566:
UK figures show that it takes at least 8,000 years of average cycling to produce one clinically severe head injury and 22,000 years for one death. De Jong developed a mathematical model to evaluate the health-risk trade-offs of all-age mandatory helmet laws, if they were to be introduced in various North
American and Western European countries. He concluded that helmet laws appear to offer net health benefit only in those countries with more dangerous bicycling environments under optimistic assumptions of the efficacy of helmets. Newbold suggested improvements to the De Jong model, and, using published cycling statistics for the United States in his revised model, found that mandatory bicycle helmet laws would seem to have positive net public health benefits there. However, Newbold stressed that there were many parameters to these models which require further research to properly quantitate, and that results should be considered provisional rather than definitive.
722:, a transport and road safety analyst from the UK, does not support the use of helmets, reasoning that they are of very limited value in the event of a collision with a car, that risk compensation negates their protective effect and because he feels their promotion implicitly shifts responsibility of care to the cyclist. He also cautions against placing the recommendations of surgeons above other expert opinion in the debate, comparing it to drawing conclusions on whether it is worthwhile to buy lottery tickets by sampling only a group of prizewinners. The prominent UK-based cycling activist
774:, in at least one jurisdiction, for either minors only, or for all riders: Australia, Canada, Czech Republic, Finland, Iceland, New Zealand, Sweden, and the United States. Spain requires helmets on interurban routes. In the US, 21 states have statewide mandatory helmet laws for minors of varying ages, and 37 states have mandatory helmet laws for varying age groups in varying jurisdictions. Nearly 9 in 10 American adults support helmet laws for children. Israel's helmet law was never enforced or obeyed, and the adult element has been revoked; Mexico City has repealed its helmet law.
485:
538:
881:. 2006: "Confounding variables may also influence both the exposure and outcome variables in the context of a time series or ecological study. For example, a fall in the number of bicyclists in the 1990s may simply reflect an increase in in-line skating or other recreational activities... Without evidence that those who allegedly stopped cycling rode enough to confer a heart health benefit or that they did not take up another healthy activity in its place, Robinson cannot conclude that decreases in cycling are harmful to health and her argument crumbles."
88:
664:"has encouraged the wearing of helmets via its publications and its education program for many years. Since 1991 the League has required participants in League-sponsored events to wear helmets." Bicycle Network, Australia's largest bike riding organisation, previously supported the helmet legislation, but is no longer supporting a mandate. Bicycle Queensland supports helmet laws, noting that "ample research shows the safety benefits of wearing helmets surpasses the no-helmet personal-freedom argument".
33:
80:
526:
41:
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120:
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metres). An initial re-analysis of these data by other investigators agreed that with the 8.5 cm finding, but argued that there were not more "close passes" (which they defined as under 1 metre of clearance). In 2018, Walker published a rebuttal, arguing that there were more passes under 1.5m (the legal minimum distance in Spain and
Germany) or 2m, and there was not enough evidence to say there weren't more passes at under 1m.
69:
375:(UK) market survey showed that around 90 % of helmets on sale were Snell B90 certified. By their 1998 survey, the number of Snell certified helmets was around zero. There are two main types of helmet: hard shell and soft/micro shell (no-shell helmets are now rare). Hard shells declined rapidly among the general cyclist population over this period, almost disappearing by the end of the decade, but remained more popular with
816:. A study of cycling in major streets of Boston, Paris and Amsterdam illustrates the variation in cycling culture: Boston had far higher rates of helmet-wearing (32% of cyclists, versus 2.4% in Paris and 0.1% in Amsterdam), Amsterdam had far more cyclists (242 passing bicycles per hour, versus 74 in Paris and 55 in Boston). Cycle helmet wearing rates in the Netherlands and Denmark are very low. An Australian journalist writes:
232:
632:
tree being climbed, and so on. European
Standard EN 1080, which uses a weak retention system designed to open under load, was published in 1997 to address this problem. Such helmets are not intended for use anywhere motor vehicles are present. To avoid serious accidents, parents and carers should take care to ensure that children do not wear bicycle helmets during unsupervised play, or when using climbing equipment.
3436:"National Poll on Children's Health. Bicycle helmet laws for kids effective but not yet the norm. A publication from C.S. Mott Children's Hospital, the University of Michigan Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, and the University of Michigan Child Health Evaluation and Research (CHEAR) Unit. Vol. 6 Issue 4 17 June 2009"
574:" effect. This means that if the number of cyclists on the road doubles, then the average individual cyclist can ride for an additional 50 percent of the time without increasing the probability of being struck. It is thought that the increased frequency of motorist-cyclist interaction creates more aware motorists.
818:"Rarities in Amsterdam seem to be stretch-fabric-clad cyclists and fat cyclists. Helmets are non-existent, and when people asked me where I was from, they would grimace and mutter: "Ah, yes, helmet laws." These had gained international notoriety on a par with our deadly sea animals. Despite the lack of helmets,
602:
faster and took more risks when wearing safety gear (including helmets). A telephone interview study found that in hypothetical scenarios of their children wearing protective equipment or not, parents' ratings of permissible risk for their children was higher if protective gear was hypothetically worn.
726:
is skeptical of the merits of helmets, regarding proactive measures including bike maintenance and riding skills as being more important. Cyclists' representative groups complain that focus on helmets diverts attention from other issues which are much more important for improving bicycle safety, such
605:
Motorists may also alter their behaviour toward helmeted cyclists. One study by Walker in
England found that 2500 vehicles passed a helmeted cyclist with measurably less clearance (8.5 cm less) than that given to the same cyclist unhelmeted (out of an average total passing distance of 1.2 to 1.3
601:
In one experimental study, adults accustomed to wearing helmets cycled more slowly without a helmet, but no difference in helmeted and unhelmeted cycling speed was found for cyclists who do not usually wear helmets. An experimental study found that children negotiating an obstacle course on foot went
622:
of inferior quality and durability increasingly appearing for sale online, many direct from China, consumers are warned to be suspicious of prices that seem too good to be true, and to purchase helmets from reputable local or online sellers. The main target markets seem to be the US and Europe, with
597:
A Spanish study of traffic accidents between 1990 and 1999 found that helmeted cyclists involved in accidents were less likely to have committed a traffic law violation than unhelmeted cyclists, and that helmeted cyclists were no more likely to have committed a speeding violation in association with
262:
The late 1990s and early 2000s saw advances in retention and fitting systems, with cradles which adjust precisely to the rider's head, replacing the old system of varying thickness pads. This resulted in the back of the head being less covered by the helmet, although more recent designs have largely
223:
The first commercially successful purpose-designed bicycle helmet was the Bell Biker, a polystyrene-lined hard shell released in 1975. At the time there was no appropriate standard; the only applicable one, from Snell, would be passed only by a light open-face motorcycle helmet. Over time the design
184:
activity which significantly raises body temperature, and the head in particular needs to be able to regulate its temperature. The dominant form of the helmet up to the 1970s was the "hairnet" style, an open construction made of rubber bars covered in leather. This offered acceptable protection from
565:
Studies from China, Denmark, the
Netherlands and the United Kingdom show that regular cyclists live longer because the health effects far outweigh the risk of crashes. A reduction in the number of cyclists is likely to harm the health of the population more than any possible protection from injury.
227:
In 1985, Snell B85 was introduced, the first widely adopted standard for bicycle helmets; this has subsequently been refined into B90 and B95 (see
Standards below). At this time helmets were almost all either hard-shell or no-shell (perhaps with a vacuum-formed plastic cover). Ventilation was still
631:
The U.S. Consumer
Product Safety Commission (CPSC) has warned that children should not wear bike helmets while using playground equipment, or any time when they are not biking, because of the risk of strangulation by the helmet strap should the helmet or strap be caught in playground equipment, a
609:
In 1988, Rodgers re-analysed data which supposedly showed helmets to be effective; he found data errors and methodological weaknesses, and concluded that in fact the data showed "bicycle-related fatalities are positively and significantly associated with increased helmet use". He mentioned risk
462:
It is important that a helmet fit the cyclist properly – in one study of children and adolescents aged 4 to 18 years, 96 % were found to be incorrectly fitted. Efficacy of incorrectly fitted helmets is reckoned to be much lower; one estimate states that risk is increased almost twofold.
824:
Cycling UK say that cycling in the
Netherlands and Denmark is perceived as a "normal" activity requiring no special clothing or equipment. Pucher and Buehler state: "The Dutch cycling experts and planners interviewed for this paper adamantly opposed the use of helmets, claiming that helmets
499:(UCI), did not require helmet use, leaving the matter to individual preferences and local traffic laws. The majority of professional cyclists chose not to wear helmets, citing discomfort and claiming that helmet weight would put them in a disadvantage during uphill sections of the race.
569:
Some researchers have suggested that a legal requirement to wear helmets there may have dissuaded people from cycling, and that repeal of these laws could lead to increased cycling. This suggestion has been criticised. Fewer cyclists might lead to increased risks per cyclist due to the
427:, the current legally required standard is AS/NZS 2063. A 2004 report concluded that the performance requirements of the 1996 version of this standard was slightly less strict than the Snell B95 standard but incorporated a quality assurance requirement, making it arguably safer.
