:
1648:
8:
8713:
8547:
8520:
8431:
8366:
8205:
8195:
8103:
7974:
7530:
7448:
7404:
7343:
7156:
7036:
6893:
3337:
2794:
2373:
2073:
2008:
Yes. A party can also use one of the other nine official languages for oral submissions.
1447:
880:
611:
400:
6533:
3197:, âeffectively making the federal government French-only in the province,â according to
3122:
to win 21.2% of the vote in New Brunswick's provincial election and to briefly form the
1608:
1323:
7969:
7845:
7828:
7821:
7545:
7421:
7348:
7286:
7193:
7147:
7068:
7031:
6955:
5887:
5302:
Miles Turnbull, "Core French in Canada", Canadian Parents for French (Wayback machine).
4585:
4560:
3426:
2829:
2826:
Some have proposed that Canada adopt âsign languageâ as one of its official languages.
2593:
1640:
1564:
1550:
1459:
1373:
The first high-profile complaint of preferential hiring took place in 1834. One of the
865:(spoken among Basque whalers and various Algonquian peoples and last attested in 1710),
82:
36:
6499:
6482:
4927:
Population by knowledge of official language, by province or territory (2006 Census),
3653:
3452:
3286:
in 1969 and who entrenched detailed protections for the two official languages in the
2438:, students are placed in French-language classes starting in kindergarten or Grade 1.
2109:
concentrated in southern Quebec and a swath of territory sometimes referred to as the
1092:
8502:
8489:
8441:
8098:
8093:
7996:
7953:
7893:
7833:
7771:
7759:
7642:
7612:
7560:
7520:
7510:
7482:
7455:
7291:
7237:
7212:
6931:
6921:
6625:
6471:
6005:"Committee considers Indigenous language use on Parliament Hill - APTN NewsAPTN News"
5924:
5891:
5877:
5863:
5757:
http://publications.gc.ca/collections/collection_2014/bcp-pco/Z1-1963-1-5-2-1-eng.pdf
5536:
4649:
3271:
2881:
2736:
2463:
769:
assist with the establishment of an infrastructure of cultural supports and services.
724:
505:
169:
6485:(Report). Vol. CH14-39/2023E-PDF. Government of Canada Publications - Canada.ca
5835:"Treasury Board rejects 'blanket exemption' idea for official language requirements"
3910:. Office of the Commissioner of Official Languages. 1 September 2003. Archived from
3842:. Office of the Commissioner of Official Languages. 1 September 2003. Archived from
3788:. Office of the Commissioner of Official Languages. 1 September 2003. Archived from
3770:. Office of the Commissioner of Official Languages. 1 September 2003. Archived from
3501:
3240:
At its founding convention in 2005, the new party added the following policy to its
871:(spoken by indigenous and European residents of the Yukon area in the 19th century),
8496:
8332:
8265:
8108:
8025:
8001:
7964:
7958:
7678:
7555:
7505:
7500:
7084:
6813:
6767:
5869:
3530:
2656:
and Romeo Sagansh have addressed this concern as it applies to indigenous peoples.
2653:
2608:
2455:
2428:
2171:
2120:
2116:
1790:
732:
246:
212:
6187:
New Brunswick. Official Languages Branch (Bernard Poirier and Michel Bastarache).
4945:
4689:
3244:(the official compilation of the policies that it had adopted at the convention):
2774:
2731:âroughly $ 8,200 per Francophone speaker, versus just $ 186 per Inuktut speaker."
2467:
953:
8708:
8567:
8476:
8088:
8052:
8047:
8037:
7984:
7794:
7716:
7535:
7472:
7438:
7242:
6967:
6945:
6940:
6561:
5792:"Top court's bilingual rule a barrier to indigenous judges: Sinclair, Bellegarde"
5660:
3432:
2976:
2770:
Proposed alternatives to official bilingualism based on the personality principle
1679:
1660:
1656:
1529:
1465:
1280:
1224:
1106:
Asymmetrical application of education rights in Quebec versus elsewhere in Canada
1064:
957:
929:
736:
674:
563:
6539:
6527:
4109:
3429:- relating to the power balance between English and French in bilingual Cameroon
2673:
The perception of official bilingualism as an exclusively bi-ethnocentric policy
2525:
Educational, linguistic, economic, and other challenges of official bilingualism
1639:
The Northwest Territories accords official status to nine aboriginal languages (
478:
8696:
8542:
8343:
8216:
8190:
7989:
7901:
7590:
7540:
6962:
6950:
6916:
6722:
6468:
Anglophones at the C.E.C.M.: a Reflection of the Linguistic Duality of Montréal
3676:"Canadian charter of rights and freedoms: Minority Language Educational Rights"
3357:
for all federally regulated corporations within Quebec, this principle uses an
3178:
2111:
1188:
1122:
874:
829:
583:
164:
6551:
5608:
5556:
5350:
8751:
8316:
8304:
8221:
8078:
7704:
7058:
6972:
6823:
6580:
3960:
2813:
Official indigenous multi-unilingualism based on the territoriality principle
2677:
The mandate of the Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism was to
2562:
According to an article in the Globe and Mail published on 13 February 2019:
2261:
1836:
1644:
1473:
1344:
1052:
868:
780:
662:
1472:
published in French as required by the act. The provincial government under
7495:
6926:
6853:
6374:
The 'Blue Book': Principles and Policy of the Reform Party of Canada â 1999
6287:
5661:"Consolidated federal laws of canada, Consumer Packaging and Labelling Act"
4531:
Conseil scolaire francophone de la ColombieâBritannique v. British Columbia
4489:
Conseil scolaire francophone de la Colombie-Britannique v. British Columbia
4123:
3548:"Pas de statut bilingue pour l'Alberta et la Saskatchewan, tranche la cour"
3347:
An Act to amend the Official Languages Act (Charter of the French Language)
3199:
3175:
An Act to amend the Official Languages Act (Charter of the French Language)
2201:
1982:
Laws and regulations can be in English only, or in both English and French.
1974:
1721:
Language rights in the legal system are summarized in the following table:
1652:
1378:
1157:
There are some further restrictions on minority-language education rights:
1019:
965:
886:
802:
6502:(Report). Vol. YM32-2/2011-55E-PDF. Government of Canada Publications
6023:"Sign language should be 3rd official language, say those at Regina rally"
5873:
3118:. In 1991, a local resurgence in anti-bilingualism sentiments allowed the
1516:
Older street sign in Montreal with the word âAvenueâ covered up. Although
1393:
1172:
8593:
8359:
8134:
8007:
7021:
6833:
5905:
4929:
http://www.statcan.gc.ca/tables-tableaux/sum-som/l01/cst01/demo15-eng.htm
3866:"Official Languages Act â Part VIII â Commissioner of Official Languages"
3607:
3407:
3211:
Act to amend the Supreme Court Act (understanding the official languages)
2913:
Findings of the public hearings into the Poirier-Bastarache Report (1985)
2803:
wants to make all of Canadaâs indigenous languages official. She writes:
2276:
1882:
1629:
1125:(defined in section 23 as "first language learned and still understood").
227:
93:
2568:
858:
mother language and a pidgin as a standard. The known Pidgins included:
825:
669:
8631:
8572:
8560:
8463:
6657:
3640:"Canadian charter of rights and freedoms: Official Languages of Canada"
3362:
3207:
1454:
968:
109:
45:
6424:
3320:, and the protections for the two official languages contained in the
2795:
Official indigenous multilingualism based on the personality principle
7816:
7326:
6570:
Maple Leaf Web â Official Bilingualism in Canada: History and Debates
6481:
Government of Canada, Public Services and Procurement Canada (2023).
6440:"Trudeau Campaign for Bilingualism Is Raising Touchy Canadian Issues"
6341:"Official Report * Table of Contents * Number 021 (Official Version)"
6319:"Official Report * Table of Contents * Number 095 (Official Version)"
5264:. Office of the Commissioner of Official Languages. 13 September 2018
5238:. Office of the Commissioner of Official Languages. 13 September 2018
5212:. Office of the Commissioner of Official Languages. 13 September 2018
5186:. Office of the Commissioner of Official Languages. 13 September 2018
5160:. Office of the Commissioner of Official Languages. 13 September 2018
5134:. Office of the Commissioner of Official Languages. 13 September 2018
5108:. Office of the Commissioner of Official Languages. 13 September 2018
5082:. Office of the Commissioner of Official Languages. 13 September 2018
5056:. Office of the Commissioner of Official Languages. 13 September 2018
5030:. Office of the Commissioner of Official Languages. 13 September 2018
5004:. Office of the Commissioner of Official Languages. 13 September 2018
4978:. Office of the Commissioner of Official Languages. 13 September 2018
4174:"Language law Bill 96 adopted, promising sweeping changes for Quebec"
3989:"The French Language in Manitoba: French-Canadian and European Roots"
3625:
3358:
3043:
Advocacy in favour of restraining or abolishing official bilingualism
2459:
2002:
Yes, as well as any of the other nine official territorial languages.
1625:
811:
75:
7728:
6406:
Yvon Godin, âCommons Debatesâ (Hansard), February 6, 2008, p. 2691.)
5642:"Committee Report No. 15 - LANG (42-1) - House of Commons of Canada"
5403:
3216:
2830:
Official interlingualism through an international auxiliary language
1212:
1089:
ensures that the Charter does not affect rights of other languages.
924:
779:
recognizes and guarantees the equal status of French and English in
8083:
7915:
7580:
6818:
3589:"Portrait des groupes de langues officielles de la région d'Ottawa"
2216:
1813:
784:
5563:
from the original on 12 December 2021 – via www.youtube.com.
3840:"Welcome to the Office of the Commissioner of Official Languages!"
2984:
L'Association des municipalités francophones du Nouveau-Brunswick
2712:
1500:
1451:
1072:
988:
578:
8608:
8602:
8012:
6874:
6838:
6808:
3525:
3523:
3107:
3067:. In 2001, the organization changed its name again, becoming the
2728:
2321:
2231:
2186:
2020:
1905:
1767:
1060:
815:
807:
798:
6552:
DĂ©jĂ Vu: 40 Years of Language and Laughter in Political Cartoons
6269:. Canada Gazette Part I, p. 3872. 6 October 2001. Archived from
5744:
Report of the Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism
2663:, published by the Canadian Council on Learning, page 4 states:
2602:
2538:, published by the Canadian Council on Learning, page 6 states:
1027:
Language rights are primarily provided in sections 16â23 of the
6848:
6617:
5180:"Infographic: The French presence in Newfoundland and Labrador"
4952:. Office of the Commissioner of Official Languages. 4 July 2019
4003:"Controversy and Compromise over the Manitoba Schools Question"
2775:
Official bi-unilingualism based on the territoriality principle
2529:
2246:
2151:
1951:
1744:
933:
794:
728:
5683:"AFN asks Ottawa to declare all aboriginal languages official"
3786:"Official Languages Act Annotated version â Explanatory notes"
3520:
3481:
Section Sixteen of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms
3063:(often referred to as "APEC"). In 2000, the group was renamed
3000:
Fédération des communautés francophones et acadienne du Canada
2661:
Parlez-vous francais? The advantages of bilingualism in Canada
2536:
Parlez-vous francais? The advantages of bilingualism in Canada
1358:
1152:
8679:
6879:
4020:
4018:
4016:
3156:
2919:
Advisory Committee on the Official Languages of New Brunswick
2351:
2043:
1633:
1056:
1051:
places similar constitutional obligations on the Province of
889:(spoken mostly by the English and the Haida until the 1830s),
3991:. Encyclopedia of French Cultural Heritage in North America.
