1054:
the birds' wintering areas; the eastern whistling swan populations on the other hand seem to be increasing somewhat, and altogether its numbers seem to have slightly risen in the late 20th century (the population was estimated at 146,000 in 1972). Bewick's swan remains far less known; although its population is in decline in northwestern Europe, for currently unexplained reasons. The
European winter population was estimated at 16,000–17,000 about 1990, with about 20,000 birds wintering in east Asia. The Iranian wintering population is small—1,000 birds or so at most—but they usually disperse to several sites, some of which are still unknown to scientists.
1228:
446:
1189:
669:
1216:
1003:) may on occasion succeed at capturing and killing an adult. Small or avian predators usually elicit either an aggressive response or the behavior of sitting tight on nests while larger mammals, perhaps more dangerous to adults, usually elicit the response of leading the cygnets into deep waters and standing still until they pass. About 15% of the adults die each year from various causes, and thus the average lifespan in the wild is about 10 years. The oldest recorded tundra swan was over 24 years old.
120:
1174:
1204:
1012:
1129:
1159:
272:
1046:
517:, with the eastern birds being slightly larger; good measurement data only exists for the western populations however. These weigh 3.4–7.8 kg (7.5–17.2 lb), 6.4 kg (14 lb) on average in males and 5.7 kg (13 lb) in females. They measure 115–140 cm (45–55 in) in overall length; each wing is 46.9–54.8 cm (18.5–21.6 in) long, on average 51.9 cm (20.4 in) in males and 50.4 cm (19.8 in) in females. The
95:
645:
653:
44:
1144:
1037:
of the mute swan for example—while those of Bewick's swan, about which little breeding data is known, may fledge a record 40–45 days after hatching already. The fledglings stay with their parents for the first winter migration. The family is sometimes even joined by their offspring from previous breeding seasons while on the wintering grounds; Tundra swans do not reach sexual maturity until 3 or 4 years of age.
621:
797:
late as
January. The birds leave winter quarters to breed starting in mid-February. Vagrants may occur south of the main wintering range in cold years and have been recorded from most European countries where the birds do not regularly winter, as well as Algeria, Iraq, Israel, Libya, Nepal, northeast Pakistan, and on the
1032:
of 2–7 (usually 3–5) eggs, watching for danger while sitting on the nest. The cob (male) keeps a steady lookout for potential predators heading towards his mate and offspring. When either of them spots a threat, they give a warning sound to let their partner know that danger is approaching. Sometimes
1036:
The time from laying to hatching is 29–30 days for Bewick's swan and 30–32 days for the whistling swan. Since they nest in cold regions, tundra swan cygnets grow faster than those of swans breeding in warmer climates; those of the whistling swan take about 60–75 days to fledge—twice as fast as those
1053:
The whistling swan is the most common swan species of North
America, estimated to number almost 170,000 individuals around 1990. Its numbers seem to be slowly declining in the west of its range since the late 19th century, coincident with the expansion of human settlement and habitat conversion in
796:
before the late 20th century ecological catastrophe turned most of the habitat there into inhospitable wasteland. Arrival in winter quarters starts about mid-October, though most spend weeks or even months at favorite resting locations and will only arrive in winter quarters by
November or even as
1027:
until one partner dies. Should one partner die long before the other, the surviving bird often will not mate again for some years, or even for its entire life. The nesting season starts at the end of May. The pair build the large mound-shaped nest from plant material at an elevated site near open
536:
pattern, but always showing more black than yellow and having a blunt forward edge of the yellow base patch. Whooper swans have a bill that has more yellow than black and the forward edge of the yellow patch is usually pointed. The bill pattern for every individual Bewick's swan is unique, and
62:
556:
Whistling swans weigh 4.3–9.5 kg (9.5–21 lb) – 7.3 kg (16 lb) on average in males and 6.4 kg (14 lb) in females –, and measure 120–150 cm (47–59 in) in length. Each wing is 50–57 cm (19.7–22.4 in) long; the tarsus measures 9.4–11.4 cm
599:
arriving or leaving will elicit a bout of loud excited calling from its fellows. Contrary to its common name, the ground calls of the whistling swan are not a whistle and neither notably different from that of Bewick's swan. The flight call of the latter is a low and soft ringing bark,
579:
Note that color variations with more or less yellow, or pink instead of yellow or black, are not exceptional, especially in Bewick's swans, which very rarely may even have yellowish feet. The small size and particularly the rather short neck, which make it look like a large white
967:). can take the eggs and hatchlings. Adults typically can stand their ground and displace foxes and birds but occasionally they are successful when both adults are absent due to disturbance or territorial dispute. Another surprisingly serious nest predator for tundra swans are
931:, picked up in open fields after harvest, make up much of their diet. Tundra swans forage mainly by day. In the breeding season, they tend to be territorial and are aggressive to many animals who pass by; outside the breeding season they are rather gregarious birds.