755:
Cycling Action
Network (New Zealand) policy states "There is evidence that mandatory cycle helmet wearing legislation is not working as intended and should be reviewed. Priority needs to be given to other safety issues such as motorist behaviour and roading improvements."
825:
discourage cycling by making it less convenient, less comfortable, and less fashionable. They also mention the possibility that helmets would make cycling more dangerous by giving cyclists a false sense of safety and thus encouraging riskier riding behavior."
243:
Around 1990 a new construction technique was invented: in-mould micro shell. A very thin shell was incorporated during the moulding process. This rapidly became the dominant technology, allowing for larger vents and more complex shapes than hard shells.
471:
Helmets use varies greatly between populations and between groups. Downhill mountain bikers and amateur sportive cyclists normally wear helmets, and helmet use is enforced in professional cycle sport and in a few legal jurisdictions.
650:
224:
was refined and by 1983 Bell were making the V1-Pro, the first polystyrene helmet intended for racing use. In 1984 Bell produced the Lil Bell Shell, a no-shell children's helmet. These early helmets had little ventilation.
598:
the accident than unhelmeted cyclists. The authors concluded that "although the findings do not support the existence of a strong risk compensation mechanism among helmeted cyclists, this possibility cannot be ruled out."
371:, an organisation initially established to create standards for motorcycle and auto racing helmets, implemented one of the first standards, since updated. Snell's standard includes testing of random samples. In 1990 the
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99:
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being the first major race affected. The 2003 rules allowed for discarding the helmets during final climbs of at least 5 kilometres in length; subsequent revisions made helmet use mandatory at all times.
649:
of the United
Kingdom lists wearing a helmet as one of its "cycling safety tips" for beginners, and it states "wearing a cycling helmet can help prevent a head injury if you fall from your bike". The
3325:
192:
More widespread use of helmets began in the US in the 1970s. After many decades when bicycles were regarded largely as children's toys, many American adults took up cycling during and after the
1507:
Andersen, Lars Bo; Schnohr, Peter; Schroll, Marianne; Hein, Hans Ole (2000). "All-Cause Mortality Associated with Physical Activity During Leisure Time, Work, Sports, and Cycling to Work".
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173:
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Dorothy Robinson reviewed data from jurisdictions where helmet use increased following legislation, and concluded that helmet laws did not demonstrably reduce cyclists' head injuries.
734:(ECF) adopted a position paper rejecting compulsory helmet laws as being likely to have greater negative rather than positive health effects. The UK's largest cyclists' organisation,
553:
There is consistent scientific evidence that bicycle helmets reduce the severity of head injuries, particularly serious injuries, in accidents, although they are less useful when a
3397:
1343:
the ratio of cyclists wearing a helmet is close to 90% among sportive cyclists (86 to 94%), whereas this ratio is only 7% among urban cyclists or non-sportive leisure cyclists
2242:
Morrongiello, Barbara A.; Walpole, Beverly; Lasenby, Jennifer (2007). "Understanding children's injury-risk behavior: Wearing safety gear can lead to increased risk taking".
2742:
3134:
1232:
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748:(Cyclists' Union) summarised existing evidence and concluded that a compulsory helmet law (for utility cyclists) would have a negative impact on population health: "
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2913:
3454:"European Cyclists Federation - We care for biking, cycle touring, and bicycle policy, cycle tourism, Bike and train, Fahrrad, Radfahrer, vélo and cycliste"
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1080:
3332:
282:
Alchera, were among the first to use carbon fiber, MET Helmets furthered the use of carbon fibre by in-moulding a complete cage during manufacturing.
3357:
2326:
Walker, Ian (2007). "Drivers overtaking bicyclists: Objective data on the effects of riding position, helmet use, vehicle type and apparent gender".
808:) have among the lowest levels of helmet use. Their bicycle safety record is generally attributed to public awareness and understanding of cyclists,
3626:
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to (and within) the head due to impact, as a stiff liner made of expanded polystyrene is crushed against the head. However, both the CPSC and the
1891:"The possible effect on frequency of cycling if mandatory bicycle helmet legislation was repealed in Sydney, Australia: A cross sectional survey"
582:
It has been hypothesised that the wearing of helmets may make cyclists feel safer and thus take more risks. This hypothetical effect is known as
752:". No policy position was provided for other types of cycling, particular mountain biking (MTB) and all forms of on- and off-road cycle sports.
2598:
2549:
777:
In 2004, a Bill proposing to make the wearing of bicycle helmets compulsory came before the UK Parliament, and was defeated. Horton observed: "
1380:
1354:
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While voluntary helmet use in professional ranks rose somewhat in the 1990s, the turning point in helmet policy was the March 2003 death of
3656:
1065:
Trade Practices (Consumer Product Safety Standard) (Bicycle Helmets) Regulations 2001 Statutory Rules 2001 No. 279 as amended – F2009C01271
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is safer than in any other country, and the Dutch have one-third the number of cycling fatalities (per 100,000 people) that Australia has."
706:
program classifies bicycle helmets laws as an "effective" public health intervention, based on a review of scholarly research. The British
1041:
3479:
Horton D. Fear of Cycling. pp. 133–154 in Rosen P., Cox P., Horton D.(eds.) Cycling and Society. Ashgate Publishing, Aldershot, UK, 2007.
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1410:
683:, the Canadian Paediatric Society, the Canadian Academy of Sport and Exercise Medicine, and the Royal Australasian College of Surgeons.
687:
542:
413:
2127:
Lardelli-Claret, P; De Dios Luna-Del-Castillo, J; Jiménez-Moleón, JJ; García-Martín, M; Bueno-Cavanillas, A; Gálvez-Vargas, R (2003).
1258:
Parkinson GW, Hike KE (August 2003). "Bicycle helmet assessment during well visits reveals severe shortcomings in condition and fit".
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406:
2893:
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905:
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4600:
680:
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Cycle helmets protect the head by reducing the rate at which the skull and brain would be accelerated or decelerated by an impact.
3575:"Getting These Cyclists to Use Helmets Is Like Tilting at Windmills. Bicycle-Loving Dutch Hate Headgear; 'We Are Not in Germany'"
1446:
Høye A (August 2018). "Bicycle helmets - To wear or not to wear? A meta-analyses of the effects of bicycle helmets on injuries".
2746:
1171:
Hansen, Kirk; Dau, Nathan; Feist, Florian; Deck, Caroline; Willinger, Rémy; Madey, Steven M.; Bottlang, Michael (October 2013).
4671:
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2587:
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Rodgers G.B. (1988). "Reducing Bicycle Accidents: A Re-evaluation of the Impacts of the CPSC Bicycle Standard and Helmet Use".
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EN 1080/A2 Impact protection helmets for young children, European Committee for Standardization, 2005 (first published 1997)
2062:
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1000:
383:
247:
Use of hard shells declined rapidly among the general cyclist population during the 1990s, almost disappearing from road and
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or risk homeostasis. Some authors have suggested that risk compensation occurs with other road safety interventions such as
208:, a manufacturer of helmets for auto racing and motorcycles. These helmets were a spin-off from the development of expanded
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2677:
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Types of modern bicycle helmet design technologies. Energy absorbing Bontrager Wavecell (left) and Smith Koroyd (center);
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Matthews, Charles E.; Jurj, Adriana L.; Shu, Xiao-ou; Li, Hong-Lan; Yang, Gong; Li, Qi; Gao, Yu-Tang; Zheng, Wei (2007).
4661:
2625:
387:
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3741:
3055:
2798:
1173:"Angular Impact Mitigation system for bicycle helmets to reduce head acceleration and risk of traumatic brain injury"
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350:
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urge helmet wearing. SWOV (the Dutch Institute for Road Safety Research) recommends helmet use. Temple University's
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731:
180:
A cycle helmet should generally be light in weight and provide ample ventilation because cycling can be an intense
2930:
2910:
1593:"Influence of Exercise, Walking, Cycling, and Overall Nonexercise Physical Activity on Mortality in Chinese Women"
2495:
328:
137:
17:
4464:
3793:
2430:"Bicycle helmet wearing is associated with closer overtaking by drivers: A response to Olivier and Walter, 2013"
703:
849:
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765:
691:
332:
141:
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Cyclecraft: Skilled Cycling Techniques for Adults. Franklin J. Stationery Office Books; 4th Ed edition 2007.
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Although a causal link is not proven, it is observed that the countries with the best cycle safety records (
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844:
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3435:
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2363:"Bicycle Helmet Wearing Is Not Associated with Close Motor Vehicle Passing: A Re-Analysis of Walker, 2007"
2279:"Influence of safety gear on parental perceptions of injury risk and tolerance for children's risk taking"
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and the (British) Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents recommend wearing helmets. Safety groups
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619:
2953:"Canadian Academy of Sport and Exercise Medicine Position Statement: Mandatory Use of Bicycle Helmets"
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2602:
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Phillips, Ross Owen; Fyhri, Aslak; Sagberg, Fridulv (2011). "Risk Compensation and Bicycle Helmets".
961:
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416:-compliant helmets are intended to reduce rotational violence to the brain caused by angled impacts.
