Beta Israel - Knowledge

6210: 6095: 4961:

other Jews right after the Exodus and moved south to Ethiopia. Eldad the Danite speaks of at least three waves of Jewish immigration into his region, creating other Jewish tribes and kingdoms. The earliest wave settled in a remote kingdom of the "tribe of Moses": this was the strongest and most secure Jewish kingdom of all, with farming villages, cities and great wealth. Other Ethiopian Jews who appeared in the Mediterranean world over the succeeding centuries and persuaded rabbinic authorities there that they were of Jewish descent, and so could if slaves be ransomed by Jewish communities, join synagogues, marry other Jews, etc, also referred to the Mosaic and Danite origins of Ethiopian Jewry. The Mosaic claims of the Beta Israel, in any case, like those of the Zagwe dynasty, are ancient.

6226:

still perpetuated. In May 2015, Israeli Ethiopians demonstrated in Tel Aviv and Jerusalem against racism, after a video was released, showing an Israeli soldier of Ethiopian descent that was brutally beaten up by the Israeli police. Interviewed students of Ethiopian origin affirm that they do not feel accepted in Israeli society, due to a very strong discrimination towards them. Many scholars such as Ben-Eliezer have been exploring how the discrimination, cultural racism, and exclusion have resulted in metaphorically sending many of the new generation of Ethiopian Jews "back to Africa". They say this because many of the new generation have been reclaiming their traditional Ethiopian names, Ethiopian language, Ethiopian culture, and Ethiopian music.

6222:

delinquency, and there are high incidences of suicide and depression among this community. Also, while marriages between Jews of different backgrounds are very common in Israel, marriages between Ethiopians and non-Ethiopians are not very common. According to a 2009 study, 90% of Ethiopian-Israelis – 93% of men and 85% of women, are married to other Ethiopian-Israelis. A survey found that 57% of Israelis consider a daughter marrying an Ethiopian unacceptable and 39% consider a son marrying an Ethiopian to be unacceptable. Barriers to intermarriage have been attributed to sentiments in both the Ethiopian community and Israeli society generally. A 2011 study showed that only 13% of high school students of Ethiopian origin felt "fully Israeli".

4945:(the Danite), from a time before the Zagwean dynasty was established. Eldad was a Jewish man who appeared in Egypt and created a stir in that Jewish community (and elsewhere in the Mediterranean Jewish communities he visited) with claims that he had come from a Jewish kingdom of pastoralists far to the south. The only language Eldad spoke was a hitherto unknown dialect of Hebrew. Although he strictly followed the Mosaic commandments, his observance differed in some details from Rabbinic halakhah. Some observers thought that he might be a Karaite, although his practice also differed from theirs. He carried Hebrew books that supported his explanations of halakhah. He cited ancient authorities in the scholarly traditions of his own people. 2634: 4207: 6583:

distinction it makes between the Falashmura and the rest of the world?" Although the government has threatened to stop all efforts to bring these people to Israel, they have still continued to address the issue. In 2018, the Israeli government allowed 1,000 Falash Mura to immigrate to Israel. However, members of the Ethiopian community say the process for immigration approval is poorly executed and inaccurate, dividing families. At least 80 percent of the tribe members in Ethiopia say they have first-degree relatives living in Israel, and some have been waiting for 20 years to immigrate.

3979: 6685: 3842: 6179: 139: 6388: 4997: 3174: 13072: 6514:

seek a better life in Ethiopia. The Jewish Agency's Ethiopia emissary, Asher Seyum, says the Falash Mura "converted in the 19th and 20th century, when Jewish relations with Christian rulers soured. Regardless, many kept ties with their Jewish brethren and were never fully accepted into the Christian communities. When word spread about the aliyah, many thousands of Falash Mura left their villages for Gondar and Addis Ababa, assuming they counted."

121: 5893: 3527: 6671: 103: 13086: 6657: 4358: 6073:: On November 14, 2021, Falasha Jews in Israel held a protest for their relatives who were left behind in Ethiopia in hopes of convincing the Israeli government to allow their immigration. That day the Israeli Government permitted 9,000 Falasha Jews to go to Israel. On November 29, 2021, the Israeli Government permitted 3,000 more Falasha Jews to go to Israel. In 2021, 1,636 Jews immigrated to Israel from Ethiopia. 7807:(Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, 2005), p. 252. Medieval travellers' accounts typically are vague in such matters, and are not presented as geographical treatises; moreover, Ethiopians, Sudanese and Somalians do not all know all the tribal languages around them. In earlier times, the different ethnic groups would have been even more insular. In any case, the "Letter of Eldad the Danite" summarized his experiences. 6190:

war and famine in Ethiopia prompted the Israeli government to mount these dramatic rescue operations. The rescues were within the context of Israel's national mission to gather diaspora Jews and bring them to the Jewish homeland. Some immigration has continued up until the present day. Today 81,000 Ethiopian Israelis were born in Ethiopia, while 38,500 or 32% of the community are native born Israelis.

4933:

overthrow of the Zagwe by the "Solomonic" Aksumite dynasty, whose rulers are glorified. The writing of this polemic shows that criticisms of the Aksumite claims of authenticity were current in the 14th century, two centuries after they came to power. Many Beta Israel believe that they are descended from the tribe of Dan. Most reject the "Solomonic" and "Queen of Sheba" legends of the Aksumites.

3603: 3572: 5019:

some skeptical critics, his authenticity has been generally accepted in current scholarship. His descriptions were consistent and even the originally doubtful rabbis of his time were finally persuaded. Specific details may be uncertain; one critic has noted Eldad's lack of detailed reference to Ethiopia's geography and any Ethiopian language, although he claimed the area as his homeland.

69: 6085:: On February 3, 2023, 120 Jews came from Ethiopia to Israel. On May 9, 2023, 111 Jews from Ethiopia were scheduled to arrive in Israel. On May 23, 2023, 3,000 Jews from Ethiopia were scheduled to arrive in Israel. On July 15, 2023, 5000 Jews from Ethiopia reunited with family in Israel. On August 10, 2023, Israel rescued 200 citizens and Jews from Ethiopia. 6034:: In 1991, the political and economic situation in Ethiopia deteriorated, as rebels mounted attacks against and eventually gained control of Addis Ababa. Worried about the fate of the Beta Israel during the transition period, the Israeli government, with the help of several private groups, resumed the migration. Over the course of 36 hours, a total of 34 3825:, which was formerly a part of Ethiopia. At the end of 2019, there were 155,300 Jews of Ethiopian descent in Israel. Approximately 87,500 were Israelis who were born in Ethiopia, and 67,800 were born-and-raised Israelis with fathers born in Ethiopia. The Ethiopian Jewish community in Israel is mostly composed of Beta Israel (practicing both Haymanot and 6206:

older members could not hold a simple conversation in Hebrew), and discrimination, including manifestations of racism, from some parts of Israeli society. Unlike Russian immigrants, many of whom arrived educated and skilled, Ethiopian immigrants came from an impoverished agrarian country, and were ill-prepared to work in an industrialized country.

7487:, especially the tribe of Dan; (2) Ethiopian Christians and pagans who assumed a Jewish identity; (3) Jewish immigrants from South Arabia (Yemen) who intermarried with the local population; or (4) Jewish immigrants from Egypt who intermarried with the local population." For more on the Mosaic and Danite claims of traditionalist Beta Israel, see 6131:

authorities should in theory allow immigration to Israel of most of the Falash Mura wishing to do so (who are now acknowledged to be descendants of the Beta Israel community), in practice, however, that immigration remains slow, and the Israeli government continued to limit, from 2003 to 2006, immigration of Falash Mura to about 300 per month.

4913:(or "Yudit", Judith; another name given her was "Esato", Esther), a 10th-century usurping queen, was Jewish, some scholars consider that it is unlikely that this was the case. It is more likely, they say, that she was a pagan southerner or a usurping Christian Aksumite Queen. However, she clearly supported Jews, since she founded the 5000: 5986:, began again to arrive in Sudan in large numbers; and the Mossad had trouble evacuating them quickly. Because of the poor conditions in the Sudanese camps, many Ethiopian refugees, both Christian and Jewish, died of disease and hunger. Among these victims, it is estimated that between 2,000 to 5,000 were Jews. In late 1984, the 3890:(literally, 'house of Christianity', meaning 'church' in Ge'ez). Originally, it did not have any negative connotations, and the community has since used Beta Israel as its official name. Since the 1980s, it has also become the official name used in the scholarly and scientific literature to refer to the community. The term 4268:. Permitted and forbidden animals and their signs appear in Leviticus 11:3–8 and Deuteronomy 14:4–8. Forbidden birds are listed in Leviticus 11:13–23 and Deuteronomy 14:12–20. Signs of permitted fish are written on Leviticus 11:9–12 and Deuteronomy 14:9–10. Insects and larvae are forbidden according to Leviticus 11:41–42. 6513:

were unable to own land and were often persecuted by the Christian majority of Ethiopia. Ethiopian Jews were afraid to touch non-Jews because they believed non-Jews were not pure. They were also ostracized by their Christian neighbors. For this reason, many Ethiopian Jews converted to Christianity to

6225:

In 1996, an event called the "blood bank affair" took place that demonstrated the discrimination and racism against Ethiopians in Israeli society. Blood banks would not use Ethiopian blood out of the fear of HIV being generated from their blood. Discrimination and racism against Israeli Ethiopians is

6106:

In 1991, the Israeli authorities announced that the emigration of the Beta Israel to Israel was about to conclude, because almost all of the community had been evacuated. Nevertheless, thousands of other Ethiopians began leaving the northern region to take refuge in the government controlled capital,

5414:

The Beta Israel are autosomally closer to other populations from the Horn of Africa than to any other Jewish population, including Yemenite Jews. A 2012 study by Ostrer et al. concluded that the Ethiopian Jewish community was founded about 2,000 years ago probably by only a relatively small number of

6582:

was quoted saying, "This practice will develop into a demand to bring more and more family members not included in the Law of Return. It will open the door to an endless extension of a family chain from all over the world," he wrote, according to Kan. "How can the state explain in the High Court the

5614:

Although we don't have a single fine ethnographic research on Beta Israel, and the recent history of this tribe has received almost no attention by researchers, every one who writes about the Jews of Ethiopia feels obliged to contribute his share to the ongoing debate about their origin. Politicians

5018:

As mentioned above, the 9th-century Jewish traveler Eldad ha-Dani claimed he descended from the tribe of Dan. He also reported other Jewish kingdoms around his own or in East Africa during this time. His writings probably represent the first mention of the Beta Israel in Rabbinic literature. Despite

4960:

the son of Nebat, and resettled in Egypt. From there, they moved southwards up the Nile into Ethiopia. The Beta Israel say this confirms that they are descended from these Danites. Some Beta Israel, however, assert that their Danite origins go back to the time of Moses, when some Danites parted from

4292:

eats only meat he has slaughtered himself, which his hosts prepare both for him and themselves. Beta Israel who broke these taboos were ostracized, and had to undergo a purification process. Purification included fasting for one or more days, eating only uncooked chickpeas provided by the Kahen, and

6205:

to Israel, the Ethiopian Jews have had to overcome obstacles to integrate into Israeli society. Initially the main challenges faced by the Ethiopian Jewish community in Israel arose from communication difficulties (most of the Ethiopian population could not read nor write in Hebrew, and many of the

6189:

The Ethiopian Beta Israel community in Israel today comprises more than 159,500 people. This is a little more than 1 percent of the Israeli population. Most of this population are the descendants and the immigrants who came to Israel during Operation Moses (1984) and Operation Solomon (1991). Civil

6122:

During the 1990s, the Israeli government finally allowed most of those who fled to Addis Ababa to immigrate to Israel. Some did so through the Law of Return, which allows an Israeli parent of a non-Jew to petition for his/her son or daughter to be allowed to immigrate to Israel. Others were allowed

6118:

and their supporters and those opposed to a potential massive emigration of the Falash Mura people. The government's position on the matter remained quite restrictive, but it has been subject to numerous criticisms, including criticisms by some clerics who want to encourage these people's return to

5030:

I myself saw two of them in Egypt. They are dark-skinned...and one could not tell whether they keep the teaching of the Karaites, or of the Rabbis, for some of their practices resemble the Karaite teaching...but in other things, they appear to follow the instruction of the Rabbis; and they say they

4689:

Contemporary scholars believe that the Beta Israel emerged comparatively recently and formed a distinct ethnonational group in the context of historical pressures that came to a head from the 14th to the 16th centuries. Many of the Beta Israel's accounts of their own origins state that they stem

9913:

Weil, Shalva 1994 'The Cultural Background of the Ethiopian Immigrantsand the Transfer to Israeli Society', in Gila Noam (ed.), Achievements andChallenges in the Absorption of Ethiopian Immigrants: the Contribution ofResearch to the Evaluation of the Process of Absorption (Lectures andDiscussions

5138:

But those Jews who come from the land of Cush are without doubt from the tribe of Dan, and since they did not have in their midst sages who were masters of the tradition, they clung to the simple meaning of the Scriptures. If they had been taught, however, they would not be irreverent towards the

8895:

We incorporated geographic data into a Bayesian clustering analysis, assuming no admixture (TESS software) (25) and distinguished six clusters within continental Africa (Fig. 5A). Another geographically contiguous cluster extends across northern Africa (blue) into Mali (the Dogon), Ethiopia, and

6221:

Despite progress, Ethiopian Jews are still not well assimilated into Israeli-Jewish society. They remain, on average, on a lower economic and educational level than average Israelis. The rate of Ethiopians who have dropped out of school has increased dramatically as well as the rate of juvenile

6126:

The Israeli government hoped that admitting these Falash Mura would finally bring emigration from Ethiopia to a close, but instead prompted a new wave of Falash Mura refugees fleeing to Addis Ababa and wishing to immigrate to Israel. This led the Israeli government to harden its position on the

5403:

A 2010 study by Behar et al. on the genome-wide structure of Jews observed that "Ethiopian Jews (Beta Israel) and Indian Jews (Bene Israel and Cochini) cluster with neighbouring autochthonous populations in Ethiopia and western India, respectively, despite a clear paternal link between the Bene

5151:

ruled, based on the writings of David ben Solomon ibn Abi Zimra and other accounts, that the Beta Israel were Jews and should be brought to Israel. Two years later this opinion was confirmed by a number of other authorities who made similar rulings, including the Ashkenazi chief rabbi of Israel

6536:

The Falash Mura did not refer to themselves as members of the Beta Israel, the name for the Ethiopian Jewish community, until after the first wave of immigration to Israel. Beta Israel by ancestry, the Falash Mura believe they have just as much of a right to return to Israel as the Beta Israel

6130:

In February 2003, the Israeli government decided to accept Orthodox religious conversions in Ethiopia of Falash Mura by Israeli Rabbis, after which they can then immigrate to Israel as Jews. Although the new position is more open, and although the Israeli governmental authorities and religious

5701:

Another early reference to the Beta Israel is found in a Christian Ethiopian hagiography known as the Gädl (Life) of Abba Yafqarana Egzi', a 14th century Ethiopian saint. This work contains an account of a Christian monk by the name of Qozmos, who, following a dispute with his abbot, renounced

4932:

to be legend. As its name expresses, "Glory of Kings" (meaning the Christian Aksumite kings), it was written in the 14th century in large part to delegitimize the Zagwe dynasty, to promote instead a rival "Solomonic" claim to authentic Jewish Ethiopian antecedents, and to justify the Christian

6217:

Over the years, there has been significant progress in the integration of young Beta Israels into Israeli society, primarily resulting from serving in the Israeli Defense Forces, alongside other Israelis their age. This has led to an increase in opportunities for Ethiopian Jews after they are

5537:

Traditional Ethiopian savants, on the one hand, have declared that 'We were Jews before we were Christians', while more recent, well-documented, Ethiopian hypotheses, notably by two Ethiopian scholars, Dr Taddesse Tamrat and Dr Getachew Haile...put much greater emphasis on the manner in which

6577:

Today, both Israeli and Ethiopian groups dispute the Falash Mura's religious and political status. The Israeli government fears that these people are just using Judaism as an excuse to leave Ethiopia in efforts to improve their lives in a new country. Right-wing member of the Israeli Knesset

6019:

in Central and Eastern Europe, the Ethiopian government allowed the emigration of 6,000 Beta Israel members to Israel in small groups, mostly in hope of establishing ties with the U.S, a major Israeli ally. Many more Beta Israel members crowded into refugee camps on the outskirts of

4121:"), though some of the Ge'ez works are clearly dependent on those texts. Others appear to have different ancient literary and oral origins. All of the texts are also used by the Orthodox Christian population as well, though with varying levels of importance between the communities. 5448:. In 1829, Marcus Louis wrote that the ancestors of the Beta Israel related to the Asmach, which were also called Sembritae ("foreigners"), an Egyptian regiment numbering 240,000 soldiers and mentioned by Greek geographers and historians. The Asmach emigrated or were exiled from 6155:. In April 2016, they announced that a total of 10,300 people would be included in the latest round of Aliyah, over the following 5 years. By May 2021 300 Falasha had been brought to Israel joining 1,700 who had already immigrated; an estimated 12,000 more are in Ethiopia. 5956:, who often escorted them to the Sudanese border. Small groups of Jews were brought out of Sudan in a clandestine operation that continued until an Israeli newspaper exposed the operation and brought it to a halt stranding Beta Israels in the Sudanese camps. In 1981, the 7465:

Cahiers d'Études Africaines , 1993, Vol. 33, pp. 645-658, p.347:'From a cultural perspective there appears to be little question that the Beta Israel must be understood as the product of processes that took place in Ethiopia between the fourteenth and sixteenth

6111:, who weren't part of the Beta Israel communities in Ethiopia, were not recognized as Jews by the Israeli authorities, and were therefore not initially allowed to immigrate to Israel, making them ineligible for Israeli citizenship under Israel's Law of Return. 11320:

Weil, Shalva 2012 'I am a teacher and beautiful: the feminization of the teaching profession in the Ethiopian community in Israel', in Pnina Morag- Talmon and Yael Atzmon (eds) Immigrant Women in Israeli Society, Jerusalem: Bialik Institute, pp. 207–23.

5475:

In the 1930s, Jones and Monroe argued that the chief Semitic languages of Ethiopia may suggest an antiquity of Judaism in Ethiopia. "There still remains the curious circumstance that a number of Abyssinian words connected with religion, such as the words for

4730:). Though all the available traditions correspond to recent interpretations, they reflect ancient convictions. According to Jon Abbink, three different versions are to be distinguished among the traditions which were recorded by the priests of the community. 5098:

Reflecting the consistent assertions made by Ethiopian Jews they dealt with or knew of, and after due investigation of their claims and their own Jewish behaviour, a number of Jewish legal authorities, in previous centuries and in modern times, have ruled

7483:(Tel Aviv and New York: Beth Hatefutsoth and The Jewish Museum, 1986), p. 11. Kaplan writes that, "Scholars remain divided (about the Beta Israel's origins) ... It has been suggested, for example, that the Jews of Ethiopia are descendants of (1) of the 9923:

Weil, Shalva 1999 'Collective Rights and PerceivedInequality: The Case of Ethiopian Jews in Israel', in Tim Allen and John Eade(eds) Divided Europeans: Understanding Ethnicities in Conflict, The Hague, London, and Boston: Kluwer Law International, pp.

6354:

is loosely based on the events of Operation Moses and Operation Joshua in 1984-1985, in which the Mossad covertly evacuated Jewish Ethiopian refugees to Israel using a base at the once-abandoned holiday resort of Arous Village on the Red Sea coast of

6150:

On November 16, 2015, the Israeli cabinet unanimously voted in favor of allowing the last group of Falash Mura to immigrate over the next five years, but their acceptance will be conditional on a successful Jewish conversion process, according to the

7108: 10722:

Herman, Marilyn. "Relating Bet Israel history in its Ethiopian context: Defining, Creating, Constructing Identity". Review article of Quirin (1992) and Kaplan (1992). "Journal of the Anthropological Society of Oxford". Hilary 1996. 27:1.

5559:

to Ethiopia to escape from the Assyrians, who had devastated the kingdoms of Israel and Judah in the 8th and 7th centuries BCE. She says that a second major wave of Sabeans crossed over to Ethiopia in the 6th and 5th centuries BCE to escape

4694:

to Ethiopia, were led by the sons of Moses, perhaps at the time of the Exodus. Alternative timelines include the later crises in Judea, e. g., the split of the northern Kingdom of Israel from the southern Kingdom of Judah after the death of

13432: 5651:

supports this hypothesis, and lists with him G. J. Abbink, Kay K. Shelemay, Taddesse Tamrat and James A. Quirin. Quirin differs from his fellow researchers in the weight he assigns to an ancient Jewish element which the Beta Israel have

5990:, following the intervention of the U.S, allowed the emigration of 7,200 Beta Israel refugees to Europe who then went on to Israel. The first of these two immigration waves, between 20 November 1984 and 20 January 1985, was dubbed 6253:

Many Ethiopian Jews whose ancestors converted to Christianity have been returning to the practice of Judaism. The Israeli government can thus set quotas on their immigration and make citizenship dependent on their conversion to

6770:

are of the Jewish ethnicity, but left the Jewish religion to become Christians (both voluntarily and involuntarily) around the 19th century. However, Israeli officials have claimed that the community reverted to Judaism upon

9647: 6197:

camps which they initially lived in and settled in various cities and towns throughout Israel, with the encouragement of the Israeli authorities who grant new immigrants generous government loans or low-interest mortgages.

3756:

Having suffered persecution in Ethiopia, a significant portion of the Beta Israel community was forced into Christianity during the 19th and 20th centuries; those who converted to Christianity then came to be known as the

13187: 4276:

are not prepared or eaten, but benefiting from them are not banned either: Haymanot interpreted the verses Exodus 23:19, Exodus 34:26, and Deuteronomy 14:21 "shalt not seethe a kid in its mother's milk" literally, as in

5391:

has been examined in a comprehensive study by Tishkoff et al. (2009) on the genetic affiliations of various populations in Africa. According to Bayesian clustering analysis, the Beta Israel generally grouped with other

10321: 4780:

Caesar, the Jews supported her. When she was defeated, it became dangerous for the small minorities to remain in Egypt so there was another migration (between approximately 39–31 BCE). Some of the migrants went to

6549:

Today, Falash Mura who move to Israel must undergo conversion on arrival, making it increasingly more difficult for them to get situated into Israeli society. The Beta Israel who immigrated and made Aliyah through

5619:

Richard Pankhurst summarized the state of knowledge on the subject in 1992 as follows: "The early origins of the Falashas are shrouded in mystery, and, for lack of documentation, will probably remain so for ever."

3909:'), is rarely used in the community, as the Christians had used it as a derogatory term. The community has begun to use it only since strengthening ties with other Jewish communities in the 20th century. The term 7109:

http://www.isn.ethz.ch/isn/Current-Affairs/ISN-Insights/Detail?ord538=grp1&ots591=eb06339b-2726-928e-0216-1b3f15392dd8&lng=en&id=129480&contextid734=129480&contextid735=129244&tabid=129244

6249:

during the 19th century and the 20th century. This term consists of Jews who did not adhere to Jewish law, as well as Jewish converts to Christianity, who did so either voluntarily or who were forced to do so.

9067:

Agranat-Tamir, Lily; Waldman, Shamam; Martin, Mario A. S.; Gokhman, David; Mishol, Nadav; Eshel, Tzilla; Cheronet, Olivia; Rohland, Nadin; Mallick, Swapan; Adamski, Nicole; Lawson, Ann Marie (2020-05-28).

5439:

Early secular scholars considered the Beta Israel to be the direct descendant of Jews who lived in ancient Ethiopia, whether they were the descendants of an Israelite tribe, or converted by Jews living in

10121:

Weil, Shalva 2012 "Kalkidan Meshashe: An Ethiopian-Israeli Rapper", Culver City, California: Roberts and Tilton, in catalogue for Kehinde Wiley. The WorldStage: Israel exhibition, New York: Jewish Museum.

9903:

Weil, Shalva 2004 Saving the Lost Tribe: The Rescue andRedemption of the Ethiopian Jews by Asher Naim, reviewed in Studies inContemporary Jewry, An Annual, New York and Oxford: OxfordUniversity Press 20:

8726:

Non, Amy L.; Al-Meeri, Ali; Raaum, Ryan L.; Sanchez, Luisa F.; Mulligan, Connie J. (2010-12-09). "Mitochondrial DNA reveals distinct evolutionary histories for Jewish populations in Yemen and Ethiopia".

6528:, roughly 1,000–2,000 families of Beta Israel were found. There may be other such regions in Ethiopia with significant Jewish enclaves, which would raise the total population to more than 50,000 people. 5129:

Ethiopian kingdoms reduced the Jewish kingdom to a small impoverished section. The earliest authority to rule this way was the 16th-century scholar David ibn Zimra (Radbaz), who explained elsewhere in a

5087:, he concludes that if the Ethiopian Jewish community wished to return to rabbinic Judaism, they would be received and welcomed into the fold, just as the Karaites who returned to the teachings of the 7704:

This helped persuade rabbinic authorities of the day regarding the validity of his practices, even if they differed from their own traditional teachings. On this, also see the remarkable testimony of

13222: 10021: 5636:

An ancient Jewish origin, together with conservation of some ancient Jewish traditions by the Ethiopian Church. Kaplan identifies Simon D. Messing, David Shlush, Michael Corinaldi, Menachem Waldman,

13505: 13501: 10248: 6462:

The original term that the Beta Israel gave to the converts was "Faras Muqra" ("horse of the raven") in which the word "horse" refers to the converts and the word "raven" refers to the missionary

6541:, a major player in the first wave of Beta Israel immigration to Israel, declared in 2002 that the Falash Mura had converted out of fear and persecution and therefore should be considered Jews. 6418:. The museum will include a model of an Ethiopian village, an artificial stream, a garden, classrooms, an amphitheater, and a memorial to Ethiopian Zionist activists and Ethiopian Jews who died 10631: 9848: 13497: 13167: 10082:

Hagar Salamon, "Reflections of Ethiopian Cultural Patterns on the Beta Israel Absorption in Israel: The "Barya" case" in Steven Kaplan, Tudor Parfitt & Emnuela Trevisan Semi (Editors),

6561:

On February 16, 2003, the Israeli government applied Resolution 2958 to the Falash Mura, which grants maternal descendants of Beta Israel the right to immigrate to Israel under the Israeli

13377: 13197: 9830: 13437: 13357: 13307: 13488: 10621: 11347: 5404:

Israel and the Levant. These results cast light on the variegated genetic architecture of the Middle East, and trace the origins of most Jewish Diaspora communities to the Levant."

3960:, among the original inhabitants of northwest Ethiopia, is considered derogatory among the Beta Israel, since it associates the community with the Agaw people, who largely practice 9639: 8109:

Lovell, A.; Moreau, C.; Yotova, V.; Xiao, F.; Bourgeois, S.; Gehl, D.; Bertranpetit, J.; Schurr, E.; Labuda, D. (2005). "Ethiopia: Between Sub-Saharan Africa and Western Eurasia".

5139:

words of our sages, so their status is comparable to a Jewish infant taken captive by non-Jews… And even if you say that the matter is in doubt, it is a commandment to redeem them.

13484: 13466: 13282: 13172: 8352:

D’Atanasio, Eugenia; Trombetta, Beniamino; Bonito, Maria; Finocchio, Andrea; Di Vito, Genny; Seghizzi, Mara; Romano, Rita; Russo, Gianluca; Paganotti, Giacomo Maria (2018-02-12).

9568: 13342: 6107:

Addis Ababa, who were Jewish converts to Christianity and asking to immigrate to Israel. As a result, a new term arose which was used to refer to this group: "Falash Mura". The

5235:

are "unquestionably Jews in every respect". With the consent of Ovadia Yosef, Amar ruled that it is forbidden to question the Jewishness of this community, pejoratively called

4746:

According to another account, the forefathers of the Beta Israel are supposed to have arrived in Ethiopia by coming from the North, independently from Menelik and his company:

13462: 13332: 6779:

is similar to the Falash Mura, but continued to secretly practice Judaism after nominally converting to Christianity. Both communities are regarded as part of the Beta Israel.