3824:. Department of Justice Canada. 4 April 2007. Archived from
3806:. Department of Justice Canada. 4 April 2007. Archived from
3694:
Final Report of the French Constitutional Drafting Committee
1632:
are official in Nunavut, being languages of the territory's
1589:, broadening the interpretation of the phrase "major part".
1264:
818:, and nine aboriginal languages have official status in the
8664:
5232:"Infographic: The French presence in Northwest Territories"
3181:. If adopted, it would have had the effect of amending the
2934:
2922:
1985, and a report was submitted by the committee in 1986.
2130:
that were bilingual in both official languages of Canada:
2126:
The following table lists the number of respondents in the
1110:
The right applies asymmetrically because section 59 of the
5809:
Jacob Boon, "Colonial Bilingualism in Nunavut", Uphere.ca.
5154:"Infographic: The French presence in Prince Edward Island"
4058:"Re Manitoba Language Rights, [1985] 1 S.C.R. 721"
4013:
2486:
1730:
Right to use English and French in Parliament/Legislature
1345:
US influence on the status of English and French in Canada
1016:
Similar obligations are placed on the Province of Quebec.
6586:
6497:
5964:"Quebec raises ire of francophones in the rest of Canada"
5426:"Current Status of the Education System in New Brunswick"
4138:"The Language Laws of Quebec - Readings - Quebec History"
2382:
1739:
Right to Trial in Language of Choice (English or French)
1667:, universal French-language services are also mandatory.
1253:), written in English only. The operative clauses of the
797:
has declared itself officially unilingual (French only).
6231:
Citizens' Forum on Canada's Future, Report, pp. 125â126.
6189:
Towards Equality of Official Languages in New Brunswick.
5987:
Observatoire national en matiĂšre de droits linguistiques
3349:(better known as Bill C-482), intended to supersede the
3011:
Fédération nationale des conseils scolaires francophones
1691:
sometimes within different parts of the same province).
8400:
Language policies of Canada's provinces and territories
6288:"Accueil | La nation française du Canada (NAFRAC)"
5676:
5674:
3654:"French Education System Admission Criteria | Fle"
3368:
3161:
3085:
New Brunswick Association of English-speaking Canadians
3037:
Société des Acadiens et Acadiennes du Nouveau-Brunswick
3006:
Fédération des jeunes francophones du Nouveau-Brunswick
1400:
Language policies of Canada's provinces and territories
1394:
Language policies of Canada's provinces and territories
1173:
Ambiguous definition of entitlement to education rights
999:
8458:
Royal Commission of Inquiry on Constitutional Problems
4972:"Infographic: The French presence in British Columbia"
4086:"Official Language Policies of the Canadian Provinces"
1712:
1665:
Fédération Franco-Ténoise v. Canada (Attorney General)
1206:
Doucet-Boudreau v. Nova Scotia (Minister of Education)
8412:
Official bilingualism in the public service of Canada
6072:
Bilingualism: Part of Our Past or Part of Our Future?
4232:"Official languages in the provinces and territories"
3925:
3923:
3921:
3880:"Definition of English or French Linguistic Minority"
2569:
Dependence on translation in the Government of Canada
1365:
Official bilingualism in the public service of Canada
6480:
5700:
5698:
5696:
5671:
4946:"Fast figures on Canada's official languages (2016)"
3804:"Official Languages Act â Part V â Language of Work"
3722:
is a French version of the operative clauses of the
3587:
Web, Boßte à outils de l'expérience (6 March 2015).
3017:
Francophone Association of Municipalities of Ontario
946:
Bilingual (English/French) Scoreboard, inner field,
852:
5742:Terms of Reference, P.C. 1963-1106; reproduced in
5451:"Montreal Mirror - The Front Page : Education"
5404:"Intensive French â A British Columbia Perspective"
5102:"Infographic: The French presence in New Brunswick"
4486:, B.C. Reg. 168/2009, rr. 1â1, 1â3, 22â3(2), (3);
4091:. Fraser Institute. 16 January 2012. Archived from
4074:. Association for Canadian Studies. 1 January 2003.
1292:in 1969, in response to the recommendations of the
8417:Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism
6565:, RSC 1985, c. 31 (4th Supp.) (bilingual version).
6548:â The Commissioner of Official Languages of Canada
6534:Portrait of Official-Language Minorities in Canada
5945:"Charest proposes broadening Quebec language laws"
5314:Policy Statement on Immersion and the Core Program
5024:"Infographic: The French presence in Saskatchewan"
4474:; no legislative provision deals with this issue.
3918:
3494:"Official Languages Act â 1985, c. 31 (4th Supp.)"
3102:or an end to the policy of official bilingualism.
3060:Alliance for the Preservation of English in Canada
2884:, and the 1995 referendum on Quebec independence.
2067:
1294:Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism
8452:Royal Commission on Dominion-Provincial Relations
6546:Language rights in provinces and territories laws
5693:
5466:
5464:
5128:"Infographic: The French presence in Nova Scotia"
3217:Conservative Party of Canada and its predecessors
3047:A number of groups have existed, since the first
1213:Language of the official text of the Constitution
838:, which in 1969 made Canada officially bilingual.
8749:
6540:The Commissioner of Official Languages of Canada
6043:(2nd ed.), (Esperanto Press, 1982), pp. 381â382.
5659:Branch, Legislative Services (15 January 2019).
5572:
5570:
3570:"Pierre Elliott Trudeau - Biography & Facts"
8422:Timeline of official languages policy in Canada
6362:Conservative Party of Canada Policy Declaration
4517:Bessette v. British Columbia (Attorney General)
3626:"Ottawa Bilingual City - Ottawa ville bilingue"
2713:Francophone and Indigenous linguistic relations
1778:Yes, but only in oral submissions, not written.
1694:For example, under the terms of Ontario's 1986
989:Constitutional provisions on official languages
977:Timeline of official languages policy in Canada
534:Proposed annexation of Turks and Caicos Islands
6554:(Commemoration of the 40th anniversary of the
6213:. Fredericton: New Ireland Press, 1990, p. 89.
5980:
5461:
5329:. Fredericton: New Ireland Press, 1990, p. 26.
5050:"Infographic: The French presence in Manitoba"
3896:. Department of Justice Canada. 17 April 2007.
3882:. Department of Justice Canada. 17 April 2007.
3678:. Department of Justice Canada. 17 April 1982.
3642:. Department of Justice Canada. 17 April 1982.
3605:
2903:
2142:Total bilingual English & French speakers
7744:
6602:
6096:
6094:
6092:
6090:
5865:Multiculturalism within a Bilingual Framework
5849:"Official bilingualism in Canada - Knowledge"
5609:"Fifty Years of Parliamentary Interpretation"
5567:
5206:"Infographic: The French presence in Nunavut"
5076:"Infographic: The French presence in Ontario"
4998:"Infographic: The French presence in Alberta"
3868:. Department of Justice Canada. 4 April 2007.
3415:Société des Acadiens v Association of Parents
3225:was created in 2003 by the merger of the old
2995:Commission nationale des parents francophones
2603:Direct monetary cost of official bilingualism
2139:% of bilingual English & French speakers
1736:Right to use English or French in the courts
704:
208:Provincial and territorial executive councils
6264:"Supplementary letters patent (name change)"
6102:"OCOL â 1. General Support for Bilingualism"
4940:
4938:
4031:. Manitoba Law Journal. 2003. Archived from
3606:Conrad-Avarmaa, Brigitte (3 November 2017).
3550:. Quebec.huffingtonpost.ca. 21 February 2014
2530:Success rates in second-language instruction
2367:
1504:Bilingual sign in a Quebec supermarket with
1341:Regulations were first promulgated in 1991.
1228:) have no official French-language version.
1093:Education rights (Sections 23 and 59 of the
8649:2020 Canadian pipeline and railway protests
8405:Legal dispute over Quebec's language policy
5258:"Infographic: The French presence in Yukon"
4425:(Alberta), s 3. The only exception is the
4255:
4253:
4251:
4249:
4247:
4245:
3262:Prior to this, in the 1980s and 1990s, the
3206:The second private memberâs bill is NDP MP
2575:Fifty Years of Parliamentary Interpretation
1492:, the oldest university in Western Canada.
1359:Official bilingualism in the public service
1153:Additional restrictions on education rights
910:
7751:
7737:
6673:World wars and interwar period (1914â1945)
6609:
6595:
6087:
5961:
5918:
5818:
5816:
3277:
3157:Positions of the federal political parties
2448:
1405:divergences have considerable importance.
1284:Bilingual logo of the Government of Canada
711:
697:
4935:
4555:
4553:
4551:
4376:
4374:
4372:
4370:
4368:
4366:
4230:Toolkit, Web Experience (23 March 2014).
3451:Toolkit, Web Experience (30 March 2014).
2842:
2746:
2573:Jean Delisle stated in an article tilted
2048:Yes, and also Yukon aboriginal languages.
1488:Francophone education is provided by the
1269:
1265:Federal legislation on official languages
1200:Arsenault-Cameron v. Prince Edward Island
783:. While French has equal legal status in
6304:Martin Patriquin, âAre you still here?â
5680:
5587:
4364:
4362:
4360:
4358:
4356:
4354:
4352:
4350:
4348:
4346:
4242:
4060:. Supreme Court of Canada. 13 June 1985.
3726:. Schedule 'B' contains the text of the
3227:Progressive Conservative Party of Canada
3177:(Bill C-482), was introduced by Bloc MP
3065:Canadians Against Bilingualism Injustice
2951:These results prompted Spicer to write,
2935:Findings of the Spicer Commission (1990)
2789:Commission scolaire francophone du Yukon
1678:
1511:
1499:
1279:
952:
938:
928:Bilingual (English/French) stop sign on
923:
824:
747:," according to Canada's constitution. "
7145:
6386:Canadian Alliance Declaration of Policy
5868:. University of Toronto Press. p. 181.
5813:
5704:
5606:
5588:Alphonso, Caroline (13 February 2019).
5312:New Brunswick Department of Education,
4625:Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms
4601:Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms
4574:Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms
4467:
4326:Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms
4302:Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms
4275:Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms
4229:
3500:. Department of Justice. Archived from
3450:
3304:
3069:Canadian Network for Language Awareness
2631:Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms
2487:English second-language education (ESL)
1683:A bilingual English and French sign in
1583:Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms
1415:Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms
1030:Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms
1021:Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms
847:
354:Courts of the Provinces and Territories
14:
8750:
8130:List of Canadian peacekeeping missions
7569:
5789:
5658:
5541:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
5401:
4718:
4716:
4548:
4465:
4463:
4461:
4459:
4457:
4455:
4453:
4451:
4449:
4447:
2856:bilingual federal government services,
2644:Immigration and Refugee Protection Act
2383:French second-language education (FSL)
2121:French-speaking population in Manitoba
1674:
919:
313:Provincial and territorial parliaments
7758:
7732:
7375:Metropolitan areas and agglomerations
6590:
5861:
4398:, RSC 1985, c. 31 (4th Supp.), s. 16.
4343:
3536:. Government of Manitoba. March 1999.
3453:"Canada's official languages and you"
3421:Spanish language in the United States
3098:, advocated either the repeal of the
2837:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
2470:upon graduation in addition to their
790:Reference re Manitoba Language Rights
8279:Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms
6437:
5790:Kirkup, Kristy (22 September 2016).
4704:The only exception is the bilingual
4648:The only exception is the bilingual
3977:. Parliament of Canada. 12 May 1870.