368:
3687:
1846:
Newbold, Stephen C. (2012). "Examining the Health-Risk Tradeoffs of Mandatory Bicycle Helmet Laws".
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Ulla Baden; Ernst Poulsen; Tom Godefrooij; Hildegard Resinger & Daniel Eritja (November 1998).
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The 2004 Parliamentary Bill was unanimously opposed by the cycling establishment, with every major
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FUBICY, Fédération francaise des Usagers de la Bicyclette. Our helmet main page, English version.
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3358:"Fietsersbond onderzoekt: helpt de helm? (The Dutch Cyclists' Union asks: does the helmet help?)"
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Use bicycle helmets for cycling only. Product Safety Australia. Retrieved 14 September 2010.
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CR 220: Assessing the level of safety provided by the Snell B95 standard for bicycle helmets
447:. The rotational accelerations that arise in bicycle accidents can be large enough to cause
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2931:"Bicycle helmet use in Canada: The need for legislation to reduce the risk of head injury"
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in collisions while minimizing side effects such as interference with peripheral vision.
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E. Towner; T. Dowswell; M. Burkes; H. Dickinson; J. Towner; M. Hayes (November 2002).
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Hillman, M., 1993. Cycle Helmets: the case for and against, Policy Studies Institute.
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Some modern road and track racing bicycle helmets have a long tapering back end for
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3398:"Three years of mandatory helmet use in Spain. Some results of an inconvenient law"
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Rivara, F. P; Astley, S. J; Clarren, S. K; Thompson, D. C.; Thompson, R. S (1999).
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An additional and voluntary standard was created by Swedish medical professionals.
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459:. A few new helmets are designed to reduce rotational accelerations in accidents.
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3657:"Making Cycling Irresistible: Lessons from the Netherlands, Denmark, and Germany"
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1355:"Death of cyclist Andrei Kivilev: declaration by the International Cycling Union"
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The first serious attempt by the UCI to introduce compulsory helmet use was 1991
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as they lack significant ventilation, making them uncomfortable for long races.
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ee Hartog, Jeroen Johan; Boogaard, Hanna; Nijland, Hans; Hoek, Gerard (2010).
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390:(CPSC) created its own mandatory standard for all bicycle helmets sold in the
386:(ANSI) created a standard called ANSI Z80.4 in 1984. Later, the United States
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inserts are often used to increase strength and protection of the helmet. The
220:, having completely overtaken the motorcycle and motorsports helmet business.
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1982:"Safety in numbers: More walkers and bicyclists, safer walking and bicycling"
1948:
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scrapes and cuts, but only minimal impact protection, and was mainly used by
172:
87:
1803:
De Jong, Piet (2012). "The Health Impact of Mandatory Bicycle Helmet Laws".
1704:"No clear evidence from countries that have enforced the wearing of helmets"
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minimal due mainly to technical limitations of the foams and shells in use.
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3491:"Postage stamp changed due concerns over 'attire worn by cyclist in image'"
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2015:
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mountain bike helmets by the end of the decade, but remaining popular with
32:
3278:"IMPROVING BICYCLE SAFETY without making helmet-use compulsory (brochure)"
2575:
After Recent Death, CPSC Warns Against Wearing Bike Helmets on Playgrounds
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has stated that "helmet use is an effective public health intervention".
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3518:
3360:. Dutch Fietsersbond (Cyclists' Union). 27 February 2012. Archived from
2129:"Risk compensation theory and voluntary helmet use by cyclists in Spain"
1559:
727:
as road danger reduction, training, roadcraft, and bicycle maintenance.
216:
plastic shells. The bicycle helmet arm of Bell was split off in 1991 as
4800:
4625:
4489:
4358:
4328:
4313:
4161:
4156:
4131:
2144:
1997:
1310:
947:
735:
623:
90 percent of US counterfeit seizures coming from Hong Kong and China.
525:
495:
Historically, road cycling regulations set by the sport's ruling body,
448:
335: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
144: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
72:
3421:
2294:
2095:
667:
Numerous health medical groups support helmet laws. These include the
506:
race, which resulted in a riders' strike, and UCI abandoned the idea.
40:
4795:
4763:
4641:
4323:
4298:
4176:
4018:
3516:
1295:"Fit of bicycle safety helmets and risk of head injuries in children"
587:
420:
294:
193:
36:
Three styles of bicycle helmets: standard, full-face, and multi-sport
1906:
1085:. Australian Government Department of Infrastructure and Transport.
476:
and children are much less likely to wear helmets unless compelled.
310:
119:
4889:
4831:
4691:
4439:
4091:
4086:
4076:
4053:
3384:"CAN and Cycle Helmet Legislation | Cycling Action Network NZ"
797:
complained that it would discourage people from taking up cycling.
196:
of the 1970s. Two of the first modern bicycle helmets were made by
68:
1020:"Snell 1995 Bicycle Helmet Standard. 1998 revision and amendments"
231:
4884:
4731:
4141:
4081:
3609:"In the land of the Dutch Black, the cyclist is king of the road"
3451:
European Cyclist's Federation. Examples of successful campaigns.
801:
440:
402:
372:
212:
foam liners for motorcycling and motorsport helmets and had hard
57:
2840:"BMA votes for cycle helmet compulsion (with debate transcript)"
2071:
1662:
Robinson, D.L. (1996). "Head injuries and bicycle helmet laws".
626:
239:
Atmos helmet, showing seamless in-mould micro shell construction
4656:
4590:
4539:
4534:
4524:
4469:
4363:
4201:
4191:
4151:
4146:
3750:
53:
903:
610:
compensation as one possible explanation of this association.
4575:
4565:
4519:
4071:
4023:
3383:
635:
594:, but these views are disputed by other road safety experts.
3457:
1541:
1482:"10 Proven Health Benefits of Cycling to Work – Yes Cycling"
4449:
3704:
2678:"Medical Student Section Issue Brief: Bicycle Helmet Usage"
2055:
Death on the Streets: Cars and the mythology of road safety
1292:
3719:
2891:"Health and Ethics Policies of the AMA House of Delegates"
2241:
1930:
1506:
750:
Helmet laws save a few brains, but destroy a lot of hearts
740:
overall health effects of compulsory helmets are negative.
3709:
2866:"Legislation for the compulsory wearing of cycle helmets"
2795:"Parliamentary Committee on Cycling Issues Report is out"
2120:
376:
252:
3534:"Bicycle Use and Safety in Paris, Boston, and Amsterdam"
1973:
1145:"Letter to the U. S. Consumer Product Safety Commission"
517:. The new rules were introduced on 5 May 2003, with the
1931:
Hagel, B.; MacPherson, A; Rivara, FP; Pless, B (2006).
1544:"Do the Health Benefits of Cycling Outweigh the Risks?"
871:
479:
443:
standards only look at linear accelerations and ignore
3531:
3131:"Bicycle Helmet Laws, Public Health Law Research 2009"
255:
and more aggressive mountain bike disciplines such as
2361:
Olivier, Jake; Walter, Scott R. (25 September 2013).
660:
organisations support helmet use or legislation. The
533:
in bicycle helmet to signal when a crash has occurred
2175:
1535:
651:
American Medical Association Medical Student Section
379:
riders as well as inline skaters and skateboarders.
266:
Since more advanced helmets began being used in the
2951:Goudie, Richard; Page, Jessica L. (November 2013).
2428:Walker, Ian; Robinson, Dorothy L. (February 2019).
2077:
1584:
1500:
1926:
1924:
1381:"Mandatory wear of helmets for the elite category"
1170:
984:
430:
3627:"Cycle helmet promotion: a dangerous distraction"
3228:
3226:
3036:"American Academy of Pediatrics: Bicycle Helmets"
3024:"Injury-Control Recommendations: Bicycle Helmets"
2276:
1933:"Arguments against helmet legislation are flawed"
1590:
4924:
1697:
1695:
1693:
1657:
1655:
1653:
1078:
1921:
789:originally depicting a cyclist with helmet and
56:designed to attenuate impacts to the head of a
3648:
3629:. Cyclists' Touring Club (CTC). Archived from
3489:McQuinn, Cormac; Nugent, Ryan (21 July 2016).
3223:
2427:
3735:
3654:
3488:
2909:The American College of Emergency Physicians
2743:"What's the case for keeping the helmet law?"
2360:
1798:
1796:
1690:
1650:
1257:
1040:. UK Department for Transport. Archived from
627:Accidents from wearing at inappropriate times
560:
289:. This type of helmet is mainly dedicated to
3591:
2644:
2474:
1625:
991:. New Haven: Yale University Press. p.
401:(EU) the currently applicable standards are
3517:Bicycle Helmet Research Foundation (BHRF).
3244:""Keep your head". Letter to New Scientist"
1839:
1753:"Three lessons for a better cycling future"
1136:
3742:
3728:
3241:
2950:
2573:U. S. Consumer Product Safety Commission.
2319:
2219:Goverde, Marcel (September–October 2009).