5279:-speaking populations. However, the A branches carried by Ethiopians Jews are principally of the A-Y23865 variety, which formed about 10,000 years ago and is localized to the 5418:

According to a 2020 study by Agranat-Tamir et al., the DNA of the Ethiopian Jews is mostly of East African origin, but about 20% of their genetic makeup is of Middle Eastern

13392: 13192: 9538: 7708:, the Torah scholar and princely Jew of Cordoba, concerning Eldad's learning, in his letter to Joseph, King of the Khazars, around 960 CE., reproduced in Franz Kobler, ed., 4772:

in 586 BCE the time of the Babylonian exile. This group of people was led by the great priest On. They remained in exile in Egypt for a few hundred years until the reign of

6051:

Beta Israel immigrated to Israel. Another 4,000 Ethiopian Jews who had failed to reach the assembly centre in Addis Ababa in time were flown to Israel in subsequent months.

3873:) had their origins in the 4th century CE, when it is claimed that the community refused to convert to Christianity during the rule of Abreha and Atsbeha (identified with 7026: 6002:, and brought the 494 Jewish refugees remaining in Sudan to Israel. The second operation was mainly carried out due to the critical intervention and pressure from the U.S. 5615:

and journalists, Rabbis and political activists, not a single one of them withstood the temptation to play the role of the historian and invent a solution for this riddle.

9590: 13202: 4871:

1:5). Rather, the narrative records that she was impressed with Solomon's wealth and wisdom, and they exchanged royal gifts, and then she returned to rule her people in

4867:, there is no mention that the Queen of Sheba either married or had any sexual relations with King Solomon (although some identify her with the "black and beautiful" in 1267: 4738:

According to one account, the Beta Israel originated in the kingdom of Israel and they were the contemporaries rather than the descendants of King Solomon and Menelik.

5647:

of the Beta Israel between the 14th to 16th centuries, from a sect of Ethiopian Christians who took on Biblical Old Testament practices, and came to identify as Jews.

6478:. In Hebrew the term "Falash Mura" (or "Falashmura") is probably a result of confusion over the use of the term "Faras Muqra" and its derivatives and on the basis of 6325:

focuses on Operation Moses. The film tells the story of an Ethiopian Christian child whose mother has him pass as Jewish so he can immigrate to Israel and escape the

9933:

Weil, Shalva 1991 One-Parent Families among EthiopianImmigrants in Israel, Jerusalem: NCJW Research Institute for Innovation inEducation, Hebrew University. (Hebrew)

9457: 7341:

Weil, Shalva 1998 'Festivals and Cyclical Events of the Year', (149–160) and 'Elementary School', (174–177) in John Harrison, Rishona Wolfert and Ruth Levitov (eds)

5564:. This wave also included Jews fleeing from the Babylonian takeover of Judah. In both cases, the Sabeans are assumed to have departed later from Ethiopia to Yemen. 8830:

Tishkoff, S. A.; Reed, F. A.; Friedlaender, F. R.; Ehret, C.; Ranciaro, A.; Froment, A.; Hirbo, J. B.; Awomoyi, A. A.; et al. (2009).

8770:

Kivisild, Toomas; Reidla, Maere; Metspalu, Ene; Rosa, Alexandra; Brehm, Antonio; Pennarun, Erwan; Parik, Jüri; Geberhiwot, Tarekegn; Usanga, Esien (November 2004).

9796: 5303: 5500:

origin. These words must have been derived directly from a Jewish source, for the Abyssinian Church knows the scriptures only in a Ge'ez version made from the

1845: 10869:

Weil, Shalva (2011) 'Ethiopian Jews' (165–166) in Judith Baskin (ed.) Cambridge Dictionary of Judaism and Jewish Culture, New York: Cambridge University Press

10069: 6140:

stated that it had conducted a survey in Ethiopia, after which it was concluded that tens of thousands of Falash Mura still lived in rural northern Ethiopia.

13568: 9154:(Oxford: University Press for the British Academy, 1968), pp. 16ff, 117. According to Ullendorff, individuals who believed in this origin included President 3874: 1500: 1195: 10317: 10029: 9994: 6209: 13347: 10477: 8029: 8013: 1387: 5538:

Christians over the years converted to the Falasha faith, thus showing that the Falashas were culturally an Ethiopian sect, made up of ethnic Ethiopians.

5372:

between the populations and potentially distinct maternal population histories. The maternal ancestral profile of the Beta Israel is similar to those of

5148: 5022:

Eldad's was not the only medieval testimony about Jewish communities living far to the south of Egypt, which strengthens the credibility of his account.

10051: 6024:, the capital of Ethiopia, to escape the civil war raging in the north of Ethiopia (their region of origin), and await their turn to emigrate to Israel. 5039:

of Egypt (1479–1573), writing similarly, held the Ethiopian Jewish community to be similar in many ways to the Karaites, writing of them on this wise:

2595: 8253:

Tzur, Shay; Rosset, Saharon; Shemer, Revital; Yudkovsky, Guennady; Selig, Sara; Tarekegn, Ayele; Bekele, Endashaw; Bradman, Neil; et al. (2010).

7004: 9346: 4452: 359: 6489:

The actual term "Falash Mura" has no clear origin. It is believed that the term may come from the Agaw and means "someone who changes their faith."

5271:

is the most common paternal lineage among Ethiopian Jews. The clade is carried by around 41% of Beta Israel males, and is primarily associated with

13543: 13207: 12576: 9040: 8971: 8534:

Llorente, M. Gallego; Jones, E. R.; Eriksson, A.; Siska, V.; Arthur, K. W.; Arthur, J. W.; Curtis, M. C.; Stock, J. T.; Coltorti, M. (2015-11-13).

5979: 1382: 9416: 6414:

In 2009, plans to establish an Ethiopian Heritage Museum dedicated to the heritage and culture of the Ethiopian Jewish community were unveiled in

12966: 9127: 8224:

Behar, Doron M.; Shlush, Liran I.; Maor, Carcom; Lorber, Margalit; Skorecki, Karl (2006). "Absence of HIV-Associated Nephropathy in Ethiopians".

6094: 1630: 9968: 7987: 7848: 5682:

which dates to the early 14th century AD. According to this source, the Emperor sent troops to pacify the people "like Jews" in the regions of

8601: 3794:, began a large-scale effort to conduct transport operations and bring the Beta Israel to Israel in multiple waves. These activities included 14059: 11649: 11357: 9614: 6463: 6374:" featured lyrics in Amharic, Arabic and Hebrew. Due to the 2020 contest's cancellation, she represented Israel again in 2021 with the song " 6290:

was practiced in Ethiopia as in much of Africa until it was formally abolished in 1942. After the slave was bought by a Jew, he went through

3135: 2959: 1884: 10227: 5415:

Jews from elsewhere with local people joining to the community, causing Beta Israel to become genetically distant from other Jewish groups.

4856:). The legend relates that Menelik, as an adult, returned to his father in Jerusalem, and later resettled in Ethiopia. He took with him the 11332: 9692: 7527:, Jerusalem: The Ministry of Education & Culture & NCJW Research Institute for Innovation in Education, Hebrew University. (Hebrew) 3555: 10866:

Weil, Shalva (2008) 'Jews in Ethiopia', in M.A. Erlich (ed.) Encyclopedia of the Jewish Diaspora, Santa Barbara, CA: ABC CLIO, 2: 467–475.

10365: 5599:, king of Kush. Sennacherib's campaign failed and Shebna's army was lost "at the mountains of darkness", suggestively identified with the 12926: 9745: 7495:, Second Edition (Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, and New York: Columbia University Press, 1983) Vol. XVIII: p. 373. 6445: 3028: 869: 832: 7081: 11444: 9560: 8060: 4921:, Jewish, Christian and pagan kings ruled in harmony at that time. Furthermore, the Zagwe dynasty claimed legitimacy (according to the 8455:"A new topology of the human Y chromosome haplogroup E1b1 (E-P2) revealed through the use of newly characterized binary polymorphisms" 8255:"Missense mutations in the APOL1 gene are highly associated with end stage kidney disease risk previously attributed to the MYH9 gene" 5660:

sects, suggesting that Ethiopian Jews may possess a tradition from ancient Jewish groups whose beliefs have become extinct elsewhere.

4988:

tributaries flow into Sudan. Some accounts specify the route taken by their forefathers on their way upriver to the south from Egypt.

13458: 10504: 1808: 10249:"New Campus Initiative Aims to Counteract Anti-Israel Movement's 'Trite, One-Sided' Rhetoric by Showing Jewish State's 'Human Face'" 10131: 9714: 11473: 9314: 9280: 6737: 5940:, called the Jews to come to Sudan where they would eventually be taken to Israel. Posing as Christian Ethiopian refugees from the 5632:

and Ethiopian Jews generally supported one of two conflicting hypotheses for the origin of the Beta Israel, as outlined by Kaplan:

4890:

asserts that the Beta Israel are descended from a battalion of men of Judah who fled southward down the Arabian coastal lands from

2988: 1831: 11352: 10452: 10104: 9530: 6245:

Falash Mura is the name given to those of the Beta Israel community in Ethiopia who converted to Christianity under pressure from

13627: 12972: 8831: 3944:, which means 'landless', 'wanderers', or 'associated with monks', was given to the community in the 15th century by the Emperor 3786:

and constitutional discussions, Israeli authorities decided in 1977 that the Beta Israel qualified on all fronts for the Israeli

3772:

The Beta Israel first made extensive contact with other Jewish communities in the late 20th century, after which a comprehensive

3386: 3072: 1181: 7034: 14383: 13964: 13124: 12072: 11526: 11342: 6330: 5205:

In the 1970s and early 1980s, the Beta Israel were required to undergo a modified conversion ceremony involving immersion in a

3817:

By the end of 2008, there were 119,300 Jews from Ethiopia in Israel, including nearly 81,000 born in Ethiopia and about 38,500

2978: 2588: 1758: 1693: 1575: 7124: 12067: 11315: 11301: 11287: 11273: 11259: 11245: 11231: 11217: 11203: 11189: 11168: 11154: 11130: 11116: 11102: 11088: 11074: 11060: 11046: 11032: 11011: 10997: 10976: 10930: 10909: 10895: 10847: 10833: 10812: 10791: 10777: 10763: 10705: 10688: 10599: 10578: 10564: 10309: 10091: 7437: 6501:, a Jewish convert to Christianity, traveled to Ethiopia in an attempt to convert the Beta Israel community to Christianity. 5368:. However, no identical haplotypes were shared between the Yemenite and Ethiopian Jewish populations, suggesting very little 2796: 879: 8676:"A back migration from Asia to sub-Saharan Africa is supported by high-resolution analysis of human Y-chromosome haplotypes" 7392:

Devens, M. S. 'The Liturgy of the Seventh Sabbath: A Betä Israel (Falasha) Text', p. xx/4.4 (Introduction), Wiesbaden, 1995.

7257:, Hebrew University, 1993, pp. 69–77 (Hebrew); Shalva Weil, "Collective Names and Collective Identity of Ethiopian Jews" in 6057:: In 1997, an irregular emigration began of Falash Mura, which was and still is subject to political developments in Israel. 13536: 13262: 10070:"Israel okays immigration of 2,000 Falash Mura from Ethiopia by end of 2020 | the Jewish Federations of North America" 5982:

was ousted, and his successor removed restrictions on travel out of Ethiopia. Ethiopian Jews, many by this time waiting in

4875:. However, the "royal gifts" are interpreted by some as sexual contact. The loss of the Ark is not mentioned in the Bible. 3585: 3370: 2891: 1317: 11976: 9381: 7255:

Beta Israel and their Christian neighbors in Ethiopia: Analysis of key concepts at different levels of cultural embodiment

6920: 13372: 13362: 12087: 12082: 11506: 10528: 9831:"Coalition crisis averted: 9000 Ethiopian immigrants to be brought to Israel over 5 years - Israel News - Jerusalem Post" 8138:

Luis, J; Rowold, D; Regueiro, M; Caeiro, B; Cinnioglu, C; Roseman, C; Underhill, P; Cavallisforza, L; Herrera, R (2004).

6881: 5913:

collaborated with Israel in order to receive money and arms in exchange for granting the Beta Israel safe passage during

4953: 4895: 3589: 1585: 1402: 1392: 632: 10084:

Between Africa and Zion: Proceedings of the First International Congress of the Society for the Study of Ethiopian Jewry

9800: 14403: 13267: 12899: 11776: 10950: 4797:, where they were helped by Egyptian traders who guided them through the desert. Some of them entered Ethiopia through 4014: 3995: 3413: 2911: 2851: 1981: 1931: 1896: 1590: 1455: 1322: 11149:

Marilyn Herman (2012). "Gondar's Child: Songs, Honor and Identity Among Ethiopian Jews in Israel". Red Sea Press.

11135:

Weil, Shalva 2012 "Longing for Jerusalem Among the Beta Israel of Ethiopia", in Edith Bruder and Tudor Parfitt (eds.)

7088: 7068:

Weil, Shalva 2012 "Longing for Jerusalem Among the Beta Israel of Ethiopia", in Edith Bruder and Tudor Parfitt (eds.)

6901: 3933:-true" was used to refer to the community members; since the 19th century, it has been used in opposition to the term 14398: 14388: 14052: 13322: 13292: 13247: 13182: 11927: 11781: 7691:(New Haven: Yale University Press, 1951), p. xliii. Also see Steven Kaplan, "A Brief History of the Beta Israel", in 7479:(New Haven: Yale University Press, 1951), p. xliii. Also see Steven Kaplan, "A Brief History of the Beta Israel", in 6718: 5510:

summarized the various theories offered about their origins as of 1950 that the first members of this community were

3638: 3128: 3089: 2901: 2633: 2581: 1673: 1635: 1610: 1530: 1515: 1362: 1302: 1257: 9398: 7570: 14378: 13312: 11836: 11744: 11369: 11238:

Learning In Context: An Ethnographic Investigation of Meditated Learning Experiences Among Ethiopian Jews in Israel

7345:, University of Tel-Aviv: Institute of Social Research and Ministry of Education, PedagogicAdministration. (Hebrew) 6326: 5264:

allows research into paternal (meaning only through fathers) and maternal (meaning only through mothers) ancestry.

4052: 3548: 1966: 1948: 1854: 1748: 1600: 1595: 1520: 1485: 1352: 9501: 5994:(original name "The Lion of Judah’s Cub") and brought 6,500 Beta Israel to Israel. This operation was followed by 5113:. They believe that these people established a Jewish kingdom that lasted for hundreds of years. With the rise of 4948:

Eldad said that the Jews of his own kingdom descended from the tribe of Dan (which included the Biblical war-hero

14328: 14288: 13529: 13412: 13387: 13237: 13232: 13212: 13177: 13162: 13001: 12195: 10649:

Wanderings among the Falashas in Abyssinia: Together with Descriptions of the Country and Its Various Inhabitants

9849:"The Population of Ethiopian Origin in Israel: Selected Data Published on the Occasion of the Sigd Festival 2021" 9054: 7830: 6115: 5669: 2484: 2383: 1938: 1921: 1874: 1773: 1683: 1620: 1570: 1550: 1545: 1465: 1439: 1414: 1292: 1282: 1272: 1252: 1247: 10852:

Don Seeman, "The Question of Kinship: Bodies and Narratives in the Beta Israel-European Encounter (1860-1920)",

10637:

Journal of a three years' residence in Abyssinia: in furtherance of the objects of the Church Missionary Society

9255: 5702:

Christianity, and joined a group of people who followed "the religion of the Jews". Qozmos then led the Jews of

3898:" – which is related to the name Beta Israel – is also used by the community to refer to its members. 3706:, where they were spread out across more than 500 small villages over a wide territory, alongside predominantly 13475: 13397: 13367: 13352: 13337: 13327: 13317: 13277: 13227: 13147: 11877: 11437: 10484: 8036: 8008: 7779: 6986:

Weil, Shalva. (2012) "Ethiopian Jews: the Heterogeneity of a Group", in Grisaru, Nimrod, and Witztum, Eliezer.

2871: 1957: 1943: 1911: 1891: 1859: 1803: 1778: 1753: 1733: 1723: 1708: 1703: 1698: 1678: 1668: 1663: 1640: 1555: 1540: 1460: 1419: 1372: 1367: 1287: 1232: 10647: 10206: 6973:

Weil, Shalva (1997) "Collective Designations and Collective Identity of Ethiopian Jews", in Shalva Weil (ed.)

4941:

To prove the antiquity and authenticity of their claims, the Beta Israel cite the 9th-century CE testimony of

4009:(Holy Scriptures) is the name for the religious literature of the Beta Israel. The language of these texts is 14393: 13994: 13948: 13407: 13402: 13297: 13257: 13152: 13133: 12978: 12299: 8354:"The peopling of the last Green Sahara revealed by high-coverage resequencing of trans-Saharan patrilineages" 6703: 6698: 6375: 6152: 5023: 3660: 2841: 2378: 1916: 1901: 1864: 1826: 1798: 1788: 1783: 1768: 1763: 1743: 1728: 1713: 1688: 1654: 1625: 1525: 1510: 1434: 1424: 1342: 1312: 1237: 1223: 7298: 14045: 13382: 13287: 13272: 13252: 13242: 13217: 13157: 13041: 12909: 12904: 12092: 12077: 11841: 11796: 11541: 9205: 6442: 6363: 5507: 3961: 3425: 3121: 3082: 3077: 3062: 3018: 2998: 2921: 2717: 2613: 1986: 1906: 1869: 1793: 1738: 1605: 1580: 1505: 1480: 1470: 1409: 1332: 1327: 1307: 1297: 1277: 1262: 1155: 859: 623: 618: 5337:

origin. Altogether, this suggests that Ethiopian Jews have diverse patrilineages indicative of indigenous

13906: 13818: 13302: 13006: 12991: 11872: 11732: 10960:

Emanuela Trevisan Semi, "The Conversion of the Beta Israel in Ethiopia: A Reversible "Rite of Passage"",

10569:

Daniel Frieilmann, "The Case of the Falas Mura" in Tudor Parfitt & Emanuela Trevisan Semi (Editors),

7107:

Weil, Shalva. (2011) "Operation Solomon 20 Years On", International Relations and Security Network (ISN).

6885: 5572: 5408: 5397: 4273: 4149: 3541: 3153: 2678: 1976: 1971: 1926: 1879: 1565: 1535: 1495: 1490: 1347: 653: 6977:, Jerusalem: NCJW Research Institute for Innovation in Education, Hebrew University, pp. 35–48. (Hebrew) 6958:

For the meaning of the word "Beta" in the context of social/religious is "community", see James Quirin,

13117: 12960: 12854: 12505: 12399: 12107: 12040: 11601: 11491: 11387: 10954: 5349: 3860: 3488: 3173: 2968: 2764: 2450: 2295: 2003: 1397: 593: 583: 319: 11379: 7287:, 2nd edn, Jerusalem: NCJW Research Institute for Innovation in Education, Hebrew University. (Hebrew) 6041:, with their seats removed to maximize passenger capacity, flew 14,325 Beta Israel non-stop to Israel. 13852: 13632: 13076: 13016: 12914: 12894: 12764: 12689: 12549: 12416: 12102: 12062: 11430: 10747:

Steven Kaplan (1987), "The Beta Israel (Falasha) Encounter with Protestant Missionaries: 1860-1905",

9703: 9305: 9273: 6350: 5648: 5607: 5326: 5314: 5004: 2564: 2257: 2108: 2049: 940: 11374: 8298:"The origin of Eastern European Jews revealed by autosomal, sex chromosomal and mtDNA polymorphisms" 7982: 7950: 7916: 6558:

were not required to undergo conversion because they were accepted as Jews under the Law of Return.

13969: 13783: 13697: 13682: 12996: 12827: 12126: 12001: 10990:

Black Jews, Jews, and Other Heroes: How Grassroots Activism Led to the Rescue of the Ethiopian Jews

9430: 6820: 6169: 5679: 5656:

Some Ethiopian Jewish practices disagree with rabbinic practice but do match the practices of late

5199: 3746: 3707: 3008: 2821: 2267: 2247: 1357: 837: 378: 219: 9458:"Jdl Stages Protests at Hias, Jewish Agency Offices, Claiming 'lack of Action' to Rescue Falashas" 3190: 14373: 13805: 13734: 13702: 13687: 13637: 12949: 12938: 12532: 12453: 12158: 12057: 11996: 11882: 11855: 9869:

Walsh, Sophie D.; Tuval-Mashiach, Rivka (2011). "Ethiopian Emerging Adult Immigrants in Israel".

9734: 8896:

northern Kenya. With the exception of the Dogon, these populations speak an Afroasiatic language.

5999: 5248: 3730: 2861: 2408: 2398: 2363: 2242: 2232: 2015: 1186: 1128: 962: 641: 598: 313: 249: 13741: 8140:"The Levant versus the Horn of Africa: Evidence for Bidirectional Corridors of Human Migrations" 4328:. The years are counted according to the counting of Kushta: "1571 to Jesus Christ, 7071 to the 14268: 13916: 13729: 13724: 13714: 13707: 13692: 13622: 13552: 12985: 12955: 12018: 11337: 10377: 10178: 9224:

Richard Pankhurst, "The Falashas, or Judaic Ethiopians, in Their Christian Ethiopian Setting",

7343:

Culture – Differences in the World and in Israel: A Reader in Sociology for Junior High Schools

6713: 6633: 6246: 6173: 5272: 5187: 5092: 5072: 4206: 4118: 4058: 2831: 2742: 2527: 2262: 2176: 1242: 794: 413: 383: 8772:"Ethiopian Mitochondrial DNA Heritage: Tracking Gene Flow Across and Around the Gate of Tears" 8183:"Ethiopian Mitochondrial DNA Heritage: Tracking Gene Flow Across and Around the Gate of Tears" 7755:, Second Edition (Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1983), Vol. XVIII: 372. 7145:

Travels To Discover The Source Of The Nile in the Years 1768, 1769, 1770, 1771, 1772, and 1773

6063:: In August 2018, the Netanyahu government vowed to bring in 1,000 Falasha Jews from Ethiopia. 5291: 5105:(according to Jewish legal code) that the Beta Israel are indeed Jews, the descendants of the 14345: 14093: 13938: 13756: 13654: 13605: 13110: 13011: 12932: 12714: 12421: 12304: 12045: 12035: 12028: 12013: 11899: 10369: 9334: 9034: 8965: 7427: 6291: 6016: 5957: 5910: 5905:

The emigration of the Beta Israel community to Israel was officially banned by the Communist

5353: 5261: 5183: 4769: 4432: 3479: 2418: 2413: 2358: 2146: 1061: 789: 776: 671: 388: 10945:

Steven Kaplan (1988). "Falasha religion: ancient Judaism or evolving Ethiopian tradition?".

10269: 7147:(in five Volumes), Vol. II, Printed by J. Ruthven for G. G. J. and J. Robinson, 1790, p. 485 6114:

As a result, a lively debate has arisen in Israel about the Falash Mura, mainly between the

4964:

Other sources tell of many Jews who were brought as prisoners of war from ancient Israel by

4354:(religion) are divided into daily, monthly, and annually. The annual holidays by month are: 4320:

which adds a full month (30 days). The calendar is a combination of the ancient calendar of

14368: 13719: 13610: 13578: 13046: 13036: 12539: 11511: 10796:

Marcus, Louis (1829). "Notice sur l'époque de l'établissement des Juifs dans l'Abyssinie".

10693: 10399:

Abbink, Jon (1990). "The Enigma of Beta Esra'el Ethnogenesis. An Anthro-Historical Study".

8998: 8929: 8846: 8547: 8466: 8453:

Trombetta, Beniamino; Cruciani, Fulvio; Sellitto, Daniele; Scozzari, Rosaria (2011-01-06).

7674:

Knud Tage Andersen, "The Queen of Habasha in Ethiopian History, Tradition and Chronology",

7568:

Abbink, Jon (1990). "The Enigma of Beta Esra'el Ethnogenesis. An Anthro-Historical Study".

6742: 6309: 6183: 5960:

protested the "lack of action" to rescue Ethiopian Jews by taking over the main offices of

5727: 5365: 5361: 5357: 5352:

typically found in Africa. The remainder consisted of Eurasian-origin lineages such as 22%

5268: 4102: 4044: 3978: 3859:

Throughout its history, the community has been referred to by numerous names. According to

2650: 2489: 2441: 2181: 2039: 852: 717: 706: 664: 10157: 8985:

Doron M. Behar; Bayazit Yunusbayev; Mait Metspalu; Ene Metspalu; et al. (July 2010).

8916:

Doron M. Behar; Bayazit Yunusbayev; Mait Metspalu; Ene Metspalu; et al. (July 2010).

8075: 4113:. Many of these books differ substantially from the similarly numbered and named texts in 3833:

who left Christianity and began practicing Rabbinic Judaism upon their arrival to Israel.

8: 14231: 14068: 13974: 13911: 13883: 13868: 13615: 12694: 12662: 12588: 12497: 12443: 12050: 11850: 11584: 11549: 10710: 10211: 8984: 8915: 8900: 6430: 6282: 6278: 5941: 5629: 5576: 5489: 5373: 5280: 4857: 4833: 4765: 4711: 4630: 4261: 3719: 3450: 3358: 3354: 3247: 3106: 3067: 2931: 2881: 2622: 2542: 2237: 915: 782: 685: 678: 608: 496: 371: 11004:

Operation Moses: the untold story of the secret exodus of the Falasha Jews from Ethiopia

9770: 9506:

Beit Hatfutsot Open Databases Project, The Museum of the Jewish People at Beit Hatfutsot

9309: 9277: 9104: 9069: 9002: 8933: 8850: 8551: 8470: 7199: 6398:

National memorials to the Ethiopian Jews who died on their way to Israel are located in

5079:. War ceases not from amongst them, and every day they take captives from one another... 14318: 14004: 13926: 13890: 13878: 13664: 13659: 13560: 13026: 13021: 12832: 12554: 12431: 12426: 12411: 12381: 12334: 12257: 12163: 12023: 11596: 11501: 11468: 10434: 10337: 10253: 9886: 9022: 8953: 8867: 8804: 8771: 8497: 8454: 8388: 8353: 8324: 8297: 8279: 8254: 8207: 8182: 8164: 8139: 8126: 7942: 7904: 7842: 7705: 7597: 7452:

Weil, Shalva 1987 'An Elegy in Amharic on Dr. Faitlovitch' Pe’amim33: 125–127. (Hebrew)

7299:"The Literature of the Beta Israel (Falasha): A Survey of a Biblical-Hebraic Tradition" 6598: 6136: 5548: 5008: 4325: 4110: 4106: 3795: 3773: 3303: 3162: 3094: 2393: 2343: 2290: 2285: 2199: 2069: 1337: 1166: 925: 845: 699: 265: 12309: 12185: 10672:

Abbink, Jon (1990). "The Enigma of Esra'el Ethnogenesis: An Anthro-Historical Study".

9347:"Israelis of color push back against race-based, anti-Israel narratives spread abroad" 8880: 8700: 8675: 7912: 6960: 6322: 5998:(also referred to as "Operation Sheba") a few weeks later, which was conducted by the 13921: 12810: 12741: 12623: 12608: 12391: 12262: 12227: 11516: 11311: 11297: 11283: 11269: 11255: 11241: 11227: 11213: 11199: 11185: 11164: 11150: 11126: 11123:

The Ethiopian Jewish exodus: narratives of the migration journey to Israel, 1977–1985

11112: 11098: 11084: 11070: 11056: 11042: 11028: 11007: 10993: 10972: 10926: 10905: 10891: 10843: 10829: 10808: 10787: 10773: 10759: 10701: 10684: 10643: 10595: 10574: 10560: 10438: 10426: 10305: 10087: 9890: 9261: 9109: 9091: 9014: 8945: 8872: 8809: 8791: 8752: 8744: 8705: 8583: 8575: 8502: 8484: 8393: 8375: 8329: 8284: 8241: 8212: 8169: 8122: 8054: 7862: 7601: 7433: 7221: 6801: 6555: 6525: 6498: 6144: 6029: 5987: 5596: 5561: 5348:

study focused on maternal ancestry sampling 41 Beta Israel found them to carry 51.2%

5345: 5325:

and Semitic-speaking populations in Northeast Africa. Further analysis show that the

5318: 5295: 5287:. The difference with some Khoisan is 54,000 years, and with others - 125,000 years. 5284: 5276: 5175: 4810: 4708: 4661: 4653: 4321: 4317: 4257: 3987: 3811: 3715: 3711: 3620: 3287: 3099: 2707: 2537: 2479: 2459: 2276: 1836: 1475: 935: 806: 736: 613: 526: 393: 167: 11173:

Kay Kaufman Shelemay & Steven Kaplan (2010). "Creating the Ethiopian Diaspora".