1945:
831:
breeds in the coastal plains of Alaska and Canada, leaving for winter quarters about
October. They arrive in winter quarters by November/December. Birds breeding in western Alaska winter along the Pacific coast from southern Alaska to
501:
Immatures of both subspecies are white mixed with some dull grey feathering, mainly on the head and upper neck, which are often entirely light grey; their first-summer plumage is quite white already, and in their second winter they
537:
scientists often make detailed drawings of each bill and assign names to the swans to assist with studying these birds. The eastern birds, apart from being larger, tend towards less yellow on the bill, perhaps indicating that
61:
63:
1057:
Although tundra swan numbers are stable over most of its range, they are increasingly dependent on agricultural crops to supplement their winter diet, as aquatic vegetation in their winter habitat dwindles due to
1615:
612:-like honk, respectively. Flying birds of these species are shorter-necked and have a quicker wingbeat than their relatives, but they are often impossible to tell apart except by their calls.
1102:
482:
is entirely white, with black feet, and a bill that is mostly black, with a thin salmon-pink streak running along the mouthline and – depending on the subspecies – more or less yellow in the
478:
swans, at 115–150 cm (45–59 in) in length, 168–211 cm (66–83 in) in wingspan and a weight range of 3.4–9.6 kg (7.5–21.2 lb). In adult birds, the plumage of both
506:
into the adult plumage. Their bills are black with a large dirty-pink patch taking up most of the proximal half and often black nostrils, and their feet are dark grey with a pinkish hue.
2099:
521:
measures 9.2–11.6 cm (3.6–4.6 in) in length, the bill 8.2–10.2 cm (3.2–4.0 in), averaging 9.1 cm (3.6 in). Bewick's swan is similar in appearance to the
576:) of North America by that species' much larger size and particularly long bill, which is black all over except for the pink mouthline, which is stronger than in the whistling swan.
741:
east to the
Pacific. They start to arrive on the breeding grounds around mid-May, and leave for winter quarters around the end of September. The populations west of the
1765:
Wood, K.A.; Nuijten, R. J. M.; Newth, J. L.; Haitjema, T.; Vangeluwe, D.; Ioannidis, P.; Harrison, A. L.; Mackenzie, C.; Hilton, G.M.; Nolet, B. A.; Rees, E.C. (2018).
565:
by its larger size and the mostly black bill, with just a small and usually hard to see yellow spot of variable size at the base. It is distinguished from the largely
1227:
498:
lakes), the head and neck plumage acquires a golden or rusty hue. Pens (females) are slightly smaller than cobs (males), but do not differ in appearance otherwise.