1793:
1038:"Bicycle Helmets: Review of Effectiveness"
759:
688:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
636:Debate over compulsion or strong promotion
3606:
3280:. European Cyclists' Federation, Brussels
2968:
2670:
2404:
2386:
2302:
2169:
2152:
2103:
2080:"Risk homeostasis hypothesis: A rebuttal"
2005:
1956:
1888:
1776:
1727:
1608:
1567:
1318:
1230:
1204:
1031:
1029:
783:and magazine rejecting helmet compulsion.
351:Learn how and when to remove this message
160:Learn how and when to remove this message
3572:
2618:
2496:"Fake Bike Helmets: Cheap But Dangerous"
1979:
1701:
1661:
681:American College of Emergency Physicians
536:
524:
483:
230:
171:
97:
86:
78:
67:
39:
31:
3302:. Cyclists Touring Club. Archived from
3271:
3269:
2842:. BikeBiz. 30 June 2005. Archived from
2547:
2468:
2218:
1845:
1802:
1750:
1631:
1142:
982:
300:
14:
4925:
3525:
2325:
2277:Morrongiello, B.A.; Major, K. (2002).
1166:
1164:
1117:
1026:
899:
897:
3723:
3607:Mayrhofer, Debra (11 February 2008).
2028:
1895:Health Promotion Journal of Australia
1226:
1224:
964:. National Museum of American History
906:"Safety Standard for Bicycle Helmets"
435:The standards are intended to reduce
384:American National Standards Institute
109:
3655:Pucher; Buehler (12 November 2007).
3573:Michaels, Daniel (2 November 2010).
3266:
3250:
2868:. BMA. November 2004. Archived from
2516:
2047:
2022:
1889:Rissel, Chris; Wen, Li Ming (2011).
1445:
1439:
962:"America on the move-Bicycle helmet"
904:Consumer Product Safety Commission.
577:
480:Required helmet use in cycling sport
333:adding citations to reliable sources
304:
142:adding citations to reliable sources
113:
1161:
894:
548:
394:, which took effect in March 1999.
24:
3705:Bicycle Helmet Research Foundation
3181:"Childhood unintentional injuries"
2957:Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine
2548:Lindsey, Joe (15 September 2015).
2434:Accident Analysis & Prevention
2328:Accident Analysis & Prevention
2244:Accident Analysis & Prevention
2078:O'Neill, B.; Williams, A. (1998).
1664:Accident Analysis & Prevention
1634:Cycling: Towards health and safety
1221:
1177:Accident Analysis & Prevention
1143:Sundahl, Jim G (19 January 1998).
793:was altered to remove those after
710:supports and promotes helmet use.
388:Consumer Product Safety Commission
25:
4954:
3698:
3532:Osberg, J.S.; Stiles, C. (1998).
3331:. CTC. March 2004. Archived from
2493:
2221:"Helmets Make You Bicycle Faster"
1854:(5): 791–98, discussion 799–800.
1548:Environmental Health Perspectives
466:
3715:Helmet Development and Standards
3422:"Helmet Laws for Bicycle Riders"
2190:10.1111/j.1539-6924.2011.01589.x
1860:10.1111/j.1539-6924.2012.01770.x
1817:10.1111/j.1539-6924.2011.01785.x
1597:American Journal of Epidemiology
1231:Frank, Michael; Phillips, Matt.
1118:Walker, Brian (June–July 2005).
309:
278:Atmos and Ionos, as well as the
118:
3710:Bicycle Helmet Safety Institute
3619:
3600:
3585:
3566:
3510:
3482:
3473:
3445:
3428:
3414:
3390:
3376:
3350:
3318:
3292:
3242:M. Hillman (2 September 2002).
3235:
3205:
3173:
3141:
3123:
3098:
3086:
3074:
3048:
3029:
3017:
2993:
2944:
2923:
2903:
2884:
2858:
2832:
2811:
2805:
2787:
2761:
2735:
2717:
2698:
2591:
2580:
2567:
2550:"To Catch a Bike Counterfeiter"
2541:
2510:
2487:
2421:
2354:
2270:
2235:
2212:
1882:
1744:
1636:. British Medical Association.
1474:
1403:
1373:
1347:
1335:
1286:
1251:
613:
431:Design intentions and standards
320:needs additional citations for
129:needs additional citations for
2911:"Universal Bicycle Helmet Use"
1111:
1072:
1068:. Australian Government. 2009.
1056:
1012:
976:
954:
934:
850:Bicycle helmets in New Zealand
840:Bicycle helmet laws by country
766:Bicycle helmet laws by country
692:American Academy of Pediatrics
13:
1:
3403:. 1 June 2007. Archived from
3106:"Bicycle helmets: yes or no?"
2517:Reid, Carlton (28 May 2018).
2477:Journal of Products Liability
2225:Annals of Improbable Research
1509:Archives of Internal Medicine
1418:Union Cycliste Internationale
1385:Union Cycliste Internationale
887:
770:The following countries have
732:European Cyclists' Federation
662:League of American Bicyclists
640:
497:Union Cycliste Internationale
3081:"Bicycling and Skating Tips"
2970:10.1097/JSM.0000000000000025
2920:. Retrieved 8 February 2012.
2725:"Bicycle Network Membership"
2685:American Medical Association
2388:10.1371/journal.pone.0075424
1751:Wardlaw, Malcolm J. (2000).
1676:10.1016/0001-4575(96)00016-4
1521:10.1001/archinte.160.11.1621
1420:. 2 May 2003. Archived from
1387:. 2 May 2003. Archived from
845:Bicycle helmets in Australia
713:
677:American Medical Association
7:
4309:Helmet Steel Airborne Troop
3749:
1079:Gibson T; Cheung A (2004).
913:Final Rule 16 CFR Part 1203
828:
673:British Medical Association
10:
4959:
4445:Czechoslovak Vz. 53 Helmet
3547:(4): 61–76. Archived from
2900:Retrieved 8 February 2012]
1720:10.1136/bmj.332.7543.722-a
983:Herlihy, David V. (2004).
820:cycling in the Netherlands
763:
708:National Children's Bureau
704:Public Health Law Research
561:Health benefits of cycling
63:
4850:
4809:
4719:
4634:
4558:
4427:
4266:
4235:
4062:
3966:
3957:
3757:
3095:Retrieved 8 February 2012
3083:Retrieved 8 February 2012
2714:Retrieved 8 February 2012
2705:"Helmet Use when Cycling"
2599:"Bicycle helmet injuries"
2446:10.1016/j.aap.2018.11.015
2340:10.1016/j.aap.2006.08.010
2256:10.1016/j.aap.2006.10.006
1769:10.1136/bmj.321.7276.1582
1460:10.1016/j.aap.2018.03.026
1189:10.1016/j.aap.2013.05.019
865:
669:World Health Organization
620:fake "knock-off" products
592:anti-lock braking systems
369:Snell Memorial Foundation
3541:Transportation Quarterly
2814:"Helmet use saves lives"
2519:"Fake sense of security"
1949:10.1136/bmj.332.7543.725
445:rotational accelerations
44:A typical bicycle helmet
3579:The Wall Street Journal
3058:. RoSPA. Archived from
3041:30 January 2012 at the
2710:20 January 2012 at the
2656:National Health Service
2630:National Health Service
2626:"Cycling for beginners"
1702:Robinson, D.L. (2006).
1632:Hillman, Mayer (1992).
943:Bike Riders Aids 1967–8
760:Legislation and culture
700:National Safety Council
647:National Health Service
4647:Advanced Combat Helmet
3682:Cite journal requires
3470:downloaded 10 May 2010
2769:"Helmet policy review"
1980:Jacobsen, P L (2003).
1272:10.1542/peds.112.2.320
814:cycling infrastructure
545:
534:
492:
373:Consumers' Association
240:
177:
106:
95:
84:
76:
45:
37:
4739:Boxing / Martial Arts
3592:Brian Wilson (2006).
3326:"CTC Policy Handbook"
2896:20 March 2015 at the
2652:"Benefits of cycling"
1233:"Precious Protection"
1157:on 20 September 2008.
772:mandatory helmet laws
738:, believes that the "
540:
528:
487:
453:diffuse axonal injury
234:
175:
101:
90:
83:Bicycle helmet, 1940s
82:
71:
43:
35:
4289:M32 (Czechoslovakia)
3669:on 17 November 2014.
3636:on 28 September 2007
3594:"Amsterdam Bicycles"
3410:on 25 December 2010.
3300:"Helmets CTC policy"
3149:"Active Transitions"
3045:Retrieved 1202-02-08
3026:Retrieved 1202-02-08
3013:on 11 December 2013.
2872:on 26 September 2007
2846:on 28 September 2007
2577:accessed 21 May 2014
2529:on 17 September 2018
2029:Adams, John (1995).
987:Bicycle: the history
922:on 24 September 2006
781:cycling organisation
329:improve this article
301:History of standards
200:, a manufacturer of
138:improve this article
4460:Romanian M73 helmet
4414:M1918 (Switzerland)
4334:Mk II talker helmet
4299:Stahlhelm (Germany)
3854:Henry VIII's Horned
3519:"Safety in numbers"
3062:on 24 November 2013
2916:2 July 2011 at the
2820:on 24 November 2013
2801:on 14 January 2014.