3423:â similar issue in the United States
3369:Positions of other political figures
3162:Language issues dividing the parties
2639:Consumer Packaging and Labelling Act
964:, an example of bilingualism at the
7648:Topics by provinces and territories
6104:. Ocol-clo.gc.ca. 24 September 2009
5981:HĂ©lĂšne Asselin (5 September 2017).
5962:Montgomery, Sue (30 January 2015).
4713:
4444:
3894:"Calculation of Population Numbers"
3586:
3373:
3336:Although the main objective of the
2477:
2422:
1713:Language rights in the legal system
1671:(2.9%), and 595 in Nunavut (1.7%).
1603:, with 78 MNAs in favour (from the
24:
6575:The Charter of the French language
6460:
6248:. 26 February 2000. Archived from
6070:Andrew Parkin and Andre Turcotte,
5770:"Information archivée dans le Web"
5705:Comment, Full (10 November 2017).
4005:. Canada's History. Archived from
3931:"Information archivée dans le Web"
3193:, to cause them to conform to the
2960:
2941:Citizensâ Forum on Canadaâs Future
1806:Provincial offences: Yes
1783:Provincial offences: No
1319:Commissioner of Official Languages
25:
8784:
8509:Citizen's Forum on National Unity
6515:
6364:, March 2005, p. 32 (Policy #91).
4292:, RSC 1985, c 31 (4th Supp), s 4.
3531:"French Language Services Policy"
3396:Charlebois v Saint John (City of)
3331:
2652:unofficial language communities.
2629:The linguistic provisions of the
2031:Yes, and also the Inuit language.
2025:Yes, and also the Inuit language.
853:International auxiliary languages
381:Peace, order, and good government
8165:Canada in the War in Afghanistan
8069:List of National Parks of Canada
7923:Debate on the monarchy in Canada
7711:
7710:
7698:
6431:
6409:
6400:
6391:
6379:
6367:
6355:
6333:
6311:
6298:
6280:
6256:
6234:
6225:
6216:
6203:
6194:
6181:
6172:
6163:
6154:
6145:
6135:
6125:
6116:
6077:
6064:
6046:
6033:
6015:
5997:
5974:
5955:
5937:
5912:
5898:
5855:
5841:
5827:
5802:
5783:
5762:
5750:
5735:
5717:
5681:Galloway, Gloria (8 July 2015).
5652:
5634:
5622:
5600:
5581:
5549:
5503:
5482:
5443:
5418:
5395:
5369:
5360:
5332:
5319:
5306:
5295:
5286:
5276:
5250:
5224:
5198:
5172:
3908:"Official Languages Regulations"
3312:MPs voted in favour of the 1969
3191:Canada Business Corporations Act
3095:Bilingual Today, French Tomorrow
2766:them in their mother languages.
2695:Chapter I, Paragraph 19 states:
1408:
948:Royal Military College of Canada
814:is also an official language in
787:restored due to a court ruling,
668:
656:
44:
8687:CanadaâUnited Kingdom relations
8390:Official bilingualism in Canada
7779:Canadian cultural protectionism
6733:Former colonies and territories
6169:Parkin and Turcotte, pp. 20â21.
5146:
5120:
5094:
5068:
5042:
5016:
4990:
4964:
4919:
4910:
4900:
4890:
4881:
4869:
4857:
4845:
4833:
4821:
4807:
4795:
4783:
4768:
4756:
4744:
4730:
4698:
4683:
4671:
4657:
4642:
4630:
4618:
4606:
4594:
4579:
4567:
4537:
4523:
4509:
4495:
4477:
4432:
4416:
4402:
4388:
4331:
4319:
4307:
4295:
4281:
4267:
4223:
4201:
4192:
4166:
4152:
4130:
4126:. Université de Saint-Boniface.
4116:
4102:
4078:
4064:
4050:
3995:
3981:
3967:
3954:
3944:
3900:
3886:
3872:
3858:
3832:
3814:
3796:
3778:
3760:
3741:"Official Languages Act (1969)"
3733:
3712:
3682:
3668:
3646:
3632:
3402:Language demographics of Quebec
3076:Canadians for Language Fairness
3030:Quebec Community Groups Network
2495:The francophone districts have
2068:Personal bilingualism in Canada
1760:Federal offences: Yes
1484:French Language Services Policy
1317:Finally, the act establishes a
1314:opportunities and advancement.
1276:Official Languages Act (Canada)
983:British North America Act, 1867
944:Royal Military College Paladins
529:CanadaâEuropean Union relations
262:Opposition Leader in the Senate
257:Government Leader in the Senate
8670:CanadaâUnited States relations
8284:Charter of the French Language
7909:Canadian Citizenship Act, 1946
6668:Post-Confederation (1867â1914)
4724:Charter of the French Language
3618:
3599:
3580:
3562:
3540:
3498:Act current to July 11th, 2010
3486:
3463:
3444:
3355:Charter of the French Language
3288:Charter of Rights and Freedoms
3195:Charter of the French Language
3120:Confederation of Regions Party
2611:in 2012, we read on page xii:
2583:The article goes on to state:
2413:
1618:
1601:Charter of the French Language
1556:Charter of the French Language
1261:, in both English and French.
1143:Charter of the French Language
1049:Charter of Rights and Freedoms
524:CanadaâLatin America relations
425:Provincial electoral districts
386:Charter of Rights and Freedoms
294:His Majesty's Loyal Opposition
289:Opposition Leader in the house
284:Government Leader in the house
186:President of the Privy Council
13:
1:
8201:Royal Canadian Mounted Police
7980:CanadiensâMaple Leafs rivalry
7805:National identities in Canada
5746:, Vol. 5, p. 103, Appendix I.
5616:Canadian Parliamentary Review
4804:(Northwest Territories), s 9.
4792:(Northwest Territories), s 7.
4740:, SS 1988-89, c L-6.1, s. 12.
4639:(New Brunswick), ss 16 to 21.
3730:, in both English and French.
3438:
1685:Lake Superior Provincial Park
773:At the provincial level, the
6524:at The Canadian Encyclopedia
5453:. 5 May 2003. Archived from
5316:. Fredericton, 1983, p. xii.
4707:French Language Services Act
4678:French Language Services Act
4665:French Language Services Act
4651:French-language Services Act
4615:(New Brunswick), ss 9 to 13.
4505:, RSBC 1996, c. 338, s. 133.
4384:, RSC 1985, c. C-46, s. 530.
4026:"The French Language Debate"
3389:Quebec (AG) v Blaikie (No 1)
3223:Conservative Party of Canada
3116:found the law constitutional
2847:
2084:should not be confused with
1697:French Language Services Act
1490:Université de Saint-Boniface
893:Labrador Inuit Pidgin French
574:Indigenous Peoples in Canada
547:Crown and Indigenous peoples
7:
8732:COVID-19 pandemic in Canada
8658:International relationships
8328:Conscription Crisis of 1944
8323:Conscription Crisis of 1917
8251:Quebec sovereignty movement
8062:Landmarks, parks and nature
6713:Crown and Indigenous people
6438:Walz, Jay (21 April 1972).
6308:, February 25, 2008, p. 23.
6178:Parkin and Turcotte, p. 13.
6160:Parkin and Turcotte, p. 11.
5379:. Caslt.org. Archived from
4668:, RSO 1990, c F.32, s 3(1).
4429:itself, which is bilingual.
3381:
2989:Canadian Parents for French
2904:Findings of public hearings
2596:when errors were detected.
1611:) and 29 against (from the
1441:
899:Plains Indian Sign Language
408:Federal electoral districts
175:List of Canadian ministries
10:
8789:
8768:English language in Canada
8622:First Nations territories
8246:National question (Quebec)
8155:Canada and the Vietnam War
7879:Provincial and territorial
7603:Provincial and territorial
7526:Inventions and discoveries
6663:British Canada (1763â1867)
6616:
6122:Parkin and Turcotte, p. 2.
4533:, 2013 SCC 42, 2 SCR 774.
4491:, 2013 SCC 42, 2 SCR 774.
2426:
2371:
2350:
2335:
2320:
2305:
2290:
2275:
2260:
2245:
2230:
2215:
2200:
2185:
2170:
2149:
2071:
1657:North Slavey, South Slavey
1651:, Inuinnaqtun, Inuktitut,
1397:
1362:
1273:
1141:under article 76.1 of the
992:
974:
842:
559:Aboriginal self-government
191:Clerk of the Privy Council
8773:French language in Canada
8724:
8657:
8530:
8430:
8382:
8311:Manitoba Schools Question
8214:
8173:
8117:
8061:
7946:
7866:
7804:
7766:
7692:
7656:
7630:
7481:
7397:
7367:
7319:
7310:
7211:
7049:
6985:
6901:
6892:
6862:
6829:Newfoundland and Labrador
6801:
6790:
6696:
6633:
6624:
6530:â EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
5431:. Gnb.ca. 30 January 2005
5283:February 28, 2008, p. A1.
4778:, RSNWT 1988, c O-1, s 6.
4484:Supreme Court Civil Rules
4198:2016 Canadian census data
4112:. Government of Manitoba.
3746:The Canadian Encyclopedia
3471:"Subsection 16(1) of the
3138:Assembly of First Nations
2801:Assembly of First Nations
2368:Second-language education
2307:Newfoundland and Labrador
2059:Territorial offences: Yes
2036:Territorial offences: Yes
2013:Territorial offences: Yes
1860:Newfoundland and Labrador
1599:was passed, amending the
1535:The Official Language Act
1495:
1288:Canada adopted its first
1069:the Northwest Territories
632:Provinces and territories
430:Politics of the provinces
418:List of federal elections
115:Monarchy in the provinces
8737:Canadian property bubble
8160:Canada in the Korean War
7898:Debates and legislation:
6388:, April 2002, pp. 12â13.
4817:, SNu 2008, c. 10, s. 4.
3768:"Official Languages Act"
3126:with eight seats in the
2939:In late 1990, a six-man
2119:. There is also a large
1990:Provincial offences: Yes
1967:Provincial offences: Yes
1921:Provincial offences: Yes
1852:Provincial offences: Yes
1829:Provincial offences: Yes
1417:. Sections 16â20 of the
863:AlgonquianâBasque pidgin
413:Federal electoral system
299:Leader of the Opposition
8704:CanadaâFrance relations
8692:Commonwealth of Nations
8626:Eeyou Istchee James Bay
8447:Rebellions of 1837â1838
8373:Québécois nation motion
8355:Quebec referendum, 1995
8350:Quebec referendum, 1980
7931:Republicanism in Canada
6763:Persons of significance
6758:National Historic Sites
6581:Language laws in Quebec
6466:Gagnon, Robert (1996).
5665:laws-lois.justice.gc.ca
4854:, RSY 2002, c 133, s 3.
4709:, RSPEI 1988, c F-15.2.
4680:(Ontario), ss 3(2), 4.
3574:Encyclopedia Britannica
3278:Liberal Party of Canada
3149:French Nation of Canada
2449:Extended French program
1944:Provincial offences: No
1898:Provincial offences: No
1875:Provincial offences: No
1605:Coalition Avenir Québec
1450:led by the Francophone
1311:National Capital Region
1194:Supreme Court of Canada
1077:First Nations languages
554:Canadian Aboriginal law
345:Chief Justice of Canada
159:List of prime ministers
8758:Bilingualism in Canada
8538:National organizations
8483:Constitution Act, 1982
8470:FultonâFavreau formula
8466:debate (1960s to 1982)
8299:Lower Canada Rebellion
8150:Canada in the Cold War
8145:Canada in World War II
8043:Architecture of Canada
7788:Demographics of Canada
6658:New France (1534â1763)
6563:Official Languages Act
6556:Official Languages Act
5923:. Arsenal Pulp Press.