784:. Bewick's swans breeding in eastern Russia migrate via Mongolia and northern China to winter in the coastal regions of Korea, Japan, and southern China, south to
1082:
by ingestion of lead shot is a very significant cause of mortality also, particularly in the whistling swan. The tundra swan is not considered threatened by the
716:, often near the coast; they like to visit fields after harvest to feed on discarded grains and while on migration may stop over on mountain lakes. According to
1861:
872:. Whistling swans start leaving for the breeding grounds again by mid-March, and arrive by late May. Vagrants have been recorded on the Bermudas, Cuba the
1630:
1493:
919:), acquired by sticking the head underwater or upending while swimming; they also eat some grass growing on dry land. At other times of year, leftover
1066:. But the main cause of adult mortality is hunting; 4,000 whistling swans are bagged officially each year, while a further 6,000–10,000 are killed by
2345:
1917:
2223:
1395:
1083:
2288:
2446:
1469:
773:
2174:
1317:
608:
in flight. By contrast, the whooper and trumpeter swans' names accurately describe their calls—a deep hooting and a higher-pitched
2236:
483:
2327:
1922:
1598:
1477:
1421:
1379:
1234:
2241:
2340:
1463:
1215:
1188:
2197:
1576:
1446:
1128:
788:
and occasionally as far as Taiwan. A few birds from the central
Siberian range also winter in Iran at the south of the
1869:
2471:
2397:
17:
2466:
2405:
2293:
1203:
980:
1818:
2156:
2138:
976:
1173:
1736:
1158:
2275:
1794:
1505:
2016:
2007:
777:
596:
356:
2306:
2202:
2063:
837:
718:
2068:
1819:"Some unusual records for San Mateo County, California. Abstract in the Minutes of Cooper Club Meetings"
1534:
1371:
463:
1283:
1074:
hunter-gatherers. Bewick's swan cannot be hunted legally, but almost half the birds studied contained
2410:
2032:
1767:"Apparent survival of an Arctic-breeding migratory bird over 44 years of fluctuating population size"
1143:
2461:
2301:
2166:
1937:
1893:
1889:"Splitting headaches? Recent taxonomic changes affecting the British and Western Palaearctic lists"
119:
2267:
2456:
1932:
1666:
2371:
1590:
1575:
Carboneras, Carles (1992). "16. Tundra Swan". In del Hoyo, J.; Elliot, A.; Sargatal, J. (eds.).
2384:
2228:
2050:
1969:
1117:
in the United States has been known to be responsible for the death of migrating tundra swans.
2254:
1033:
the cob will use his wings to run faster and appear larger in order to scare away a predator.
2379:
2366:
1912:
1110:
566:
522:
434:
214:
2358:
2392:
2125:
2055:
1826:
806:
450:
445:
8:
1766:
1409:
1071:
1059:
1049:
Adult whistling swan in flight. Seen from below, all "Arctic" swans look almost identical
1024:
84:
1260:
2189:
1843:
1799:
1389:
661:
595:). They are particularly vocal when foraging in flocks on their wintering grounds; any
279:
114:
1705:"Avian longevities and their interpretation under evolutionary theories of senescence"
557:(3.7–4.5 in) in length, and the bill is 9.1–10.7 cm (3.6–4.2 in) long.
2353:
2086:
1721:
1704:
1594:
1473:
1442:
1417:
1375:
1028:
water, and defend a large territory around it. The pen (female) lays and incubates a
668:
518:
2423:
2104:
1803:
1526:
1097:
Appendix II; it was eventually removed since it is not generally accepted as valid.
2091:
1951:
1835:
1789:
1781:
1764:
1716:
1652:
Reproductive ecology of Tundra Swans on the Arctic
National Wildlife Refuge, Alaska
1278:
952:
873:
742:
629:
546:
532:), but is smaller, shorter-necked and has a more rounded head shape, with variable
395:, but this is not widely accepted as distinct, with most authors including them in
388:
372:
1019:
The tundra swans mate in the late spring, usually after they have returned to the
722:, when migrating these birds can fly at altitudes of 8 km (5.0 mi) in a
2314:
2143:
2078:
1063:
841:
802:
798:
633:
514:
475:
454:
414:
348:
251:
75:
2280:
2451:
2151:
1888:
1079:
865:
769:
738:
701:
637:
569:
549:
between a Bewick's and a vagrant whistling swan has been reported from eastern
487:
430:
384:
805:
in the western
Pacific. Vagrants on the spring migration have been sighted on
2440:
2249:
1586:
1269:
1075:
1029:
960:
894:
762:
490:
is dark brown. In birds living in waters that contains large amounts of iron
458:
418:
104:
99:
1368:
Wildfowl: an identification guide to the ducks, geese and swans of the world
1011:
1992:
992:
853:
836:; they often move inland – particularly to the rich feeding grounds in the
822:
525:
507:
171:
2319:
1045:
975:), which were apparently the primary cause of nesting failure in both the
692:, where they inhabit shallow pools, lakes and rivers. These birds, unlike
2262:
2210:
2001:
1958:
907:
877:
860:
region to winter at the
Atlantic coast of the United States, mainly from
857:
789:
723:
609:
604:; the whistling swan gives a markedly high-pitched trisyllabic bark like
271:
2042:
2418:
2179:
1847:
1087:
968:
944:
833:
750:
479:
231:
1785:
1308:
1103:
Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds
644:
1582:
1020:
940:
785:
781:
746:
709:
693:
689:
652:
538:
131:
43:
2215:
1963:
1839:
587:
Tundra swans have high-pitched honking calls and sound similar to a
2117:
1986:
1067:
898:
880:, and in England, Ireland, Japan, northeastern Siberia and Sweden.