2731:on 2 December 2013.
2379:2013PLoSO...875424O
1560:10.1289/ehp.0901747
835:Bicycle helmet laws
787:Irish postage stamp
4697:Lightweight Helmet
4172:Lobster-tailed pot
3219:. 2 November 2002.
3213:"A Chain Reaction"
2749:on 30 October 2016
2145:10.1136/ip.9.2.128
1998:10.1136/ip.9.3.205
1610:10.1093/aje/kwm088
1311:10.1136/ip.5.3.194
1099:on 5 December 2010
1044:on 2 February 2010
950:. 1966. p. 6.
860:Closed head injury
546:
535:
519:2003 Giro d'Italia
493:
457:subdural haematoma
241:
178:
110:History of designs
107:
96:
85:
77:
46:
38:
4920:
4919:
4759:Gridiron football
4715:
4714:
4369:SSh-39 and SSh-40
4304:M1934/39 (Greece)
3496:Irish Independent
3306:on 29 August 2007
3262:978-0-11-703740-3
2295:10.1136/ip.8.1.27
2283:Injury Prevention
2133:Injury Prevention
2096:10.1136/ip.4.2.92
2084:Injury Prevention
2064:978-0-948135-46-0
2040:978-1-85728-068-5
1986:Injury Prevention
1763:(7276): 1582–85.
1643:978-0-19-286151-1
1411:"Article 1.3.031"
1383:(Press release).
1299:Injury Prevention
1002:978-0-300-12047-9
812:, education, and
810:safety in numbers
584:risk compensation
578:Risk compensation
572:safety in numbers
361:
360:
353:
170:
169:
162:
103:Bernhard Eckstein
16:(Redirected from
4950:
4354:M1940 (Portugal)
4029:Late Roman ridge
3964:
3963:
3744:
3737:
3730:
3721:
3720:
3692:
3691:
3685:
3680:
3678:
3670:
3668:
3662:. Archived from
3661:
3652:
3646:
3645:
3643:
3641:
3635:
3623:
3617:
3616:
3604:
3598:
3597:
3589:
3583:
3582:
3570:
3564:
3563:
3561:
3559:
3553:
3538:
3529:
3523:
3522:
3514:
3508:
3507:
3505:
3503:
3486:
3480:
3477:
3471:
3469:
3467:
3465:
3456:. Archived from
3449:
3443:
3442:
3440:
3432:
3426:
3425:
3418:
3412:
3411:
3409:
3402:
3394:
3388:
3387:
3380:
3374:
3373:
3371:
3369:
3364:on 31 March 2013
3354:
3348:
3347:
3345:
3343:
3337:
3330:
3322:
3316:
3315:
3313:
3311:
3296:
3290:
3289:
3287:
3285:
3273:
3264:
3254:
3248:
3247:
3239:
3233:
3230:
3221:
3220:
3209:
3203:
3202:
3200:
3198:
3193:on 10 March 2016
3192:
3186:. Archived from
3185:
3177:
3171:
3170:
3168:
3166:
3160:
3154:. Archived from
3153:
3145:
3139:
3138:
3137:on 7 March 2012.
3133:. Archived from
3127:
3121:
3120:
3118:
3116:
3110:
3102:
3096:
3093:"Safe Bicycling"
3090:
3084:
3078:
3072:
3071:
3069:
3067:
3052:
3046:
3033:
3027:
3021:
3015:
3014:
3012:
3006:. Archived from
3005:
3001:"Position Paper"
2997:
2991:
2990:
2972:
2948:
2942:
2941:
2939:
2937:
2927:
2921:
2907:
2901:
2888:
2882:
2881:
2879:
2877:
2862:
2856:
2855:
2853:
2851:
2836:
2830:
2829:
2827:
2825:
2816:. Archived from
2809:
2803:
2802:
2797:. Archived from
2791:
2785:
2784:
2782:
2780:
2775:. 31 August 2017
2765:
2759:
2758:
2756:
2754:
2745:. Archived from
2739:
2733:
2732:
2727:. Archived from
2721:
2715:
2702:
2696:
2695:
2693:
2691:
2682:
2674:
2668:
2667:
2665:
2663:
2648:
2642:
2641:
2639:
2637:
2622:
2616:
2614:
2612:
2610:
2601:. Archived from
2595:
2589:
2584:
2578:
2571:
2565:
2564:
2562:
2560:
2545:
2539:
2538:
2536:
2534:
2525:. Archived from
2514:
2508:
2507:
2505:
2503:
2491:
2485:
2484:
2472:
2466:
2465:
2425:
2419:
2418:
2408:
2390:
2358:
2352:
2351:
2323:
2317:
2316:
2306:
2274:
2268:
2267:
2239:
2233:
2232:
2216:
2210:
2209:
2173:
2167:
2166:
2156:
2124:
2118:
2117:
2107:
2075:
2069:
2068:
2051:
2045:
2044:
2026:
2020:
2019:
2009:
1977:
1971:
1970:
1960:
1943:(7543): 725–26.
1928:
1919:
1918:
1886:
1880:
1879:
1843:
1837:
1836:
1800:
1791:
1790:
1780:
1748:
1742:
1741:
1731:
1714:(7543): 722–25.
1699:
1688:
1687:
1659:
1648:
1647:
1629:
1623:
1622:
1612:
1588:
1582:
1581:
1571:
1539:
1533:
1532:
1504:
1498:
1497:
1495:
1493:
1478:
1472:
1471:
1443:
1437:
1436:
1434:
1432:
1426:
1415:
1407:
1401:
1400:
1398:
1396:
1377:
1371:
1370:
1368:
1366:
1357:. Archived from
1351:
1345:
1339:
1333:
1332:
1322:
1290:
1284:
1283:
1255:
1249:
1248:
1246:
1244:
1239:on 24 March 2015
1235:. Archived from
1228:
1219:
1218:
1208:
1168:
1159:
1158:
1156:
1150:. Archived from
1149:
1140:
1134:
1133:
1124:
1115:
1109:
1108:
1106:
1104:
1095:. Archived from
1076:
1070:
1069:
1060:
1054:
1053:
1051:
1049:
1033:
1024:
1023:
1016:
1010:
1009:
990:
980:
974:
973:
971:
969:
958:
952:
951:
938:
932:
931:
929:
927:
921:
915:. Archived from
910:
901:
882:
875:
658:cycling advocacy
549:Injury reduction
474:Utility cyclists
356:
349:
345:
342:
336:
313:
305:
263:addressed this.
218:Bell Sports Inc.
176:"Hairnet" helmet
165:
158:
154:
151:
145:
122:
114:
21:
4958:
4957:
4953:
4952:
4951:
4949:
4948:
4947:
4938:Protective gear
4933:Bicycle helmets
4923:
4922:
4921:
4916:
4846:
4837:Riot protection
4805:
4711:
4662:ECH (Australia)
4630:
4554:
4423:
4419:Type 92 Tetsubo
4344:Netherlands M34
4294:M1923 (Denmark)
4262:
4258:Tarleton helmet
4231:
4064:
4058:
3953:
3809:Coventry Sallet
3761:
3759:
3753:
3748:
3701:
3696:
3695:
3683:
3681:
3672:
3671:
3666:
3659:
3653:
3649:
3639:
3637:
3633:
3625:
3624:
3620:
3605:
3601:
3590:
3586:
3571:
3567:
3557:
3555:
3551:
3536:
3530:
3526:
3515:
3511:
3501:
3499:
3487:
3483:
3478:
3474:
3463:
3461:
3460:on 22 June 2011
3452:
3450:
3446:
3438:
3434:
3433:
3429:
3420:
3419:
3415:
3407:
3400:
3396:
3395:
3391:
3382:
3381:
3377:
3367:
3365:
3356:
3355:
3351:
3341:
3339:
3335:
3328:
3324:
3323:
3319:
3309:
3307:
3298:
3297:
3293:
3283:
3281:
3274:
3267:
3255:
3251:
3240:
3236:
3231:
3224:
3211:
3210:
3206:
3196:
3194:
3190:
3183:
3179:
3178:
3174:
3164:
3162:
3161:on 9 March 2016
3158:
3151:
3147:
3146:
3142:
3129:
3128:
3124:
3114:
3112:
3108:
3104:
3103:
3099:
3091:
3087:
3079:
3075:
3065:
3063:
3054:
3053:
3049:
3043:Wayback Machine
3034:
3030:
3022:
3018:
3010:
3003:
2999:
2998:
2994:
2949:
2945:
2935:
2933:
2929:
2928:
2924:
2918:Wayback Machine
2908:
2904:
2898:Wayback Machine
2889:
2885:
2875:
2873:
2864:
2863:
2859:
2849:
2847:
2838:
2837:
2833:
2823:
2821:
2810:
2806:
2793:
2792:
2788:
2778:
2776:
2773:Bicycle Network
2767:
2766:
2762:
2752:
2750:
2741:
2740:
2736:
2723:
2722:
2718:
2712:Wayback Machine
2703:
2699:
2689:
2687:
2680:
2676:
2675:
2671:
2661:
2659:
2650:
2649:
2645:
2635:
2633:
2624:
2623:
2619:
2608:
2606:
2605:on 5 March 2011
2597:
2596:
2592:
2585:
2581:
2572:
2568:
2558:
2556:
2546:
2542:
2532:
2530:
2515:
2511:
2501:
2499:
2492:
2488:
2473:
2469:
2426:
2422:
2359:
2355:
2324:
2320:
2275:
2271:
2240:
2236:
2217:
2213:
2174:
2170:
2125:
2121:
2076:
2072:
2065:
2057:. Davis. 1993.