5607:Delisle, Jean (2009),
4840:Official Languages Act
4828:Official Languages Act
4815:Official Languages Act
4802:Official Languages Act
4790:Official Languages Act
4776:Official Languages Act
4637:Official Languages Act
4613:Official Languages Act
4591:, c O-0.5, ss 6, 7, 8.
4587:Official Languages Act
4396:Official Languages Act
4338:Official Languages Act
4314:Official Languages Act
4289:Official Languages Act
4261:Constitution Act, 1867
3728:Constitution Act, 1982
3473:Constitution Act, 1982
3351:Official Languages Act
3343:Official Languages Act
3318:Official Languages Act
3314:Official Languages Act
3284:Official Languages Act
3264:Reform Party of Canada
3183:Official Languages Act
3168:private membersâ bills
3128:provincial legislature
3112:Official Languages Act
3100:Official Languages Act
3050:Official Languages Act
2958:
2932:
2843:Support and opposition
2747:Conflict of principles
2702:
2693:
2684:
2635:Official Languages Act
2499:programs teaching ESL.
2136:Province or territory
2095:
1687:
1615:and Parti Québécois).
1570:notwithstanding clause
1540:Constitution Act, 1867
1525:
1509:
1387:responsible government
1375:Ninety-Two Resolutions
1356:
1331:Official Languages Act
1298:Official Languages Act
1290:Official Languages Act
1285:
1270:Official Languages Act
1259:Constitution Act, 1982
1246:Constitution Act, 1982
1233:Constitution Act, 1982
1231:Sections 55â57 of the
1220:Constitution Act, 1867
1186:The defining case was
1180:Official Languages Act
1112:Constitution Act, 1982
1095:Constitution Act, 1982
1041:Official Languages Act
1010:Constitution Act, 1867
1001:Constitution Act, 1867
995:Constitution of Canada
972:
950:
936:
911:
839:
835:Official Languages Act
776:Constitution Act, 1982
489:Diplomatic missions of
181:29th Canadian Ministry
18:Bilingualism in Canada
8434:Territorial relations
8241:Anti-Quebec sentiment
8140:Canada in World War I
8125:Canadian Armed Forces
6870:Northwest Territories
6773:Territorial evolution
5892:10.3138/9781442686083
5874:10.3138/9781442686083
4691:Courts of Justice Act
4412:, RSA 2000, c L-6, 5.
4340:, (Canada), Part III.
4142:www2.marianopolis.edu
2953:
2927:
2697:
2688:
2679:
2337:Northwest Territories
2090:
1998:Northwest Territories
1682:
1565:Ford v. Quebec (A.G.)
1515:
1503:
1351:
1283:
1192:(1990), in which the
956:
942:
927:
832:is the father of the
828:
820:Northwest Territories
749:Official bilingualism
470:Global Affairs Canada
252:Speaker of the Senate
8605:(no final agreement)
8554:North-West Rebellion
8515:Charlottetown Accord
8338:Vive le Québec libre
8289:Civil Code of Quebec
8256:Federalism in Quebec
8181:Government of Canada
8118:War and peacekeeping
7927:Monarchism in Canada
7812:Canadian nationalism
6844:Prince Edward Island
6577:Government of Quebec
6542:â Canada Government
6029:. 23 September 2018.
5559:. 12 November 2015.
4727:, CQLR, c C-11, s 7.
3975:"Manitoba Act, 1870"
3914:on 10 November 2006.
3718:Schedule 'A' of the
3700:on 23 September 2003
3305:New Democratic Party
2292:Prince Edward Island
2128:2016 Canadian census
1929:Prince Edward Island
1575:markedly predominant
1506:markedly predominant
1244:into force. Had the
848:Before confederation
745:Government of Canada
450:Municipal government
279:Speaker of the house
196:Privy Council Office
149:Kingâs Privy Council
120:Lieutenant governors
8714:Canada (New France)
8548:Red River Rebellion
8531:Aboriginal politics
8521:Calgary Declaration
8432:FederalâProvincialâ
8367:Sponsorship scandal
8206:VIA Rail Canada Inc
8196:Royal Canadian Mint
7975:Toronto Maple Leafs
7916:National Anthem Act
7199:Firearms regulation
6536:â Statistics Canada
6292:La nation française
6252:on 4 February 2012.
5921:Lament for a Notion
5919:Scott Reid (1993).
5862:Haque, Eve (2012).
5383:on 5 September 2015
5356:on 9 December 2004.
4925:Statistics Canada,
4148:on 9 December 2006.
3828:on 10 October 2006.
3810:on 10 October 2006.
3792:on 10 October 2006.
3774:on 6 November 2006.
3477:. 13 December 2013.
3124:official opposition
2374:Bilingual education
2074:Languages of Canada
1733:Laws are Bilingual
1675:Elsewhere in Canada
1448:Red River Rebellion
1385:With the advent of
920:After confederation
881:Eskimo Trade Jargon
675:Politics portal
564:First Nations bands
240:List of parliaments
8725:Current challenges
8583:Inuit territories
8395:Gendron Commission
8215:Relations between
8174:Crown corporations
7970:Montreal Canadiens
7846:Alberta separatism
7841:Western alienation
7829:Quebec nationalism
7822:Canadian ethnicity
7380:Population centres
6444:The New York Times
6209:Catherine Steele,
5796:The Globe and Mail
5777:publications.gc.ca
5687:The Globe and Mail
5594:The Globe and Mail
5497:publications.gc.ca
5340:"French immersion"
5325:Catherine Steele,
5262:www.clo-ocol.gc.ca
5236:www.clo-ocol.gc.ca
5210:www.clo-ocol.gc.ca
5184:www.clo-ocol.gc.ca
5158:www.clo-ocol.gc.ca
5132:www.clo-ocol.gc.ca
5106:www.clo-ocol.gc.ca
5080:www.clo-ocol.gc.ca
5054:www.clo-ocol.gc.ca
5028:www.clo-ocol.gc.ca
5002:www.clo-ocol.gc.ca
4976:www.clo-ocol.gc.ca
4950:www.clo-ocol.gc.ca
4897:official language.
4693:, RSO 1990, c C.43
4576:, ss 16(2), 17(2).
4561:Manitoba Act, 1870
4316:(Canada), Part II.
4278:, ss 16(1), 17(1).
4236:www.clo-ocol.gc.ca
4124:"Bref Historiquel"
4038:on 10 January 2016
3938:publications.gc.ca
3608:"The RMC Brochure"
3593:www.clo-ocol.gc.ca
3457:www.clo-ocol.gc.ca
3427:Anglophone problem
3242:Policy Declaration
3187:Canada Labour Code
3024:Impératif français
2594:Translation Bureau
1939:No: English only.
1936:No: English only.
1933:No: English only.
1893:No: English only.
1890:No: English only.
1887:No: English only.
1870:No: English only.
1864:No: English only.
1801:No: English only.
1795:No: English only.
1775:No: English only.
1706:Alberta School Act
1688:
1526:
1510:
1329:Section 32 of the
1286:
1071:along with Inuit,
1038:itself but in the
973:
951:
937:
840:
725:official languages
607:Constitutional law
235:Federal parliament
37:Politics of Canada
8763:Identity politics
8745:
8744:
8503:Meech Lake Accord
8490:Canada Health Act
8442:Province building
8383:Language politics
8099:Plains of Abraham
8094:Chateau Frontenac
7997:Toronto Blue Jays
7954:Culture of Canada
7937:Great Flag Debate
7834:Culture of Quebec
7772:Culture of Canada
7760:Canadian identity
7726:
7725:
7705:Canada portal
7626:
7625:
7393:
7392:
7207:
7206:
7162:Political parties
7130:Foreign relations
7045:
7044:
6932:Canadian Prairies
6922:Pacific Northwest
6888:
6887:
6786:
6785:
6743:Foreign relations
6276:on 21 March 2012.
6060:. 6 October 2015.
5951:. 28 August 2012.
5837:. 18 August 2022.
5646:www.ourcommons.ca
5523:on 29 August 2018
4653:, SNS 2004, c 26.
4219:on 14 March 2005.
4110:"Going to School"
4098:on 28 April 2012.
3504:on 5 January 2011
3322:Charter of Rights
3299:Charter of Rights
3272:Canadian Alliance
3232:Charter of Rights
2882:Meech Lake Accord
2737:Kingston, Ontario
2518:English immersion
2365:
2364:
2065:
2064:
1867:No: English only.
1798:No: English only.
1595:On May 24, 2022,
1587:Charter of Rights
1303:Charter of Rights
721:
720:
663:Canada portal
627:Political culture
511:Visa requirements
463:Foreign relations
376:Constitution Acts
129:Royal prerogative
16:(Redirected from
8780:
8643:Royal Commission
8637:
8599:
8497:Victoria Charter
8333:Quiet Revolution
8266:Distinct society
8231:Acadian movement
8109:Canadian Rockies
8074:Winter in Canada
8026:Calgary Stampede
7965:Hockey in Canada
7858:Anti-Americanism
7753:
7746:
7739:
7730:
7729:
7714:
7713:
7703:
7702:
7701:
7567:
7566:
7410:Higher education
7317:
7316:
7302:Science and tech
7189:Multiculturalism
7143:
7142:
7125:Local government
7090:House of Commons
7074:Governor General
6910:
6899:
6898:
6814:British Columbia
6799:
6798:
6653:Pre-colonization
6631:
6630:
6611:
6604:
6597:
6588:
6587:
6511:
6509:
6507:
6494:
6492:
6490:
6455:
6454:
6452:
6450:
6435:
6429:
6428:
6413:
6407:
6404:
6398:
6395:
6389:
6383:
6377:
6371:
6365:
6359:
6353:
6352:
6350:
6348:
6337:
6331:
6330:
6328:
6326:
6315:
6309:
6302:
6296:
6295:
6284:
6278:
6277:
6275:
6268:
6260:
6254:
6253:
6238:
6232:
6229:
6223:
6220:
6214:
6207:
6201:
6198:
6192:
6185:
6179:
6176:
6170:
6167:
6161:
6158:
6152:
6149:
6143:
6139:
6133:
6129:
6123:
6120:
6114:
6113:
6111:
6109:
6098:
6085:
6081:
6075:
6068:
6062:
6061:
6050:
6044:
6037:
6031:
6030:
6019:
6013:
6012:
6011:. 20 March 2018.