861:
810:
793:
766:
542:
503:
400:
181:
151:
676:). Click to magnify for seeing variation in the yellow bill spots.
513:
Bewick's swans are the smaller subspecies. There is a slight size
2130:
2027:
984:
912:
869:
780:. Some birds also winter elsewhere on the southern shores of the
754:
734:
705:
550:
360:
2332:
928:
818:
814:
685:
681:
588:
407:
141:
1690:
Tundra Swan (Cygnus columbianus columbianus) breeding behavior
1254:
1252:
620:
2112:
1114:
1094:
920:
849:
713:
581:
545:, while marginal, never entirely ceased. An apparent case of
352:
680:
As their common name implies, the tundra swan breeds in the
1616:"New and Noteworthy Bird Records for Micronesia, 1986–2003"
1249:
1086:(IUCN) due to its large range and population. The proposed
924:
845:
758:
533:
344:
191:
161:
1613:
1078:
in their body, indicating they were shot at by poachers.
656:
Adult (front) and half-year-old immature Bewick's swans (
495:
491:
421:, who specialised in illustrations of birds and animals.
1258:
999:). Brown bear, golden eagles and rarely, gray wolves (
1692:(Master's Thesis). University of Minnesota, St. Paul.
792:; in former times these flocks also migrated to the
852:and northern Mexico. The birds breeding along the
1795:20.500.11755/658cd2a1-ef5d-4955-9257-7399d08e954e
1408:
1284:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22679862A89644875.en
387:. Birds from eastern Russia (roughly east of the
2438:
648:Whistling swan with yellow patch at base of bill
1745:AnAge: The Animal Ageing and Longevity Database
1100:Bewick's swan is one of the birds to which the
1654:(Phd Thesis). Moscow, ID: University of Idaho.
1084:International Union for Conservation of Nature
761:to winter in Denmark, the Netherlands and the
510:young are silvery grey above and white below.
399:. Tundra swans are sometimes separated in the
1928:with Circumpolar Range map at bird-stamps.org
1702:
1570:
1568:
1566:
1564:
453:of the swan named in memory of his father by
1862:"Toxic marshes killing northern Idaho swans"
1667:"Breeding behaviour of wild Whistling Swans"
1645:
1643:
1562:
1560:
1558:
1556:
1554:
1552:
1550:
1548:
1546:
1544:
1465:The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names
391:) are sometimes separated as the subspecies
1854:
1394:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1816:
1810:
1574:
1439:Nature's Engraver: A Life of Thomas Bewick
1365:
270:
93:
59:
42:
1886:
1793:
1720:
1640:
1541:
1282:
983:. Other potential nest predators include
893:In summer, their diet consists mainly of
774:Royal Society for the Protection of Birds
1687:
1430:
1402:
1361:
1359:
1357:
1355:
1318:Global Biodiversity Information Facility
1221:Flock of adult and young whistling swans
1044:
1010:
667:
651:
643:
619:
444:
359:, but are also sometimes split into two
1681:
1461:
1353:
1351:
1349:
1347:
1345:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1337:
1335:
1023:grounds; as usual for swans, they pair
733:extends across the coastal lowlands of
700:) but like the other Arctic swans, are
14:
2439:
1703:Wasser, D. E.; Sherman, P. W. (2010).
1414:Birds of South Asia – The Ripley Guide
1303:
1301:
1040:
883:
1968:
1967:
1729:
1664:
1658:
1649:
1607:
1486:
1468:. London: Christopher Helm. pp.
1436:
1235:Mattamuskeet National Wildlife Refuge
939:Healthy adult birds have few natural
2157:5c947e61-8461-4d69-977e-1515d41ee365
1614:Wiles, Gary J.; et al. (2004).
1455:
1366:1Madge, Steve; Burn, Hilary (1987).
1332:
2447:IUCN Red List least concern species
1696:
1298:
1270:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
934:
765:. They are common in winter in the
413:Bewick's swan was named in 1830 by
24:
1880:
1578:Handbook of the Birds of the World
1519:
584:, are still distinguishing marks.