10940:

The Ethiopian Jews : a case study in the functioning of the Jewish legal system

9378:

Immigrants, by Period of Immigration, Country of Birth and Last Country of Residence

8986: 8917: 8130: 6945: 5051:, and part of which to the Christians, and part of which to the Israelites from the 14308: 14200: 14195: 13979: 13573: 12876: 12844: 12805: 12776: 12759: 12709: 12510: 12319: 12252: 12205: 12153: 12121: 12112: 12097: 11971: 11946: 11922: 11806: 11737: 11654: 11521: 10840:

The Evolution of the Ethiopian Jews: a History of the Beta Israel (Falasha) to 1920

10756:

The Beta Israel (Falasha) in Ethiopia: From Earliest Times to the Twentieth Century

10416: 10408: 9878: 9167:

Louis Marcus, "Notice sur l'époque de l'établissement des Juifs dans l'Abyssinie",

9099: 9081: 9026: 9006: 8957: 8937: 8862: 8854: 8799: 8783: 8736: 8695: 8687: 8565: 8555: 8492: 8474: 8383: 8365: 8319: 8309: 8274: 8266: 8233: 8202: 8194: 8159: 8151: 8118: 7587: 7579: 7414: 7211: 7122: 6924: 6849: 6579: 6255: 5995: 5600: 5568: 5465: 5393: 5322: 5307: 5211: 4700: 4282: 4265: 4048: 3826: 3807: 3672: 3668: 3509: 3500: 3438: 3275: 3231: 2776: 2752: 2687: 2507: 2388: 2348: 2312: 2010: 1560: 1071: 827: 731: 646: 536: 328: 179: 4976:). Another tradition asserts that the Jews arrived either via the old district of 13989: 13984: 13847: 13842: 13828: 13813: 13644: 13600: 13588: 12786: 12781: 12593: 12520: 12353: 12324: 12247: 12237: 12200: 12175: 11991: 11986: 11981: 11966: 11961: 11951: 11936: 11727: 11644: 11611: 11569: 11559: 11391: 10635: 10373: 10299: 9385: 9318: 9284: 9188: 9155: 8536:"Ancient Ethiopian genome reveals extensive Eurasian admixture in Eastern Africa" 8479: 8017: 7991: 7961: 7783: 7484: 7128: 7092: 6838: 6789: 6708: 6551: 6314: 6147:

approved a plan to allow an additional 8,000 Falash Mura to immigrate to Israel.

5991: 5945: 5914: 5703: 5695: 5683: 5422:

origin and shows similarity to modern Jewish and Arab populations and Bronze Age

5302:

isolated from a 4,500 year old Ethiopian fossil. Such haplotypes are frequent in

5216: 5191: 5110: 5076: 5064: 5044: 5036: 4872: 4669: 4341: 4333: 4278: 3803: 3777: 3742: 3664: 3579: 3342: 2786: 2469: 2428: 2423: 2403: 2325: 2319: 2252: 2204: 2044: 2025: 1176: 905: 817: 800: 344: 245: 241: 191: 46: 13102: 11182:

From Falashas to Ethiopian Jews: the external influences for change c. 1860–1960

9335:

Ethiopian Judaism nearly identical to that practiced during Second Temple Period

7216: 14298: 14253: 14210: 14113: 13999: 13746: 13583: 13090: 13065: 12886: 12793: 12751: 12731: 12719: 12699: 12613: 12603: 12571: 12564: 12544: 12515: 12487: 12482: 12448: 12358: 12282: 12272: 12210: 12008: 11956: 11867: 11862: 11624: 11619: 11554: 11483: 9943: 9086: 8625:

Variation in Y chromosome, mitochondrial DNA and labels of identity on Ethiopia

8237: 7525:

The Changing Religious Tradition of Ethiopian Jews in Israel: a Teachers’ Guide

6747: 6662: 6510: 6099: 6048: 5461: 5419: 5338: 5330: 5167: 4977: 4880: 4845: 4798: 4723: 4649: 4574: 4347: 4313: 4086: 4066: 4036: 4032: 3845: 3818: 3766: 3531: 2569: 2368: 2223: 2103: 2082: 2059: 2054: 2032: 2020: 1615: 1096: 1030: 995: 973: 910: 748: 726: 588: 567: 543: 309: 291: 223: 8370: 8270: 7882:, Tel-Aviv: Beth Hatefutsoth, the Nahum Goldman Museum of the Jewish Diaspora. 6178: 4853: 4849: 14362: 14313: 14128: 14037: 13833: 12859: 12704: 12631: 12438: 12372: 12345: 12294: 12242: 12215: 12190: 12180: 11941: 11887: 11821: 11801: 11791: 11786: 11759: 11705: 11634: 11579: 10935: 10881:

The Falashas: An Analysis of Their History, Religion and Transitional Society

10655: 10430: 9995:"Study: Children of Soviet Immigrants Fully Assimilated Into Israeli Society" 9882: 9668: 9095: 8795: 8748: 8579: 8488: 8379: 7768:, 1773, which repeats these accounts of Mosaic antiquity for the Beta Israel. 7695:(Tel Aviv and New York: Beth Hatefutsoth and The Jewish Museum, 1986), p. 11. 7225: 6723: 6690: 6676: 6610: 6562: 6538: 6479: 5657: 5637: 5407:

According to the study of Behar et al. Ethiopian Jews are clustered with the

4942: 4914: 4868: 4806: 4673: 4645: 4641: 4488: 4329: 4098: 4094: 3957: 3878: 3791: 3787: 3680: 3676: 3330: 3259: 2697: 2517: 2512: 1718: 1645: 1171: 1020: 1015: 1010: 1000: 978: 930: 692: 531: 436: 398: 349: 253: 187: 183: 171: 144: 9417:"Airlift Culminates 17 Years of Secret Israeli Links to Mengistu Government" 8858: 8560: 8535: 7676:

Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London

7055:

Weil, Shalva. (2008) "Zionism among Ethiopian Jews", in Hagar Salamon (ed.)

7005:"Jewish community in Ethiopia celebrates 70 years in solidarity with Israel" 6988:

Cultural, Social and Clinical Perspectives on Ethiopian Immigrants in Israel

4813:

and conquered it. And as a result, another group of Jews, led by Azonos and

4672:

in their schools. Those Beta Israel residing in the State of Israel now use

4296:

Unlike other Ethiopians, the Beta Israel do not eat raw meat dishes such as

3990:: ሃይማኖት) is the colloquial term for "faith" which is used as a term for the 14303: 14293: 14248: 13776: 13771: 13751: 13674: 13649: 12839: 12636: 12598: 12559: 12148: 11892: 11831: 11811: 11771: 11754: 11722: 11710: 11671: 11589: 11564: 9797:"8,000 more Falash Mura to come to Israel | JTA - Jewish & Israel News" 9113: 9018: 8949: 8876: 8813: 8756: 8709: 8587: 8506: 8397: 8333: 8314: 8288: 8245: 8216: 8173: 7402: 6776: 6642: 6592: 6387: 6267: 5937: 5644: 5179: 5153: 5144: 5114: 5106: 5052: 4996: 4981: 4828: 4782: 4696: 4691: 4581:

Monthly holidays are mainly memorial days to the annual holiday; these are

4408: 4316:

of 12 months, each 29 or 30 days alternately. Every four years, there is a

4269: 4040: 3762: 3374: 3199: 2547: 2373: 2214: 2209: 2167: 2120: 1214: 1081: 1066: 1025: 990: 603: 445: 11308:

Beta Israel: the Jews of Ethiopia and beyond History, Identity and Borders

10412: 9476:

From Tragedy to Triumph: The Politics Behind the Rescue of Ethiopian Jewry

9376: 7866: 7721:

See, in Eldad's letter recounting his experiences in Elkan N. Adler, ed.,

7583: 7536:

Abbink, "The Enigma of Esra'el Ethnogenesis: An Anthro-Historical Study",

6193:

Over time, the Ethiopian Jews in Israel moved out of the government owned

6089: 5944:, Jews began to arrive in the refugee camps in Sudan. Most Jews came from 5043:...Lo! the matter is well-known that there are perpetual wars between the 3841: 3821:(about 32% of the community) with at least one parent born in Ethiopia or 14323: 14263: 14236: 14226: 13793: 13766: 13761: 13521: 12849: 12364: 12289: 12267: 12170: 11764: 11693: 11688: 11676: 10611: 10232: 10228:"Bruins for Israel and Hillel partner with Jerusalem U for Israeli event" 9591:"Forty-three Falashmura Arrive in Israel, Accompanied by Likud Lawmakers" 6767: 6727: 6616: 6601:, Minister of Aliyah and Integration in thirty-sixth government of Israel 6403: 6240: 6194: 6108: 6021: 5983: 5592: 5516: 5449: 5445: 5299: 5236: 5228: 5195: 5164: 5060: 5048: 4597:("fifteen") on the fifteenth day to commemorate Passover and Sukkot, and 4301: 4114: 3953: 3830: 3758: 2532: 2474: 2139: 1045: 1040: 1035: 20: 13823: 9561:"Rabbi of 8,000 stranded Ethiopian Jews fights to complete their exodus" 9447:, Nijmegen, Institute for Cultural and Social Anthropology, 1984, p. 114 9445:

The Falashas In Ethiopia And Israel – The Problem of Ethnic Assimilation

9010: 8941: 8570: 6079:: In May 2022 340 Jews from Ethiopia were scheduled to arrive in Israel. 6065:

In April 2019 an estimated 8,000 Falasha were waiting to leave Ethiopia.

5313:

The rest of the Beta Israel mainly belong to haplotypes linked with the

4832:

relates that Ethiopians are descendants of Israelite tribes who came to

14258: 14174: 14098: 13931: 13873: 12943: 12650: 12232: 11826: 11574: 11496: 11409: 11396: 11067:

The Dream Behind Bars: the Story of the Prisoners of Zion from Ethiopia

10301:

The Falashas in Ethiopia and Israel: the problem of ethnic assimilation

9640:"Israel Will Bring 3,000 Ethiopians Of Questionable Heritage To Israel" 9509: 8740: 8411: 7748: 7712:, Second Edition (London: East and West Library, 1953), vol. 1: p. 105. 7488: 7085: 6466:

who used to wear black clothes. This term derived the additional names

6399: 6392: 6371: 6359: 6341: 5909:

government of Ethiopia during the 1980s, although it is now known that

5501: 5481: 5457: 5423: 5122: 5012: 4757: 4496: 4442: 4332:, and 6642 to the Hebrews"; according to this counting, the year 5771 ( 3895: 3038: 2941: 2190: 1204: 1133: 1091: 920: 900: 459: 366: 286: 11196:

Immigrants and bureaucrats: Ethiopians in an Israeli absorption center

11081:

Saving the lost tribe: the rescue and redemption of the Ethiopian Jews

10714: 10505:"Cabinet approves immigration of 1,000 Ethiopian Falashmura to Israel" 9128:"Jews and Arabs share genetic link to ancient Canaanites, study finds" 8623: 7619: 7616: 7505: 3729:

The Beta Israel appear to have been isolated from the more mainstream

14283: 14158: 12864: 12329: 12220: 12131: 11749: 11683: 10421: 9172: 8832:"The Genetic Structure and History of Africans and African Americans" 8650: 8520: 7969: 7592: 7158: 6367: 5965: 5892: 5453: 5369: 5209:(ritual bath), a declaration accepting Rabbinic law, and, for men, a 5088: 5056: 4965: 4837: 4814: 4773: 4704: 4196: 4024: 3613: 2353: 2338: 1428: 1376: 1138: 1086: 1076: 757: 753: 743: 658: 418: 11700: 11109:

Mossad Exodus: The Daring Undercover Rescue of the Lost Jewish Tribe

9914:

from a National Conference, 8–9 November 1993) Jerusalem. (Hebrew).

7794:

See also the reference already cited from Hasdai ibn Shaprut, above.

7777: 7200:"Between Heretics and Jews: Inventing Jewish Identities in Ethiopia" 6877: 6875: 6873: 4361:

Ethiopian Jews holding religious ceremony on Mount Zion after Aliyah

3714:

populations. Most of them were concentrated mainly in what is today

1106: 14133: 13593: 12583: 12525: 12470: 12465: 12136: 11422: 10592:

One People, One Blood: Ethiopian-Israelis and the Return to Judaism

10483:(in Hebrew). Israeli Association for Ethiopian Jews. Archived from 8787: 8691: 8198: 8155: 6731: 6604: 6038: 5975: 5584: 5567:

According to Menachem Waldman, a major wave of emigration from the

5552: 5385: 5131: 4957: 4899: 4876: 4794: 4777: 4727: 4510: 4386: 4374: 4090: 4082: 4078: 4074: 4070: 4043:. The rest of the Bible has secondary importance. They possess the 3973: 3945: 3881:), the monarchs of the Kingdom of Aksum who embraced Christianity. 3870: 3750: 3723: 3703: 3684: 2522: 2132: 2064: 895: 403: 354: 126: 10304:. Institute for Cultural and Social Anthropology. pp. 81–82. 9237:

Pirenne, "La Grèce et Saba après 32 ans de nouvelles recherches",

8351: 8181:

Kivisild, T; Reidla, M; Metspalu, E; et al. (November 2004).

7734:

Eldad's letter recounting his experiences in Elkan N. Adler, ed.,

4665: 4601:

a fast on the last day of every month. Daily holidays include the

4010: 195: 58: 14243: 14153: 14118: 14108: 13943: 12798: 12682: 12677: 12667: 12655: 12475: 12460: 12404: 12339: 12314: 12277: 12141: 11816: 11715: 11639: 11531: 11457: 11280:

The Beta Israel in Ethiopia and Israel: studies on Ethiopian Jews

10571:

The Beta Israel in Ethiopia and Israel: Studies on Ethiopian Jews

10274: 10183: 9239:

L'Arabie préislamique et son environnement historique et culturel

9066: 8452: 7995: 7858: 6902:"Work goes on: Efforts to bring last of Ethiopian Jews to Israel" 6870: 6734:, whose members traditionally practiced an early Hebraic religion 6566: 6518: 6438: 6415: 6287: 6067:

On February 25, 2020, 43 Falasah arrived in Israel from Ethiopia.

5949: 5715: 5711: 5707: 5691: 5687: 5580: 5556: 5411:

speakers Amhara and Tigrayans rather than the Cushitic-speakers.

5194:. Similar doubts were raised within the same circles towards the 5101: 5068: 4841: 4802: 4715: 4703:. Other Beta Israel take as their basis the Christian account of 4657: 4618: 4480: 4426: 4357: 4253: 4247: 4213: 3991: 3914: 3822: 3782: 3738: 3470: 2498: 2464: 2333: 2127: 1116: 1111: 983: 874: 769: 765: 761: 510: 505: 482: 464: 339: 334: 324: 302: 277: 211: 163: 11039:

From Falasha to Freedom: An Ethiopian Jew's Journey to Jerusalem

7640:. Binghamton State University of New York, Binghamton, New York. 6345:

opens with Ethiopian Jewish miners retrieving an opal in Africa.

6336:

Several prominent musicians and rappers are of Ethiopian origin.

5917:. Other Beta Israel sought alternative ways of immigration, via 5674:

The earliest recorded mention of the Beta Israel comes from the

4925:) by saying it was descended from Moses and his Ethiopian wife. 3215: 2660: 14278: 14273: 14179: 14143: 14138: 14123: 14103: 12869: 12736: 12672: 10132:"'Uncut Gems' puts age-old Jewish stereotypes front and center" 10022:"Black and Jewish: Young Ethiopian Israelis Fight for Equality" 9969:"Survey: 90% of Ethiopian Israelis Resist Interracial Marriage" 9257:גולים ויורדים מארץ יהודה אל פתרוס וכוש – לאור המקרא ומדרשי חז'ל 9180: 8435: 7285:

The Religious Beliefs and Practices of Ethiopian Jews in Israel

6772: 6521: 6402:, and at the National Civil Cemetery of the State of Israel in 6202: 5933: 5737: 5733: 5588: 5497: 5485: 5469: 5334: 5232: 5206: 5126: 4949: 4809:, who wished to enlarge his kingdom, so he declared war on the 4719: 4556: 4532: 4504: 4217: 4062: 3853: 3734: 3696: 3692: 3688: 2158: 2153: 2113: 2098: 1209: 1101: 521: 487: 473: 408: 108: 74: 68: 11385:

Chassida Shmella – Ethiopian Jewish Community of North America

11210:

Surviving salvation: the Ethiopian Jewish family in transition

11175:

Special issue of Diaspora – A Journal of Transnational Studies

9669:"Jewish immigration to Israel up by 30% compared to last year" 9278:"The Origins of the Beta Israel: Five Methodological Cautions" 9241:, Colloquium Univ. of Strasbourg, 1987; cf. Stuart Munro-Hay, 7966:

Surviving Salvation: The Ethiopian Jewish Family in Transition

4285:, any benefit from mixing dairy products with meat is banned. 14205: 14148: 14088: 14083: 12820: 12815: 12769: 12724: 12645: 12640: 11904: 11659: 11629: 11224:

Ethiopian Jewish immigrants in Israel: the homeland postponed

10179:"Museum on history of Ethiopian Jewry to be built in Rehovot" 8829: 6035: 5922: 5918: 5441: 5160: 5121:, schisms arose and three kingdoms competed. Eventually, the 5118: 4973: 4969: 4910: 4891: 4864: 4790: 4786: 4761: 4546: 4518: 4514: 4414: 4366: 4297: 4289: 4288:

Ethiopian Jews were forbidden to eat the food of non-Jews. A

4028: 3930: 3849: 3799: 3702:

Historically, Beta Israel lived in northern and northwestern

1121: 550: 454: 423: 11384: 11139:, Cambridge: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, pp. 204–17. 10052:"The Jews from Ethiopia who confound Israel's law of return" 9358: 9356: 9055:

Genetic study offers clues to history of North Africa's Jews

8674:

Cruciani F, Santolamazza P, Shen P, et al. (May 2002).

7803:

Steven Kaplan, "Eldad Ha-Dani", in Siegbert von Uhlig, ed.,

5156:. In 1977, the law was passed granting the right of return. 4917:, who governed from around 937 to 1270 CE. According to the 12919: 11453: 10726:

Hess, Robert L. (1969). "Toward a History of the Falasha".

10105:"Five of the Most Celebrated French-Language African Films" 9362:

Steven Kaplan, "Betä Əsraʾel", in Siegbert von Uhlig, ed.,

8081: 7736:

Jewish Travellers in the Middle Ages: 19 Firsthand Accounts

7723:

Jewish Travellers in the Middle Ages: 19 Firsthand Accounts

7057:

Jewish Communities in the 19th and 20th Centuries: Ethiopia

5961: 5953: 5906: 5493: 5477: 5253:

A number of DNA studies have been done on the Beta Israel.

5047:, which has three kingdoms; part of which belonging to the 4985: 4566: 4526: 4458: 4400: 4019: 3906: 273: 237: 11412:

Additional notes on "the three calendars of ancient Israel

11025:

Operation Solomon: The Daring Rescue of the Ethiopian Jews

9758:

Operation Solomon: the daring rescue of the Ethiopian Jews

8769: 8533: 7566:(Cambridge: Clare Hall, Cambridge University). Quoted in 5718:

who dispatched troops from Tigray to crush the rebellion.

5290:

Additionally, around 18% of Ethiopian Jews are bearers of

4909:

and some traditional Ethiopian histories have stated that

9531:"Israel vows to take in 1,000 Falasha Jews from Ethiopia" 9353: 8252: 6123:

to immigrate to Israel as part of a humanitarian effort.

5388: 5329:

carried by Ethiopian Jews is primarily indigenous to the

5178:

of the Beta Israel. Such dissenting voices include Rabbi

4752: 9615:"Hundreds in Israel protest for rescue of Ethiopia Jews" 9150:

For a discussion of this theory, see Edward Ullendorff,

8673: 8137: 7072:, Cambridge: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, pp. 204–217. 6921:"Focus U.S.A.-Israel News – Haaretz Israeli News source" 5472:'s party from Rabbinic accounts was part of the Asmach. 10529:"Give football a chance to break the cycle of violence" 9070:"The Genomic History of the Bronze Age Southern Levant" 8725: 7183:

The Hyena People – Ethiopian Jews in Christian Ethiopia

7003:

Rosen, Jonathan Weber; Zieve, Tamara (April 19, 2018).

6329:. The film was awarded the 2005 Best Film Award at the 6090:

The Falash Mura's difficulties in immigrating to Israel

4805:. ...Later in time, there was an Abyssinian king named 4733: 4707:'s return to Ethiopia. Menelik is considered the first 4690:

from the very ancient migration of some portion of the

4585:("new moon festival") on the first day of every month, 4517:

saw the face of God on 1, holiday for the reception of

4324:, Book of Jubilees, Book of Enoch, Abu Shaker, and the 3885: 3864: 3699:

through several initiatives by the Israeli government.

11161:

The Hyena People: Ethiopian Jews in Christian Ethiopia

10737:. Dillard University Scholar Statesman Lecture Series. 8180: 8108: 7193: 7191: 5231:

has ruled that descendants of Ethiopian Jews who were

4898:

into two kingdoms in the 10th century BCE (while King

4801:(near the Sudanese border), and some of them came via 4593:("twelve") on the twelfth day to commemorate Shavuot, 3790:. Thus, the Israeli government, with support from the 11358:

A New Light for Ethiopian Jews at Tel Aviv University

8602:"Plaster et al. Y-DNA E subclades predicted by Passa" 8223: 7880:

Beyond the Sambatyon: the Myth of the Ten Lost Tribes

7059:, Jerusalem: Ben-Zvi Institute, pp. 187–200. (Hebrew) 6201:

Similarly to other groups of immigrant Jews who made

6015:: After losing Soviet military support following the 5400:-speaking populations inhabiting the Horn of Africa. 5321:

haplogroups, which are more commonly associated with

9771:"Israel to allow in 8,000 Falash Mura from Ethiopia" 7429:

The Languages of the Jews: A Sociolinguistic History

6652: 4589:("ten") on the tenth day to commemorate Yom Kippur, 2137: 2118: 541: 16:

Jewish community associated with modern-day Ethiopia

11292:Tudor Parfitt & Emanuela Trevisan Semi (2005). 11278:Tudor Parfitt & Emanuela Trevisan Semi (1999). 11208:Ruth Karola Westheimer & Steven Kaplan (1992). 10784:

The Falashas: a short history of the Ethiopian Jews

10332: 10330: 10198: 10155: 9868: 7689:

Falasha Anthology, Translated from Ethiopic Sources

7477:

Falasha Anthology, Translated from Ethiopic Sources

7188: 6990:, Beersheba: Ben-Gurion University Press, pp. 1–17. 5640:

and David Kessler as supporters of this hypothesis.

5524:

immigrant Yemeni Arabs who had converted to Judaism

10805:The Story of the Falashas "Black Jews of Ethiopia" 9388:from the Statistical Abstract of Israel 2007-No.58 7932:, Transaction Publishers, 1987, p. 30, footnote 4. 7665:(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1972), pp. 38–39 7025:van de Kamp-Wright, Annette (September 17, 2015). 7024: 5714:. Eventually, this revolt was defeated by Emperor 5444:, or by the Jewish community in southern Egypt at 5223:stipulation, which is only a requirement when the 4668:, also Semitic. Since the 1950s, they have taught 4047:from the traditional Hebrew canon, as part of the 13132: 11370:Beta Israel: Society and Culture – Ethiopian Jews 11306:Emanuela Trevisan Semi & Shalva Weil (2011). 10859:Shapiro, Mark (1987). "The Falasha of Ethiopia". 10640:, Hatchard & Son; and Seeley & Sons, 1834 10270:"קפה שחור חזק הראפרים שלא מתביישים להיות מאושרים" 9399:"Total Immigration, from Ethiopia (1948-Present)" 9311:On the Changes in the Research of Ethiopian Jewry 7185:, the University of California Press, 1999, p. 21 5587:'s command, whereas about 130,000 Judeans led by 4741: 4714:, and is traditionally believed to be the son of 4455:: fixed as the fourth Sabbath of the fifth month. 4293:ritual purification before entering the village. 14360: 10856:, Vol. 30, Fasc. 1 (Feb., 2000), pp. 86–120 10327: 9243:Aksum: An African Civilization of Late Antiquity 9220: 9218: 8987:"The genome-wide structure of the Jewish people" 8918:"The genome-wide structure of the Jewish people" 8295: 8010:דו"ח מעקב – סוגיית זכאותם לעלייה של בני הפלשמורה 6946:"The genome-wide structure of the Jewish people" 10916:The Jews of Ethiopia: the Beta Israel community 9366:(Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, 2003), p. 553. 8825: 8823: 7894:, Part 7. No. 5, cited in Corinaldi, 1998: 196. 7564:The Falashas of Ethiopia: An Ethnographic Study 7027:"Iron Lions of Zion: The Origin of Beta Israel" 6809: 5294:; in Ethiopia, most of such lineages belong to 5198:and to Russian immigrants to Israel during the 5055:. In all likelihood, they are from the sect of 4013:, which is also the liturgical language of the 3798:, which evacuated the Beta Israel community in 3733:for at least a millennium, and practiced a non- 51: 14067: 11264:Michael Ashkenazi & Alex Weingrod (1987). 10988:Jerry L. Weaver and Howard M. Lenhoff (2007). 10293: 10291: 10289: 10287: 10285: 7463:The Invention of Ethiopian Jews: Three Models, 7118: 7116: 7103: 7101: 5736:from Ethiopia compared to the total Aliyah to 5134:concerning the status of a Beta Israel slave: 5007:to save the Jews of Ethiopia, 1921, signed by 4968:and settled on the border of his kingdom with 3998:also use it as a term for their own religion. 3921:('free man') in the community, in contrast to 14053: 13537: 13118: 11438: 10826:The Lost Jews: Last of the Ethiopian Falashas 10583:Steven Kaplan & Shoshana Ben-Dor (1988). 10225: 10204: 9215: 8347: 8345: 7829: 6828:, "House of Israel" or "Community of Israel") 6565:and to obtain citizenship if they convert to 6504: 6006: 5575:in the beginning of the seventh century BCE. 5521:Jewish immigrants who intermarried with Agaws 4821: 3549: 3129: 2589: 10902:Jewish Identity: The Case of Ethiopian Jewry 10770:The Falashas: the Forgotten Jews of Ethiopia 10681:The Jews of Ethiopia: A People in Transition 10557:Jewish identity: the case of Ethiopian Jewry 9187:, Book XVI, Chap. 4 and Book XVII, Chap. 1; 9039:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 8970:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 8911: 8909: 8820: 8721: 8719: 8667: 7892:Responsum of the Radbaz on the Falasha Slave 7693:The Jews of Ethiopia: A People in Transition 7556: 7481:The Jews of Ethiopia: A People in Transition 6409: 5579:of the siege assert that only about 110,000 4793:and continued to migrate until they reached 37: 14028:from Christian Arabs in Israel, since 2014. 12927:Center of Contemporary Jewish Documentation 11018:Secret exodus: the story of Operation Moses 10716:The Queen of Sheba and her only son Menelik 10282: 9301: 9299: 9297: 9245:(Edinburgh: University Press, 1991), p. 65. 9228:, 91 (October 1992), pp. 567–582 at p. 567. 8617: 8615: 7197: 7113: 7098: 6163: 833:History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire 14060: 14046: 13551: 13544: 13530: 13125: 13111: 11445: 11431: 11093:Micha Odenheimer& Ricki Rosen (2006). 10698:A Social and Religious History of the Jews 10616:Travels to Discover the Source of the Nile 10585:Ethiopian Jewry: An Annotated Bibliography 10246: 9478:, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2002, p. 137 8978: 8342: 8077:הרב עמאר:הלוואי ויעלו מיליוני אתיופים לארץ 7847:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 7432:. Cambridge University Press. p. 92. 7002: 5026:wrote in a letter from Jerusalem in 1488: 4230:(place of worship), it is also called the 4179:("Homily on Abraham and Sarah in Egypt"), 3556: 3542: 3136: 3122: 2596: 2582: 67: 10420: 10177:Sanbetu, Ayanawu Farada (July 13, 2005). 9103: 9085: 8906: 8866: 8803: 8729:American Journal of Physical Anthropology 8716: 8699: 8569: 8559: 8496: 8478: 8387: 8369: 8323: 8313: 8278: 8206: 8163: 7591: 7215: 7156: 7020: 7018: 6918: 6895: 6893: 6437:"; קפה שחור חזק) is an Ethiopian-Israeli 6102:greets new immigrants from Ethiopia, 1991 4124:Important non-Biblical writings include: 3675:, which is currently divided between the 3639:Learn how and when to remove this message 14021:from Muslim Arabs in Israel, since 1957. 11474:Index of Jewish history-related articles 11095:Transformations: From Ethiopia to Israel 9294: 8643: 8612: 8404: 7753:Social and Religious History of the Jews 7493:Social and Religious History of the Jews 7241: 7239: 7237: 7235: 6998: 6996: 6738:Freedom of religion in Africa by country 6619:(born 1992) — Israeli Olympic marathoner 6586: 6386: 6208: 6177: 6093: 5891: 5721: 5542: 5239:in reference to their having converted. 4995: 4776:. When she was engaged in a war against 4521:by the Israelites on 10, fast on 12 and 4356: 4307: 4061:that also make up part of the canon are 3977: 3840: 73:Religious ceremony of Ethiopian Jews in 12973:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum 11610: 11294:Jews of Ethiopia: the birth of an elite 10499: 10497: 10359: 10357: 10176: 9212:(Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1935), p. 40. 8095:Jews of Ethiopia: The Birth of an Elite 8093:Emanuela Trevisan Semi, Tudor Parfitt. 8007:Israel Association for Ethiopian Jews, 7764:Also see the testimony of James Bruce, 7663:Church and State in Ethiopia: 1270–1527 7425: 7086:Ethiopian Immigrants and the Mossad Met 6595:, Queen mother of the Abyssinian Empire 6378:", placing 17th out of 26 in the final. 5555:left south Arabia and crossed over the 5256: 4826:The Ethiopian history described in the 4817:, arrived in Ethiopia during his reign. 3994:by the Beta Israel community, although 3948:; its use is now considered offensive. 3940:The colloquial Ethiopian/Eritrean term 3769:offshoot of the Beta Israel community. 3590:question marks, boxes, or other symbols 14361: 11348:Abstract of the Lucotte-Smets article. 11252:For our soul: Ethiopian Jews in Israel 11137:African Zion: Studies in Black Judaism 10819:Ethiopian Jews: the story of a mission 10478:"Falashmura aliyah - follow-up report" 10398: 10363: 10297: 10019: 9864: 9862: 9860: 9858: 9715:The jewish news of Northern California 9558: 9375:Israeli Central Bureau of Statistics, 8144:The American Journal of Human Genetics 8059:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 7567: 7296: 7082:The Rescue of Ethiopian Jews 1978–1990 7070:African Zion: Studies in Black Judaism 7015: 6890: 6331:Copenhagen International Film Festival 5952:, regions that were controlled by the 4756:] migrated like many of the other 3726:, Dembia, Segelt, Quara, and Belesa. 14041: 13525: 13106: 11426: 11399:The three calendars of ancient Israel 11380:Israel Association for Ethiopian Jews 10652:, Wertheim, Macintosh, and Hunt, 1862 9588: 7232: 6993: 6899: 6301: 6298:, and became property of his master. 5936:agents operating in Sudan, including 5900: 5379: 5267:According to Cruciani et al. (2002), 5227:doubt is significant. More recently, 4980:in northwestern Ethiopia, or via the 4928:Most of the Beta Israel consider the 11452: 11343:The Jews of Ethiopia and their Names 11333:Construction of Beta Israel Identity 11053:Ethiopian exodus: a practice journal 10842:. University of Pennsylvania Press. 10494: 10354: 10267: 9746:The Times of Israel August 27, 2023 8621: 7687:Wolf Leslau, "Introduction", to his 7475:Wolf Leslau, "Introduction", to his 7261:, Hebrew University, 1997, pp. 35–48 6623: 6613:– Israeli rabbi, lecturer and writer 6531: 6441:duo. The duo were a nominee for the 6425: 5067:, since they know only a few of the 4952:) who had fled the civil war in the 4879:later makes reference to the Ark in 4734:Companions of Menelik from Jerusalem 4256:law is based mainly on the books of 3741:that is similar in some respects to 3596: 3592: instead of Ethiopic characters. 95:Regions with significant populations 10890:. Michigan State University Press. 10888:Music, Ritual, and Falasha History 10735:The Falasha: Black Jews of Ethiopia 10205:Marissa Stern (November 22, 2016). 9944:"Ethiopian Jews struggle in Israel" 9855: 8296:Zoossmann-Diskin, Avshalom (2010). 8226:American Journal of Kidney Diseases 7738:(New York: Dover, 1987), pp. 12–14. 7381:The Evolution of the Ethiopian Jews 7247:The Evolution of the Ethiopian Jews 6961:The Evolution of the Ethiopian Jews 6882:Israel Central Bureau of Statistics 6842: 6793: 6544: 6362:was set to represent Israel at the 6339:The plot of the 2019 American film 6318: 6174:Racism in Israel § Beta Israel 5571:to Kush and Abyssinia dates to the 4956:between Solomon's son Rehoboam and 4344:is the year 7082 in this calendar. 4337: 38: 13: 12920:YIVO Institute for Jewish Research 12900:American Jewish Historical Society 11163:. University of California Press. 10951:Center for Advanced Judaic Studies 10594:, Rutgers University Press, 2010, 10543: 10226:Andrew Warner (November 8, 2016). 10207:"But First, (Strong Black) Coffee" 9502:"The Jewish Community of Ethiopia" 8776:American Journal of Human Genetics 8680:American Journal of Human Genetics 7928:Michael Ashkenazi, Alex Weingrod. 7861:1652; reprinted in Israel, n.d.) ( 7446: 7373:Music, Ritual, and Falasha History 7198:Dege-Müller, Sophia (2018-04-17). 6391:The Beta Israel Memorial Aliya in 5429: 4684: 4187:("In the Beginning God Created"). 14: 14415: 11363: 11310:. Libreria Editrice Cafoscarina. 7837:(in Hebrew). Vol. 2. Warsaw. 6919:Mozgovaya, Natasha (2008-04-02). 6886:The Ethiopian Community in Israel 6719:List of ethnic groups in Ethiopia 6607:, Israeli professional footballer 5583:remained in Jerusalem under King 5233:forced to convert to Christianity 5163:(religious law authorities) from 4991: 4613:(Friday fast), and the very holy 4140:("Commandments of the Sabbath"), 3869:(literally, 'house of Israel' in 3802:between 1979 and 1990 (including 3691:in 1948, most of the Beta Israel 624:Historical population comparisons 13433:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic 13203:Democratic Republic of the Congo 13084: 13071: 13070: 11326: 11254:. Wayne State University Press. 10962:Journal of Modern Jewish Studies 10626:The Falashas (Jews) of Abyssinia 10521: 10470: 10445: 10392: 10364:Berger, Miriam (9 August 2013). 10261: 10240: 10219: 10170: 10149: 10124: 10115: 10097: 10076: 10062: 10044: 10013: 9987: 9961: 9936: 9927: 9917: 9907: 9897: 9841: 9823: 9814: 9789: 9763: 9750: 9739: 9728: 9725:The Jerusalem Post May 23, 2023] 9719: 9708: 9697: 9693:The Times of Israel May 27, 2022 9686: 9661: 9632: 9607: 9589:Yaron, Lee (February 25, 2020). 9582: 9559:Dichek, Bernard (5 April 2019). 9552: 9523: 9494: 9481: 9468: 9450: 9437: 9423: 9409: 9391: 9369: 9325:58 (1994), pp. 137–150. (Hebrew) 8123:10.1046/J.1469-1809.2005.00152.x 7710:Letters of Jews Through the Ages 7540:, 120, XXX-4, 1990, pp. 412–420. 7371:, pp. 62–70 (Hebrew); Shelemay, 6683: 6669: 6655: 6482:it was given the Hebrew meaning 6457: 6451: 5031:are related to the tribe of Dan. 4848:(or Makeda, in the legend) (see 4840:, alleged to be the son of King 4272:is forbidden per Genesis 32:33. 4212:Modern Synagogue in the city of 4205: 4190: 4053:Orthodox Tewahedo biblical canon 3852:(High priest) of Beta Israel in 3765:community is considered to be a 3601: 3570: 3525: 3172: 2632: 1268:Democratic Republic of the Congo 1182:Historical population by country 137: 119: 101: 14329:Church of Our Lady Mary of Zion 10883:. University of Minnesota. 1966 10742:Die Königin von Saba und Salomo 10676:, 120, XXX-4, pp. 393–449. 10268:הראל, עמוס (January 22, 2014). 10247:Lea Speyer (November 8, 2016). 9650:from the original on 2021-11-29 9571:from the original on 2019-04-07 9541:from the original on 2018-10-09 9339: 9328: 9267: 9248: 9231: 9198: 9161: 9144: 9120: 9060: 9047: 8763: 8594: 8527: 8513: 8446: 8428: 8100: 8087: 8068: 8022: 8001: 7975: 7955: 7935: 7922: 7897: 7885: 7872: 7823: 7810: 7797: 7788: 7771: 7758: 7741: 7728: 7715: 7698: 7681: 7678:, Vol. 63, No. 1 (2000), p. 20. 7668: 7655: 7650:The complete guide to the Bible 7643: 7630: 7608: 7543: 7530: 7517: 7498: 7469: 7455: 7419: 7407: 7395: 7386: 7361: 7348: 7335: 7326: 7313: 7290: 7277: 7264: 7259:Ethiopian Jews in the Limelight 7175: 7150: 7137: 7075: 7062: 7049: 6980: 6975:Ethiopian Jews in the Limelight 6261: 6116:Beta Israel community in Israel 5670:History of the Jews in Ethiopia 5623: 5533:successive waves of Yemeni Jews 4936: 4664:. Their liturgical language is 4241: 4136:("The Conversation of Moses"), 3829:), and to a smaller extent, of 3387:British Military Administration 3297:Late 13th century–18th century) 13134:History of the Jews in Africa 12992:Relations with other religions 11027:. Oxford University Press US. 10992:. Gefen Publishing House Ltd. 10947:Jewish Quarterly Review LXXXIX 10453:"The Plight of Ethiopian Jews" 10136:The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com 9464:. New York. September 9, 1981. 9431:"Ethiopia Virtual Jewish Tour" 9291:33 (1987), pp. 33–49. (Hebrew) 7805:Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: D-Ha 7725:(New York: Dover, 1987), p. 9. 6967: 6952: 6938: 6912: 6900:Rudee, Eliana (May 24, 2021). 6831: 6782: 6760: 6572: 6458:Beta Israel § Terminology 6307:The 2005 Israeli-French film " 6234: 6213:A bride and groom in Jerusalem 5434: 5341:, not Middle Eastern, origin. 5149:Sephardi chief rabbi of Israel 5071:, but are unfamiliar with the 4742:Migrants by the Egyptian route 4631:Habesha peoples § Culture 4312:The Beta Israel calendar is a 4183:("The Story of Susanna"), and 3836: 23:, a Jewish community in India. 1: 14384:History of the Jews in Africa 12979:Encyclopedia of the Holocaust 11240:. Goteborg University Press. 11097:. Reality Check Productions. 10886:Kay Kaufman Shelemay (1989). 10879:Jeffrey Lewis Halper (1966). 10854:Journal of Religion in Africa 10758:. New York University Press. 10158:"Rotterdam 2020 Participants" 9364:Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A–C 7833:(1882). Aharon Wolden (ed.). 6923:. Haaretz.com. Archived from 6863: 6704:History of the Jews in Africa 6321:), directed by Romanian-born 6158: 5930:Late 1979 – beginning of 1984 5024:Obadiah ben Abraham Bartenura 4764:after the destruction of the 4177:Dərsanä Abrəham Wäsara Bägabs 4148:("Apocalypse of Gorgorios"), 3996:Ethiopian Orthodox Christians 3745:. The religious practices of 3294: 3266: 3238: 3222: 3206: 839:Christianity and Judaism 12910:Leo Baeck Institute New York 12905:American Sephardi Federation 11415:Hebrew Union College Annual 11402:Hebrew Union College Annual 10964:1 (1), 2002, pp. 90–103 9799:. 2010-11-18. Archived from 9403:www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org 8622:C.A., Plaster (2011-09-28). 8480:10.1371/journal.pone.0016073 7652:by Stephan M. Miller, p. 175 7638:Beta Israel: A House Divided 7379:, pp. xxviii–xxxvi; Quirun, 6810: 6632:Maryam Wodet (The Lovers of 6492: 6443:2015 MTV Europe Music Awards 6382: 6364:Eurovision Song Contest 2020 5896:Migration Map of Beta Israel 5710:to attack the Christians of 5628:By 1994, modern scholars of 4635: 4226:The synagogue is called the 3962:traditional African religion 3886: 3865: 3687:. After the founding of the 3426:Eritrean War of Independence 19:Not to be confused with the 7: 11733:Constantinopolitan Karaites 11375:Yopi – The Ethiopian Portal 11180:Daniel Summerfield (2003). 11041:. Gefen Publishing. House. 10971:. Oxford University Press. 10674:Cahiers d'Etudes africaines 10401:Cahiers d'études africaines 10366:"The Last Jews of Ethiopia" 10298:Abbink, Gerrit Jan (1984). 10086:, Ben-Zvi Institute, 1995, 7571:Cahiers d'Études africaines 7538:Cahiers d'Etudes africaines 7217:10.46586/er.v6.2018.247-308 6648: 6229: 5573:Assyrian siege of Jerusalem 5242: 5215:(symbolic recircumcision). 4640:The Beta Israel once spoke 4439:(Tammuz fast) between 1–10. 3982:Beta Israel women in Israel 3967: 3917:" was used to refer to the 2138: 2119: 1846:Latin America and Caribbean 542: 10: 14420: 12961:National Library of Israel 11602:Zionism, race and genetics 11268:. Transaction Publishers. 11111:. Gefen Publishing House. 11069:. Gefen Publishing House. 11055:. Gefen Publishing House. 10967:Edward Ullendorff (1968). 10955:University of Pennsylvania 10900:Michael Corinaldi (1988). 10803:Messing, Simon D. (1982). 9087:10.1016/j.cell.2020.04.024 9057:. Reuters, August 7, 2012. 8238:10.1053/j.ajkd.2005.09.023 8097:, Routledge, 2005, p. 139. 7835:The Responsa of the Radbaz 7562:Schoenberger, M. (1975). 7253:, pp. 1–3; Hagar Salamon, 6805: 6726:, a small subgroup of the 6505:Conversion to Christianity 6455: 6370:. The chorus of her song " 6327:famine looming in Ethiopia 6276: 6265: 6238: 6218:discharged from the army. 6167: 6127:matter in the late 1990s. 6047:: During these years, the 6007:Emigration via Addis Ababa 5974:– In 1983 the governor of 5725: 5667: 5663: 5298:, which has been found in 5246: 4822:Ethiopian national history 4679: 4628: 4624: 4553:(Tevet fast) between 1–10. 4543:on 11 and 12 respectively. 4473:(our atonement) on 10 and 4342:Rabbinical Hebrew calendar 4245: 4194: 4159:("Apocalypse of Baruch"), 4017:. The holiest book is the 3971: 2872:Second Italo–Ethiopian War 2451:Jewish political movements 2148:Conversion to Judaism 52: 18: 14404:Ethnic groups in Ethiopia 14337: 14219: 14188: 14167: 14076: 14013: 13957: 13899: 13861: 13804: 13673: 13559: 13446: 13421: 13140: 13059: 12915:Yeshiva University Museum 12895:Center for Jewish History 12885: 12750: 12622: 12496: 12390: 11921: 11540: 11482: 11464: 11353:History of Ethiopian Jews 11266:Ethiopian Jews and Israel 11250:Teshome G. Wagaw (1993). 10925:. Yale University Press. 10838:Quirin, James A. (1992). 10740:Jankowski, Alice (1987). 10156:Eurovision Song Contest. 9820:Reuters November 16, 2015 9462:Jewish Telegraphic Agency 8371:10.1186/s13059-018-1393-5 8271:10.1007/s00439-010-0861-0 7930:Ethiopian Jews and Israel 7426:Spolsky, Bernard (2014). 6699:Ethiopia–Israel relations 6410:Ethiopian Heritage Museum 6351:The Red Sea Diving Resort 6272: 6143:On 14 November 2010, the 5005:Chief Rabbinate of Israel 4894:after the breakup of the 4469:(Elul fast) between 1–9, 4421:(Harvest fast) on 11 and 4274:Mixtures of milk and meat 4185:Baqadāmi Gabra Egzi'abḥēr 4015:Ethiopian Orthodox Church 3884:This name contrasts with 2922:Eritrean Independence War 2842:First Italo–Ethiopian War 854:Hinduism and Judaism 235: 230: 206: 201: 158: 153: 135: 117: 99: 94: 87: 82: 66: 39: 34: 14399:Semitic-speaking peoples 14389:Jewish Ethiopian history 13965:African-American Hebrews 13900:Other non-Semitic groups 13188:Central African Republic 11507:Ancient Israel and Judah 11051:Alisa Poskanzer (2000). 11023:Stephen Spector (2005). 10914:Menahem Valdman (1985). 10863:. Washington Times Corp. 10824:Rapoport, Louis (1980). 10744:, Hamburg, H. Buske Vlg. 10457:www.culturalsurvival.org 9883:10.1177/0044118X10393484 8111:Annals of Human Genetics 7782:August 20, 2005, at the 7274:, p. 135, n. 20 (Hebrew) 6753: 6486:("converted Falashas"). 6170:Ethiopian Jews in Israel 6164:Ethiopian Jews in Israel 5262:Genealogical DNA testing 5200:1990s Post-Soviet aliyah 5075:, nor do they light the 4397:(fermented dough) on 22. 4101:, and the testaments of 4001: 3667:. They coalesced in the 3414:Autonomy within Ethiopia 3029:Ethiopian civil conflict 2979:Eritrean border conflict 680:Temple in Jerusalem 373:Bar and bat mitzvah 35: 14379:Ethnic groups in Israel 11883:North African Sephardim 11856:Jewish tribes of Arabia 11194:Esther Hertzog (1999). 10782:Kessler, David (1996). 10768:Kessler, David (1985). 10754:Kaplan, Steven (1995). 10733:Isaac, Ephraim (1974). 