6001:
5995:
5994:
5978:
5972:
5971:
5968:Montreal Gazette
5959:
5953:
5952:
5941:
5935:
5934:
5916:
5910:
5909:
5902:
5896:
5895:
5859:
5853:
5852:
5845:
5839:
5838:
5831:
5825:
5820:
5811:
5806:
5800:
5799:
5787:
5781:
5780:
5774:
5766:
5760:
5754:
5748:
5739:
5733:
5732:
5721:
5715:
5714:
5702:
5691:
5690:
5678:
5669:
5668:
5656:
5650:
5649:
5638:
5632:
5626:
5620:
5619:
5618:, pp. 27â32
5613:
5604:
5598:
5597:
5585:
5579:
5574:
5565:
5564:
5553:
5547:
5546:
5540:
5532:
5530:
5528:
5522:
5516:. Archived from
5515:
5507:
5501:
5500:
5494:
5486:
5480:
5479:
5468:
5459:
5458:
5447:
5441:
5440:
5438:
5436:
5430:
5422:
5416:
5415:
5413:
5411:
5399:
5393:
5392:
5390:
5388:
5373:
5367:
5364:
5358:
5357:
5355:
5349:. Archived from
5344:
5336:
5330:
5323:
5317:
5310:
5304:
5299:
5293:
5290:
5284:
5280:
5274:
5273:
5271:
5269:
5254:
5248:
5247:
5245:
5243:
5228:
5222:
5221:
5219:
5217:
5202:
5196:
5195:
5193:
5191:
5176:
5170:
5169:
5167:
5165:
5150:
5144:
5143:
5141:
5139:
5124:
5118:
5117:
5115:
5113:
5098:
5092:
5091:
5089:
5087:
5072:
5066:
5065:
5063:
5061:
5046:
5040:
5039:
5037:
5035:
5020:
5014:
5013:
5011:
5009:
4994:
4988:
4987:
4985:
4983:
4968:
4962:
4961:
4959:
4957:
4942:
4933:
4923:
4917:
4914:
4908:
4904:
4898:
4894:
4888:
4885:
4879:
4873:
4867:
4861:
4855:
4849:
4843:
4837:
4831:
4825:
4819:
4811:
4805:
4799:
4793:
4787:
4781:
4772:
4766:
4763:The Language Act
4760:
4754:
4751:The Language Act
4748:
4742:
4738:The Language Act
4734:
4728:
4720:
4711:
4702:
4696:
4687:
4681:
4675:
4669:
4661:
4655:
4646:
4640:
4634:
4628:
4622:
4616:
4610:
4604:
4598:
4592:
4583:
4577:
4571:
4565:
4557:
4546:
4541:
4535:
4527:
4521:
4513:
4507:
4499:
4493:
4481:
4475:
4469:
4442:
4436:
4430:
4420:
4414:
4406:
4400:
4392:
4386:
4378:
4341:
4335:
4329:
4323:
4317:
4311:
4305:
4299:
4293:
4285:
4279:
4271:
4265:
4257:
4240:
4239:
4227:
4221:
4220:
4215:. Archived from
4205:
4199:
4196:
4190:
4189:
4187:
4185:
4170:
4164:
4163:
4156:
4150:
4149:
4144:. Archived from
4134:
4128:
4127:
4120:
4114:
4113:
4106:
4100:
4099:
4097:
4090:
4082:
4076:
4075:
4068:
4062:
4061:
4054:
4048:
4047:
4045:
4043:
4037:
4030:
4022:
4011:
4010:
3999:
3993:
3992:
3985:
3979:
3978:
3971:
3965:
3958:
3952:
3948:
3942:
3941:
3935:
3927:
3916:
3915:
3904:
3898:
3897:
3890:
3884:
3883:
3876:
3870:
3869:
3862:
3856:
3855:
3853:
3851:
3836:
3830:
3829:
3818:
3812:
3811:
3800:
3794:
3793:
3782:
3776:
3775:
3764:
3758:
3757:
3755:
3753:
3737:
3731:
3716:
3710:
3709:
3707:
3705:
3696:. Archived from
3686:
3680:
3679:
3672:
3666:
3665:
3663:
3661:
3650:
3644:
3643:
3636:
3630:
3629:
3622:
3616:
3615:
3603:
3597:
3596:
3584:
3578:
3577:
3576:. 3 August 2023.
3566:
3560:
3559:
3557:
3555:
3544:
3538:
3537:
3535:
3527:
3518:
3517:
3511:
3509:
3490:
3484:
3478:
3467:
3461:
3460:
3448:
3374:W. A. C. Bennett
2654:Perry Bellegarde
2609:Fraser Institute
2478:Intensive French
2464:Canadian History
2456:secondary school
2429:French immersion
2423:French immersion
2408:Intensive French
2398:French Immersion
2172:British Columbia
2133:
2132:
2117:Franco-Ontarians
1791:British Columbia
1724:
1723:
1703:In Alberta, the
1609:Québec solidaire
1324:Raymond Théberge
1255:Canada Act, 1982
1023:(Sections 16â23)
914:
713:
706:
699:
673:
672:
661:
660:
659:
443:Local government
421:
341:
338:List of justices
274:House of Commons
267:Senate divisions
243:
178:
162:
107:
99:Governor General
91:
67:
48:
32:
31:
21:
8788:
8787:
8783:
8782:
8781:
8779:
8778:
8777:
8748:
8747:
8746:
8741:
8720:
8709:La Francophonie
8653:
8635:
8597:
8579:Self-Government
8568:Indian Register
8526:
8477:Canada Act 1982
8433:
8426:
8378:
8295:Notable events:
8219:
8210:
8169:
8113:
8089:Parliament Hill
8057:
8053:Music of Canada
8048:Canadian humour
8038:Media of Canada
7985:Edmonton Oilers
7942:
7862:
7800:
7795:Canadian values
7762:
7757:
7727:
7722:
7699:
7697:
7688:
7652:
7622:
7565:
7477:
7468:Social programs
7434:Law enforcement
7389:
7363:
7306:
7203:
7141:
7041:
6981:
6968:Atlantic Canada
6946:Canadian Shield
6941:Northern Canada
6908:
6907:
6884:
6858:
6794:and territories
6793:
6782:
6692:
6639:
6620:
6615:
6518:
6505:
6503:
6488:
6486:
6463:
6461:Further reading
6458:
6448:
6446:
6436:
6432:
6415:
6414:
6410:
6405:
6401:
6396:
6392:
6384:
6380:
6372:
6368:
6360:
6356:
6346:
6344:
6339:
6338:
6334:
6324:
6322:
6317:
6316:
6312:
6303:
6299:
6286:
6285:
6281:
6273:
6266:
6262:
6261:
6257:
6240:
6239:
6235:
6230:
6226:
6221:
6217:
6208:
6204:
6199:
6195:
6186:
6182:
6177:
6173:
6168:
6164:
6159:
6155:
6150:
6146:
6140:
6136:
6130:
6126:
6121:
6117:
6107:
6105:
6100:
6099:
6088:
6082:
6078:
6069:
6065:
6052:
6051:
6047:
6038:
6034:
6021:
6020:
6016:
6003:
6002:
5998:
5979:
5975:
5960:
5956:
5943:
5942:
5938:
5931:
5917:
5913:
5904:
5903:
5899:
5884:
5860:
5856:
5847:
5846:
5842:
5833:
5832:
5828:
5821:
5814:
5807:
5803:
5788:
5784:
5772:
5768:
5767:
5763:
5755:
5751:
5740:
5736:
5729:www.newswire.ca
5723:
5722:
5718:
5703:
5694:
5679:
5672:
5657:
5653:
5640:
5639:
5635:
5627:
5623:
5611:
5605:
5601:
5586:
5582:
5575:
5568:
5555:
5554:
5550:
5534:
5533:
5526:
5524:
5520:
5513:
5511:"Archived copy"
5509:
5508:
5504:
5499:, February 2014
5492:
5488:
5487:
5483:
5470:
5469:
5462:
5449:
5448:
5444:
5434:
5432:
5428:
5424:
5423:
5419:
5409:
5407:
5400:
5396:
5386:
5384:
5375:
5374:
5370:
5365:
5361:
5353:
5342:
5338:
5337:
5333:
5324:
5320:
5311:
5307:
5300:
5296:
5291:
5287:
5281:
5277:
5267:
5265:
5256:
5255:
5251:
5241:
5239:
5230:
5229:
5225:
5215:
5213:
5204:
5203:
5199:
5189:
5187:
5178:
5177:
5173:
5163:
5161:
5152:
5151:
5147:
5137:
5135:
5126:
5125:
5121:
5111:
5109:
5100:
5099:
5095:
5085:
5083:
5074:
5073:
5069:
5059:
5057:
5048:
5047:
5043:
5033:
5031:
5022:
5021:
5017:
5007:
5005:
4996:
4995:
4991:
4981:
4979:
4970:
4969:
4965:
4955:
4953:
4944:
4943:
4936:
4924:
4920:
4915:
4911:
4905:
4901:
4895:
4891:
4886:
4882:
4874:
4870:
4862:
4858:
4850:
4846:
4842:(Nunavut), s 8.
4838:
4834:
4830:(Nunavut), s 5.
4826:
4822:
4812:
4808:
4800:
4796:
4788:
4784:
4773:
4769:
4761:
4757:
4749:
4745:
4735:
4731:
4721:
4714:
4703:
4699:
4688:
4684:
4676:
4672:
4662:
4658:
4647:
4643:
4635:
4631:
4623:
4619:
4611:
4607:
4599:
4595:
4584:
4580:
4572:
4568:
4558:
4549:
4542:
4538:
4528:
4524:
4514:
4510:
4500:
4496:
4482:
4478:
4470:
4445:
4441:(Alberta), s 4.
4437:
4433:
4421:
4417:
4407:
4403:
4393:
4389:
4379:
4344:
4336:
4332:
4324:
4320:
4312:
4308:
4300:
4296:
4286:
4282:
4272:
4268:
4258:
4243:
4228:
4224:
4213:www.ontla.on.ca
4207:
4206:
4202:
4197:
4193:
4183:
4181:
4172:
4171:
4167:
4158:
4157:
4153:
4136:
4135:
4131:
4122:
4121:
4117:
4108:
4107:
4103:
4095:
4088:
4084:
4083:
4079:
4070:
4069:
4065:
4056:
4055:
4051:
4041:
4039:
4035:
4028:
4024:
4023:
4014:
4009:on 27 May 2014.