355:within it are usually regarded as
25:
2483:
1906:
1581:. Vol. 1: Ostrich to Ducks.
1209:Bewick's swan feeding by upending
856:coast migrate via Canada and the
1722:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2009.00671.x
1441:. Faber and Faber. p. 396.
1226:
1214:
1202:
1187:
1172:
1157:
1142:
1127:
981:Izembek National Wildlife Refuge
868:, but some move as far south as
844:again and winter as far east as
118:
1868:. 19 April 2009. Archived from
1758:
1259:BirdLife International (2016).
1006:
977:Arctic National Wildlife Refuge
615:
37:(Bewick's swan/whistling swan)
2203:tundra-swan-cygnus-columbianus
440:
13:
1:
1242:
778:Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust
425:is the Latin for "swan", and
1948:at VIREO (Drexel University)
1416:. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions.
1412:; Anderton, John C. (2005).
1093:was for some time placed on
7:
1496:Cygnus columbianus bewickii
1109:Toxic mining wastes in the
53:Cygnus columbianus bewickii
10:
2488:
1817:Littlejohn, Chase (1916).
1629:(1): 69–96. Archived from
1535:Cornell Lab of Ornithology
1120:
464:A History of British Birds
1976:
1952:Interactive range map of
1946:Tundra swan photo gallery
1462:Jobling, James A (2010).
1134:Head of a Bewick's swan,
285:
278:
269:
244:
239:
220:
213:
115:Scientific classification
113:
91:
82:
70:
58:
50:
41:
34:
2472:Taxa named by George Ord
1938:Internet Bird Collection
1277:: e.T22679862A89644875.
1149:Head of a whooper swan,
957:Stercorarius parasiticus
406:together with the other
2467:Birds described in 1815
1913:RSPB Bewick's Swan Page
1688:Hawkins, L.L. (1986a).
1233:Tundra swans alight at
888:
672:Adult whistling swans (
474:is the smallest of the
1887:Collinson, M. (2006).
1050:
1016:
729:The breeding range of
708:of both subspecies is
677:
665:
649:
641:
561:is distinguished from
468:
2380:Paleobiology Database
2367:Paleobiology Database
1650:Monda, M. J. (1991).
1437:Uglow, Jenny (2006).
1048:
1014:
840:– and some cross the
671:
655:
647:
640:, Stalham, Norfolk UK
623:
448:
51:Adult Bewick's swan,
2152:Fauna Europaea (new)
1410:Rasmussen, Pamela C.
451:Robert Elliot Bewick
1933:"Tundra swan media"
1060:habitat destruction
1041:Conservation status
884:Ecology and biology
719:National Geographic
417:after the engraver
206:C. columbianus
85:Conservation status
2424:Cygnus-columbianus
2105:cygnus-columbianus
2008:Cygnus columbianus
1978:Cygnus columbianus
1959:IUCN Red List maps
1954:Cygnus columbianus
1925:Cygnus columbianus
1741:life history data"
1739:Cygnus columbianus
1709:Journal of Zoology
1665:Scott, D. (1977).
1311:Cygnus columbianus
1263:Cygnus columbianus
1051:
1017:
895:aquatic vegetation
825:in North America.
678:
666:
650:
642:
469:
457:. 1847 edition of
340:Cygnus columbianus
305:Cygnus colombianus
224:Cygnus columbianus
18:Bewick's swan
2434:
2433:
2354:Open Tree of Life
1970:Taxon identifiers
1786:10.1111/ibi.12521
1600:978-84-87334-10-8
1479:978-1-4081-2501-4
1423:978-84-87334-67-2
1381:978-0-7470-2201-5
1237:in North Carolina
1181:C. c. columbianus
1166:C. c. columbianus
997:Aquila chrysaetos
965:Larus hyperboreus
953:parasitic jaegers
829:C. c. columbianus
674:C. c. columbianus
559:C. c. columbianus
331:
330:
325:
317:
309:
301:
293:
264:, whistling swan
263:
259:C. c. columbianus
255:
108:
64:
16:(Redirected from
2479:
2427:
2426:
2414:
2413:
2401:
2400:
2388:
2387:
2375:
2374:
2362:
2361:
2349:
2348:
2336:
2335:
2323:
2322:
2310:
2309:
2297:
2296:
2284:
2283:
2281:NBNSYS0000000200
2271:
2270:
2258:
2257:
2245:
2244:
2232:
2231:
2219:
2218:
2206:
2205:
2193:
2192:
2183:
2182:
2170:
2169:
2160:
2159:
2147:
2146:
2134:
2133:
2121:
2120:
2108:
2107:
2095:
2094:
2082:
2081:
2072:
2071:
2059:
2058:
2046:
2045:
2036:
2035:
2033:0BCBA6B9CC19E7BA
2023:
2022:
2012:
2011:
2010:
1997:
1996:
1995:
1965:
1964:
1942:
1902:
1874:
1873:
1872:on 29 July 2012.