10728:Eastern African history 10660:Die Juden in Abessinien 10533:blogs.timesofisrael.com 9489:From Tragedy to Triumph 8859:10.1126/science.1172257 8561:10.1126/science.aad2879 8065:, 21 January 2008, p. 9 7627:Kebra Negast, chap. 61. 7297:Kaplan, Steven (1999). 6854:yä-Itəyop'əya Yəhudiwoč 5932:– Aliyah activists and 5452:to Kush in the time of 5310:-speaking populations. 5249:Genetic studies on Jews 5174:(legal doubt) over the 4789:. Some of them went to 4750:The Falashas [ 4503:(Tabernacles holiday – 4449:(Av fast) between 1–17. 4381:(Passover fast) on 14, 3761:. The larger Christian 3695:or were evacuated from 2912:Federation with Eritrea 2797:Ottoman border conflict 2718:Amda Seyon's Expansions 642:Twelve Tribes of Israel 13553:Demographics of Israel 12986:Holocaust Encyclopedia 12956:Jewish Virtual Library 11236:Girma Berhanu (2001). 11222:Tanya Schwarz (2001). 11159:Hagar Salamon (1999). 11121:Gadi Ben-Ezer (2002). 11016:Claire Safran (1987). 11002:Tudor Parfitt (1986). 10969:Ethiopia and the Bible 10751:49 (1), pp. 27–42 10559:, Magnes Press, 1998, 10342:Jewish Virtual Library 10020:Fanack (13 May 2015). 9152:Ethiopia and the Bible 8315:10.1186/1745-6150-5-57 7962:Ruth Karola Westheimer 7857:# 9 (first printed in 7249:, pp. 11–15; Aešcoly, 6843:יְהוּדֵי אֶתְיוֹפְּיָה 6714:Jews of Bilad el-Sudan 6395: 6368:Rotterdam, Netherlands 6247:Christian missionaries 6214: 6186: 6103: 5897: 5617: 5540: 5468:. It is possible that 5188:Shlomo Zalman Auerbach 5141: 5093:Abraham ben Maimonides 5081: 5033: 5015: 4819: 4722:, and Makeda, ancient 4513:: holiday for the day 4362: 4153:("Apocalypse of Ezra") 4059:Deuterocanonical books 3983: 3856: 3578:This article contains 3489:Eritrean–Ethiopian War 2969:Eritrean–Ethiopian War 2708:Early Solomonic period 250:South Semitic speakers 14346:The Sign and the Seal 14319:Cathedral of Chartres 14094:High Priest of Israel 13348:São Tomé and Príncipe 13208:Republic of the Congo 12933:Encyclopaedia Judaica 12715:Sefer Raziel HaMalakh 11900:Sephardic Bnei Anusim 11650:Udmurt and Tatar Jews 11065:Baruch Meiri (2001). 11037:Shmuel Yilma (1996). 10942:. New York University 10749:Jewish Social Studies 10679:Avner, Yossi (1986). 10413:10.3406/cea.1990.1592 9210:A History of Ethiopia 9179:, Book II, Chap. 30; 7584:10.3406/cea.1990.1592 7375:, pp. 44–57; Leslau, 7283:Weil, Shalva. (1989) 6773:immigrating to Israel 6587:Notable Beta Israelis 6390: 6212: 6181: 6097: 6017:collapse of Communism 5972:1983 – March 28, 1985 5958:Jewish Defense League 5895: 5722:Immigration to Israel 5612: 5543:1980s and early 1990s 5527:immigrant Yemeni Jews 5512: 5333:rather than being of 5304:Southwestern Ethiopia 5247:Further information: 5184:Yosef Shalom Eliashiv 5136: 5091:in the time of Rabbi 5069:biblical commandments 5041: 5028: 4999: 4902:reigned over Judah). 4748: 4676:as a daily language. 4389:) between 15–21, and 4360: 4308:Calendar and holidays 4117:and Hebrew (such as " 3981: 3844: 3371:East African Campaign 2902:Italian guerrilla war 1388:São Tomé and Príncipe 1383:Republic of the Congo 777:Second Temple Judaism 648:Kingdom of Judah 619:Modern historiography 231:Related ethnic groups 14394:Jewish ethnic groups 14232:Biblical Mount Sinai 13561:Israelis by religion 11512:Second Temple period 11107:Gad Shimron (2007). 11083:. Ballantine Books. 10921:Wolf Leslau (1951). 10904:. The Magnes Press. 10694:Salo Wittmayer Baron 10683:. Beth Hatefutsoth. 10628:, W. Macintosh, 1869 10587:. Ben-Zvi Institute. 9264:E (1992), pp. 39–44. 9171:, 3, 1829. see also 9080:(5): 1146–1157.e11. 7831:Ibn Abi-Zimra, David 7766:Travels in Abyssinia 7369:Book of the Falashas 7356:Book of the Falashas 7251:Book of the Falashas 6743:Religion in Ethiopia 6358:Israeli-born singer 6310:Go, Live, and Become 5728:Aliyah from Ethiopia 5595:'s campaign against 5384:The Ethiopian Jews' 5257:Uniparental lineages 4648:, both of which are 4495:(Day of Atonement – 4465:(Year rotate) on 1, 4234:(Holy house) or the 4175:("Book of Angels"), 4132:("Death of Moses"), 4128:("Death of Aaron"), 4045:Book of Lamentations 3925:('slave'). The term 3693:immigrated to Israel 3621:improve this article 2735:Early modern history 2490:World Agudath Israel 1631:United Arab Emirates 718:Second Temple period 708:Babylonian captivity 14069:Ark of the Covenant 13819:Madani and Fellahin 13423:States with limited 12950:Jewish Encyclopedia 12695:Hekhalot literature 12506:Religious movements 12041:Judeo-Tripolitanian 11410:Julian Morganstern 11397:Julian Morganstern 11338:Jewish Encyclopedia 11079:Asher Naim (2003). 10817:Eric Payne (1972), 10711:Budge, E. A. Wallis 10573:, Routledge, 1999, 10555:Michael Corinaldi, 10212:The Jewish Exponent 9871:Youth & Society 9565:The Times of Israel 9443:Gerrit Jan Abbink, 9204:A. H. M. Jones and 9195:, Book VI, Chap. 30 9011:10.1038/nature09103 9003:2010Natur.466..238B 8942:10.1038/nature09103 8934:2010Natur.466..238B 8851:2009Sci...324.1035T 8630:discovery.ucl.ac.uk 8552:2015Sci...350..820L 8471:2011PLoSO...616073T 7981:איינאו פרדה סנבטו, 7878:Weil, Shalva. 1991 7818:Igrot Eretz Yisrael 7636:Weil, Shalva. 1989 7523:Weil, Shalva. 1991 7303:Xristianskij Vostok 7204:Entangled Religions 7037:on October 19, 2018 6431:Strong Black Coffee 6283:Slavery in Ethiopia 6279:Judaism and slavery 5988:Sudanese government 5942:Ethiopian Civil War 5740: 5306:, especially among 5281:Ethiopian highlands 4858:Ark of the Covenant 4854:2 Chronicles 9:1–12 4712:Emperor of Ethiopia 4487:(blowing holiday – 4477:(eighteenth) on 28. 4407:(Second Passover – 4171:("Father Elijah"), 4163:("Book of Hours"), 4029:Five Books of Moses 4023:(meaning "law") or 3952:, referring to the 3749:are referred to as 3747:Israeli Beta Israel 3720:Shire Inda Selassie 3451:Ethiopian Civil War 3359:Italian East Africa 3355:Eritrea Governorate 3248:Sultanate of Dahlak 3009:East Africa drought 2932:Ethiopian Civil War 2882:Italian East Africa 2832:Menelik's Invasions 783:Hellenistic Judaism 361:Land of Israel 320:Principles of faith 31: 13091:Judaism portal 13027:Jews and Halloween 13022:Jews and Christmas 12412:Rabbinic authority 12164:Judaeo-Piedmontese 11597:Xueta Christianity 11502:Origins of Judaism 11469:Outline of Judaism 11390:2011-02-02 at the 11198:. Berghahn Books. 11020:. Reader's Digest. 10772:. Schocken Books. 10622:Johann Martin Flad 10459:. 11 February 2010 10316:Can also be found 10254:Algemeiner Journal 10111:. 9 February 2014. 9619:Al Arabiya English 9474:Mitchell G. Bard, 9384:2007-11-24 at the 9349:. Times of Israel. 9317:2011-07-21 at the 9283:2011-07-21 at the 9254:Menachem Waldman, 8901:Supplementary Data 8741:10.1002/ajpa.21360 8651:"E-FGC14382 YTree" 8016:2012-11-09 at the 7990:2008-01-22 at the 7972:, 1992, pp. 38–39. 7943:Eliezer Waldenberg 7905:Eliezer Waldenberg 7820:, Ramat Gan: 1971. 7706:Hasdai ibn Shaprut 7332:Quirun 1992, p. 71 7127:2010-02-25 at the 7091:2013-12-03 at the 7031:Jewish Press Omaha 7009:The Jerusalem Post 6794:בֵּיתֶא יִשְׂרָאֵל 6599:Pnina Tamano-Shata 6537:themselves. Rabbi 6396: 6302:In popular culture 6215: 6187: 6137:The Jerusalem Post 6104: 5901:Beta Israel Exodus 5898: 5732: 5549:Jacqueline Pirenne 5380:Autosomal ancestry 5374:highland Ethiopian 5350:macro-haplogroup L 5170:circles, placed a 5063:, who are called 5016: 5009:Abraham Isaac Kook 4652:. Now, they speak 4573:(Fast of Esther – 4363: 4167:("Philosophers"), 3984: 3942:Falasha or Felasha 3857: 3796:Operation Brothers 3776:ensued over their 3731:Jewish communities 3614:tenses incorrectly 3532:Eritrea portal 3437:Annexation as the 3304:Sultanate of Aussa 3083:Army of the Empire 2770:1557 – 17th cent. 2758:1543 – 17th cent. 2743:Ethiopian–Adal War 2344:Jewish Koine Greek 1886:Dominican Republic 1167:Judaism by country 846:Jews and Christmas 701:Assyrian captivity 40:בֵּיתֶא יִשְׂרָאֵל 29: 14356: 14355: 14035: 14034: 13958:Foreign nationals 13907:African Americans 13519: 13518: 13450:other territories 13223:Equatorial Guinea 13100: 13099: 13066:extinct languages 12967:YIVO Encyclopedia 12742:Hebrew literature 12710:Sefer HaEtz Chaim 12550:Reconstructionist 12228:Judaeo-Portuguese 11917: 11916: 11873:Eastern Sephardim 11517:Synagogal Judaism 11316:978-88-7543-286-7 11302:978-0-415-31838-9 11288:978-0-7007-1092-8 11274:978-0-88738-133-1 11260:978-0-8143-2458-5 11246:978-91-7346-411-6 11232:978-0-7007-1238-0 11218:978-0-8147-9253-7 11204:978-1-57181-941-3 11190:978-0-7007-1218-2 11169:978-0-520-21901-4 11155:978-1-56902-328-0 11131:978-0-415-27363-3 11117:978-965-229-403-6 11103:978-965-229-377-0 11089:978-0-345-45081-4 11075:978-965-229-221-6 11061:978-965-229-217-9 11047:978-965-229-169-1 11033:978-0-19-517782-4 11012:978-0-8128-3059-0 11006:. Stein and Day. 10998:978-965-229-365-7 10977:978-0-19-726076-0 10931:978-0-300-03927-6 10923:Falasha Anthology 10910:978-965-223-993-8 10896:978-0-87013-274-2 10848:978-0-8122-3116-8 10834:978-0-8128-2720-0 10828:. Stein and Day. 10813:978-0-9615946-9-5 10798:Journal Asiatique 10792:978-0-7146-4646-6 10778:978-0-8052-0791-0 10764:978-0-8147-4664-6 10706:978-0-231-08855-8 10689:978-0-87334-039-7 10644:Henry Aaron Stern 10600:978-0-8135-4936-1 10579:978-0-7007-1092-8 10565:978-965-223-993-8 10490:on March 5, 2009. 10380:on 17 August 2020 10338:"The Falash Mura" 10311:978-90-90-00820-2 10138:. 15 January 2020 10092:978-965-235-058-9 10032:on 8 January 2016 9756:Stephen Spector, 9644:The Yeshiva World 9169:Journal Asiatique 8845:(5930): 1035–44. 8546:(6262): 820–822. 8187:Am. J. Hum. Genet 8084:, 16 January 2008 7964:, Steven Kaplan. 7853:, s.v. Part VII, 7661:Taddesse Tamrat, 7439:978-1-107-05544-5 7377:Falasha Anthology 7163:www.himchurch.org 6847:Yehudey Etyopyah; 6624:Affiliated groups 6556:Operation Solomon 6532:Return to Judaism 6526:Mirab Gojjam Zone 6499:Henry Aaron Stern 6435:Café Shahor Hazak 6426:Café Shahor Hazak 6153:Interior Ministry 6030:Operation Solomon 6028:May 24–25, 1991 ( 5890: 5889: 5752:Total Immigration 5630:Ethiopian history 5577:Rabbinic accounts 5562:Nebuchadnezzar II 5508:Richard Pankhurst 5346:mitochondrial DNA 5339:Northeast African 5285:Arabian peninsula 5219:later waived the 5176:Jewish peoplehood 4954:Kingdom of Israel 4896:Kingdom of Israel 4662:Semitic languages 4609:(Thursday fast), 4373:(Nisan holiday – 4322:Alexandrian Jewry 4281:; whereas, under 4079:Books of Meqabyan 3812:Operation Solomon 3716:North Gondar Zone 3661:African community 3649: 3648: 3641: 3586:rendering support 3566: 3565: 3517: 3516: 3461: 3460: 3397: 3396: 3314: 3313: 3288:Dankali Sultanate 3146: 3145: 3047: 3046: 2950: 2949: 2805: 2804: 2726: 2725: 2669: 2668: 2606: 2605: 2555: 2554: 2303: 2302: 2050:Reconstructionist 1994: 1993: 1146: 1145: 953: 952: 790:Jewish–Roman wars 738:Hasmonean dynasty 654:Kingdom of Israel 558: 557: 259: 258: 14411: 14309:Dome of the Rock 14201:Ten Commandments 14196:Tablets of Stone 14062: 14055: 14048: 14039: 14038: 14024:Arameans have a 13628:Eastern Orthodox 13546: 13539: 13532: 13523: 13522: 13511: 13510:(United Kingdom) 13506:Tristan da Cunha 13502:Ascension Island 13494: 13481: 13472: 13448:Dependencies and 13141:Sovereign states 13127: 13120: 13113: 13104: 13103: 13089: 13088: 13087: 13074: 13073: 12206:Judeo-Golpaygani 11807:Palestinian Jews 11782:Alexandrian Jews 11738:Crimean Karaites 11655:Unterlander Jews 11608: 11607: 11522:Rabbinic Judaism 11447: 11440: 11433: 11424: 11423: 10700:. Volume XVIII. 10537: 10536: 10525: 10519: 10518: 10516: 10515: 10501: 10492: 10491: 10489: 10482: 10474: 10468: 10467: 10465: 10464: 10449: 10443: 10442: 10424: 10407:(120): 397–449. 10396: 10390: 10389: 10387: 10385: 10376:. Archived from 10361: 10352: 10351: 10349: 10348: 10334: 10325: 10315: 10295: 10280: 10279: 10265: 10259: 10258: 10244: 10238: 10237: 10223: 10217: 10216: 10202: 10196: 10195: 10193: 10191: 10174: 10168: 10167: 10165: 10164: 10153: 10147: 10146: 10144: 10143: 10128: 10122: 10119: 10113: 10112: 10101: 10095: 10080: 10074: 10073: 10066: 10060: 10059: 10048: 10042: 10041: 10039: 10037: 10028:. Archived from 10017: 10011: 10010: 10008: 10006: 9991: 9985: 9984: 9982: 9980: 9965: 9959: 9958: 9956: 9955: 9940: 9934: 9931: 9925: 9921: 9915: 9911: 9905: 9901: 9895: 9894: 9866: 9853: 9852: 9845: 9839: 9838: 9827: 9821: 9818: 9812: 9811: 9809: 9808: 9793: 9787: 9786: 9784: 9782: 9767: 9761: 9754: 9748: 9743: 9737: 9732: 9726: 9723: 9717: 9712: 9706: 9701: 9695: 9690: 9684: 9683: 9681: 9680: 9665: 9659: 9658: 9656: 9655: 9636: 9630: 9629: 9627: 9626: 9611: 9605: 9604: 9602: 9601: 9586: 9580: 9579: 9577: 9576: 9556: 9550: 9549: 9547: 9546: 9527: 9521: 9520: 9518: 9517: 9508:. Archived from 9498: 9492: 9485: 9479: 9472: 9466: 9465: 9454: 9448: 9441: 9435: 9434: 9427: 9421: 9420: 9413: 9407: 9406: 9395: 9389: 9373: 9367: 9360: 9351: 9350: 9343: 9337: 9332: 9326: 9303: 9292: 9271: 9265: 9252: 9246: 9235: 9229: 9222: 9213: 9206:Elizabeth Monroe 9202: 9196: 9165: 9159: 9148: 9142: 9141: 9139: 9138: 9124: 9118: 9117: 9107: 9089: 9064: 9058: 9051: 9045: 9044: 9038: 9030: 8997:(7303): 238–42. 8982: 8976: 8975: 8969: 8961: 8928:(7303): 238–42. 8913: 8904: 8898: 8892: 8891: 8885: 8879:. Archived from 8870: 8836: 8827: 8818: 8817: 8807: 8767: 8761: 8760: 8723: 8714: 8713: 8703: 8671: 8665: 8664: 8662: 8661: 8647: 8641: 8640: 8638: 8637: 8619: 8610: 8609: 8598: 8592: 8591: 8573: 8563: 8531: 8525: 8524: 8517: 8511: 8510: 8500: 8482: 8450: 8444: 8443: 8432: 8426: 8425: 8423: 8422: 8412:"A-Y23865 YTree" 8408: 8402: 8401: 8391: 8373: 8349: 8340: 8337: 8327: 8317: 8292: 8282: 8249: 8220: 8210: 8177: 8167: 8134: 8104: 8098: 8091: 8085: 8072: 8066: 8064: 8058: 8050: 8048: 8047: 8041: 8035:. Archived from 8034: 8026: 8020: 8005: 7999: 7979: 7973: 7959: 7953: 7939: 7933: 7926: 7920: 7901: 7895: 7889: 7883: 7876: 7870: 7852: 7846: 7838: 7827: 7821: 7816:Avraham Ya'ari, 7814: 7808: 7801: 7795: 7792: 7786: 7775: 7769: 7762: 7756: 7745: 7739: 7732: 7726: 7719: 7713: 7702: 7696: 7685: 7679: 7672: 7666: 7659: 7653: 7647: 7641: 7634: 7628: 7612: 7606: 7605: 7595: 7578:(120): 397–449. 7560: 7554: 7551:Königin von Saba 7547: 7541: 7534: 7528: 7521: 7515: 7502: 7496: 7473: 7467: 7459: 7453: 7450: 7444: 7443: 7423: 7417: 7415:Yom Kippur Katan 7411: 7405: 7399: 7393: 7390: 7384: 7365: 7359: 7352: 7346: 7339: 7333: 7330: 7324: 7317: 7311: 7310: 7294: 7288: 7281: 7275: 7268: 7262: 7243: 7230: 7229: 7219: 7195: 7186: 7179: 7173: 7172: 7170: 7169: 7154: 7148: 7141: 7135: 7120: 7111: 7105: 7096: 7079: 7073: 7066: 7060: 7053: 7047: 7046: 7044: 7042: 7033:. Archived from 7022: 7013: 7012: 7000: 6991: 6984: 6978: 6971: 6965: 6956: 6950: 6949: 6942: 6936: 6935: 6933: 6932: 6916: 6910: 6909: 6897: 6888: 6879: 6857: 6852:: የኢትዮጵያ ይሁዲዎች, 6844: 6835: 6829: 6813: 6807: 6795: 6786: 6780: 6764: 6693: 6688: 6687: 6686: 6679: 6674: 6673: 6672: 6665: 6660: 6659: 6658: 6580:Bezalel Smotrich 6545:Aliyah to Israel 6484:Falashim Mumarim 6446:Best Israeli Act 6320: 6256:Orthodox Judaism 6184:Border Policeman 6039:passenger planes 5996:Operation Joshua 5911:General Mengistu 5741: 5731: 5601:Simien Mountains 5569:Kingdom of Judah 5292:E-P2 (xM35, xM2) 5221:hatafat dam brit 5212:hatafat dam brit 4701:Babylonian Exile 4577:) between 11–13. 4525:(Supplication – 4507:) between 15–21. 4475:asartu wasamantu 4411:) between 15–21. 4339: 4283:Rabbinic Judaism 4238:(Prayer house). 4209: 4173:Mäṣḥafä Mäla'əkt 4049:Book of Jeremiah 3889: 3868: 3827:Rabbinic Judaism 3808:Operation Joshua 3673:Ethiopian Empire 3669:Kingdom of Aksum 3644: 3637: 3633: 3630: 3624: 3605: 3604: 3597: 3574: 3573: 3558: 3551: 3544: 3530: 3529: 3528: 3510:2010s in Eritrea 3501:2000s in Eritrea 3495: 3480:1990s in Eritrea 3476: 3475: 3471:State of Eritrea 3457: 3445: 3439:Eritrea Province 3432: 3420: 3410: 3409: 3393: 3381: 3365: 3349: 3337: 3327: 3326: 3310: 3298: 3296: 3282: 3276:Ethiopian Empire 3270: 3268: 3254: 3242: 3240: 3226: 3224: 3216:Kingdom of Dəmot 3210: 3208: 3187: 3186: 3176: 3166: 3148: 3147: 3138: 3131: 3124: 3063:Economic history 2965: 2964: 2818: 2817: 2777:Gondarine period 2771: 2759: 2753:Oromo migrations 2739: 2738: 2684: 2683: 2647: 2646: 2636: 2626: 2608: 2607: 2598: 2591: 2584: 2447: 2446: 2328: 2149: 2143: 2124: 2088: 2087: 2035: 1982:New Zealand 1934: 1897:El Salvador 1887: 1819:Northern America 1811: 1405: 1161: 1160: 1072:Crimean Karaites 968: 967: 946: 944: 865: 863: 855: 849: 840: 828:Rabbinic Judaism 809: 803: 797: 785: 773: 739: 732:Maccabean Revolt 709: 702: 696: 688: 681: 675: 667: 649: 573: 572: 547: 442: 441: 374: 362: 261: 260: 180:Jewish languages 143: 141: 140: 125: 123: 122: 107: 105: 104: 83:Total population 71: 56: 55: 54: 44: 43: 41: 32: 28: 14419: 14418: 14414: 14413: 14412: 14410: 14409: 14408: 14359: 14358: 14357: 14352: 14333: 14215: 14184: 14163: 14072: 14066: 14036: 14031: 14009: 13953: 13895: 13857: 13843:Arab Christians 13800: 13669: 13555: 13550: 13520: 13515: 13514: 13509: 13492: 13479: 13470: 13451: 13449: 13442: 13426: 13424: 13417: 13136: 13131: 13101: 13096: 13085: 13083: 13055: 12881: 12746: 12618: 12492: 12386: 12201:Judeo-Borujerdi 12176:Judeo-Malayalam 12122:Judeo-Aragonese 12093:Lishanid Noshan 11925: 11913: 11645:Oberlander Jews 11606: 11536: 11478: 11460: 11451: 11392:Wayback Machine 11366: 11329: 11324: 10861:The World and I 10546: 10544:Further reading 10541: 10540: 10527: 10526: 10522: 10513: 10511: 10509:Times of Israel 10503: 10502: 10495: 10487: 10480: 10476: 10475: 10471: 10462: 10460: 10451: 10450: 10446: 10397: 10393: 10383: 10381: 10362: 10355: 10346: 10344: 10336: 10335: 10328: 10312: 10296: 10283: 10266: 10262: 10245: 10241: 10224: 10220: 10203: 10199: 10189: 10187: 10175: 10171: 10162: 10160: 10154: 10150: 10141: 10139: 10130: 10129: 10125: 10120: 10116: 10103: 10102: 10098: 10081: 10077: 10068: 10067: 10063: 10050: 10049: 10045: 10035: 10033: 10018: 10014: 10004: 10002: 9993: 9992: 9988: 9978: 9976: 9967: 9966: 9962: 9953: 9951: 9942: 9941: 9937: 9932: 9928: 9922: 9918: 9912: 9908: 9902: 9898: 9867: 9856: 9847: 9846: 9842: 9837:. 7 April 2016. 9829: 9828: 9824: 9819: 9815: 9806: 9804: 9795: 9794: 9790: 9780: 9778: 9769: 9768: 9764: 9755: 9751: 9744: 9740: 9733: 9729: 9724: 9720: 9713: 9709: 9702: 9698: 9691: 9687: 9678: 9676: 9667: 9666: 9662: 9653: 9651: 9638: 9637: 9633: 9624: 9622: 9613: 9612: 9608: 9599: 9597: 9587: 9583: 9574: 9572: 9557: 9553: 9544: 9542: 9529: 9528: 9524: 9515: 9513: 9500: 9499: 9495: 9486: 9482: 9473: 9469: 9456: 9455: 9451: 9442: 9438: 9429: 9428: 9424: 9415: 9414: 9410: 9397: 9396: 9392: 9386:Wayback Machine 9374: 9370: 9361: 9354: 9345: 9344: 9340: 9333: 9329: 9319:Wayback Machine 9304: 9295: 9285:Wayback Machine 9272: 9268: 9253: 9249: 9236: 9232: 9226:African Affairs 9223: 9216: 9203: 9199: 9193:Natural History 9189:Pliny the Elder 9166: 9162: 9156:Yitzhak Ben-Zvi 9149: 9145: 9136: 9134: 9126: 9125: 9121: 9065: 9061: 9053:Sharon Begley: 9052: 9048: 9032: 9031: 8983: 8979: 8963: 8962: 8914: 8907: 8889: 8887: 8883: 8834: 8828: 8821: 8768: 8764: 8724: 8717: 8686:(5): 1197–214. 