4001:
4000:
3996:
3987:
3986:
3982:
3973:
3972:
3968:
3959:
3955:
3949:
3945:
3933:
3929:
3928:
3919:
3906:
3905:
3901:
3892:
3891:
3887:
3878:
3877:
3873:
3864:
3863:
3859:
3849:
3847:
3846:on 21 June 2007
3838:
3837:
3833:
3820:
3819:
3815:
3802:
3801:
3797:
3784:
3783:
3779:
3766:
3765:
3761:
3751:
3749:
3739:
3738:
3734:
3717:
3713:
3703:
3701:
3688:
3687:
3683:
3674:
3673:
3669:
3659:
3657:
3656:. Elfontario.ca
3652:
3651:
3647:
3638:
3637:
3633:
3624:
3623:
3619:
3604:
3600:
3585:
3581:
3568:
3567:
3563:
3553:
3551:
3546:
3545:
3541:
3533:
3529:
3528:
3521:
3507:
3505:
3492:
3491:
3487:
3469:
3468:
3464:
3449:
3445:
3441:
3433:Canadian French
3384:
3376:
3371:
3334:
3307:
3280:
3219:
3164:
3159:
3106:, the mayor of
2977:Alliance Quebec
2963:
2961:Advocacy groups
2937:
2915:
2906:
2850:
2845:
2832:
2824:
2815:
2797:
2777:
2772:
2749:
2715:
2675:
2620:
2605:
2571:
2532:
2527:
2489:
2480:
2451:
2436:early immersion
2431:
2425:
2416:
2403:Extended French
2385:
2376:
2370:
2076:
2070:
2060:
2058:
2037:
2035:
2014:
2012:
1991:
1989:
1968:
1966:
1945:
1943:
1922:
1920:
1899:
1897:
1876:
1874:
1853:
1851:
1830:
1828:
1807:
1805:
1784:
1782:
1761:
1759:
1715:
1677:
1621:
1553:introduced the
1547:Parti Québécois
1530:Robert Bourassa
1498:
1466:Thomas Greenway
1444:
1411:
1402:
1396:
1367:
1361:
1347:
1278:
1272:
1267:
1251:Canada Act 1982
1225:Canada Act 1982
1215:
1189:Mahe v. Alberta
1175:
1155:
1108:
1099:
1065:Inuit languages
1025:
1005:
997:
991:
979:
930:Parliament Hill
922:
855:
850:
845:
717:
688:
684:Other countries
679:
667:
657:
655:
647:
646:
597:
589:
588:
549:
539:
538:
520:
501:Nationality law
497:
485:
465:
455:
454:
445:
435:
434:
415:
403:
393:
392:
364:Military courts
335:
328:
318:
317:
237:
230:
220:
219:
172:
156:
144:
134:
133:
101:
85:
78:
68:
61:
39:
30:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8786:
8776:
8775:
8770:
8765:
8760:
8743:
8742:
8740:
8739:
8734:
8728:
8726:
8722:
8721:
8719:
8718:
8717:
8716:
8711:
8701:
8700:
8699:
8697:British Empire
8694:
8684:
8683:
8682:
8677:
8667:
8661:
8659:
8655:
8654:
8652:
8651:
8646:
8640:
8639:
8638:
8628:
8620:
8619:
8618:
8617:
8616:
8614:agreement 1993
8606:
8600:
8590:
8581:
8576:
8570:
8565:
8564:(1876-present)
8557:
8551:
8545:
8540:
8534:
8532:
8528:
8527:
8525:
8524:
8518:
8512:
8506:
8500:
8494:
8486:
8473:
8467:
8461:
8455:
8449:
8444:
8438:
8436:
8428:
8427:
8425:
8424:
8419:
8414:
8409:
8408:
8407:
8397:
8392:
8386:
8384:
8380:
8379:
8377:
8376:
8370:
8364:
8363:
8362:
8352:
8347:
8344:October Crisis
8341:
8335:
8330:
8325:
8320:
8314:
8308:
8302:
8296:
8293:
8292:
8291:
8286:
8281:
8272:Ătat quĂ©bĂ©cois
8268:
8263:
8258:
8253:
8248:
8243:
8238:
8236:Great Upheaval
8233:
8227:
8225:
8212:
8211:
8209:
8208:
8203:
8198:
8193:
8191:Bank of Canada
8188:
8183:
8177:
8175:
8171:
8170:
8168:
8167:
8162:
8157:
8152:
8147:
8142:
8137:
8132:
8127:
8121:
8119:
8115:
8114:
8112:
8111:
8106:
8101:
8096:
8091:
8086:
8081:
8076:
8071:
8065:
8063:
8059:
8058:
8056:
8055:
8050:
8045:
8040:
8035:
8034:
8033:
8028:
8017:
8016:
8015:
8010:
7999:
7994:
7993:
7992:
7990:Calgary Flames
7987:
7982:
7977:
7972:
7967:
7956:
7950:
7948:
7944:
7943:
7941:
7940:
7934:
7920:
7912:
7905:
7899:
7896:
7891:
7886:
7881:
7876:
7870:
7868:
7864:
7863:
7861:
7860:
7855:
7850:
7849:
7848:
7838:
7837:
7836:
7826:
7825:
7824:
7814:
7808:
7806:
7802:
7801:
7799:
7798:
7791:
7784:
7783:
7782:
7767:
7764:
7763:
7756:
7755:
7748:
7741:
7733:
7724:
7723:
7721:
7720:
7708:
7693:
7690:
7689:
7687:
7686:
7681:
7676:
7671:
7669:Historiography
7666:
7660:
7658:
7654:
7653:
7651:
7650:
7645:
7640:
7634:
7632:
7628:
7627:
7624:
7623:
7621:
7620:
7615:
7610:
7605:
7600:
7599:
7598:
7588:
7583:
7577:
7575:
7564:
7563:
7558:
7553:
7548:
7543:
7538:
7533:
7528:
7523:
7518:
7513:
7508:
7503:
7498:
7493:
7487:
7485:
7479:
7478:
7476:
7475:
7470:
7465:
7464:
7463:
7453:
7452:
7451:
7446:
7441:
7431:
7430:
7429:
7424:
7414:
7413:
7412:
7401:
7399:
7395:
7394:
7391:
7390:
7388:
7387:
7385:Municipalities
7382:
7377:
7371:
7369:
7365:
7364:
7362:
7361:
7356:
7351:
7346:
7341:
7336:
7335:
7334:
7323:
7321:
7314:
7308:
7307:
7305:
7304:
7299:
7297:Transportation
7294:
7289:
7284:
7282:Stock exchange
7279:
7278:
7277:
7267:
7262:
7257:
7252:
7250:Communications
7247:
7246:
7245:
7235:
7234:
7233:
7228:
7217:
7215:
7209:
7208:
7205:
7204:
7202:
7201:
7196:
7191:
7186:
7185:
7184:
7179:
7174:
7164:
7159:
7153:
7151:
7140:
7139:
7138:
7137:
7127:
7122:
7117:
7116:
7115:
7105:
7104:
7103:
7096:Prime Minister
7093:
7087:
7078:
7077:
7076:
7066:
7061:
7055:
7053:
7047:
7046:
7043:
7042:
7040:
7039:
7034:
7029:
7024:
7019:
7017:National Parks
7014:
7009:
7004:
6999:
6993:
6991:
6983:
6982:
6980:
6979:
6978:
6977:
6976:
6975:
6963:Eastern Canada
6960:
6959:
6958:
6951:Central Canada
6948:
6943:
6938:
6937:
6936:
6935:
6934:
6924:
6917:Western Canada
6913:
6911:
6909:(west to east)
6896:
6890:
6889:
6886:
6885:
6883:
6882:
6877:
6872:
6866:
6864:
6860:
6859:
6857:
6856:
6851:
6846:
6841:
6836:
6831:
6826:
6821:
6816:
6811:
6805:
6803:
6796:
6788:
6787:
6784:
6783:
6781:
6780:
6775:
6770:
6765:
6760:
6755:
6750:
6745:
6740:
6735:
6730:
6725:
6720:
6715:
6710:
6708:Constitutional
6704:
6702:
6694:
6693:
6691:
6690:
6685:
6680:
6675:
6670:
6665:
6660:
6655:
6649:
6647:
6628:
6622:
6621:
6614:
6613:
6606:
6599:
6591:
6585:
6584:
6578:
6572:
6567:
6559:
6549:
6543:
6537:
6531:
6525:
6517:
6516:External links
6514:
6513:
6512:
6495:
6478:
6462:
6459:
6457:
6456:
6430:
6408:
6399:
6390:
6378:
6366:
6354:
6332:
6310:
6297:
6279:
6255:
6246:Canada Gazette
6233:
6224:
6215:
6202:
6193:
6180:
6171:
6162:
6153:
6144:
6134:
6124:
6115:
6086:
6076:
6063:
6045:
6032:
6014:
5996:
5973:
5954:
5936:
5929:
5911:
5897:
5882:
5854:
5840:
5826:
5812:
5801:
5782:
5761:
5749:
5734:
5716:
5692:
5670:
5651:
5633:
5621:
5599:
5580:
5566:
5548:
5502:
5481:
5460:
5457:on 5 May 2003.
5442:
5417:
5394:
5368:
5359:
5331:
5318:
5305:
5294:
5285:
5275:
5249:
5223:
5197:
5171:
5145:
5119:
5093:
5067:
5041:
5015:
4989:
4963:
4934:
4918:
4909:
4899:
4889:
4880:
4868:
4856:
4844:
4832:
4820:
4806:
4794:
4782:
4767:
4755:
4743:
4729:
4712:
4697:
4695:, ss 125, 126.
4682:
4670:
4656:
4641:
4629:
4617:
4605:
4593:
4578:
4566:
4547:
4536:
4522:
4519:, 2019 SCC 31.
4508:
4494:
4476:
4443:
4431:
4415:
4401:
4387:
4342:
4330:
4318:
4306:
4294:
4280:
4266:
4241:
4222:
4200:
4191:
4165:
4151:
4129:
4115:
4101:
4077:
4063:
4049:
4012:
3994:
3980:
3966:
3953:
3943:
3917:
3899:
3885:
3871:
3857:
3831:
3813:
3795:
3777:
3759:
3732:
3711:
3690:"Introduction"
3681:
3667:
3645:
3631:
3617:
3612:www.rmc-cmr.ca
3598:
3579:
3561:
3539:
3519:
3485:
3462:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3436:
3435:
3430:
3424:
3418:
3411:
3404:
3399:
3392:
3383:
3380:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3361:conception of
3338:Bloc Québécois
3333:
3332:Bloc Québécois
3330:
3306:
3303:
3279:
3276:
3260:
3259:
3255:
3254:
3250:
3249:
3218:
3215:
3179:Pauline Picard
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3090:
3089:
3080:
3072:
3045:
3044:
3040:
3039:
3034:
3027:
3021:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2997:
2992:
2986:
2981:
2968:
2967:
2962:
2959:
2936:
2933:
2914:
2911:
2905:
2902:
2861:
2860:
2857:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2831:
2828:
2823:
2820:
2814:
2811:
2796:
2793:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2748:
2745:
2714:
2711:
2674:
2671:
2619:
2616:
2604:
2601:
2570:
2567:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2522:
2521:
2514:
2511:
2501:
2500:
2488:
2485:
2479:
2476:
2450:
2447:
2443:late immersion
2427:Main article:
2424:
2421:
2415:
2412:
2411:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2384:
2381:
2372:Main article:
2369:
2366:
2363:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2354:
2348:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2339:
2333:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2324:
2318:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2309:
2303:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2294:
2288:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2279:
2273:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2264:
2258:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2249:
2243:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2234:
2228:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2219:
2213:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2204:
2198:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2189:
2183:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2174:
2168:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2159:
2147:
2146:
2143:
2140:
2137:
2112:bilingual belt
2072:Main article:
2069:
2066:
2063:
2062:
2055:
2052:
2049:
2046:
2040:
2039:
2032:
2029:
2026:
2023:
2017:
2016:
2011:Criminal: Yes
2009:
2006:
2003:
2000:
1994:
1993:
1986:
1983:
1980:
1977:
1971:
1970:
1963:
1960:
1957:
1954:
1948:
1947:
1942:Criminal: Yes
1940:
1937:
1934:
1931:
1925:
1924:
1919:Criminal: Yes
1917:
1914:
1911:
1908:
1902:
1901:
1894:
1891:
1888:
1885:
1879:
1878:
1871:
1868:
1865:
1862:
1856:
1855:
1848:
1845:
1842:
1839:
1833:
1832:
1827:Criminal: Yes
1825:
1822:
1819:
1816:
1810:
1809:
1802:
1799:
1796:
1793:
1787:
1786:
1781:Criminal: Yes
1779:
1776:
1773:
1770:
1764:
1763:
1756:
1753:
1750:
1747:
1741:
1740:
1737:
1734:
1731:
1728:
1714:
1711:
1676:
1673:
1620:
1617:
1549:government of
1497:
1494:
1443:
1440:
1439:
1438:
1435:
1432:
1429:
1426:
1410:
1407:
1398:Main article:
1395:
1392:
1379:Lower Canadian
1363:Main article:
1360:
1357:
1346:
1343:
1296:. The current
1274:Main article:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1214:
1211:
1174:
1171:
1170:
1169:
1165:
1162:
1154:
1151:
1127:
1126:
1119:
1107:
1104:
1098:
1091:
1024:
1018:
1004:
998:
993:Main article:
990:
987:
975:Main article:
921:
918:
903:
902:
896:
890:
884:
878:
875:Chinook Jargon
872:
866:
854:
851:
849:
846:
844:
841:
830:Pierre Trudeau
771:
770:
766:
763:
759:
719:
718:
716:
715:
708:
701:
693:
690:
689:
687:
686:
680:
678:
677:
665:
652:
649:
648:
645:
644:
639:
634:
629:
624:
622:Office-holders
619:
614:
609:
604:
598:
596:Related topics
595:
594:
591:
590:
587:
586:
584:Inuit Nunangat
581:
576:
571:
569:Indigenous law
566:
561:
556:
550:
545:
544:
541:
540:
537:
536:
531:
526:
519:
518:
513:
508:
503:
496:
495:
484:
483:
482:
481:
466:
461:
460:
457:
456:
453:
452:
446:
441:
440:
437:
436:
433:
432:
427:
422:
410:
404:
399:
398:
395:
394:
391:
390:
389:
388:
383:
378:
368:
367:
366:
361:
359:Federal courts
356:
351:
349:Richard Wagner
329:
324:
323:
320:
319:
316:
315:
310:
309:
308:
307:
306:
304:Shadow cabinet
301:
296:
291:
286:
281:
271:
270:
269:
264:
259:
254:
231:
226:
225:
222:
221:
218:
217:
216:
215:
205:
204:
203:
201:Public Service
198:
193:
188:
183:
167:
165:Justin Trudeau
154:Prime minister
145:
140:
139:
136:
135:
132:
131:
126:
125:
124:
123:
122:
112:
79:
74:
73:
70:
69:
57:
54:
53:
50:
49:
41:
40:
35:
28:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8785:
8774:
8771:
8769:
8766:
8764:
8761:
8759:
8756:
8755:
8753:
8738:
8735:
8733:
8730:
8729:
8727:
8723:
8715:
8712:
8710:
8707:
8706:
8705:
8702:
8698:
8695:
8693:
8690:
8689:
8688:
8685:
8681:
8678:
8676:
8673:
8672:
8671:
8668:
8666:
8663:
8662:
8660:
8656:
8650:
8647:
8644:
8641:
8634:
8633:
8629:
8627:
8624:
8623:
8621:
8615:
8612:
8611:
8610:
8607:
8604:
8601:
8596:
8595:
8591:
8588:
8585:
8584:
8582:
8580:
8577:
8574:
8571:
8569:
8566:
8563:
8562:
8558:
8555:
8552:
8549:
8546:
8544:
8541:
8539:
8536:
8535:
8533:
8529:
8522:
8519:
8516:
8513:
8510:
8507:
8504:
8501:
8498:
8495:
8492:
8491:
8487:
8485:
8484:
8479:
8478:
8474:
8471:
8468:
8465:
8462:
8459:
8456:
8453:
8450:
8448:
8445:
8443:
8440:
8439:
8437:
8435:
8429:
8423:
8420:
8418:
8415:
8413:
8410:
8406:
8403:
8402:
8401:
8398:
8396:
8393:
8391:
8388:
8387:
8385:
8381:
8374:
8371:
8368:
8365:
8361:
8358:
8357:
8356:
8353:
8351:
8348:
8345:
8342:
8340:speech (1967)
8339:
8336:
8334:
8331:
8329:
8326:
8324:
8321:
8318:
8317:Regulation 17
8315:
8312:
8309:
8306:
8305:Durham Report
8303:
8300:
8297:
8294:
8290:
8287:
8285:
8282:
8280:
8277:
8276:
8275:
8273:
8269:
8267:
8264:
8262:
8261:Two Solitudes
8259:
8257:
8254:
8252:
8249:
8247:
8244:
8242:
8239:
8237:
8234:
8232:
8229:
8228:
8226:
8223:
8218:
8213:
8207:
8204:
8202:
8199:
8197:
8194:
8192:
8189:
8187:
8184:
8182:
8179:
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8110:
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8105:
8102:
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8097:
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8082:
8080:
8079:Niagara Falls
8077:
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7880:
7877:
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7869:
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7859:
7856:
7854:
7853:Annexationism
7851:
7847:
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7554:
7552:
7551:Protectionism
7549:
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7232:
7229:
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7226:Dairy farming
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7118:
7114:
7113:Supreme Court
7111:
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6998:
6995:
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6973:The Maritimes
6971:
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6824:New Brunswick
6822:
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6728:First Nations
6726:
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6496:
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6479:
6477:
6476:2-920855-98-0
6473:
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6426:
6422:
6418:
6412:
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6363:
6358:
6343:. .parl.gc.ca
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6336:
6321:. .parl.gc.ca
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6103:
6097:
6095:
6093:
6091:
6084:practicable".
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5883:9781442686083
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5711:National Post
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5476:docplayer.net
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4922:
4913:
4903:
4893:
4884:
4878:(Yukon), s 5.
4877:
4876:Languages Act
4872:
4866:(Yukon), s 4.
4865:
4864:Languages Act
4860:
4853:
4852:Languages Act
4848:
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4439:Languages Act
4435:
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4427:Languages Act
4424:
4423:Languages Act
4419:
4413:
4411:
4410:Languages Act
4405:
4399:
4397:
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4382:Criminal Code
4377:
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4180:. 24 May 2022
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3961:Eugene Forsey
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3295:Section 16(1)
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3141:
3139:
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3109:
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3104:Leonard Jones
3101:
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3004:
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2504:
2498:
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2484:
2475:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2462:and Grade 10
2461:
2457:
2446:
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2430:
2420:
2409:
2406:
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2325:
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2286:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2274:
2271:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2262:New Brunswick
2259:
2256:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2244:
2241:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2229:
2226:
2223:
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2214:
2211:
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2205:
2203:
2199:
2196:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2184:
2181:
2178:
2175:
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2118:
2114:
2113:
2106:
2104:
2098:
2094:
2089:
2087:
2083:
2081:
2075:
2057:Criminal: Yes
2056:
2053:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2041:
2034:Criminal: Yes
2033:
2030:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2018:
2010:
2007:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1995:
1988:Criminal: Yes
1987:
1984:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1972:
1965:Criminal: Yes
1964:
1961:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1949:
1941:
1938:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1926:
1918:
1915:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1903:
1896:Criminal: Yes
1895:
1892:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1880:
1873:Criminal: Yes
1872:
1869:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1857:
1850:Criminal: Yes
1849:
1846:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1837:New Brunswick
1835:
1834:
1826:
1823:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1811:
1804:Criminal: Yes
1803:
1800:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1788:
1780:
1777:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1765:
1758:Criminal: Yes
1757:
1754:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1742:
1738:
1735:
1732:
1729:
1727:Jurisdiction
1726:
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1722:
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1710:
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1707:
1701:
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1668:
1666:
1662:
1661:TĆÄŻchÇ«/Dogrib
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1637:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1616:
1614:
1613:Liberal Party
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1584:
1578:
1576:
1571:
1567:
1566:
1560:
1558:
1557:
1552:
1551:René Lévesque
1548:
1545:In 1977, the
1543:
1541:
1537:
1536:
1531:
1523:
1519:
1514:
1507:
1502:
1493:
1491:
1486:
1485:
1478:
1475:
1474:Howard Pawley
1469:
1467:
1462:
1461:
1456:
1453:
1449:
1436:
1433:
1430:
1427:
1424:
1423:
1422:
1420:
1416:
1409:New Brunswick
1406:
1401:
1391:
1388:
1383:
1380:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1355:
1350:
1342:
1339:
1335:
1332:
1327:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1312:
1306:
1304:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1282:
1277:
1262:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1247:
1241:
1237:
1234:
1229:
1227:
1226:
1221:
1210:
1208:
1207:
1202:
1201:
1195:
1191:
1190:
1184:
1181:
1166:
1163:
1160:
1159:
1158:
1150:
1146:
1144:
1138:
1135:
1131:
1124:
1123:mother tongue
1120:
1117:
1116:
1115:
1113:
1103:
1096:
1090:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1053:New Brunswick
1050:
1045:
1043:
1042:
1036:
1032:
1031:
1022:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1011:
1003:(Section 133)
1002:
996:
986:
984:
978:
970:
967:
963:
959:
955:
949:
945:
941:
935:
931:
926:
917:
913:
907:
900:
897:
894:
891:
888:
885:
882:
879:
876:
873:
870:
869:Broken Slavey
867:
864:
861:
860:
859:
837:
836:
831:
827:
823:
821:
817:
813:
809:
804:
800:
796:
792:
791:
786:
782:
781:New Brunswick
778:
777:
767:
764:
760:
757:
756:
755:
752:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
714:
709:
707:
702:
700:
695:
694:
692:
691:
685:
682:
681:
676:
671:
666:
664:
654:
653:
651:
650:
643:
642:Republicanism
640:
638:
635:
633:
630:
628:
625:
623:
620:
618:
615:
613:
610:
608:
605:
603:
600:
599:
593:
592:
585:
582:
580:
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572:
570:
567:
565:
562:
560:
557:
555:
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548:
543:
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530:
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517:
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502:
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494:
490:
487:
486:
480:
476:
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471:
468:
467:
464:
459:
458:
451:
448:
447:
444:
439:
438:
431:
428:
426:
423:
419:
414:
411:
409:
406:
405:
402:
397:
396:
387:
384:
382:
379:
377:
374:
373:
372:
369:
365:
362:
360:
357:
355:
352:
350:
346:
343:
342:
339:
334:
333:Supreme court
331:
330:
327:
322:
321:
314:
311:
305:
302:
300:
297:
295:
292:
290:
287:
285:
282:
280:
277:
276:
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272:
268:
265:
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236:
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229:
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214:
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176:
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138:
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121:
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113:
111:
105:
100:
97:
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95:
89:
84:
81:
80:
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72:
71:
65:
60:
56:
55:
52:
51:
47:
43:
42:
38:
34:
33:
27:
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8630:
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8481:
8475:
8389:
8270:
7914:
7907:
7793:
7786:
7777:
7770:
7715:
7696:
7664:Bibliography
7586:Coat of arms
7570:
7491:Architecture
7461:Homelessness
7312:Demographics
7231:Floriculture
7167:Human rights
7146:
7135:Peacekeeping
7064:Constitution
6986:
6927:Great Plains
6902:
6854:Saskatchewan
6697:
6641:
6634:
6562:
6555:
6528:Bilingualism
6522:Bilingualism
6504:. Retrieved
6487:. Retrieved
6467:
6447:. Retrieved
6443:
6433:
6416:
6411:
6402:
6393:
6385:
6381:
6373:
6369:
6361:
6357:
6345:. Retrieved
6335:
6323:. Retrieved
6313:
6305:
6300:
6291:
6282:
6271:the original
6258:
6250:the original
6245:
6236:
6227:
6218:
6210:
6205:
6196:
6188:
6183:
6174:
6165:
6156:
6147:
6142:government."
6137:
6127:
6118:
6106:. Retrieved
6079:
6071:
6066:
6057:
6048:
6040:
6035:
6026:
6017:
6008:
5999:
5990:
5986:
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5664:
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5645:
5636:
5624:
5615:
5602:
5593:
5583:
5551:
5527:13 September
5525:. Retrieved
5518:the original
5505:
5496:
5484:
5475:
5455:the original
5445:
5433:. Retrieved
5420:
5408:. Retrieved
5406:. Mmecarr.ca
5402:Wendy Carr.