1858:
1852:
1851:
1823:
1814:
1808:
1807:
1797:
1771:
1762:
1756:
1755:
1753:
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1733:
1727:
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1635:
1620:
1611:
1605:
1604:
1572:
1539:
1538:
1523:
1517:
1516:
1514:
1513:
1504:. Archived from
1494:"Bewick's swan (
1490:
1484:
1483:
1459:
1453:
1452:
1434:
1428:
1427:
1406:
1400:
1399:
1393:
1385:
1372:Christopher Helm
1363:
1330:
1329:
1327:
1325:
1305:
1296:
1295:
1293:
1291:
1286:
1256:
1230:
1218:
1206:
1194:Trumpeter swan,
1191:
1179:Whistling swan,
1176:
1164:Whistling swan,
1161:
1146:
1131:
1106:(AEWA) applies.
935:Natural predator
874:Hawaiian Islands
745:migrate via the
743:Taymyr Peninsula
630:northern lapwing
393:C. c. jankowskii
389:Taymyr Peninsula
383:) proper of the
323:
321:Olor columbianus
315:
307:
299:
291:
289:Anas columbianus
274:
261:
249:
226:
123:
122:
102:
97:
96:
66:
65:
46:
32:
31:
21:
2487:
2486:
2482:
2481:
2480:
2478:
2477:
2476:
2462:Holarctic birds
2437:
2436:
2435:
2430:
2422:
2417:
2409:
2404:
2396:
2391:
2383:
2378:
2370:
2365:
2357:
2352:
2344:
2339:
2331:
2326:
2318:
2315:Observation.org
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2253:
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2209:
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2155:
2150:
2142:
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2062:
2054:
2049:
2041:
2039:
2031:
2026:
2020:
2015:
2006:
2005:
2000:
1991:
1990:
1985:
1972:
1931:
1909:
1883:
1881:Further reading
1878:
1877:
1860:
1859:
1855:
1840:10.2307/1362896
1821:
1815:
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1601:
1573:
1542:
1531:All About Birds
1525:
1524:
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1511:
1509:
1492:
1491:
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1198:
1192:
1183:
1177:
1168:
1162:
1153:
1147:
1138:
1132:
1123:
1064:water pollution
1043:
1009:
937:
913:marine eelgrass
891:
886:
842:Rocky Mountains
803:Volcano Islands
770:nature reserves
702:migratory birds
660:) wintering in
634:common shelduck
626:Cygnus bewickii
624:Bewick's swan (
618:
455:William Yarrell
443:
429:comes from the
415:William Yarrell
369:Cygnus bewickii
257:
256:, Bewick's swan
235:
228:
222:
209:
117:
109:
98:
94:
87:
76:Gloucestershire
60:
36:
28:
27:Species of bird
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2485:
2475:
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2459:
2457:Cygnus (genus)
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2013:
1998:
1982:
1980:
1974:
1973:
1962:
1961:
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1943:
1929:
1920:
1915:
1908:
1907:External links
1905:
1904:
1903:
1882:
1879:
1876:
1875:
1853:
1809:
1780:(2): 413–430.
1757:
1728:
1695:
1680:
1657:
1639:
1636:on 2015-01-04.
1606:
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1448:978-0226823911
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1136:C. c. bewickii
1133:
1126:
1122:
1119:
1080:Lead poisoning
1042:
1039:
1008:
1005:
949:Vulpes lagopus
936:
933:
911:pondweeds and
890:
887:
885:
882:
866:North Carolina
838:Central Valley
809:, Iceland and
739:Kola Peninsula
731:C. c. bewickii
658:C. c. bewickii
638:Hickling Broad
617:
614:
570:trumpeter swan
563:C. c. bewickii
472:C. columbianus
442:
439:
431:Columbia River
410:swan species.