2053:
2052:
2048:
2041:
2027:
2023:
1978:
1974:
1929:
1922:
1907:10.1071/HE11178
1887:
1883:
1844:
1840:
1801:
1794:
1749:
1745:
1700:
1691:
1660:
1651:
1644:
1630:
1626:
1603:(12): 1343–50.
1589:
1585:
1540:
1536:
1515:(11): 1621–28.
1505:
1501:
1491:
1489:
1480:
1479:
1475:
1448:Accid Anal Prev
1444:
1440:
1430:
1428:
1427:on 26 June 2016
1424:
1413:
1409:
1408:
1404:
1394:
1392:
1391:on 4 March 2016
1379:
1378:
1374:
1364:
1362:
1361:on 4 March 2016
1353:
1352:
1348:
1340:
1336:
1291:
1287:
1256:
1252:
1242:
1240:
1229:
1222:
1169:
1162:
1154:
1147:
1141:
1137:
1122:
1116:
1112:
1102:
1100:
1093:
1077:
1073:
1062:
1061:
1057:
1047:
1045:
1034:
1027:
1018:
1017:
1013:
1003:
981:
977:
967:
965:
960:
959:
955:
940:
939:
935:
925:
923:
919:
908:
902:
895:
890:
885:
876:
872:
868:
831:
795:Cycling Ireland
768:
762:
716:
643:
638:
629:
616:
580:
563:
551:
482:
469:
433:
357:
346:
340:
337:
326:
314:
303:
257:downhill riding
204:equipment, and
187:racing cyclists
166:
155:
149:
146:
135:
123:
112:
92:Martin Wierstra
66:
28:
23:
22:
18:Bicycle helmets
15:
12:
11:
5:
4956:
4946:
4945:
4943:Cycling safety
4940:
4935:
4918:
4917:
4915:
4914:
4909:
4904:
4903:
4902:
4900:American fiber
4892:
4887:
4882:
4877:
4872:
4871:
4870:
4860:
4854:
4852:
4848:
4847:
4845:
4844:
4839:
4834:
4829:
4824:
4819:
4813:
4811:
4807:
4806:
4804:
4803:
4798:
4793:
4788:
4783:
4778:
4773:
4772:
4771:
4766:
4756:
4751:
4746:
4741:
4736:
4735:
4734:
4723:
4721:
4717:
4716:
4713:
4712:
4710:
4709:
4704:
4699:
4694:
4689:
4684:
4679:
4674:
4669:
4664:
4659:
4654:
4649:
4644:
4638:
4636:
4632:
4631:
4629:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4613:
4608:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4562:
4560:
4556:
4555:
4553:
4552:
4547:
4542:
4537:
4532:
4527:
4522:
4517:
4512:
4507:
4502:
4497:
4492:
4487:
4482:
4477:
4472:
4467:
4462:
4457:
4452:
4447:
4442:
4437:
4435:Bangtan Helmet
4431:
4429:
4425:
4424:
4422:
4421:
4416:
4411:
4406:
4404:M1937 (Sweden)
4401:
4399:M1926 (Sweden)
4396:
4391:
4389:M1942 Modelo Z
4386:
4381:
4376:
4371:
4366:
4361:
4356:
4351:
4346:
4341:
4336:
4331:
4326:
4321:
4316:
4311:
4306:
4301:
4296:
4291:
4286:
4284:M36 (Bulgaria)
4281:
4276:
4270:
4268:
4264:
4263:
4261:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4239:
4237:
4233:
4232:
4230:
4229:
4224:
4219:
4214:
4209:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4144:
4139:
4134:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4068:
4066:
4060:
4059:
4057:
4056:
4051:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3970:
3968:
3961:
3955:
3954:
3952:
3951:
3946:
3944:Witcham Gravel
3941:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3834:Guilden Morden
3831:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3814:Crosby Garrett
3811:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3781:
3776:
3771:
3765:
3763:
3755:
3754:
3747:
3746:
3739:
3732:
3724:
3718:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3700:
3699:External links
3697:
3694:
3693:
3684:|journal=
3647:
3618:
3599:
3584:
3565:
3554:on 14 May 2012
3524:
3509:
3481:
3472:
3444:
3427:
3413:
3389:
3375:
3349:
3338:on 29 May 2015
3317:
3291:
3265:
3249:
3234:
3222:
3204:
3172:
3140:
3122:
3097:
3085:
3073:
3047:
3028:
3016:
2992:
2963:(6): 417–418.
2943:
2922:
2902:
2883:
2857:
2831:
2804:
2786:
2760:
2734:
2716:
2697:
2669:
2658:. 1 March 2012
2643:
2632:. 30 June 2012
2617:
2590:
2579:
2566:
2540:
2509:
2486:
2467:
2420:
2353:
2318:
2269:
2234:
2211:
2184:(8): 1187–95.
2168:
2119:
2070:
2063:
2046:
2039:
2021:
1972:
1920:
1881:
1838:
1792:
1743:
1689:
1649:
1642:
1624:
1583:
1554:(8): 1109–16.
1534:
1499:
1488:. 18 June 2017
1473:
1438:
1402:
1372:
1346:
1334:
1285:
1250:
1220:
1160:
1135:
1127:Cycle Magazine
1110:
1091:
1071:
1055:
1025:
1011:
1001:
975:
953:
933:
892:
891:
889:
886:
884:
883:
869:
867:
864:
863:
862:
857:
855:Bicycle safety
852:
847:
842:
837:
830:
827:
761:
758:
715:
712:
642:
639:
637:
634:
628:
625:
615:
612:
579:
576:
562:
559:
550:
547:
531:shock detector
511:Andrei Kivilev
489:Joop Zoetemelk
481:
478:
468:
467:History of use
465:
432:
429:
399:European Union
359:
358:
317:
315:
308:
302:
299:
268:Tour de France
202:mountaineering
168:
167:
126:
124:
117:
111:
108:
65:
62:
50:bicycle helmet
27:Type of helmet
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4955:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4931:
4930:
4928:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4901:
4898:
4897:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4878:
4876:
4873:
4869:
4866:
4865:
4864:
4861:
4859:
4856:
4855:
4853:
4849:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4827:Firefighter's
4825:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4814:
4812:
4808:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4762:
4761:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4742:
4740:
4737:
4733:
4730:
4729:
4728:
4725:
4724:
4722:
4718:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4682:Hełm wz. 2005
4680:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4639:
4637:
4633:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4611:Hełm wz. 2000
4609:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4563:
4561:
4557:
4551:
4548:
4546:
4543:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4528:
4526:
4523:
4521:
4518:
4516:
4513:
4511:
4508:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4455:Hungarian M70
4453:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4432:
4430:
4426:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4409:L'Eplattenier
4407:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4384:M1934 (Spain)
4382:
4380:
4379:M1926 (Spain)
4377:
4375:
4374:M1921 (Spain)
4372:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4271:
4269:
4265:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4240:
4238:
4234:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4127:Germanic boar
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4117:Falling buffe
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4069:
4067:
4061:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3971:
3969:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3956:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3914:Staffordshire
3912:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3766:
3764:
3756:
3752:
3745:
3740:
3738:
3733:
3731:
3726:
3725:
3722:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3702:
3689:
3676:
3665:
3658:
3651:
3632:
3628:
3622:
3614:
3610:
3603:
3595:
3588:
3580:
3576:
3569:
3550:
3546:
3542:
3535:
3528:
3520:
3513:
3498:
3497:
3492:
3485:
3476:
3459:
3455:
3448:
3437:
3431:
3423:
3417:
3406:
3399:
3393:
3385:
3379:
3363:
3359:
3353:
3334:
3327:
3321:
3305:
3301:
3295:
3279:
3272:
3270:
3263:
3259:
3253:
3246:. p. 50.
3245:
3238:
3229:
3227:
3218:
3214:
3208:
3189:
3182:
3176:
3157:
3150:
3144:
3136:
3132:
3126:
3107:
3101:
3094:
3089:
3082:
3077:
3061:
3057:
3051:
3044:
3040:
3037:
3032:
3025:
3020:
3009:
3002:
2996:
2988:
2984:
2980:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2947:
2932:
2926:
2919:
2915:
2912:
2906:
2899:
2895:
2892:
2887:
2871:
2867:
2861:
2845:
2841:
2835:
2819:
2815:
2808:
2800:
2796:
2790:
2774:
2770:
2764:
2748:
2744:
2738:
2730:
2726:
2720:
2713:
2709:
2706:
2701:
2686:
2679:
2673:
2657:
2653:
2647:
2631:
2627:
2621:
2604:
2600:
2594:
2588:
2583:
2576:
2570:
2555:
2551:
2544:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2513:
2497:
2494:Tyler, Jeff.