8672: 8668: 8659: 8657: 8649: 8648: 8644: 8635: 8633: 8620: 8613: 8600: 8599: 8595: 8532: 8528: 8519: 8518: 8514: 8451: 8447: 8434: 8433: 8429: 8420: 8418: 8410: 8409: 8405: 8350: 8343: 8105: 8101: 8092: 8088: 8073: 8069: 8052: 8051: 8045: 8043: 8039: 8032: 8030:"Archived copy" 8028: 8027: 8023: 8018:Wayback Machine 8006: 8002: 7992:Wayback Machine 7984:Operation Moshe 7980: 7976: 7960: 7956: 7940: 7936: 7927: 7923: 7902: 7898: 7890: 7886: 7877: 7873: 7840: 7839: 7828: 7824: 7815: 7811: 7802: 7798: 7793: 7789: 7784:Wayback Machine 7776: 7772: 7763: 7759: 7746: 7742: 7733: 7729: 7720: 7716: 7703: 7699: 7686: 7682: 7673: 7669: 7660: 7656: 7648: 7644: 7635: 7631: 7613: 7609: 7561: 7557: 7548: 7544: 7535: 7531: 7522: 7518: 7503: 7499: 7485:Ten Lost Tribes 7474: 7470: 7460: 7456: 7451: 7447: 7440: 7424: 7420: 7412: 7408: 7400: 7396: 7391: 7387: 7366: 7362: 7353: 7349: 7340: 7336: 7331: 7327: 7318: 7314: 7295: 7291: 7282: 7278: 7269: 7265: 7244: 7233: 7196: 7189: 7181:Hagar Salamon, 7180: 7176: 7167: 7165: 7157:Malchijah-MRC. 7155: 7151: 7142: 7138: 7129:Wayback Machine 7121: 7114: 7106: 7099: 7093:Wayback Machine 7080: 7076: 7067: 7063: 7054: 7050: 7040: 7038: 7023: 7016: 7001: 6994: 6985: 6981: 6972: 6968: 6957: 6953: 6944: 6943: 6939: 6930: 6928: 6917: 6913: 6898: 6891: 6880: 6871: 6866: 6861: 6860: 6836: 6832: 6787: 6783: 6765: 6761: 6756: 6709:Jewish diaspora 6689: 6684: 6682: 6675: 6670: 6668: 6661: 6656: 6654: 6651: 6626: 6589: 6575: 6552:Operation Moses 6547: 6534: 6507: 6495: 6460: 6454: 6428: 6412: 6385: 6323:Radu Mihăileanu 6304: 6285: 6277:Main articles: 6275: 6270: 6264: 6243: 6237: 6232: 6176: 6168:Main articles: 6166: 6161: 6145:Israeli cabinet 6134:In April 2005, 6092: 6066: 6064: 6009: 5992:Operation Moses 5915:Operation Moses 5903: 5753: 5748: 5730: 5724: 5676:Royal Chronicle 5672: 5666: 5626: 5545: 5530:Jews from Egypt 5460:and settled in 5437: 5432: 5430:Scholarly views 5382: 5259: 5251: 5245: 5217:Avraham Shapira 5192:Moshe Feinstein 5111:Ten Lost Tribes 5037:David ibn Zimra 4994: 4939: 4850:1 Kings 10:1–13 4824: 4785:and settled in 4744: 4736: 4687: 4685:Oral traditions 4682: 4638: 4633: 4627: 4605:(Monday fast), 4501:ba'āla maṣallat 4453:Seventh Sabbath 4310: 4279:Karaite Judaism 4250: 4244: 4224: 4223: 4222: 4221: 4220: 4210: 4199: 4193: 4161:Mäṣḥafä Sa'atat 4144:("Disciples"), 4138:Te'ezaza Sanbat 4004: 3992:Jewish religion 3976: 3970: 3839: 3804:Operation Moses 3774:rabbinic debate 3743:Karaite Judaism 3689:State of Israel 3665:Jewish diaspora 3645: 3634: 3628: 3625: 3618: 3606: 3602: 3595: 3594: 3593: 3584:Without proper 3575: 3571: 3562: 3526: 3524: 3519: 3518: 3493: 3473: 3463: 3462: 3455: 3443: 3430: 3418: 3407: 3399: 3398: 3391: 3379: 3363: 3347: 3343:Italian Eritrea 3335: 3324: 3316: 3315: 3308: 3292: 3280: 3264: 3252: 3236: 3232:Aksumite Empire 3220: 3204: 3184: 3164: 3157: 3142: 3113: 3112: 3111: 3057: 3049: 3048: 2989:Police massacre 2962: 2952: 2951: 2815: 2807: 2806: 2787:Zemene Mesafint 2769: 2757: 2736: 2728: 2727: 2681: 2671: 2670: 2644: 2624: 2617: 2602: 2557: 2556: 2444: 2434: 2433: 2424:Judeo-Malayalam 2404:Judaeo-Georgian 2324: 2315: 2305: 2304: 2205:Yiddish theatre 2147: 2085: 2075: 2074: 2033: 2006: 1996: 1995: 1932: 1885: 1809: 1403: 1187:Genetic studies 1158: 1148: 1147: 965: 955: 954: 942: 941: 861: 860: 853: 843: 838: 820:and Middle Ages 818:Rabbinic period 805: 799: 792: 780: 751: 737: 707: 700: 691: 683: 679: 670: 665:in Judaism 662: 647: 570: 560: 559: 439: 429: 428: 372: 360: 305: 246:Jewish Israelis 242:Jewish diaspora 218: 214: 210: 192:Biblical Hebrew 178: 174: 162: 138: 136: 120: 118: 102: 100: 78: 62: 50: 36: 27: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 14417: 14407: 14406: 14401: 14396: 14391: 14386: 14381: 14376: 14374:Ethiopian Jews 14371: 14354: 14353: 14351: 14350: 14341: 14339: 14335: 14334: 14332: 14331: 14326: 14321: 14316: 14311: 14306: 14301: 14299:Kiriath-Jearim 14296: 14291: 14286: 14281: 14276: 14271: 14266: 14261: 14256: 14254:Holy of Holies 14251: 14246: 14241: 14240: 14239: 14234: 14223: 14221: 14217: 14216: 14214: 14213: 14208: 14203: 14198: 14192: 14190: 14186: 14185: 14183: 14182: 14177: 14171: 14169: 14165: 14164: 14162: 14161: 14156: 14151: 14146: 14141: 14136: 14131: 14126: 14121: 14116: 14114:Tribe of Judah 14111: 14106: 14101: 14096: 14091: 14086: 14080: 14078: 14074: 14073: 14065: 14064: 14057: 14050: 14042: 14033: 14032: 14030: 14029: 14022: 14014: 14011: 14010: 14008: 14007: 14002: 13997: 13992: 13987: 13982: 13977: 13972: 13967: 13961: 13959: 13955: 13954: 13952: 13951: 13946: 13941: 13936: 13935: 13934: 13924: 13919: 13914: 13909: 13903: 13901: 13897: 13896: 13894: 13893: 13888: 13887: 13886: 13876: 13871: 13865: 13863: 13859: 13858: 13856: 13855: 13850: 13845: 13840: 13839: 13838: 13837: 13836: 13831: 13821: 13810: 13808: 13802: 13801: 13799: 13798: 13797: 13796: 13791: 13781: 13780: 13779: 13774: 13769: 13764: 13754: 13749: 13744: 13739: 13738: 13737: 13732: 13727: 13722: 13712: 13711: 13710: 13705: 13700: 13695: 13690: 13679: 13677: 13671: 13670: 13668: 13667: 13662: 13657: 13652: 13647: 13642: 13641: 13640: 13635: 13630: 13620: 13619: 13618: 13613: 13608: 13598: 13597: 13596: 13591: 13586: 13581: 13576: 13565: 13563: 13557: 13556: 13549: 13548: 13541: 13534: 13526: 13517: 13516: 13513: 13512: 13495: 13482: 13473: 13459:Canary Islands 13455: 13454: 13452: 13447: 13444: 13443: 13441: 13440: 13435: 13429: 13427: 13422: 13419: 13418: 13416: 13415: 13410: 13405: 13400: 13395: 13390: 13385: 13380: 13375: 13370: 13365: 13360: 13355: 13350: 13345: 13340: 13335: 13330: 13325: 13320: 13315: 13310: 13305: 13300: 13295: 13290: 13285: 13280: 13275: 13270: 13265: 13260: 13255: 13250: 13245: 13240: 13235: 13230: 13225: 13220: 13215: 13210: 13205: 13200: 13195: 13190: 13185: 13180: 13175: 13170: 13165: 13160: 13155: 13150: 13144: 13142: 13138: 13137: 13130: 13129: 13122: 13115: 13107: 13098: 13097: 13095: 13094: 13080: 13060: 13057: 13056: 13054: 13053: 13052: 13051: 13050: 13049: 13044: 13039: 13033:non-Christian 13031: 13030: 13029: 13024: 13019: 13014: 13009: 13004: 12989: 12982: 12975: 12970: 12963: 12958: 12953: 12946: 12941: 12936: 12929: 12924: 12923: 12922: 12917: 12912: 12907: 12902: 12891: 12889: 12883: 12882: 12880: 12879: 12874: 12873: 12872: 12867: 12857: 12852: 12847: 12842: 12837: 12836: 12835: 12825: 12824: 12823: 12818: 12808: 12803: 12802: 12801: 12791: 12790: 12789: 12779: 12774: 12773: 12772: 12767: 12756: 12754: 12748: 12747: 12745: 12744: 12739: 12734: 12732:Shulchan Aruch 12729: 12728: 12727: 12722: 12720:Sefer Yetzirah 12717: 12712: 12707: 12702: 12700:Pardes Rimonim 12697: 12690:Kabbalah texts 12687: 12686: 12685: 12680: 12675: 12670: 12660: 12659: 12658: 12653: 12648: 12634: 12628: 12626: 12620: 12619: 12617: 12616: 12611: 12606: 12601: 12596: 12591: 12586: 12581: 12580: 12579: 12574: 12569: 12568: 12567: 12557: 12552: 12547: 12542: 12537: 12536: 12535: 12530: 12529: 12528: 12523: 12502: 12500: 12494: 12493: 12491: 12490: 12485: 12483:Land of Israel 12480: 12479: 12478: 12468: 12463: 12458: 12457: 12456: 12446: 12441: 12436: 12435: 12434: 12424: 12419: 12414: 12409: 12408: 12407: 12396: 12394: 12388: 12387: 12385: 12384: 12379: 12378: 12377: 12376: 12375: 12370: 12369: 12368: 12361: 12359:Judeo-Alsatian 12351: 12350: 12349: 12342: 12337: 12332: 12312: 12307: 12302: 12297: 12292: 12287: 12286: 12285: 12280: 12270: 12265: 12260: 12255: 12250: 12245: 12240: 12235: 12230: 12225: 12224: 12223: 12218: 12213: 12211:Judeo-Hamedani 12208: 12203: 12198: 12188: 12186:Judaeo-Occitan 12183: 12178: 12173: 12168: 12167: 12166: 12156: 12151: 12146: 12145: 12144: 12139: 12134: 12127:Jewish English 12124: 12119: 12118: 12117: 12116: 12115: 12105: 12100: 12095: 12090: 12085: 12080: 12075: 12070: 12065: 12058:Judaeo-Aramaic 12055: 12054: 12053: 12048: 12046:Judeo-Tunisian 12043: 12038: 12036:Judeo-Moroccan 12033: 12032: 12031: 12029:Judeo-Baghdadi 12016: 12011: 12006: 12005: 12004: 11999: 11994: 11989: 11984: 11979: 11974: 11969: 11964: 11959: 11954: 11949: 11944: 11933: 11931: 11919: 11918: 11915: 11914: 11912: 11911: 11910: 11909: 11908: 11907: 11897: 11896: 11895: 11885: 11880: 11878:Livornese Jews 11875: 11865: 11860: 11859: 11858: 11848: 11847: 11846: 11845: 11844: 11839: 11834: 11829: 11819: 11814: 11809: 11804: 11799: 11794: 11789: 11784: 11779: 11769: 11768: 11767: 11757: 11752: 11747: 11742: 11741: 11740: 11735: 11725: 11720: 11719: 11718: 11708: 11703: 11698: 11697: 11696: 11691: 11681: 11680: 11679: 11674: 11664: 11663: 11662: 11657: 11652: 11647: 11642: 11637: 11632: 11627: 11625:Afrikaner-Jode 11616: 11614: 11605: 11604: 11599: 11594: 11593: 11592: 11582: 11577: 11572: 11567: 11562: 11557: 11552: 11546: 11544: 11538: 11537: 11535: 11534: 11529: 11524: 11519: 11514: 11509: 11504: 11499: 11494: 11488: 11486: 11480: 11479: 11477: 11476: 11471: 11465: 11462: 11461: 11450: 11449: 11442: 11435: 11427: 11421: 11420: 11407: 11394: 11382: 11377: 11372: 11365: 11364:External links 11362: 11361: 11360: 11355: 11350: 11345: 11340: 11335: 11328: 11325: 11323: 11322: 11318: 11304: 11290: 11276: 11262: 11248: 11234: 11220: 11206: 11192: 11178: 11171: 11157: 11141: 11140: 11133: 11119: 11105: 11091: 11077: 11063: 11049: 11035: 11021: 11014: 11000: 10980: 10979: 10965: 10958: 10943: 10933: 10919: 10912: 10898: 10884: 10871: 10870: 10867: 10864: 10857: 10850: 10836: 10822: 10821:, Olive Press. 10815: 10801: 10794: 10786:. Frank Cass. 10780: 10766: 10752: 10745: 10738: 10731: 10724: 10720: 10708: 10691: 10677: 10664: 10663: 10653: 10641: 10629: 10619: 10606:Early accounts 10603: 10602: 10588: 10581: 10567: 10547: 10545: 10542: 10539: 10538: 10520: 10493: 10469: 10444: 10391: 10353: 10326: 10310: 10281: 10260: 10239: 10218: 10197: 10169: 10148: 10123: 10114: 10096: 10075: 10061: 10043: 10012: 9986: 9960: 9935: 9926: 9916: 9906: 9896: 9854: 9840: 9822: 9813: 9788: 9762: 9749: 9738: 9727: 9718: 9707: 9696: 9685: 9660: 9646:. 2021-11-29. 9631: 9606: 9581: 9551: 9537:. 2018-10-08. 9535:Anadolu Agency 9522: 9493: 9480: 9467: 9449: 9436: 9422: 9408: 9390: 9368: 9352: 9338: 9327: 9293: 9266: 9247: 9230: 9214: 9197: 9160: 9143: 9119: 9059: 9046: 8977: 8905: 8819: 8788:10.1086/425161 8782:(5): 752–770. 8762: 8715: 8692:10.1086/340257 8666: 8642: 8611: 8593: 8526: 8521:"E-M329 YTree" 8512: 8445: 8427: 8403: 8358:Genome Biology 8341: 8339: 8338: 8302:Biology Direct 8293: 8259:Human Genetics 8250: 8221: 8199:10.1086/425161 8178: 8156:10.1086/382286 8135: 8117:(3): 275–287. 8099: 8086: 8067: 8021: 8000: 7974: 7954: 7934: 7921: 7915:, subject 48, 7896: 7884: 7871: 7822: 7809: 7796: 7787: 7770: 7757: 7740: 7727: 7714: 7697: 7680: 7667: 7654: 7642: 7629: 7620:Queen of Sheba 7607: 7555: 7542: 7529: 7516: 7507:Queen of Sheba 7497: 7468: 7461:Steve Kaplan, 7454: 7445: 7438: 7418: 7406: 7394: 7385: 7360: 7347: 7334: 7325: 7312: 7289: 7276: 7263: 7231: 7187: 7174: 7149: 7136: 7112: 7097: 7074: 7061: 7048: 7014: 6992: 6979: 6966: 6964:, 2010, p. xxi 6951: 6937: 6911: 6889: 6868: 6867: 6865: 6862: 6859: 6858: 6830: 6798:Bēteʾ Yīsrāʾēl 6781: 6758: 6757: 6755: 6752: 6751: 6750: 6745: 6740: 6735: 6721: 6716: 6711: 6706: 6701: 6695: 6694: 6680: 6666: 6663:Judaism portal 6650: 6647: 6646: 6645: 6640: 6637: 6630: 6625: 6622: 6621: 6620: 6614: 6608: 6602: 6596: 6588: 6585: 6574: 6571: 6546: 6543: 6533: 6530: 6511:Ethiopian Jews 6506: 6503: 6494: 6491: 6453: 6450: 6427: 6424: 6411: 6408: 6406:in Jerusalem. 6384: 6381: 6380: 6379: 6356: 6348:The 2019 film 6346: 6337: 6334: 6303: 6300: 6274: 6271: 6266:Main article: 6263: 6260: 6239:Main article: 6236: 6233: 6231: 6228: 6165: 6162: 6160: 6157: 6100:Yitzhak Shamir 6091: 6088: 6087: 6086: 6080: 6074: 6068: 6058: 6052: 6042: 6025: 6008: 6005: 6004: 6003: 6000:U.S. Air Force 5980:Melaku Teferra 5978:region, Major 5969: 5902: 5899: 5888: 5887: 5884: 5881: 5877: 5876: 5873: 5870: 5866: 5865: 5862: 5859: 5855: 5854: 5851: 5848: 5844: 5843: 5840: 5837: 5833: 5832: 5829: 5826: 5822: 5821: 5818: 5815: 5811: 5810: 5807: 5804: 5800: 5799: 5796: 5793: 5789: 5788: 5785: 5782: 5778: 5777: 5774: 5771: 5767: 5766: 5763: 5760: 5756: 5755: 5750: 5747:Ethiopian-born 5745: 5726:Main article: 5723: 5720: 5668:Main article: 5665: 5662: 5654: 5653: 5641: 5625: 5622: 5544: 5541: 5535: 5534: 5531: 5528: 5525: 5522: 5519: 5436: 5433: 5431: 5428: 5420:semitic people 5381: 5378: 5331:Horn of Africa 5258: 5255: 5244: 5241: 5077:Sabbath candle 4993: 4992:Rabbinic views 4990: 4966:Ptolemy I 4938: 4935: 4846:Queen of Sheba 4838:Menelik I 4823: 4820: 4758:sons of Israel 4743: 4740: 4735: 4732: 4724:Queen of Sheba 4686: 4683: 4681: 4678: 4650:Agaw languages 4637: 4634: 4629:Main article: 4626: 4623: 4583:yačaraqā ba'āl 4579: 4578: 4564: 4554: 4544: 4530: 4508: 4478: 4471:anākel astar'i 4456: 4450: 4440: 4430: 4412: 4398: 4393:(grow fat) or 4326:Ge'ez calendar 4314:lunar calendar 4309: 4306: 4246:Main article: 4243: 4240: 4211: 4204: 4203: 4202: 4201: 4200: 4195:Main article: 4192: 4189: 4003: 4000: 3972:Main article: 3969: 3966: 3887:Beta Kristiyan 3861:late tradition 3846:Raphael Hadane 3838: 3835: 3819:born in Israel 3810:in 1985), and 3683:in modern-day 3657:Ethiopian Jews 3647: 3646: 3610:This article 3609: 3607: 3600: 3588:, you may see 3576: 3569: 3568: 3567: 3564: 3563: 3561: 3560: 3553: 3546: 3538: 3535: 3534: 3521: 3520: 3515: 3514: 3512: 3506: 3505: 3503: 3497: 3496: 3491: 3485: 3484: 3482: 3474: 3469: 3468: 3465: 3464: 3459: 3458: 3453: 3447: 3446: 3441: 3434: 3433: 3428: 3422: 3421: 3416: 3408: 3405: 3404: 3401: 3400: 3395: 3394: 3389: 3383: 3382: 3377: 3367: 3366: 3361: 3351: 3350: 3345: 3339: 3338: 3333: 3331:Eyalet-i Habeş 3325: 3322: 3321: 3318: 3317: 3312: 3311: 3306: 3300: 3299: 3290: 3284: 3283: 3278: 3272: 3271: 3262: 3256: 3255: 3250: 3244: 3243: 3241:150 BC–AD 960) 3234: 3228: 3227: 3218: 3212: 3211: 3202: 3196: 3195: 3193: 3185: 3182: 3181: 3178: 3177: 3169: 3168: 3159: 3158: 3151: 3144: 3143: 3141: 3140: 3133: 3126: 3118: 3115: 3114: 3110: 3109: 3104: 3103: 3102: 3092: 3087: 3086: 3085: 3075: 3070: 3065: 3059: 3058: 3055: 3054: 3051: 3050: 3045: 3044: 3041: 3035: 3034: 3031: 3025: 3024: 3021: 3019:Oromo protests 3015: 3014: 3011: 3005: 3004: 3001: 2999:War in Somalia 2995: 2994: 2991: 2985: 2984: 2981: 2975: 2974: 2971: 2963: 2960:Recent history 2958: 2957: 2954: 2953: 2948: 2947: 2944: 2938: 2937: 2934: 2928: 2927: 2924: 2918: 2917: 2914: 2908: 2907: 2904: 2898: 2897: 2894: 2888: 2887: 2884: 2878: 2877: 2874: 2868: 2867: 2864: 2858: 2857: 2854: 2848: 2847: 2844: 2838: 2837: 2834: 2828: 2827: 2824: 2816: 2814:Modern history 2813: 2812: 2809: 2808: 2803: 2802: 2799: 2793: 2792: 2789: 2783: 2782: 2779: 2773: 2772: 2767: 2761: 2760: 2755: 2749: 2748: 2745: 2737: 2734: 2733: 2730: 2729: 2724: 2723: 2720: 2714: 2713: 2710: 2704: 2703: 2700: 2694: 2693: 2690: 2682: 2677: 2676: 2673: 2672: 2667: 2666: 2663: 2657: 2656: 2653: 2645: 2642: 2641: 2638: 2637: 2629: 2628: 2619: 2618: 2611: 2604: 2603: 2601: 2600: 2593: 2586: 2578: 2575: 2574: 2573: 2572: 2567: 2559: 2558: 2553: 2552: 2551: 2550: 2545: 2540: 2535: 2530: 2525: 2520: 2515: 2510: 2502: 2501: 2495: 2494: 2493: 2492: 2487: 2485:Territorialism 2482: 2477: 2472: 2467: 2462: 2454: 2453: 2445: 2440: 2439: 2436: 2435: 2432: 2431: 2426: 2421: 2416: 2411: 2406: 2401: 2396: 2391: 2386: 2381: 2376: 2371: 2369:Judaeo-Spanish 2366: 2364:Judaeo-Iranian 2361: 2356: 2351: 2346: 2341: 2336: 2331: 2330: 2329: 2316: 2311: 2310: 2307: 2306: 2301: 2300: 2299: 2298: 2293: 2288: 2280: 2279: 2273: 2272: 2271: 2270: 2265: 2260: 2255: 2250: 2245: 2240: 2235: 2227: 2226: 2220: 2219: 2218: 2217: 2212: 2207: 2202: 2194: 2193: 2187: 2186: 2185: 2184: 2179: 2171: 2170: 2164: 2163: 2162: 2161: 2156: 2151: 2144: 2135: 2130: 2125: 2116: 2111: 2106: 2101: 2093: 2092: 2086: 2081: 2080: 2077: 2076: 2073: 2072: 2067: 2062: 2057: 2052: 2047: 2042: 2037: 2030: 2029: 2028: 2023: 2018: 2007: 2002: 2001: 1998: 1997: 1992: 1991: 1990: 1989: 1984: 1979: 1974: 1969: 1961: 1960: 1954: 1953: 1952: 1951: 1946: 1941: 1936: 1929: 1924: 1919: 1914: 1909: 1904: 1899: 1894: 1889: 1882: 1877: 1872: 1867: 1862: 1857: 1849: 1848: 1842: 1841: 1840: 1839: 1834: 1829: 1821: 1820: 1816: 1815: 1814: 1813: 1810:United Kingdom 1806: 1801: 1796: 1791: 1786: 1781: 1776: 1771: 1766: 1761: 1756: 1751: 1746: 1741: 1736: 1731: 1726: 1721: 1716: 1711: 1706: 1701: 1696: 1691: 1686: 1681: 1676: 1671: 1666: 1658: 1657: 1651: 1650: 1649: 1648: 1643: 1638: 1633: 1628: 1623: 1618: 1613: 1608: 1603: 1598: 1593: 1588: 1583: 1578: 1573: 1568: 1563: 1558: 1553: 1548: 1543: 1538: 1533: 1528: 1523: 1518: 1513: 1508: 1503: 1498: 1493: 1488: 1483: 1478: 1473: 1468: 1463: 1458: 1450: 1449: 1445: 1444: 1443: 1442: 1437: 1432: 1422: 1417: 1412: 1407: 1400: 1395: 1390: 1385: 1380: 1370: 1365: 1360: 1355: 1350: 1345: 1340: 1335: 1330: 1325: 1320: 1315: 1310: 1305: 1300: 1295: 1290: 1285: 1280: 1275: 1270: 1265: 1260: 1255: 1250: 1245: 1243:Bilad-el-Sudan 1240: 1235: 1227: 1226: 1220: 1219: 1218: 1217: 1212: 1207: 1199: 1198: 1196:Land of Israel 1192: 1191: 1190: 1189: 1184: 1179: 1174: 1169: 1159: 1154: 1153: 1150: 1149: 1144: 1143: 1142: 1141: 1136: 1131: 1126: 1125: 1124: 1119: 1114: 1109: 1104: 1094: 1089: 1084: 1079: 1074: 1069: 1064: 1056: 1055: 1054:Related groups 1051: 1050: 1049: 1048: 1043: 1038: 1033: 1028: 1023: 1018: 1013: 1008: 1003: 998: 993: 988: 987: 986: 981: 966: 961: 960: 957: 956: 951: 950: 949: 948: 938: 933: 928: 923: 918: 913: 911:Jewish atheism 908: 903: 898: 890: 889: 885: 884: 883: 882: 877: 872: 867: 862:Islamic–Jewish 857: 850: 835: 830: 822: 821: 814: 813: 812: 811: 787: 774: 746: 741: 734: 729: 727:Yehud Medinata 721: 720: 714: 713: 712: 711: 704: 697: 689: 676: 668: 656: 651: 644: 636: 635: 633:Ancient Israel 629: 628: 627: 626: 621: 616: 611: 606: 601: 596: 591: 589:Land of Israel 586: 578: 577: 571: 566: 565: 562: 561: 556: 555: 554: 553: 548: 544:Shulchan Aruch 539: 534: 529: 524: 516: 515: 514: 513: 508: 500: 499: 493: 492: 491: 490: 485: 477: 476: 470: 469: 468: 467: 462: 457: 449: 448: 440: 435: 434: 431: 430: 427: 426: 421: 416: 411: 406: 401: 396: 391: 386: 381: 376: 369: 364: 357: 352: 347: 342: 337: 332: 322: 317: 310:God in Judaism 306: 301: 300: 297: 296: 295: 294: 289: 281: 280: 270: 269: 257: 256: 233: 232: 228: 227: 224:Crypto-Judaism 204: 203: 199: 198: 156: 155: 151: 150: 147: 133: 132: 129: 115: 114: 113:160,500 (2021) 111: 97: 96: 92: 91: 85: 84: 80: 79: 72: 64: 63: 25: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 14416: 14405: 14402: 14400: 14397: 14395: 14392: 14390: 14387: 14385: 14382: 14380: 14377: 14375: 14372: 14370: 14367: 14366: 14364: 14348: 14347: 14343: 14342: 14340: 14336: 14330: 14327: 14325: 14322: 14320: 14317: 14315: 14314:Well of Souls 14312: 14310: 14307: 14305: 14302: 14300: 14297: 14295: 14292: 14290: 14287: 14285: 14282: 14280: 14277: 14275: 14272: 14270: 14267: 14265: 14262: 14260: 14257: 14255: 14252: 14250: 14247: 14245: 14242: 14238: 14235: 14233: 14230: 14229: 14228: 14225: 14224: 14222: 14218: 14212: 14209: 14207: 14204: 14202: 14199: 14197: 14194: 14193: 14191: 14187: 14181: 14178: 14176: 14173: 14172: 14170: 14166: 14160: 14157: 14155: 14152: 14150: 14147: 14145: 14142: 14140: 14137: 14135: 14132: 14130: 14129:Tribe of Levi 14127: 14125: 14122: 14120: 14117: 14115: 14112: 14110: 14107: 14105: 14102: 14100: 14097: 14095: 14092: 14090: 14087: 14085: 14082: 14081: 14079: 14075: 14070: 14063: 14058: 14056: 14051: 14049: 14044: 14043: 14040: 14027: 14026:status aparte 14023: 14020: 14019:status aparte 14017:Druze have a 14016: 14015: 14012: 14006: 14003: 14001: 13998: 13996: 13993: 13991: 13988: 13986: 13983: 13981: 13978: 13976: 13973: 13971: 13968: 13966: 13963: 13962: 13960: 13956: 13950: 13947: 13945: 13942: 13940: 13937: 13933: 13930: 13929: 13928: 13925: 13923: 13920: 13918: 13915: 13913: 13910: 13908: 13905: 13904: 13902: 13898: 13892: 13889: 13885: 13882: 13881: 13880: 13877: 13875: 13872: 13870: 13867: 13866: 13864: 13862:Other Semitic 13860: 13854: 13851: 13849: 13846: 13844: 13841: 13835: 13832: 13830: 13827: 13826: 13825: 13822: 13820: 13817: 13816: 13815: 13812: 13811: 13809: 13807: 13803: 13795: 13792: 13790: 13787: 13786: 13785: 13782: 13778: 13775: 13773: 13770: 13768: 13765: 13763: 13760: 13759: 13758: 13755: 13753: 13750: 13748: 13745: 13743: 13740: 13736: 13733: 13731: 13728: 13726: 13723: 13721: 13718: 13717: 13716: 13713: 13709: 13706: 13704: 13701: 13699: 13696: 13694: 13691: 13689: 13686: 13685: 13684: 13681: 13680: 13678: 13676: 13672: 13666: 13663: 13661: 13658: 13656: 13653: 13651: 13648: 13646: 13643: 13639: 13636: 13634: 13631: 13629: 13626: 13625: 13624: 13621: 13617: 13614: 13612: 13609: 13607: 13604: 13603: 13602: 13599: 13595: 13592: 13590: 13587: 13585: 13582: 13580: 13577: 13575: 13572: 13571: 13570: 13567: 13566: 13564: 13562: 13558: 13554: 13547: 13542: 13540: 13535: 13533: 13528: 13527: 13524: 13507: 13503: 13499: 13496: 13490: 13486: 13483: 13477: 13474: 13468: 13464: 13460: 13457: 13456: 13453: 13445: 13439: 13436: 13434: 13431: 13430: 13428: 13420: 13414: 13411: 13409: 13406: 13404: 13401: 13399: 13396: 13394: 13391: 13389: 13386: 13384: 13381: 13379: 13376: 13374: 13371: 13369: 13366: 13364: 13361: 13359: 13356: 13354: 13351: 13349: 13346: 13344: 13341: 13339: 13336: 13334: 13331: 13329: 13326: 13324: 13321: 13319: 13316: 13314: 13311: 13309: 13306: 13304: 13301: 13299: 13296: 13294: 13291: 13289: 13286: 13284: 13281: 13279: 13276: 13274: 13271: 13269: 13266: 13264: 13263:Guinea-Bissau 13261: 13259: 13256: 13254: 13251: 13249: 13246: 13244: 13241: 13239: 13236: 13234: 13231: 13229: 13226: 13224: 13221: 13219: 13216: 13214: 13211: 13209: 13206: 13204: 13201: 13199: 13196: 13194: 13191: 13189: 13186: 13184: 13181: 13179: 13176: 13174: 13171: 13169: 13166: 13164: 13161: 13159: 13156: 13154: 13151: 13149: 13146: 13145: 13143: 13139: 13135: 13128: 13123: 13121: 13116: 13114: 13109: 13108: 13105: 13093: 13092: 13081: 13079: 13078: 13069: 13068: 13067: 13063: 13058: 13048: 13045: 13043: 13040: 13038: 13035: 13034: 13032: 13028: 13025: 13023: 13020: 13018: 13017:Protestantism 13015: 13013: 13010: 13008: 13005: 13003: 13000: 12999: 12998: 12995: 12994: 12993: 12990: 12988: 12987: 12983: 12981: 12980: 12976: 12974: 12971: 12969: 12968: 12964: 12962: 12959: 12957: 12954: 12952: 12951: 12947: 12945: 12942: 12940: 12937: 12935: 12934: 12930: 12928: 12925: 12921: 12918: 12916: 12913: 12911: 12908: 12906: 12903: 12901: 12898: 12897: 12896: 12893: 12892: 12890: 12888: 12884: 12878: 12875: 12871: 12868: 12866: 12863: 12862: 12861: 12858: 12856: 12853: 12851: 12848: 12846: 12843: 12841: 12838: 12834: 12831: 12830: 12829: 12826: 12822: 12819: 12817: 12814: 12813: 12812: 12809: 12807: 12804: 12800: 12797: 12796: 12795: 12792: 12788: 12785: 12784: 12783: 12780: 12778: 12775: 12771: 12768: 12766: 12763: 12762: 12761: 12758: 12757: 12755: 12753: 12749: 12743: 12740: 12738: 12735: 12733: 12730: 12726: 12723: 12721: 12718: 12716: 12713: 12711: 