397:C. c. bewickii
381:C. columbianus
377:whistling swan
329:
328:
327:
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318:
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247:C. c. bewickii
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1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1910:
1901:(6): 306–323.
1900:
1896:
1895:
1894:British Birds
1890:
1885:
1884:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1857:
1849:
1845:
1841:
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1591:579, plate 40
1588:
1587:Lynx Edicions
1584:
1580:
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1567:
1565:
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1561:
1559:
1557:
1555:
1553:
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1549:
1547:
1545:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1527:"Tundra Swan"
1522:
1508:on 2011-10-11
1507:
1503:
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1197:
1196:C. buccinator
1190:
1185:
1182:
1175:
1170:
1167:
1160:
1155:
1152:
1145:
1140:
1137:
1130:
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1111:Silver Valley
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994:
993:golden eagles
990:
989:Vulpes vulpes
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
961:glaucous gull
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
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904:
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867:
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859:
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848:and south to
847:
843:
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763:British Isles
760:
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
727:
725:
721:
720:
715:
711:
707:
704:. The winter
703:
699:
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675:
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659:
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639:
635:
631:
627:
622:
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598:
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583:
577:
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574:C. buccinator
571:
568:
564:
560:
554:
552:
548:
547:hybridization
544:
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531:
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489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
466:
465:
460:
459:Thomas Bewick
456:
452:
447:
438:
436:
435:type locality
432:
428:
424:
420:
419:Thomas Bewick
416:
411:
409:
405:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
365:Bewick's swan
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
343:) is a small
342:
341:
336:
322:
319:
314:
311:
306:
303:
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281:
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243:
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216:
215:Binomial name
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127:
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116:
112:
106:
101:
100:Least Concern
90:
86:
81:
77:
73:
72:C.c. beweckii
69:
57:
54:
49:
45:
40:
33:
30:
19:
1977:
1953:
1936:
1924:
1898:
1892:
1870:the original
1866:Deseret News
1865:
1856:
1834:(1): 38–40.
1831:
1825:
1812:
1777:
1773:
1760:
1748:. Retrieved
1744:
1738:
1731:
1712:
1708:
1698:
1689:
1683:
1674:
1670:
1660:
1651:
1631:the original
1626:
1622:
1609:
1577:
1530:
1521:
1510:. Retrieved
1506:the original
1501:
1495:
1488:
1464:
1457:
1438:
1432:
1413:
1404:
1367:
1324:30 September
1322:. Retrieved
1316:
1310:
1288:. Retrieved
1274:
1268:
1262:
1195:
1180:
1165:
1150:
1135:
1108:
1101:
1099:
1090:
1056:
1052:
1035:
1025:monogamously
1018:
1007:Reproduction
1000:
996:
988:
973:Ursus arctos
972:
964:
956:
948:
938:
916:
906:
902:
892:
854:Arctic Ocean
828:
827:
823:Saskatchewan
730:
728:
717:
697:
679:
673:
657:
625:
616:Distribution
605:
601:
592:
586:
578:
573:
562:
558:
555:
529:
526:whooper swan
512:
500:
471:
470:
462:
426:
422:
412:
403:
396:
392:
380:
376:
368:
364:
339:
338:
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320:
313:Cygnus minor
312:
304:
296:
288:
258:
246:
245:
223:
221:
205:
204:
192:
172:Anseriformes
74:recorded in
71:
52:
29:
2346:tundra-swan
2302:Neotropical
2263:NatureServe
2211:iNaturalist
2190:tundra-swan
2002:Wikispecies
1918:Tundra Swan
1623:Micronesica
1589:. pp.
1290:11 November
1072:subsistence
1070:and native
1001:Canis lupus
969:brown bears
908:Potamogeton
878:Puerto Rico
858:Great Lakes
807:Bear Island
790:Caspian Sea
776:and of the
737:, from the
724:V formation
610:French horn
606:wow-wow-wow
597:conspecific
589:black goose
449:Woodcut by
441:Description
427:columbianus
373:Palaearctic
357:conspecific
335:tundra swan
324:(Ord, 1815)
308:(Ord, 1815)
262:(Ord, 1815)
240:Subspecies
35:Tundra swan
2441:Categories
2419:Xeno-canto
1923:Stamps of
1827:The Condor
1715:(2): 103.