2490:
2482:
2478:
2471:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2424:
2416:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2373:(9): e75424.
2372:
2368:
2364:
2357:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2334:(2): 417–25.
2333:
2329:
2322:
2314:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2273:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2250:(3): 618–23.
2249:
2245:
2238:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2215:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2178:Risk Analysis
2172:
2164:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2139:(2): 128–32.
2138:
2134:
2130:
2123:
2115:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2074:
2066:
2060:
2056:
2050:
2042:
2036:
2033:. Routledge.
2032:
2025:
2017:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1992:(3): 205–09.
1991:
1987:
1983:
1976:
1968:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1927:
1925:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1901:(3): 178–83.
1900:
1896:
1892:
1885:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1848:Risk Analysis
1842:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1811:(5): 782–90.
1810:
1806:
1805:Risk Analysis
1799:
1797:
1788:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1747:
1739:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1698:
1696:
1694:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1670:(4): 463–75.
1669:
1665:
1658:
1656:
1654:
1645:
1639:
1635:
1628:
1620:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1587:
1579:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1538:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1503:
1487:
1483:
1477:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1442:
1423:
1419:
1412:
1406:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1376:
1360:
1356:
1350:
1344:
1338:
1330:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1305:(3): 194–97.
1304:
1300:
1296:
1289:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1254:
1238:
1234:
1227:
1225:
1216:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1167:
1165:
1153:
1146:
1139:
1132:
1128:
1121:
1114:
1098:
1094:
1092:0-642-25522-9
1088:
1084:
1083:
1075:
1067:
1066:
1059:
1043:
1039:
1032:
1030:
1021:
1015:
1008:
1004:
998:
994:
989:
988:
979:
963:
957:
949:
945:
944:
937:
918:
914:
907:
900:
898:
893:
880:
874:
870:
861:
858:
856:
853:
851:
848:
846:
843:
841:
838:
836:
833:
832:
826:
823:
821:
815:
811:
807:
803:
798:
796:
792:
788:
784:
782:
775:
773:
767:
757:
753:
751:
747:
746:
741:
737:
733:
728:
725:
724:John Franklin
721:
720:Mayer Hillman
711:
709:
705:
701:
697:
696:Safe Kids USA
693:
689:
684:
682:
678:
674:
670:
665:
663:
659:
654:
652:
648:
633:
624:
621:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
593:
589:
585:
575:
573:
567:
558:
557:is involved.
556:
555:motor vehicle
544:
539:
532:
527:
523:
520:
516:
512:
507:
505:
500:
498:
490:
486:
477:
475:
464:
460:
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454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
428:
426:
422:
417:
415:
410:
408:
404:
400:
395:
393:
392:United States
389:
385:
380:
378:
374:
370:
366:
365:United States
355:
352:
344:
334:
330:
324:
323:
318:This section
316:
312:
307:
306:
298:
296:
292:
288:
283:
281:
277:
273:
269:
264:
260:
258:
254:
250:
249:cross country
245:
238:
233:
229:
225:
221:
219:
215:
214:polycarbonate
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
190:
188:
183:
174:
164:
161:
153:
143:
139:
133:
132:
127:This section
125:
121:
116:
115:
104:
100:
93:
89:
81:
74:
70:
61:
59:
55:
52:is a type of
51:
42:
34:
30:
19:
4875:Heraldic use
4863:Helmet cover
4743:
4635:2001–present
4465:Mº 44 E.T.A.
4319:M42 Duperite
4217:Takula tofao
4167:Lamellenhelm
4065:Early Modern
4063:Medieval and
4034:Montefortino
3779:Benty Grange
3675:cite journal
3664:the original
3650:
3638:. Retrieved
3631:the original
3621:
3615:. Melbourne.
3612:
3602:
3587:
3578:
3568:
3556:. Retrieved
3549:the original
3544:
3540:
3527:
3512:
3500:. Retrieved
3494:
3484:
3475:
3462:. Retrieved
3458:the original
3447:
3430:
3416:
3405:the original
3392:
3378:
3366:. Retrieved
3362:the original
3352:
3340:. Retrieved
3333:the original
3320:
3308:. Retrieved
3304:the original
3294:
3282:. Retrieved
3252:
3237:
3217:The Guardian
3216:
3207:
3195:. Retrieved
3188:the original
3175:
3163:. Retrieved
3156:the original
3143:
3135:the original
3125:
3113:. Retrieved
3100:
3088:
3076:
3064:. Retrieved
3060:the original
3050:
3031:
3019:
3008:the original
2995:
2960:
2956:
2946:
2934:. Retrieved
2925:
2905:
2886:
2874:. Retrieved
2870:the original
2860:
2848:. Retrieved
2844:the original
2834:
2822:. Retrieved
2818:the original
2807:
2799:the original
2789:
2777:. Retrieved
2772:
2763:
2751:. Retrieved
2747:the original
2737:
2729:the original
2719:
2700:
2688:. Retrieved
2672:
2660:. Retrieved
2646:
2634:. Retrieved
2620:
2607:. Retrieved
2603:the original
2593:
2582:
2569:
2559:16 September
2557:. Retrieved
2553:
2543:
2533:16 September
2531:. Retrieved
2527:the original
2522:
2512:
2502:16 September
2500:. Retrieved
2489:
2480:
2476:
2470:
2437:
2433:
2423:
2370:
2366:
2356:
2331:
2327:
2321:
2289:(1): 27–31.
2286:
2282:
2272:
2247:
2243:
2237:
2228:
2224:
2214:
2181:
2177:
2171:
2136:
2132:
2122:
2090:(2): 92–93.
2087:
2083:
2073:
2054:
2049:
2030:
2024:
1989:
1985:
1975:
1940:
1936:
1898:
1894:
1884:
1851:
1847:
1841:
1808:
1804:
1760:
1756:
1746:
1711:
1707:
1667:
1663:
1633:
1627:
1600:
1596:
1586:
1551:
1547:
1537:
1512:
1508:
1502:
1490:. Retrieved
1485:
1476:
1451:
1447:
1441:
1429:. Retrieved
1422:the original
1405:
1393:. Retrieved
1389:the original
1375:
1363:. Retrieved
1359:the original
1349:
1337:
1302:
1298:
1288:
1266:(2): 320–3.
1263:
1259:
1253:
1241:. Retrieved
1237:the original
1180:
1176:
1152:the original
1138:
1130:
1126:
1113:
1101:. Retrieved
1097:the original
1081:
1074:
1064:
1058:
1046:. Retrieved
1042:the original
1014:
1006:
986:
978:
966:. Retrieved
956:
941:
936:
924:. Retrieved
917:the original
912:
878:
873:
817:
799:
778:
776:
769:
754:
749:
745:Fietsersbond
743:
742:" The Dutch
739:
730:In 1998 the
729:
717:
685:
666:
656:A number of
655:
644:
630:
617:
614:Counterfeits
608:
604:
600:
596:
581:
568:
564:
552:
543:MIPS (right)
508:
501:
494:
470:
461:
437:acceleration
434:
418:
411:
396:
381:
362:
347:
338:
327:Please help
322:verification
319:
287:streamlining
284:
272:carbon fiber
265:
261:
246:
242:
226:
222:
191:
179:
156:
147:
136:Please help
131:verification
128:
49:
47:
29:
4652:BK-3 helmet
4606:Hełm wz. 93
4530:Paratrooper
4515:Modèle 1978
4510:Modèle 1951
4485:Hełm wz. 67
4480:Hełm wz. 63
4475:Hełm wz. 50
4349:Hełm wz. 31
4314:M33 (Italy)
4253:Pith helmet
4248:Pickelhaube
4236:Late Modern
4212:Spangenhelm
4197:Pickelhaube
4097:Cervelliere
3979:Boar's tusk
3839:Guisborough
3804:Coțofenești
2609:17 November
2440:: 107–113.
1492:25 February
1486:Yes Cycling
1183:: 109–117.
1048:10 December
1007:bell biker.
806:Netherlands
791:hi-vis vest
529:Example of
449:concussions
425:New Zealand
293:racing and
210:polystyrene
206:Bell Sports
94:(NED), 1959
4927:Categories
4786:Motorcycle
4769:Revolution
4754:Equestrian
4581:M90 (Iraq)
4162:Kulah khud
4122:Frog-mouth
3999:Corinthian
3989:Chalcidian
3919:Sutton Hoo
3904:Ribchester
3864:Iron Gates
3859:Horncastle
3829:Gjermundbu
3799:Coppergate
3789:Canterbury
3760:historical
3758:Individual
3197:29 October
3165:29 October
3115:29 October
3066:29 October
2936:29 October
2824:29 October
2779:4 December
2753:29 October
2690:29 October
2662:29 October
2636:29 October
1260:Pediatrics
1120:"Heads Up"
948:Holdsworth
946:. London:
926:29 October
888:References
764:See also:
736:Cycling UK
641:Supporters
588:seat belts
515:Paris–Nice
504:Paris–Nice
405::1997 and
341:March 2012
291:time trial
253:BMX riders
150:March 2012
73:Nat Butler
4912:Zuckerman
4868:Mitznefet
4817:Custodian
4796:Scrum cap
4764:Eyeshield
4642:A2 Helmet
4559:1980–2000
4545:Swiss M71
4428:1945–1980
4267:1914–1945
4137:Hounskull
4019:Kegelhelm
3640:24 August
3464:8 January
3310:31 August
2876:24 August
2850:24 August
2554:Bicycling
2483:: 307–17.