5397:
5385:. Retrieved
5381:the original
5371:
5362:
5351:the original
5346:
5334:
5326:
5321:
5313:
5308:
5297:
5288:
5278:
5266:. Retrieved
5261:
5252:
5240:. Retrieved
5235:
5226:
5214:. Retrieved
5209:
5200:
5188:. Retrieved
5183:
5174:
5162:. Retrieved
5157:
5148:
5136:. Retrieved
5131:
5122:
5110:. Retrieved
5105:
5096:
5084:. Retrieved
5079:
5070:
5058:. Retrieved
5053:
5044:
5032:. Retrieved
5027:
5018:
5006:. Retrieved
5001:
4992:
4980:. Retrieved
4975:
4966:
4954:. Retrieved
4949:
4926:
4921:
4912:
4902:
4892:
4883:
4875:
4871:
4863:
4859:
4851:
4847:
4839:
4835:
4827:
4823:
4814:
4809:
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4797:
4789:
4785:
4775:
4770:
4762:
4758:
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4700:
4690:
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4663:
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4422:
4418:
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4404:
4395:
4390:
4381:
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4325:
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4313:
4309:
4301:
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4287:
4283:
4273:
4269:
4259:
4235:
4225:
4217:the original
4212:
4203:
4194:
4182:. Retrieved
4177:
4168:
4154:
4146:the original
4141:
4132:
4118:
4104:
4093:the original
4080:
4066:
4052:
4040:. Retrieved
4033:the original
4007:the original
3997:
3983:
3969:
3956:
3946:
3937:
3912:the original
3902:
3888:
3874:
3860:
3848:. Retrieved
3844:the original
3834:
3826:the original
3816:
3808:the original
3798:
3790:the original
3780:
3772:the original
3762:
3750:. Retrieved
3744:
3735:
3727:
3723:
3719:
3714:
3702:. Retrieved
3698:the original
3693:
3684:
3670:
3658:. Retrieved
3648:
3634:
3620:
3611:
3601:
3592:
3582:
3573:
3564:
3552:. Retrieved
3542:
3513:
3506:. Retrieved
3502:the original
3497:
3488:
3472:
3465:
3456:
3446:
3413:
3406:
3394:
3387:
3377:
3359:asymmetrical
3354:
3350:
3346:
3342:
3335:
3326:
3321:
3317:
3313:
3310:New Democrat
3308:
3298:
3292:
3287:
3283:
3281:
3267:
3261:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3231:
3220:
3210:
3208:Yvon Godinâs
3205:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3186:
3182:
3174:
3172:
3165:
3146:
3145:
3142:
3137:
3136:
3132:
3111:
3099:
3093:
3091:
3082:
3074:
3068:
3064:
3057:
3048:
3046:
3036:
3033:communities;
3029:
3023:
3015:
3010:
3005:
2999:
2994:
2988:
2983:
2975:
2969:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2940:
2938:
2928:
2924:
2918:
2916:
2907:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2851:
2836:
2833:
2825:
2816:
2808:
2805:
2798:
2788:
2785:
2782:
2778:
2764:
2761:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2741:
2733:
2725:
2722:
2719:
2716:
2707:
2703:
2698:
2694:
2689:
2685:
2680:
2676:
2668:
2665:
2660:
2658:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2628:
2623:
2621:
2613:
2606:
2598:
2591:
2588:
2585:
2582:
2579:
2574:
2572:
2564:
2561:
2558:
2553:
2552:
2549:
2544:
2543:
2540:
2535:
2533:
2517:
2516:Programs of
2508:Core English
2507:
2502:
2497:Core English
2496:
2490:
2481:
2452:
2442:
2440:
2435:
2432:
2417:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2386:
2377:
2202:Saskatchewan
2156:
2150:
2125:
2110:
2107:
2102:
2099:
2096:
2093:unilingual."
2091:
2085:
2082:bilingualism
2079:
2077:
1975:Saskatchewan
1854:Civil: Yes
1762:Civil: Yes
1720:
1716:
1704:
1702:
1695:
1693:
1689:
1669:
1664:
1653:Inuvialuktun
1638:
1636:population.
1622:
1600:
1594:
1591:
1586:
1582:
1579:
1574:
1563:
1561:
1554:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1527:
1521:
1517:
1505:
1482:
1479:
1470:
1460:Manitoba Act
1458:
1445:
1418:
1414:
1412:
1403:
1384:
1372:
1368:
1352:
1348:
1340:
1336:
1330:
1328:
1316:
1307:
1302:
1301:1982 of the
1297:
1289:
1287:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1245:
1242:
1238:
1232:
1230:
1223:
1219:
1216:
1204:
1198:
1187:
1185:
1179:
1176:
1156:
1147:
1142:
1139:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1111:
1109:
1100:
1094:
1081:
1048:
1046:
1039:
1028:
1026:
1020:
1015:
1008:
1006:
1000:
980:
962:Little Italy
908:
904:
887:Haida Jargon
856:
833:
803:Saskatchewan
788:
774:
772:
753:
748:
722:
602:Conservatism
479:MĂ©lanie Joly
371:Constitution
26:
8594:NunatuKavut
8369:(1996-2004)
8360:Unity Rally
8301:(1837-1838)
8135:War of 1812
8008:Maple syrup
7546:Individuals
7354:2021 Census
7339:Immigration
7221:Agriculture
7182:Transgender
7022:Great Lakes
7002:Earthquakes
6956:Great Lakes
6863:Territories
6834:Nova Scotia
6753:Monarchical
6738:Immigration
6506:12 November
6489:10 November
6009:aptnnews.ca
4503:Offence Act
3752:9 September
3704:18 December
3408:R v Beaulac
3365:in Canada.
3316:, the 1988
3173:The first,
2468:certificate
2414:Core French
2393:Core French
2277:Nova Scotia
2061:Civil: Yes
2038:Civil: Yes
2015:Civil: Yes
1992:Civil: No
1923:Civil: No
1883:Nova Scotia
1785:Civil: No
1630:Inuinnaqtun
1619:Territories
1522:Earnscliffe
1508:French text
1203:(2000) and
1075:, and many
1063:along with
516:Visa policy
228:Legislative
94:Charles III
8752:Categories
8632:Nitassinan
8587:Inuvialuit
8573:Oka Crisis
8561:Indian Act
8464:Patriation
7674:Historians
7531:Literature
7444:Corruption
7427:Euthanasia
7417:Healthcare
7359:Population
7081:Parliament
7051:Government
6688:since 1982
6425:2894232225
6347:29 October
6325:29 October
6058:www.un.org
5930:0889782695
5759:, page 128
5435:29 October
5410:29 October
5387:29 October
5347:www.cpf.ca
4627:, s 19(2).
4603:, s 18(2).
4589:, SNB 2002
4328:, s 19(1).
4304:, s 18(1).
3724:Canada Act
3720:Canada Act
3660:29 October
3554:29 October
3439:References
3363:federalism
3189:, and the
2649:wealth gap
2254:3,586,410
2239:1,490,390
2164:6,216,065
2103:unilingual
1969:Civil: No
1946:Civil: No
1900:Civil: No
1877:Civil: No
1831:Civil: No
1808:Civil: No
1455:Louis Riel
1168:funds...."
1087:Section 22
1083:Section 21
1079:besides.)
1035:Section 20
969:government
741:Parliament
617:Liberalism
612:Federalism
110:Mary Simon
59:Government
8645:(1991â96)
8511:(1990â91)
8505:(1987â90)
8472:(to 1965)
8460:(1953â56)
8454:(1937â40)
8313:(1890â96)
8020:Festivals
7939:(1963â64)
7817:Canadians
7449:Terrorism
7405:Education
7344:Languages
7332:Ethnicity
7327:Canadians
7275:Petroleum
7255:Companies
7157:Elections
7037:Volcanism
7012:Mountains
6894:Geography
6802:Provinces
6792:Provinces
6723:Etymology
6683:1960â1981
6678:1945â1960
6636:Year list
6306:Macleanâs
5906:"Accueil"
5268:12 August
5242:12 August
5216:12 August
5190:12 August
5164:12 August
5138:12 August
5112:12 August
5086:12 August
5060:12 August
5034:12 August
5008:12 August
4982:12 August
4956:12 August
3508:15 August
3353:with the
3290:in 1982.
3268:Blue Book
3200:Macleanâs
2980:(defunct)
2848:Poll data
2460:Geography
1641:Chipewyan
1626:Inuktitut
1240:adopted.
1044:of 1988.
966:municipal
958:Bilingual
812:Inuktitut
493:in Canada
401:Elections
142:Executive
76:The Crown
64:structure
8084:CN Tower
8031:Carnaval
7894:Heraldry
7874:National
7717:Category
7657:Research
7631:Contents
7613:Heraldic
7521:Identity
7516:Holidays
7511:Folklore
7422:Abortion
7349:Religion
7287:Taxation
7194:Cannabis
7172:Intersex
7148:Politics
7120:Military
7032:Wildlife
6819:Manitoba
6748:Military
6718:Economic
6643:timeline
6583:CBC News
6449:25 March
6376:, p. 40.
6027:CBC News
5949:CBC News
5561:Archived
5537:cite web
4472:De facto
4264:, s 133.
4209:"B163_e"
4178:Montreal
3382:See also
3151:(FRENCA)
2269:249,950
2224:108,460
2217:Manitoba
2194:264,720
2179:314,925
2086:personal
2080:Official
1814:Manitoba
1649:Gwichâin
1532:enacted
1442:Manitoba
1209:(2003).
912:de facto
785:Manitoba
506:Passport
475:Minister
326:Judicial
213:Premiers
8636:claimed
8609:Nunavut
8603:Nunavik
8598:claimed
8217:English
8013:Poutine
8002:Cuisine
7947:Culture
7867:Symbols
7684:Surveys
7679:Studies
7643:Outline
7618:Tartans
7572:Symbols
7561:Theatre
7506:Cuisine
7483:Culture
7456:Poverty
7398:Society
7292:Tourism
7265:Fishing
7238:Banking
7213:Economy
7069:Monarch
7007:Islands
6904:Regions
6875:Nunavut
6839:Ontario
6809:Alberta
6626:History
6108:26 July
4765:, s 11.
4564:, s 23.
4042:26 June
3297:of the
3108:Moncton
2729:Inuktut
2472:diploma
2322:Nunavut
2314:25,940
2299:17,840
2284:95,380
2232:Ontario
2209:51,560
2187:Alberta
2021:Nunavut
1906:Ontario
1768:Alberta
1597:Bill 96
1419:Charter
1377:of the
1061:Nunavut
843:History
816:Nunavut
808:Ontario
799:Alberta
733:English
637:Regions
170:Cabinet
83:Monarch
8589:(1984)
8575:(1990)
8556:(1885)
8550:(1869)
8523:(1997)
8517:(1992)
8499:(1971)
8493:(1984)
8375:(2006)
8346:(1970)
8319:(1912)
8307:(1839)
8224:Canada
8222:French
7959:Sports
7919:(1980)
7904:(1867)
7581:Anthem
7556:Sports
7501:Cinema
7473:Values
7320:Topics
7260:Energy
7243:Dollar
7108:Courts
7085:Senate
7027:Rivers
6997:Cities
6988:Topics
6849:Quebec
6768:Racism
6699:Topics
6618:Canada
6474:
6423:
5927:
5890:
5880:
5630:2012).
4753:, s 4.
4184:25 May
3850:11 May
3185:, the
2641:, the
2637:, the
2633:, the
2359:4,275
2356:10.3%
2344:4,900
2329:1,525
2281:10.5%
2251:44.5%
2247:Quebec
2236:11.2%
2161:17.9%
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