12708: 12706: 12705:Sefer HaBahir 12703: 12701: 12698: 12696: 12693: 12692: 12691: 12688: 12684: 12681: 12679: 12676: 12674: 12671: 12669: 12666: 12665: 12664: 12661: 12657: 12654: 12652: 12649: 12647: 12644: 12643: 12642: 12638: 12635: 12633: 12632:Sifrei Kodesh 12630: 12629: 12627: 12625: 12621: 12615: 12612: 12610: 12607: 12605: 12602: 12600: 12597: 12595: 12592: 12590: 12587: 12585: 12582: 12578: 12575: 12573: 12570: 12566: 12563: 12562: 12561: 12558: 12556: 12553: 12551: 12548: 12546: 12543: 12541: 12538: 12534: 12531: 12527: 12524: 12522: 12519: 12518: 12517: 12514: 12513: 12512: 12509: 12508: 12507: 12504: 12503: 12501: 12499: 12495: 12489: 12488:Who is a Jew? 12486: 12484: 12481: 12477: 12474: 12473: 12472: 12469: 12467: 12464: 12462: 12459: 12455: 12452: 12451: 12450: 12447: 12445: 12442: 12440: 12437: 12433: 12430: 12429: 12428: 12425: 12423: 12420: 12418: 12417:Chosen people 12415: 12413: 12410: 12406: 12403: 12402: 12401: 12398: 12397: 12395: 12393: 12389: 12383: 12380: 12374: 12373:Scots-Yiddish 12371: 12367: 12366: 12362: 12360: 12357: 12356: 12355: 12352: 12348: 12347: 12346:Klezmer-loshn 12343: 12341: 12338: 12336: 12333: 12331: 12328: 12327: 12326: 12323: 12322: 12321: 12318: 12317: 12316: 12313: 12311: 12308: 12306: 12303: 12301: 12298: 12296: 12293: 12291: 12288: 12284: 12281: 12279: 12276: 12275: 12274: 12271: 12269: 12266: 12264: 12261: 12259: 12256: 12254: 12251: 12249: 12246: 12244: 12241: 12239: 12236: 12234: 12231: 12229: 12226: 12222: 12219: 12217: 12216:Judeo-Shirazi 12214: 12212: 12209: 12207: 12204: 12202: 12199: 12197: 12194: 12193: 12192: 12191:Judeo-Persian 12189: 12187: 12184: 12182: 12181:Judeo-Marathi 12179: 12177: 12174: 12172: 12169: 12165: 12162: 12161: 12160: 12159:Judeo-Italian 12157: 12155: 12152: 12150: 12147: 12143: 12140: 12138: 12135: 12133: 12130: 12129: 12128: 12125: 12123: 12120: 12114: 12111: 12110: 12109: 12106: 12104: 12101: 12099: 12096: 12094: 12091: 12089: 12086: 12084: 12081: 12079: 12076: 12074: 12071: 12069: 12066: 12064: 12061: 12060: 12059: 12056: 12052: 12049: 12047: 12044: 12042: 12039: 12037: 12034: 12030: 12027: 12026: 12025: 12022: 12021: 12020: 12017: 12015: 12014:Judeo-Amazigh 12012: 12010: 12007: 12003: 12000: 11998: 11995: 11993: 11990: 11988: 11985: 11983: 11980: 11978: 11975: 11973: 11970: 11968: 11965: 11963: 11960: 11958: 11955: 11953: 11950: 11948: 11945: 11943: 11940: 11939: 11938: 11935: 11934: 11932: 11929: 11924: 11920: 11906: 11903: 11902: 11901: 11898: 11894: 11891: 11890: 11889: 11886: 11884: 11881: 11879: 11876: 11874: 11871: 11870: 11869: 11866: 11864: 11861: 11857: 11854: 11853: 11852: 11849: 11843: 11840: 11838: 11837:Hadhrami Jews 11835: 11833: 11830: 11828: 11825: 11824: 11823: 11820: 11818: 11815: 11813: 11810: 11808: 11805: 11803: 11802:Mountain Jews 11800: 11798: 11797:Egyptian Jews 11795: 11793: 11792:Bukharan Jews 11790: 11788: 11785: 11783: 11780: 11778: 11775: 11774: 11773: 11770: 11766: 11763: 11762: 11761: 11758: 11756: 11753: 11751: 11748: 11746: 11743: 11739: 11736: 11734: 11731: 11730: 11729: 11726: 11724: 11721: 11717: 11714: 11713: 11712: 11709: 11707: 11704: 11702: 11699: 11695: 11692: 11690: 11687: 11686: 11685: 11682: 11678: 11675: 11673: 11670: 11669: 11668: 11665: 11661: 11658: 11656: 11653: 11651: 11648: 11646: 11643: 11641: 11638: 11636: 11633: 11631: 11628: 11626: 11623: 11622: 11621: 11618: 11617: 11615: 11613: 11609: 11603: 11600: 11598: 11595: 11591: 11588: 11587: 11586: 11583: 11581: 11580:Lists of Jews 11578: 11576: 11573: 11571: 11568: 11566: 11563: 11561: 11558: 11556: 11553: 11551: 11548: 11547: 11545: 11543: 11539: 11533: 11530: 11528: 11525: 11523: 11520: 11518: 11515: 11513: 11510: 11508: 11505: 11503: 11500: 11498: 11495: 11493: 11490: 11489: 11487: 11485: 11481: 11475: 11472: 11470: 11467: 11466: 11463: 11459: 11455: 11448: 11443: 11441: 11436: 11434: 11429: 11428: 11425: 11419:(1926) 77-107 11418: 11414: 11413: 11408: 11405: 11401: 11400: 11395: 11393: 11389: 11386: 11383: 11381: 11378: 11376: 11373: 11371: 11368: 11367: 11359: 11356: 11354: 11351: 11349: 11346: 11344: 11341: 11339: 11336: 11334: 11331: 11330: 11327:Other reading 11319: 11317: 11313: 11309: 11305: 11303: 11299: 11296:. Routledge. 11295: 11291: 11289: 11285: 11282:. Routledge. 11281: 11277: 11275: 11271: 11267: 11263: 11261: 11257: 11253: 11249: 11247: 11243: 11239: 11235: 11233: 11229: 11226:. Routledge. 11225: 11221: 11219: 11215: 11212:. NYU Press. 11211: 11207: 11205: 11201: 11197: 11193: 11191: 11187: 11184:. Routledge. 11183: 11179: 11176: 11172: 11170: 11166: 11162: 11158: 11156: 11152: 11148: 11147: 11146: 11145: 11138: 11134: 11132: 11128: 11125:. Routledge. 11124: 11120: 11118: 11114: 11110: 11106: 11104: 11100: 11096: 11092: 11090: 11086: 11082: 11078: 11076: 11072: 11068: 11064: 11062: 11058: 11054: 11050: 11048: 11044: 11040: 11036: 11034: 11030: 11026: 11022: 11019: 11015: 11013: 11009: 11005: 11001: 10999: 10995: 10991: 10987: 10986: 10985: 10984: 10978: 10974: 10970: 10966: 10963: 10959: 10956: 10952: 10948: 10944: 10941: 10937: 10936:Menachem Elon 10934: 10932: 10928: 10924: 10920: 10917: 10913: 10911: 10907: 10903: 10899: 10897: 10893: 10889: 10885: 10882: 10878: 10877: 10876: 10875: 10868: 10865: 10862: 10858: 10855: 10851: 10849: 10845: 10841: 10837: 10835: 10831: 10827: 10823: 10820: 10816: 10814: 10810: 10806: 10802: 10799: 10795: 10793: 10789: 10785: 10781: 10779: 10775: 10771: 10767: 10765: 10761: 10757: 10753: 10750: 10746: 10743: 10739: 10736: 10732: 10729: 10725: 10721: 10718: 10717: 10712: 10709: 10707: 10703: 10699: 10695: 10692: 10690: 10686: 10682: 10678: 10675: 10671: 10670: 10669: 10668: 10661: 10657: 10656:Carl Rathjens 10654: 10651: 10650: 10645: 10642: 10639: 10638: 10633: 10630: 10627: 10623: 10620: 10617: 10613: 10610: 10609: 10608: 10607: 10601: 10597: 10593: 10589: 10586: 10582: 10580: 10576: 10572: 10568: 10566: 10562: 10558: 10554: 10553: 10552: 10551: 10534: 10530: 10524: 10510: 10506: 10500: 10498: 10486: 10479: 10473: 10458: 10454: 10448: 10440: 10436: 10432: 10428: 10423: 10418: 10414: 10410: 10406: 10402: 10395: 10379: 10375: 10371: 10367: 10360: 10358: 10343: 10339: 10333: 10331: 10323: 10320:and archived 10319: 10313: 10307: 10303: 10302: 10294: 10292: 10290: 10288: 10286: 10277: 10276: 10271: 10264: 10256: 10255: 10250: 10243: 10235: 10234: 10229: 10222: 10214: 10213: 10208: 10201: 10186: 10185: 10180: 10173: 10159: 10152: 10137: 10133: 10127: 10118: 10110: 10106: 10100: 10093: 10089: 10085: 10079: 10071: 10065: 10057: 10056:The Economist 10053: 10047: 10031: 10027: 10023: 10016: 10000: 9996: 9990: 9974: 9970: 9964: 9949: 9945: 9939: 9930: 9920: 9910: 9900: 9892: 9888: 9884: 9880: 9876: 9872: 9865: 9863: 9861: 9859: 9850: 9844: 9836: 9835:www.jpost.com 9832: 9826: 9817: 9803:on 2010-11-18 9802: 9798: 9792: 9776: 9772: 9766: 9759: 9753: 9747: 9742: 9736: 9731: 9722: 9716: 9711: 9705: 9700: 9694: 9689: 9674: 9670: 9664: 9649: 9645: 9641: 9635: 9620: 9616: 9610: 9596: 9592: 9585: 9570: 9566: 9562: 9555: 9540: 9536: 9532: 9526: 9512:on 2019-07-23 9511: 9507: 9503: 9497: 9490: 9484: 9477: 9471: 9463: 9459: 9453: 9446: 9440: 9432: 9426: 9418: 9412: 9404: 9400: 9394: 9387: 9383: 9380: 9379: 9372: 9365: 9359: 9357: 9348: 9342: 9336: 9331: 9324: 9320: 9316: 9313: 9312: 9307: 9306:Steven Kaplan 9302: 9300: 9298: 9290: 9286: 9282: 9279: 9275: 9274:Steven Kaplan 9270: 9263: 9259: 9258: 9251: 9244: 9240: 9234: 9227: 9221: 9219: 9211: 9207: 9201: 9194: 9190: 9186: 9182: 9178: 9174: 9170: 9164: 9157: 9153: 9147: 9133: 9129: 9123: 9115: 9111: 9106: 9101: 9097: 9093: 9088: 9083: 9079: 9075: 9071: 9063: 9056: 9050: 9042: 9036: 9028: 9024: 9020: 9016: 9012: 9008: 9004: 9000: 8996: 8992: 8988: 8981: 8973: 8967: 8959: 8955: 8951: 8947: 8943: 8939: 8935: 8931: 8927: 8923: 8919: 8912: 8910: 8902: 8897: 8886:on 2017-08-08 8882: 8878: 8874: 8869: 8864: 8860: 8856: 8852: 8848: 8844: 8840: 8833: 8826: 8824: 8815: 8811: 8806: 8801: 8797: 8793: 8789: 8785: 8781: 8777: 8773: 8766: 8758: 8754: 8750: 8746: 8742: 8738: 8734: 8730: 8722: 8720: 8711: 8707: 8702: 8697: 8693: 8689: 8685: 8681: 8677: 8670: 8656: 8655:www.yfull.com 8652: 8646: 8631: 8627: 8626: 8618: 8616: 8607: 8603: 8597: 8589: 8585: 8581: 8577: 8572: 8567: 8562: 8557: 8553: 8549: 8545: 8541: 8537: 8530: 8522: 8516: 8508: 8504: 8499: 8494: 8490: 8486: 8481: 8476: 8472: 8468: 8465:(1): e16073. 8464: 8460: 8456: 8449: 8441: 8437: 8431: 8417: 8416:www.yfull.com 8413: 8407: 8399: 8395: 8390: 8385: 8381: 8377: 8372: 8367: 8363: 8359: 8355: 8348: 8346: 8335: 8331: 8326: 8321: 8316: 8311: 8307: 8303: 8299: 8294: 8290: 8286: 8281: 8276: 8272: 8268: 8265:(3): 345–50. 8264: 8260: 8256: 8251: 8247: 8243: 8239: 8235: 8231: 8227: 8222: 8218: 8214: 8209: 8204: 8200: 8196: 8193:(5): 752–70. 8192: 8188: 8184: 8179: 8175: 8171: 8166: 8161: 8157: 8153: 8150:(3): 532–44. 8149: 8145: 8141: 8136: 8132: 8128: 8124: 8120: 8116: 8112: 8107: 8106: 8103: 8096: 8090: 8083: 8079: 8078: 8071: 8062: 8056: 8042:on 2012-11-09 8038: 8031: 8025: 8019: 8015: 8012: 8011: 8004: 7997: 7993: 7989: 7986: 7985: 7978: 7971: 7967: 7963: 7958: 7952: 7948: 7947:Tzitz Eliezer 7944: 7938: 7931: 7925: 7918: 7914: 7910: 7909:Tzitz Eliezer 7906: 7900: 7893: 7888: 7881: 7875: 7868: 7864: 7860: 7856: 7850: 7844: 7836: 7832: 7826: 7819: 7813: 7806: 7800: 7791: 7785: 7781: 7778: 7774: 7767: 7761: 7754: 7750: 7744: 7737: 7731: 7724: 7718: 7711: 7707: 7701: 7694: 7690: 7684: 7677: 7671: 7664: 7658: 7651: 7646: 7639: 7633: 7626: 7623: 7622: 7618: 7617: 7611: 7603: 7599: 7594: 7589: 7585: 7581: 7577: 7573: 7572: 7565: 7559: 7552: 7546: 7539: 7533: 7526: 7520: 7513: 7509: 7508: 7501: 7494: 7490: 7486: 7482: 7478: 7472: 7464: 7458: 7449: 7441: 7435: 7431: 7430: 7422: 7416: 7410: 7404: 7398: 7389: 7383:, pp. 146–150 7382: 7378: 7374: 7370: 7364: 7357: 7351: 7344: 7338: 7329: 7322: 7316: 7308: 7304: 7300: 7293: 7286: 7280: 7273: 7267: 7260: 7256: 7252: 7248: 7242: 7240: 7238: 7236: 7227: 7223: 7218: 7213: 7209: 7205: 7201: 7194: 7192: 7184: 7178: 7164: 7160: 7153: 7146: 7143:James Bruce, 7140: 7134: 7130: 7126: 7123: 7119: 7117: 7110: 7104: 7102: 7094: 7090: 7087: 7083: 7078: 7071: 7065: 7058: 7052: 7036: 7032: 7028: 7021: 7019: 7010: 7006: 6999: 6997: 6989: 6983: 6976: 6970: 6963: 6962: 6955: 6947: 6941: 6927:on 2010-02-05 6926: 6922: 6915: 6907: 6903: 6896: 6894: 6887: 6883: 6878: 6876: 6874: 6869: 6855: 6851: 6848: 6840: 6834: 6827: 6823: 6822: 6817: 6816:Bēte 'Isrā'ēl 6812: 6811:Beta ʾƏsrāʾel 6803: 6799: 6791: 6785: 6778: 6774: 6769: 6763: 6759: 6749: 6748:Who is a Jew? 6746: 6744: 6741: 6739: 6736: 6733: 6729: 6725: 6724:Qemant people 6722: 6720: 6717: 6715: 6712: 6710: 6707: 6705: 6702: 6700: 6697: 6696: 6692: 6691:Africa portal 6681: 6678: 6677:Israel portal 6667: 6664: 6653: 6644: 6641: 6638: 6635: 6631: 6628: 6627: 6618: 6615: 6612: 6611:Sharon Shalom 6609: 6606: 6603: 6600: 6597: 6594: 6591: 6590: 6584: 6581: 6570: 6568: 6564: 6563:Law of Return 6559: 6557: 6553: 6542: 6540: 6539:Ovadiah Yosef 6529: 6527: 6523: 6520: 6515: 6512: 6502: 6500: 6490: 6487: 6485: 6481: 6480:false cognate 6477: 6473: 6469: 6465: 6459: 6449: 6447: 6444: 6440: 6436: 6432: 6423: 6421: 6417: 6407: 6405: 6401: 6394: 6389: 6377: 6373: 6369: 6365: 6361: 6357: 6353: 6352: 6347: 6344: 6343: 6338: 6335: 6332: 6328: 6324: 6316: 6312: 6311: 6306: 6305: 6299: 6297: 6295: 6289: 6284: 6280: 6269: 6259: 6257: 6251: 6248: 6242: 6227: 6223: 6219: 6211: 6207: 6204: 6199: 6196: 6191: 6185: 6180: 6175: 6171: 6156: 6154: 6148: 6146: 6141: 6139: 6138: 6132: 6128: 6124: 6120: 6117: 6112: 6110: 6101: 6096: 6084: 6081: 6078: 6075: 6072: 6069: 6062: 6059: 6056: 6053: 6050: 6046: 6043: 6040: 6037: 6033: 6031: 6026: 6023: 6018: 6014: 6011: 6010: 6001: 5997: 5993: 5989: 5985: 5981: 5977: 5973: 5970: 5967: 5963: 5959: 5955: 5951: 5947: 5943: 5939: 5935: 5931: 5928: 5927: 5926: 5924: 5920: 5916: 5912: 5908: 5894: 5885: 5882: 5879: 5878: 5874: 5871: 5868: 5867: 5863: 5860: 5857: 5856: 5852: 5849: 5846: 5845: 5841: 5838: 5835: 5834: 5830: 5827: 5824: 5823: 5819: 5816: 5813: 5812: 5808: 5805: 5802: 5801: 5797: 5794: 5791: 5790: 5786: 5783: 5780: 5779: 5775: 5772: 5769: 5768: 5764: 5761: 5758: 5757: 5751: 5746: 5743: 5742: 5739: 5735: 5729: 5719: 5717: 5713: 5709: 5705: 5699: 5697: 5693: 5689: 5685: 5681: 5677: 5671: 5661: 5659: 5658:Second Temple 5650: 5649:Steven Kaplan 5646: 5642: 5639: 5638:Menachem Elon 5635: 5634: 5633: 5631: 5621: 5616: 5611: 5609: 5604: 5602: 5598: 5594: 5590: 5586: 5582: 5578: 5574: 5570: 5565: 5563: 5558: 5554: 5550: 5547:According to 5539: 5532: 5529: 5526: 5523: 5520: 5518: 5514: 5513: 5511: 5509: 5505: 5503: 5499: 5495: 5491: 5487: 5483: 5479: 5473: 5471: 5467: 5463: 5459: 5455: 5451: 5447: 5443: 5427: 5425: 5421: 5416: 5412: 5410: 5409:Ethio-Semitic 5405: 5401: 5399: 5395: 5390: 5387: 5377: 5376:populations. 5375: 5371: 5367: 5363: 5359: 5355: 5351: 5347: 5342: 5340: 5336: 5332: 5328: 5324: 5320: 5316: 5311: 5309: 5305: 5301: 5297: 5293: 5288: 5286: 5282: 5278: 5274: 5270: 5265: 5263: 5254: 5250: 5240: 5238: 5234: 5230: 5226: 5222: 5218: 5214: 5213: 5208: 5203: 5201: 5197: 5193: 5189: 5185: 5181: 5177: 5173: 5169: 5166: 5162: 5159:Some notable 5157: 5155: 5150: 5146: 5140: 5135: 5133: 5128: 5124: 5120: 5116: 5112: 5109:, one of the 5108: 5104: 5103: 5096: 5094: 5090: 5086: 5080: 5078: 5074: 5070: 5066: 5062: 5058: 5054: 5050: 5046: 5045:kings of Kush 5040: 5038: 5032: 5027: 5025: 5020: 5014: 5010: 5006: 5002: 5001:Public appeal 4998: 4989: 4987: 4983: 4979: 4975: 4971: 4967: 4962: 4959: 4955: 4951: 4946: 4944: 4943:Eldad ha-Dani 4934: 4931: 4926: 4924: 4920: 4916: 4915:Zagwe dynasty 4912: 4908: 4905:Although the 4903: 4901: 4897: 4893: 4889: 4884: 4882: 4881:2 Kings 19:15 4878: 4874: 4870: 4869:Song of Songs 4866: 4861: 4859: 4855: 4851: 4847: 4843: 4839: 4835: 4831: 4830: 4818: 4816: 4812: 4808: 4804: 4800: 4796: 4792: 4788: 4784: 4779: 4775: 4771: 4767: 4763: 4759: 4755: 4754: 4747: 4739: 4731: 4729: 4725: 4721: 4717: 4713: 4710: 4706: 4702: 4698: 4693: 4677: 4675: 4674:Modern Hebrew 4671: 4667: 4663: 4659: 4655: 4651: 4647: 4643: 4632: 4622: 4620: 4616: 4612: 4608: 4604: 4600: 4596: 4592: 4588: 4584: 4576: 4575:Ta'anit Ester 4572: 4568: 4565: 4562: 4561:wamashi brobu 4558: 4555: 4552: 4548: 4545: 4542: 4538: 4534: 4531: 4528: 4524: 4520: 4516: 4512: 4509: 4506: 4502: 4498: 4494: 4490: 4486: 4482: 4479: 4476: 4472: 4468: 4464: 4460: 4457: 4454: 4451: 4448: 4444: 4441: 4438: 4434: 4431: 4428: 4424: 4420: 4416: 4413: 4410: 4406: 4402: 4399: 4396: 4392: 4388: 4384: 4380: 4376: 4372: 4368: 4365: 4364: 4359: 4355: 4353: 4349: 4345: 4343: 4335: 4331: 4327: 4323: 4319: 4315: 4305: 4303: 4299: 4294: 4291: 4286: 4284: 4280: 4275: 4271: 4267: 4263: 4259: 4255: 4249: 4239: 4237: 4233: 4229: 4219: 4215: 4208: 4198: 4191:Prayer houses 4188: 4186: 4182: 4178: 4174: 4170: 4166: 4162: 4158: 4154: 4152: 4147: 4143: 4139: 4135: 4131: 4127: 4122: 4120: 4116: 4112: 4108: 4104: 4100: 4096: 4092: 4088: 4084: 4080: 4076: 4072: 4068: 4064: 4060: 4056: 4054: 4050: 4046: 4042: 4038: 4034: 4030: 4026: 4022: 4021: 4016: 4012: 4008: 4007:Mäṣḥafä Kedus 3999: 3997: 3993: 3989: 3980: 3975: 3965: 3963: 3959: 3958:Zagwe dynasty 3955: 3951: 3947: 3943: 3938: 3936: 3932: 3928: 3924: 3920: 3916: 3912: 3908: 3904: 3899: 3897: 3893: 3888: 3882: 3880: 3876: 3872: 3867: 3862: 3855: 3851: 3848:, the former 3847: 3843: 3834: 3832: 3828: 3824: 3820: 3815: 3813: 3809: 3805: 3801: 3797: 3793: 3792:United States 3789: 3788:Law of Return 3785: 3784: 3779: 3775: 3770: 3768: 3767:crypto-Jewish 3764: 3760: 3754: 3752: 3748: 3744: 3740: 3736: 3732: 3727: 3725: 3721: 3717: 3713: 3709: 3705: 3700: 3698: 3694: 3690: 3686: 3682: 3681:Tigray Region 3678: 3677:Amhara Region 3674: 3670: 3666: 3662: 3658: 3654: 3643: 3640: 3632: 3622: 3616: 3615: 3608: 3599: 3598: 3591: 3587: 3583: 3581: 3580:Ethiopic text 3559: 3554: 3552: 3547: 3545: 3540: 3539: 3537: 3536: 3533: 3523: 3522: 3513: 3511: 3508: 3507: 3504: 3502: 3499: 3498: 3492: 3490: 3487: 3486: 3483: 3481: 3478: 3477: 3472: 3467: 3466: 3454: 3452: 3449: 3448: 3442: 3440: 3436: 3435: 3429: 3427: 3424: 3423: 3417: 3415: 3412: 3411: 3406:Post-Colonial 3403: 3402: 3390: 3388: 3385: 3384: 3378: 3376: 3372: 3369: 3368: 3362: 3360: 3356: 3353: 3352: 3346: 3344: 3341: 3340: 3334: 3332: 3329: 3328: 3320: 3319: 3307: 3305: 3302: 3301: 3291: 3289: 3286: 3285: 3279: 3277: 3274: 3273: 3263: 3261: 3260:Zagwe Dynasty 3258: 3257: 3251: 3249: 3246: 3245: 3235: 3233: 3230: 3229: 3219: 3217: 3214: 3213: 3203: 3201: 3198: 3197: 3194: 3192: 3189: 3188: 3180: 3179: 3175: 3171: 3170: 3167: 3161: 3160: 3155: 3150: 3149: 3139: 3134: 3132: 3127: 3125: 3120: 3119: 3117: 3116: 3108: 3105: 3101: 3098: 3097: 3096: 3093: 3091: 3088: 3084: 3081: 3080: 3079: 3076: 3074: 3071: 3069: 3066: 3064: 3061: 3060: 3053: 3052: 3042: 3040: 3037: 3036: 3032: 3030: 3027: 3026: 3022: 3020: 3017: 3016: 3012: 3010: 3007: 3006: 3002: 3000: 2997: 2996: 2992: 2990: 2987: 2986: 2982: 2980: 2977: 2976: 2972: 2970: 2967: 2966: 2961: 2956: 2955: 2945: 2943: 2940: 2939: 2935: 2933: 2930: 2929: 2925: 2923: 2920: 2919: 2915: 2913: 2910: 2909: 2905: 2903: 2900: 2899: 2895: 2893: 2890: 2889: 2885: 2883: 2880: 2879: 2875: 2873: 2870: 2869: 2865: 2863: 2860: 2859: 2855: 2853: 2852:Modernization 2850: 2849: 2845: 2843: 2840: 2839: 2835: 2833: 2830: 2829: 2825: 2823: 2820: 2819: 2811: 2810: 2800: 2798: 2795: 2794: 2790: 2788: 2785: 2784: 2780: 2778: 2775: 2774: 2768: 2766: 2765:Habesh Eyalet 2763: 2762: 2756: 2754: 2751: 2750: 2746: 2744: 2741: 2740: 2732: 2731: 2721: 2719: 2716: 2715: 2711: 2709: 2706: 2705: 2701: 2699: 2698:Zagwe dynasty 2696: 2695: 2691: 2689: 2686: 2685: 2680: 2675: 2674: 2664: 2662: 2659: 2658: 2654: 2652: 2649: 2648: 2643:Early history 2640: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2630: 2627: 2621: 2620: 2615: 2610: 2609: 2599: 2594: 2592: 2587: 2585: 2580: 2579: 2577: 2576: 2571: 2568: 2566: 2563: 2562: 2561: 2560: 2549: 2546: 2544: 2541: 2539: 2536: 2534: 2531: 2529: 2526: 2524: 2521: 2519: 2516: 2514: 2511: 2509: 2506: 2505: 2504: 2503: 2500: 2497: 2496: 2491: 2488: 2486: 2483: 2481: 2478: 2476: 2473: 2471: 2468: 2466: 2463: 2461: 2458: 2457: 2456: 2455: 2452: 2449: 2448: 2443: 2438: 2437: 2430: 2427: 2425: 2422: 2420: 2417: 2415: 2412: 2410: 2409:Judeo-Aramaic 2407: 2405: 2402: 2400: 2399:Judeo-Italian 2397: 2395: 2392: 2390: 2387: 2385: 2382: 2380: 2379:Ghardaïa Sign 2377: 2375: 2372: 2370: 2367: 2365: 2362: 2360: 2357: 2355: 2352: 2350: 2347: 2345: 2342: 2340: 2337: 2335: 2332: 2327: 2323: 2322: 2321: 2318: 2317: 2314: 2309: 2308: 2297: 2294: 2292: 2289: 2287: 2284: 2283: 2282: 2281: 2278: 2275: 2274: 2269: 2266: 2264: 2261: 2259: 2256: 2254: 2251: 2249: 2246: 2244: 2241: 2239: 2236: 2234: 2231: 2230: 2229: 2228: 2225: 2222: 2221: 2216: 2213: 2211: 2208: 2206: 2203: 2201: 2198: 2197: 2196: 2195: 2192: 2189: 2188: 2183: 2180: 2178: 2175: 2174: 2173: 2172: 2169: 2166: 2165: 2160: 2157: 2155: 2152: 2150: 2145: 2142: 2141: 2136: 2134: 2131: 2129: 2126: 2123: 2122: 2117: 2115: 2112: 2110: 2107: 2105: 2102: 2100: 2097: 2096: 2095: 2094: 2090: 2089: 2084: 2079: 2078: 2071: 2068: 2066: 2063: 2061: 2058: 2056: 2053: 2051: 2048: 2046: 2043: 2041: 2038: 2036: 2031: 2027: 2024: 2022: 2019: 2017: 2014: 2013: 2012: 2009: 2008: 2005: 2004:Denominations 2000: 1999: 1988: 1985: 1983: 1980: 1978: 1975: 1973: 1970: 1968: 1965: 1964: 1963: 1962: 1959: 1956: 1955: 1950: 1947: 1945: 1942: 1940: 1937: 1935: 1930: 1928: 1925: 1923: 1920: 1918: 1915: 1913: 1910: 1908: 1905: 1903: 1900: 1898: 1895: 1893: 1890: 1888: 1883: 1881: 1878: 1876: 1873: 1871: 1868: 1866: 1863: 1861: 1858: 1856: 1853: 1852: 1851: 1850: 1847: 1844: 1843: 1838: 1835: 1833: 1832:United States 1830: 1828: 1825: 1824: 1823: 1822: 1818: 1817: 1812: 1807: 1805: 1802: 1800: 1797: 1795: 1792: 1790: 1787: 1785: 1782: 1780: 1777: 1775: 1772: 1770: 1767: 1765: 1762: 1760: 1757: 1755: 1752: 1750: 1747: 1745: 1742: 1740: 1737: 1735: 1732: 1730: 1727: 1725: 1722: 1720: 1717: 1715: 1712: 1710: 1707: 1705: 1702: 1700: 1697: 1695: 1692: 1690: 1687: 1685: 1682: 1680: 1677: 1675: 1672: 1670: 1667: 1665: 1662: 1661: 1660: 1659: 1656: 1653: 1652: 1647: 1644: 1642: 1639: 1637: 1634: 1632: 1629: 1627: 1624: 1622: 1619: 1617: 1614: 1612: 1609: 1607: 1604: 1602: 1599: 1597: 1594: 1592: 1589: 1587: 1584: 1582: 1579: 1577: 1574: 1572: 1569: 1567: 1564: 1562: 1559: 1557: 1554: 1552: 1549: 1547: 1544: 1542: 1539: 1537: 1534: 1532: 1529: 1527: 1524: 1522: 1519: 1517: 1514: 1512: 1509: 1507: 1504: 1502: 1499: 1497: 1494: 1492: 1489: 1487: 1484: 1482: 1479: 1477: 1474: 1472: 1469: 1467: 1464: 1462: 1459: 1457: 1454: 1453: 1452: 1451: 1447: 1446: 1441: 1438: 1436: 1433: 1430: 1426: 1423: 1421: 1418: 1416: 1413: 1411: 1408: 1406: 1401: 1399: 1396: 1394: 1391: 1389: 1386: 1384: 1381: 1378: 1374: 1371: 1369: 1366: 1364: 1361: 1359: 1356: 1354: 1351: 1349: 1346: 1344: 1341: 1339: 1336: 1334: 1331: 1329: 1326: 1324: 1321: 1319: 1318:Guinea-Bissau 1316: 1314: 1311: 