1677:: 101–106.
1512:2011-10-12
1502:Arkive.org
1370:. London:
1243:References
1091:jankowskii
1088:subspecies
945:Arctic fox
923:and other
899:mannagrass
834:California
751:Baltic Sea
694:mute swans
602:bow-wow...
567:allopatric
523:parapatric
486:part. The
480:subspecies
351:. The two
78:, England
1750:5 January
1583:Barcelona
1390:cite book
1151:C. cygnus
1076:lead shot
941:predators
813:, and in
786:Guangdong
782:North Sea
747:White Sea
714:marshland
710:grassland
690:subarctic
539:gene flow
530:C. cygnus
476:Holarctic
371:) of the
349:Holarctic
300:Ord, 1815
297:Anas spec
292:Ord, 1815
200:Species:
138:Kingdom:
132:Eukaryota
2268:2.105749
2255:22679862
2229:11267548
2131:45510545
2056:22679862
2051:BirdLife
2040:BioLib:
1987:Wikidata
1804:90721041
1671:Wildfowl
1068:poachers
929:potatoes
927:such as
903:Glyceria
862:Maryland
811:Svalbard
794:Aral Sea
767:wildfowl
753:and the
543:Beringia
484:proximal
401:subgenus
385:Nearctic
375:and the
280:Synonyms
182:Anatidae
178:Family:
152:Chordata
148:Phylum:
142:Animalia
128:Domain:
105:IUCN 3.1
2180:2498338
2028:Avibase
1848:1362896
1472:, 128.
1121:Gallery
1021:nesting
1015:The egg
985:red fox
959:), and
917:Zostera
897:, e.g.
870:Florida
799:Mariana
772:of the
757:of the
755:estuary
735:Siberia
706:habitat
698:C. olor
684:of the
664:(Japan)
662:Saitama
628:) with
551:Siberia
541:across
361:species
347:of the
316:Yarrell
254:, 1830)
252:Yarrell
234:, 1815)
188:Genus:
168:Order:
158:Class:
103: (
2411:159088
2372:368043
2359:207360
2333:159088
2320:243797
2307:tunswa
2294:110926
2242:174987
2187:GNAB:
2164:FEIS:
2139:EURING
2118:tunswa
2079:tunswa
2021:tunswa
1993:Q26603
1846:
1802:
1597:
1476:
1445:
1420:
1378:
1030:clutch
943:. The
921:grains
819:Oregon
815:Alaska
686:Arctic
682:tundra
593:Branta
519:tarsus
494:(e.g.
433:, the
423:Cygnus
408:Arctic
193:Cygnus
2452:Swans
2406:WoRMS
2385:83421
2224:IRMNG
2113:eBird
2092:32ZQ6
2076:BOW:
2069:17365
1844:JSTOR
1822:(PDF)
1800:S2CID
1770:(PDF)
1634:(PDF)
1619:(PDF)
1115:Idaho
1095:CITES
925:crops
850:Texas
636:, at
582:goose
515:cline
508:Downy
504:moult
2398:5596
2341:ODNR
2328:OBIS
2289:NCBI
2250:IUCN
2237:ITIS
2216:6917
2175:GBIF
2167:cyco
2144:1530
2064:BOLD
2043:8427
1774:Ibis
1752:2009
1595:ISBN
1474:ISBN
1443:ISBN
1418:ISBN
1396:link
1376:ISBN
1326:2021
1292:2021
1275:2016
1062:and
979:and
889:Diet
846:Utah
821:and
801:and
759:Elbe
712:and
688:and
632:and
534:bill
492:ions
488:iris
404:Olor
353:taxa
345:swan
333:The
162:Aves
2393:TSA
2276:NBN
2198:IBC
2126:EoL
2100:CMS
2087:CoL
2017:ABA
1957:at
1836:doi
1790:hdl
1782:doi
1778:160
1717:doi
1713:280
1470:114
1279:doi
991:),
951:),
905:),
864:to
496:bog
461:'s
232:Ord
2443::
2421::
2408::
2395::
2382::
2369::
2356::
2343::
2330::
2317::
2304::
2291::
2278::
2265::
2252::
2239::
2226::
2213::
2200::
2177::
2154::
2141::
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