2397:1932-6203
2231:(5): 6–9.
1454:: 85–97.
1197:0001-4575
785:" A 2016
714:Opponents
421:Australia
295:Triathlon
194:bike boom
4890:Tarnhelm
4832:Hard hat
4781:Lacrosse
4720:Athletic
4692:KH-B2000
4667:ECH (US)
4495:M76 Para
4440:CABAL II
4112:Enclosed
4092:Burgonet
4087:Bascinet
4077:Aventail
4054:Shmarjet
4044:Phrygian
4014:Imperial
4009:Illyrian
3984:Boeotian
3939:Waterloo
3934:Venetian
3909:Shorwell
3889:Nijmegen
3884:Newstead
3844:Hallaton
3824:Gevninge
3794:Ciumeşti
3769:Agighiol
3284:25 April
3039:Archived
2987:44368657
2979:24169297
2914:Archived
2894:Archived
2708:Archived
2462:53780178
2454:30472528
2415:24086528
2367:PLOS ONE
2348:17064655
2313:11928969
2264:17112456
2206:25935602
2198:21418079
2163:12810738
2016:12966006
1967:16565133
1915:22497060
1876:13031129
1868:22324749
1825:22462680
1787:11124188
1738:16565131
1619:17478434
1578:20587380
1529:10847255
1468:29677686
1329:10518266
1280:12897281
1243:16 April
1215:23770518
1129:: 42–5.
968:18 March
829:See also
804:and the
698:and the
4885:Mahiole
4842:Welding
4749:Cricket
4744:Bicycle
4732:Coolflo
4727:Batting
4621:SPECTRA
4550:Type 66
4243:Dragoon
4207:Secrete
4142:Jingasa
4107:Dragoon
4082:Barbute
3967:Ancient
3899:Pioneer
3874:Meyrick
3869:Lokrume
3762:helmets
3751:Helmets
3613:The Age
3502:21 July
3368:5 April
2523:BikeBiz
2406:3783373
2375:Bibcode
2304:1730819
2154:1730952
2114:9666359
2105:1730350
2007:1731007
1958:1410864
1833:7116890
1778:1119262
1729:1410838
1684:8870773
1569:2920084
1320:1730523
1206:3769450
802:Denmark
513:at the
491:in 1979
441:EN 1078
409::1997.
407:EN 1080
403:EN 1078
397:In the
363:In the
182:aerobic
64:History
58:cyclist
4907:Winged
4880:Horned
4858:Flight
4822:Diving
4791:Racing
4776:Hockey
4657:QGF-03
4591:M59/85
4540:SSh-68
4535:SSh-60
4525:OR-201
4470:M59/85
4394:SSK 90
4364:SSh-36
4339:Mk III
4279:Brodie
4274:Adrian
4227:Viking
4222:Turban
4202:Sallet
4192:Paseki
4182:Morion
4157:Kettle
4152:Katapu
4147:Kabuto
3994:Coolus
3959:Combat
3894:Peretu
3879:Nemiya
3849:Hellvi
3558:2 July
3342:29 May
3260:
3111:. SWOV
3056:"FAQs"
2985:
2977:
2460:
2452:
2413:
2403:
2395:
2346:
2311:
2301:
2262:
2204:
2196:
2161:
2151:
2112:
2102:
2061:
2037:
2014:
2004:
1965:
1955:
1913:
1874:
1866:
1831:
1823:
1785:
1775:
1736:
1726:
1682:
1640:
1617:
1576:
1566:
1527:
1466:
1365:8 June
1327:
1317:
1278:
1213:
1203:
1195:
1103:23 May
1089:
999:
877:Hagel
866:Quotes
690:, the
679:, the
675:, the
671:, the
105:, 1960
75:, 1910
54:helmet
4851:Other
4616:Sfera
4601:PASGT
4586:JK 96
4576:GOLFO
4566:CG634
4520:MPC-1
4500:Mk IV
4187:Nasal
4177:Mempo
4132:Great
4102:Close
4072:Armet
4049:Pilos
4039:Negau
4024:Konos
4004:Galea
3974:Attic
3929:Veksø
3924:Tjele
3819:Emesa
3774:Agris
3667:(PDF)
3660:(PDF)
3634:(DOC)
3552:(PDF)
3537:(PDF)
3439:(PDF)
3408:(PDF)
3401:(PDF)
3336:(PDF)
3329:(PDF)
3191:(PDF)
3184:(PDF)
3159:(PDF)
3152:(PDF)
3109:(PDF)
3011:(PDF)
3004:(PDF)
2983:S2CID
2812:WHO.
2681:(PDF)
2498:. NPR
2458:S2CID
2202:S2CID
1872:S2CID
1829:S2CID
1431:1 May
1425:(PDF)
1414:(PDF)
1395:1 May
1155:(PDF)
1148:(PDF)
1123:(PDF)
920:(PDF)
909:(PDF)
879:et al
618:With
4895:Pith
4810:Work
4707:Mk 7
4702:MICH
4687:IHPS
4677:6B47
4672:FAST
4505:Mk 6
4450:GK80
3949:Yarm
3784:Broe
3688:help
3642:2007
3560:2012
3504:2016
3466:2011
3370:2013
3344:2015
3312:2007
3286:2013
3258:ISBN
3199:2016
3167:2016
3117:2016
3068:2016
2975:PMID
2938:2016
2878:2007
2852:2007
2826:2016
2781:2022
2755:2016
2692:2016
2664:2016
2638:2016
2611:2010
2561:2018
2535:2018
2504:2018
2450:PMID
2411:PMID
2393:ISSN
2344:PMID
2309:PMID
2260:PMID
2194:PMID
2159:PMID
2110:PMID
2059:ISBN
2035:ISBN
2031:Risk
2012:PMID
1963:PMID
1911:PMID
1864:PMID
1821:PMID
1783:PMID
1734:PMID
1680:PMID
1638:ISBN
1615:PMID
1574:PMID
1525:PMID
1494:2018
1464:PMID
1433:2008
1397:2008
1367:2009
1325:PMID
1276:PMID
1245:2015
1211:PMID
1193:ISSN
1105:2010
1087:ISBN
1050:2018
997:ISBN
970:2012
928:2016
686:The
645:The
590:and
455:and
423:and
414:MIPS
382:The
367:the
280:Bell
276:Giro
237:Giro
4801:Ski
4626:6B7
4596:M87
4571:M92
4490:M63
4359:RAC
4329:M1C
2965:doi
2442:doi
2438:123
2401:PMC
2383:doi
2336:doi
2299:PMC
2291:doi
2252:doi
2186:doi
2149:PMC
2141:doi
2100:PMC
2092:doi
2002:PMC
1994:doi
1953:PMC
1945:doi
1941:332
1937:BMJ
1903:doi
1856:doi
1813:doi
1773:PMC
1765:doi
1761:321
1757:BMJ
1724:PMC
1716:doi
1712:332
1708:BMJ
1672:doi
1605:doi
1601:165
1564:PMC
1556:doi
1552:118
1517:doi
1513:160
1456:doi
1452:117
1315:PMC
1307:doi
1268:doi
1264:112
1201:PMC
1185:doi
993:368
419:In
377:BMX
331:by
198:MSR
140:by
4929::
4324:M1
3679::
3677:}}
3673:{{
3611:.
3577:.
3545:52
3543:.
3539:.
3493:.
3268:^
3225:^
3215:.
2981:.
2973:.
2961:23
2959:.
2955:.
2771:.
2683:.
2654:.
2628:.
2552:.
2521:.
2481:11
2479:.
2456:.
2448:.
2436:.
2432:.
2409:.
2399:.
2391:.
2381:.
2369:.
2365:.
2342:.
2332:39
2330:.
2307:.
2297:.
2285:.
2281:.
2258:.
2248:39
2246:.
2229:15
2227:.
2223:.
2200:.
2192:.
2182:31
2180:.
2157:.
2147:.
2135:.
2131:.
2108:.
2098:.
2086:.
2082:.
2010:.
2000:.
1988:.
1984:.
1961:.
1951:.
1939:.
1935:.
1923:^
1909:.
1899:22
1897:.
1893:.
1870:.
1862:.
1852:32
1850:.
1827:.
1819:.
1809:32
1807:.
1795:^
1781:.
1771:.
1759:.
1755:.
1732:.
1722:.
1710:.
1706:.
1692:^
1678:.
1668:28
1666:.
1652:^
1613:.
1599:.
1595:.
1572:.
1562:.
1550:.
1546:.
1523:.
1511:.
1484:.
1462:.
1450:.
1416:.
1323:.
1313:.
1301:.
1297:.
1274:.
1262:.
1223:^
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