1309: 1306: 1304: 1301: 1299: 1296: 1294: 1291: 1289: 1286: 1284: 1281: 1279: 1276: 1274: 1271: 1269: 1266: 1264: 1261: 1259: 1256: 1254: 1251: 1249: 1246: 1244: 1241: 1239: 1236: 1234: 1231: 1230: 1229: 1228: 1225: 1222: 1221: 1216: 1213: 1211: 1208: 1206: 1203: 1202: 1201: 1200: 1197: 1194: 1193: 1188: 1185: 1183: 1180: 1178: 1175: 1173: 1172:Lists of Jews 1170: 1168: 1165: 1164: 1163: 1162: 1157: 1152: 1151: 1140: 1137: 1135: 1132: 1130: 1127: 1123: 1120: 1118: 1115: 1113: 1110: 1108: 1105: 1103: 1100: 1099: 1098: 1095: 1093: 1090: 1088: 1085: 1083: 1080: 1078: 1075: 1073: 1070: 1068: 1065: 1063: 1060: 1059: 1058: 1057: 1053: 1052: 1047: 1044: 1042: 1039: 1037: 1034: 1032: 1029: 1027: 1024: 1022: 1019: 1017: 1014: 1012: 1009: 1007: 1004: 1002: 999: 997: 994: 992: 989: 985: 982: 980: 977: 976: 975: 972: 971: 970: 969: 964: 959: 958: 947: 939: 937: 934: 932: 931:The Holocaust 929: 927: 924: 922: 919: 917: 914: 912: 909: 907: 904: 902: 899: 897: 894: 893: 892: 891: 887: 886: 881: 878: 876: 873: 871: 868: 866: 858: 856: 851: 847: 841: 836: 834: 831: 829: 826: 825: 824: 823: 819: 816: 815: 808: 802: 796: 791: 788: 784: 778: 775: 771: 767: 763: 759: 755: 750: 747: 745: 742: 740: 735: 733: 730: 728: 725: 724: 723: 722: 719: 716: 715: 710: 705: 703: 698: 694: 690: 687: 682: 677: 673: 669: 666: 660: 657: 655: 652: 650: 645: 643: 640: 639: 638: 637: 634: 631: 630: 625: 622: 620: 617: 615: 612: 610: 607: 605: 602: 600: 597: 595: 592: 590: 587: 585: 582: 581: 580: 579: 575: 574: 569: 564: 563: 552: 549: 546: 545: 540: 538: 535: 533: 532:Mishneh Torah 530: 528: 525: 523: 520: 519: 518: 517: 512: 509: 507: 504: 503: 502: 501: 498: 495: 494: 489: 486: 484: 481: 480: 479: 478: 475: 472: 471: 466: 463: 461: 458: 456: 453: 452: 451: 450: 447: 444: 443: 438: 433: 432: 425: 422: 420: 417: 415: 412: 410: 407: 405: 402: 400: 397: 395: 392: 390: 387: 385: 382: 380: 377: 375: 370: 368: 365: 363: 358: 356: 353: 351: 348: 346: 343: 341: 338: 336: 333: 330: 326: 323: 321: 318: 315: 311: 308: 307: 304: 299: 298: 293: 292:Who is a Jew? 290: 288: 285: 284: 283: 282: 279: 275: 272: 271: 267: 263: 262: 255: 254:Qemant people 251: 247: 243: 239: 234: 229: 225: 221: 217: 213: 209: 205: 200: 197: 193: 189: 185: 181: 177: 173: 172:Modern Hebrew 169: 165: 161: 157: 152: 148: 146: 145:United States 134: 131:12,000 (2021) 130: 128: 116: 112: 110: 98: 93: 90: 86: 81: 76: 70: 65: 60: 48: 33: 22: 14344: 14304:Temple Mount 14294:Beth Shemesh 14249:Jordan River 14025: 14018: 14000:Doms (Gypsy) 13995:Palestinians 13814:Arab Muslims 13788: 13777:Bene Ephraim 13772:Bnei Menashe 13650:Samaritanism 13623:Christianity 13579:Conservative 13498:Saint Helena 13469: 13373:South Africa 13363:Sierra Leone 13168:Burkina Faso 13082: 13075: 13061: 12984: 12977: 12965: 12948: 12931: 12765:perspectives 12599:Samaritanism 12560:Neo-Hasidism 12540:Conservative 12454:Names of God 12363: 12344: 12154:Judaeo-Greek 12149:Judeo-Gascon 12088:Lishán Didán 12083:Lishana Deni 12051:Judeo-Yemeni 12019:Judeo-Arabic 11893:Meshuchrarim 11812:Persian Jews 11745:Kurdish Jews 11723:Kaifeng Jews 11672:Beta Abraham 11666: 11635:Galitzianers 11590:Antisemitism 11565:Israeli Jews 11550:Assimilation 11416: 11411: 11406:(1924) 13-78 11403: 11398: 11307: 11293: 11279: 11265: 11251: 11237: 11223: 11209: 11195: 11181: 11174: 11160: 11143: 11142: 11136: 11122: 11108: 11094: 11080: 11066: 11052: 11038: 11024: 11017: 11003: 10989: 10982: 10981: 10968: 10961: 10946: 10939: 10922: 10915: 10901: 10887: 10880: 10873: 10872: 10860: 10853: 10839: 10825: 10818: 10807:. Brooklyn. 10804: 10797: 10783: 10769: 10755: 10748: 10741: 10734: 10727: 10715: 10697: 10680: 10673: 10666: 10665: 10659: 10648: 10636: 10632:Samuel Gobat 10625: 10615: 10605: 10604: 10591: 10590:Don Seeman, 10584: 10570: 10556: 10549: 10548: 10532: 10523: 10512:. Retrieved 10508: 10485:the original 10472: 10461:. Retrieved 10456: 10447: 10404: 10400: 10394: 10382:. Retrieved 10378:the original 10345:. Retrieved 10341: 10300: 10273: 10263: 10252: 10242: 10231: 10221: 10210: 10200: 10188:. Retrieved 10182: 10172: 10161:. Retrieved 10151: 10140:. Retrieved 10135: 10126: 10117: 10109:GlobalVoices 10108: 10099: 10094:, pp. 126–27 10083: 10078: 10064: 10055: 10046: 10034:. Retrieved 10030:the original 10025: 10015: 10005:12 September 10003:. Retrieved 10001:. 2011-12-26 9998: 9989: 9979:12 September 9977:. Retrieved 9975:. 2009-11-16 9972: 9963: 9952:. Retrieved 9950:. 1999-11-17 9947: 9938: 9929: 9919: 9909: 9899: 9874: 9870: 9843: 9834: 9825: 9816: 9805:. Retrieved 9801:the original 9791: 9781:12 September 9779:. Retrieved 9777:. 2010-11-14 9774: 9765: 9757: 9752: 9741: 9730: 9721: 9710: 9699: 9688: 9677:. Retrieved 9675:. 2021-12-22 9672: 9663: 9652:. Retrieved 9643: 9634: 9623:. Retrieved 9621:. 2021-11-14 9618: 9609: 9598:. Retrieved 9594: 9584: 9573:. Retrieved 9564: 9554: 9543:. Retrieved 9534: 9525: 9514:. Retrieved 9510:the original 9505: 9496: 9488: 9483: 9475: 9470: 9461: 9452: 9444: 9439: 9425: 9411: 9402: 9393: 9377: 9371: 9363: 9341: 9330: 9322: 9310: 9288: 9269: 9256: 9250: 9242: 9238: 9233: 9225: 9209: 9200: 9192: 9184: 9176: 9168: 9163: 9151: 9146: 9135:. Retrieved 9131: 9122: 9077: 9073: 9062: 9049: 9035:cite journal 8994: 8990: 8980: 8966:cite journal 8925: 8921: 8894: 8888:. Retrieved 8881:the original 8842: 8838: 8779: 8775: 8765: 8732: 8728: 8683: 8679: 8669: 8658:. Retrieved 8654: 8645: 8634:. Retrieved 8629: 8624: 8605: 8596: 8571:2318/1661894 8543: 8539: 8529: 8515: 8462: 8458: 8448: 8439: 8436:"A1b1 YTree" 8430: 8419:. Retrieved 8415: 8406: 8361: 8357: 8305: 8301: 8262: 8258: 8232:(1): 88–94. 8229: 8225: 8190: 8186: 8147: 8143: 8114: 8110: 8102: 8094: 8089: 8076: 8074:Netta Sela, 8070: 8044:. Retrieved 8037:the original 8024: 8009: 8003: 7983: 7977: 7965: 7957: 7946: 7937: 7929: 7924: 7908: 7899: 7891: 7887: 7879: 7874: 7854: 7834: 7825: 7817: 7812: 7804: 7799: 7790: 7773: 7765: 7760: 7752: 7743: 7735: 7730: 7722: 7717: 7709: 7700: 7692: 7688: 7683: 7675: 7670: 7662: 7657: 7649: 7645: 7637: 7632: 7624: 7621: 7614: 7610: 7575: 7569: 7563: 7558: 7550: 7545: 7537: 7532: 7524: 7519: 7512:Kebra Negast 7511: 7506: 7500: 7492: 7480: 7476: 7471: 7462: 7457: 7448: 7428: 7421: 7409: 7403:Rosh Chodesh 7397: 7388: 7380: 7376: 7372: 7368: 7363: 7355: 7350: 7342: 7337: 7328: 7320: 7315: 7309:(7): 99–123. 7306: 7302: 7292: 7284: 7279: 7271: 7266: 7258: 7254: 7250: 7246: 7207: 7203: 7182: 7177: 7166:. Retrieved 7162: 7152: 7144: 7139: 7132: 7077: 7069: 7064: 7056: 7051: 7039:. Retrieved 7035:the original 7030: 7008: 6987: 6982: 6974: 6969: 6959: 6954: 6940: 6929:. Retrieved 6925:the original 6914: 6905: 6853: 6846: 6833: 6826:Betä Ǝsraʾel 6825: 6819: 6815: 6797: 6784: 6777:Beta Abraham 6762: 6643:Beta Abraham 6593:Seble Wongel 6576: 6560: 6548: 6535: 6516: 6508: 6496: 6488: 6483: 6475: 6471: 6467: 6461: 6434: 6429: 6419: 6413: 6397: 6349: 6340: 6319:תחייה ותהייה 6308: 6293: 6292:conversion ( 6286: 6268:Beta Abraham 6262:Beta Abraham 6252: 6244: 6224: 6220: 6216: 6200: 6192: 6188: 6149: 6142: 6135: 6133: 6129: 6125: 6121: 6113: 6105: 6082: 6076: 6070: 6060: 6055:1997–present 6054: 6044: 6027: 6012: 5971: 5938:Ferede Aklum 5929: 5904: 5700: 5675: 5673: 5655: 5645:ethnogenesis 5627: 5624:Recent views 5618: 5613: 5608:Steve Kaplan 5605: 5566: 5546: 5536: 5506: 5490:purification 5474: 5438: 5417: 5413: 5406: 5402: 5398:Ethiosemitic 5383: 5343: 5312: 5289: 5273:Nilo-Saharan 5269:haplogroup A 5266: 5260: 5252: 5224: 5220: 5210: 5204: 5190:, and Rabbi 5180:Elazar Shach 5171: 5158: 5154:Shlomo Goren 5145:Ovadia Yosef 5142: 5137: 5115:Christianity 5107:tribe of Dan 5102:halakhically 5100: 5097: 5084: 5083:In the same 5082: 5053:tribe of Dan 5042: 5034: 5029: 5021: 5017: 4984:, where the 4982:Atbara River 4963: 4947: 4940: 4937:Tribe of Dan 4930:Kebra Negast 4929: 4927: 4923:Kebra Nagast 4922: 4919:Kebra Nagast 4918: 4907:Kebra Nagast 4906: 4904: 4888:Kebra Negast 4887: 4885: 4862: 4829:Kebra Nagast 4827: 4825: 4783:South Arabia 4766:First Temple 4760:to exile in 4751: 4749: 4745: 4737: 4716:King Solomon 4697:King Solomon 4692:Tribe of Dan 4688: 4639: 4614: 4610: 4606: 4602: 4598: 4594: 4590: 4586: 4582: 4580: 4570: 4560: 4550: 4540: 4536: 4522: 4500: 4499:) on 10 and 4492: 4489:Zikhron Trua 4484: 4474: 4470: 4466: 4462: 4446: 4436: 4422: 4418: 4409:Pesach Sheni 4404: 4394: 4390: 4382: 4378: 4370: 4351: 4346: 4311: 4295: 4287: 4270:Gid hanasheh 4252:Beta Israel 4251: 4242:Dietary laws 4235: 4231: 4227: 4225: 4184: 4180: 4176: 4172: 4168: 4164: 4160: 4156: 4150: 4145: 4141: 4137: 4133: 4129: 4125: 4123: 4057: 4051:, as in the 4018: 4006: 4005: 3985: 3949: 3941: 3939: 3937:(converts). 3934: 3926: 3922: 3918: 3910: 3902: 3900: 3891: 3883: 3858: 3850:Liqa Kahenat 3816: 3806:in 1984 and 3781: 3780:. Following 3771: 3763:Beta Abraham 3755: 3728: 3722:, Wolqayit, 3701: 3656: 3652: 3650: 3635: 3629:January 2024 3626: 3619:Please help 3611: 3577: 3375:World War II 3209:2500–980 BC) 3200:Land of Punt 3183:Pre-colonial 3033:2018–present 2892:World War II 2692:100 – 940 AD 2665:980 – 400 BC 2548:Post-Zionism 2419:Judeo-Berber 2414:Judeo-Arabic 2374:Judeo-Gascon 2121:Pidyon haben 2040:Conservative 1586:Saudi Arabia 1404:South Africa 1393:Sierra Leone 1215:Israeli Jews 1129:Mosaic Arabs 1082:Kaifeng Jews 1005: 943:Arab–Israeli 916:Emancipation 795:Great Revolt 604:Anti-Judaism 599:Antisemitism 594:Name "Judea" 389:Baal teshuva 220:Christianity 215: 207: 175: 160:Predominant: 159: 149:1,000 (2008) 88: 26:Ethnic group 14369:Beta Israel 14349:(1992 book) 14324:Tana Qirqos 14237:Mount Horeb 14227:Mount Sinai 14211:Aaron's rod 13939:Circassians 13794:Falash Mura 13789:Beta Israel 13767:Bene Israel 13425:recognition 13378:South Sudan 13268:Ivory Coast 13007:Catholicism 12589:Hellenistic 12427:Eschatology 12365:Lachoudisch 12290:Lotegorisch 12268:Lachoudisch 12258:Koiné Greek 12171:Judeo-Latin 12108:Palestinian 12002:Palestinian 11851:Mustaʿravim 11777:Afghan Jews 11765:Berber Jews 11689:Bene Israel 11677:Falash Mura 11667:Beta Israel 11585:Persecution 11527:Middle Ages 10918:. Ami-Shav. 10662:. W. Gente. 10612:James Bruce 10233:Daily Bruin 9999:Haaretz.com 9973:Haaretz.com 9185:Geographica 8735:(1): 1–10. 8606:Google Docs 7549:Jankowski, 7514:, §§ 38–64. 7466:centuries.' 7272:Beta Israel 7210:: 247–308. 7084:(Hebrew); " 7041:October 18, 6768:Falash Mura 6728:Agaw people 6629:Faras Muqra 6617:Maru Teferi 6573:Controversy 6509:For years, 6468:Falas Muqra 6464:Martin Flad 6452:Terminology 6422:to Israel. 6404:Mount Herzl 6376:Set Me Free 6241:Falash Mura 6235:Falash Mura 6195:mobile home 6109:Falash Mura 6098:Israeli PM 6022:Addis Ababa 5984:Addis Ababa 5678:of Emperor 5593:Sennacherib 5591:had joined 5551:, numerous 5450:Elephantine 5446:Elephantine 5435:Early views 5364:, and 2.5% 5300:ancient DNA 5237:Falash Mura 5229:Shlomo Amar 5196:Bene Israel 5165:non-Zionist 5049:Ishmaelites 4770:Babylonians 4726:(in modern 4718:of ancient 4599:ṣomä mälěya 4595:asrã ammest 4537:ṣomä mã'rar 4485:ba'āl Matqe 4425:(Harvest – 4419:ṣomä mã'rar 4379:ṣomä fāsikā 4371:ba'āl lisan 4302:gored gored 4262:Deuteronomy 4181:Gadla Sosna 4134:Nagara Muse 4115:Koine Greek 3954:Agaw people 3935:Falash Mura 3866:Beta Israel 3837:Terminology 3831:Falash Mura 3759:Falash Mura 3653:Beta Israel 3494:(1998–2000) 3456:(1974–1991) 3444:(1962–1993) 3431:(1961–1991) 3419:(1952–1962) 3392:(1941–1952) 3380:(1940–1941) 3364:(1936–1941) 3348:(1882–1936) 3336:(1554–1872) 3309:(1734–1936) 3281:(1270–1974) 3225:980–400 BC) 3163:History of 3073:Aristocracy 2862:World War I 2822:Unification 2679:Middle Ages 2623:History of 2543:Revisionist 2533:Neo-Zionism 2140:Zeved habat 1933:Puerto Rico 1759:Netherlands 1591:South Korea 1576:Philippines 1456:Afghanistan 1323:Ivory Coast 1097:Crypto-Jews 1062:Bnei Anusim 1041:Bene Israel 1006:Beta Israel 963:Communities 870:Middle Ages 609:Persecution 384:Bereavement 176:Historical: 30:Beta Israel 21:Bene Israel 14363:Categories 14259:Tabernacle 14175:Mercy seat 14099:Israelites 13949:Vietnamese 13932:Subbotniks 13874:Samaritans 13747:Romaniotes 13683:Ashkenazim 13638:Protestant 13480:(Portugal) 13438:Somaliland 13358:Seychelles 13323:Mozambique 13308:Mauritania 13293:Madagascar 13248:The Gambia 13183:Cape Verde 13002:Anabaptism 12944:Jew (word) 12811:Leadership 12624:Literature 12609:Secularism 12555:Humanistic 12422:Conversion 12392:Philosophy 12233:Judeo-Urdu 11997:Babylonian 11842:Saada Jews 11827:Adeni Jews 11620:Ashkenazim 11575:Samaritans 11542:Population 11497:Israelites 10730:. Praeger. 10514:2018-12-01 10463:2020-05-26 10374:1474180933 10347:2018-12-01 10163:2021-03-06 10142:2020-04-05 10026:Fanack.com 9954:2010-05-05 9807:2020-10-13 9679:2022-01-15 9654:2022-01-15 9625:2022-01-15 9600:2022-01-15 9575:2022-01-15 9545:2022-01-15 9516:2019-07-23 9158:of Israel. 9137:2021-03-05 8890:2017-08-18 8660:2019-07-16 8636:2018-06-27 8632:(Doctoral) 8421:2018-12-23 8046:2009-02-16 7749:Salo Baron 7489:Salo Baron 7319:Shelemay, 7168:2016-07-14 7095:" (Hebrew) 6931:2010-12-25 6864:References 6476:Falas Mura 6472:Faras Mura 6456:See also: 6400:Kiryat Gat 6393:Kiryat Gat 6372:Feker Libi 6360:Eden Alene 6342:Uncut Gems 6159:Population 5754:to Israel 5749:Immigrants 5680:Amda Seyon 5652:conserved. 5515:converted 5502:Septuagint 5458:Psamtik II 5424:Canaanites 5117:and later 5089:Rabbanites 5013:Jacob Meir 4603:ṣomä säňňo 4591:asrã hulat 4571:ṣomä astēr 4535:: another 4497:Yom Kippur 4437:ṣomä tomos 4403:: another 4232:bet maqdas 4169:Abba Elias 4119:Maccabbees 3986:Haymanot ( 3896:Israelites 3892:Esra'elawi 3778:Jewishness 3269:1137–1270) 3253:(960–1557) 3191:Prehistory 3039:Tigray War 2942:Ogaden War 2651:Prehistory 2528:Maximalism 2480:Secularism 2460:Autonomism 2277:Literature 2070:Humanistic 1674:Azerbaijan 1636:Uzbekistan 1611:Tajikistan 1531:Kyrgyzstan 1516:Kazakhstan 1363:Mozambique 1338:Madagascar 1258:Cape Verde 1210:New Yishuv 1205:Old Yishuv 1156:Population 1134:Subbotniks 1092:Samaritans 1031:Romanyotim 974:Ashkenazim 921:Old Yishuv 901:Sabbateans 888:Modern era 880:Golden Age 807:Bar Kokhba 527:Beit Yosef 394:Philosophy 14289:Philistia 14284:Eben-Ezer 14220:Locations 14159:Menelik I 13975:Filipinos 13912:Armenians 13884:Maronites 13869:Assyrians 13784:Ethiopian 13698:Bulgarian 13616:Ahmadiyya 13313:Mauritius 13064:indicate 13012:Mormonism 12997:Christian 12877:Symbolism 12865:Synagogue 12845:Mythology 12806:Education 12777:Astronomy 12760:Astrology 12577:relations 12382:Zarphatic 12330:Galitzish 12132:Yeshivish 12009:Catalanic 11972:Samaritan 11947:Ashkenazi 11928:Diasporic 11923:Languages 11868:Sephardim 11863:Romaniote 11750:Krymchaks 11684:Desi Jews 11560:Buddhists 10719:, London. 10439:162453091 10431:0008-0055 10422:1887/9021 10190:March 25, 9891:145674713 9877:: 49–75. 9760:, p. 190. 9177:Histories 9173:Herodotus 9096:0092-8674 8899:Also see 8796:0002-9297 8749:0002-9483 8580:0036-8075 8489:1932-6203 8440:yfull.com 8380:1474-760X 8364:(1): 20. 7998:11.3.2006 7970:NYU Press 7913:Volume 17 7867:233235313 7855:responsum 7843:cite book 7602:162453091 7593:1887/9021 7413:see also 7367:Aešcoly, 7354:Aešcoly, 7270:Salamon, 7226:2363-6696 6814:, modern 6497:In 1860, 6383:Monuments 6119:Judaism. 6061:2018–2020 6045:1992–1999 6013:1990–1991 5966:Manhattan 5606:In 1987, 5496:, are of 5466:Abyssinia 5454:Psamtik I 5386:autosomal 5370:gene flow 5335:Levantine 5168:Ashkenazi 5143:In 1973, 5132:responsum 5123:Christian 5085:responsum 4774:Cleopatra 4709:Solomonic 4636:Languages 4611:ṣomä 'arb 4607:ṣomä amus 4551:ṣomä tibt 4493:astasreyo 4340:) in the 4318:leap year 4258:Leviticus 4236:ṣalot bet 4197:Synagogue 4146:Gorgoryos 4130:Mota Musé 4126:Mota Aron 4085:, Baruch 4069:, Esdras 4025:Octateuch 3901:The name 3814:in 1991. 3708:Christian 3659:, are an 3090:Expansion 3043:2020–2022 3023:2014–2016 3013:2011–2012 3003:2006–2009 2983:1998–2018 2973:1998–2000 2946:1977–1978 2936:1974–1991 2926:1961–1991 2916:1952–1962 2906:1941–1943 2886:1936–1941 2876:1935–1936 2866:1914–1918 2856:1913–1974 2846:1895–1896 2836:1878–1904 2826:1855–1913 2801:1832–1848 2791:1769–1855 2781:1632–1769 2747:1527–1543 2722:1314–1344 2712:1270–1529 2538:Religious 2394:Zarphatic 2384:Bukharian 2354:Judeo-Tat 2339:Yeshivish 2313:Languages 2268:Sephardic 2258:Israelite 2248:Ethiopian 2238:Ashkenazi 2177:Religious 1967:Australia 1949:Venezuela 1855:Argentina 1837:Greenland 1749:Lithuania 1601:Sri Lanka 1596:Singapore 1521:Kurdistan 1486:Indonesia 1476:Hong Kong 1429:Abayudaya 1353:Mauritius 1087:Igbo Jews 1077:Krymchaks 996:Sephardim 864:relations 758:Sadducees 754:Pharisees 744:Sanhedrin 659:Jerusalem 419:Synagogue 287:Etymology 216:Minority: 208:Majority: 154:Languages 14189:Contents 14134:Jeremiah 14005:Sudanese 13944:Bosniaks 13927:Russians 13891:Lebanese 13879:Arameans 13853:Lebanese 13742:Karaites 13735:Yemenite 13715:Mizrahim 13703:Moroccan 13688:Romanian 13665:Buddhism 13660:Hinduism 13633:Catholic 13594:Haymanot 13574:Rabbinic 13504: / 13500: / 13493:(France) 13487: / 13465: / 13461: / 13413:Zimbabwe 13388:Tanzania 13238:Ethiopia 13233:Eswatini 13213:Djibouti 13178:Cameroon 13163:Botswana 13077:Category 13047:Hinduism 13037:Buddhism 12939:Genetics 12855:Politics 12828:Marriage 12787:Holidays 12782:Calendar 12663:Rabbinic 12639:/Hebrew 12584:Haymanot 12511:Orthodox 12498:Branches 12471:Kabbalah 12466:Haskalah 12444:Holiness 12320:dialects 12300:Shassagh 12263:Krymchak 12243:Kayliñña 12137:Yinglish 12113:Galilean 12103:Talmudic 12098:Biblical 12073:Betanure 11992:Biblical 11987:Mishnaic 11982:Medieval 11967:Tiberian 11962:Yemenite 11952:Sephardi 11888:Paradesi 11832:Ḥabbanim 11822:Teimanim 11787:Baghdadi 11760:Maghrebi 11728:Karaites 11706:Gruzínim 11694:Kochinim 11612:Diaspora 11570:Karaites 11555:Atheists 11492:Timeline 11388:Archived 11321:(Hebrew) 10938:(1987). 10874:Religion 10713:(1932). 10696:(1983). 10658:(1921). 10614:(1790). 10370:ProQuest 9948:BBC News 9775:BBC News 9673:Ynetnews 9648:Archived 9569:Archived 9539:Archived 9491:, p. 139 9382:Archived 9315:Archived 9281:Archived 9114:32470400 9105:10212583 9019:20531471 8950:20531471 8877:19407144 8814:15457403 8757:20623605 8710:11910562 8588:26449472 8507:21253605 8459:PLOS ONE 8398:29433568 8334:20925954 8289:20635188 8246:16377389 8217:15457403 8174:14973781 8131:90214561 8055:cite web 8014:Archived 7988:Archived 7917:page 105 7780:Archived 7553:, 65–71. 7245:Quirun, 7133:Ha'aretz 7125:Archived 7089:Archived 6806:ቤተ እስራኤል 6732:Ethiopia 6649:See also 6605:Eli Dasa 6420:en route 6230:Converts 6182:Israeli 5831:181,505 5820:956,319 5809:153,833 5798:267,580 5787:427,828 5776:297,138 5765:687,624 5597:Tirhakah 5585:Hezekiah 5553:Sabaeans 5394:Cushitic 5356:, 19.5% 5323:Cushitic 5283:and the 5243:Genetics 5225:halakhic 5186:, Rabbi 5182:, Rabbi 5073:Oral Law 5065:Karaites 4958:Jeroboam 4900:Rehoboam 4877:Hezekiah 4844:and the 4834:Ethiopia 4795:Ethiopia 4778:Augustus 4728:Ethiopia 4654:Tigrinya 4529:) on 29. 4523:měhlělla 4511:Cheshvan 4491:) on 1, 4467:ṣomä lul 4463:awd amet 4429:) on 12. 4387:Passover 4377:) on 1, 4375:New Year 4352:Haymanot 4348:Holidays 4330:Gyptians 4266:Jubilees 4083:Jubilees 3974:Haymanot 3968:Religion 3946:Yeshaq I 3875:Se'azana 3783:halakhic 3751:Haymanot 3737:form of 3735:Talmudic 3724:Tselemti 3704:Ethiopia 3685:Ethiopia 3671:and the 3612:may use 3323:Colonial 3154:a series 3152:Part of 3100:Aksumite 3095:Currency 3078:Military 2702:900–1270 2625:Ethiopia 2614:a series 2612:Part of 2565:Category 2523:Kahanism 2470:Feminism 2442:Politics 2326:Biblical 2296:American 2243:Bukharan 2233:American 2133:Shidduch 2109:Clothing 2065:Haymanot 2011:Orthodox 1939:Suriname 1922:Paraguay 1875:Colombia 1774:Portugal 1684:Bulgaria 1621:Thailand 1571:Pakistan 1551:Mongolia 1546:Malaysia 1466:Cambodia 1440:Zimbabwe 1415:Tanzania 1293:Eswatini 1283:Ethiopia 1273:Djibouti 1253:Cameroon 1248:Botswana 1177:Diaspora 1139:Noahides 1112:Marranos 1036:Cochinim 1021:Bukharim 1011:Gruzinim 1001:Teimanim 991:Mizrahim 979:Galician 945:conflict 906:Hasidism 896:Haskalah 801:Diaspora 672:timeline 584:Timeline 497:Rabbinic 404:Kabbalah 379:Marriage 355:Tzedakah 345:Holidays 303:Religion 266:a series 264:Part of 202:Religion 168:Tigrinya 127:Ethiopia 53:ቤተ እስራኤል 14338:Related 14244:Jericho 14154:Solomon 14119:Oholiab 14109:Bezalel 14104:Levites 14089:Kohanim 13970:Chinese 13922:Indians 13829:Galilee 13824:Bedouin 13752:Italkim 13730:Kurdish 13725:Iranian 13708:Turkish 13693:Russian 13645:Druzism 13589:Karaite 13569:Judaism 13489:Réunion 13485:Mayotte 13476:Madeira 13471:(Spain) 13467:Melilla 13398:Tunisia 13368:Somalia 13353:Senegal 13338:Nigeria 13328:Namibia 13318:Morocco 13283:Liberia 13278:Lesotho 13228:Eritrea 13198:Comoros 13173:Burundi 13148:Algeria 13062:Italics 12887:Studies 12833:Divorce 12799:Kashrut 12794:Cuisine 12752:Culture 12683:Midrash 12678:Tosefta 12668:Mishnah 12656:Ketuvim 12651:Nevi'im 12614:Schisms 12604:Science 12594:Karaite 12565:Renewal 12526:Litvaks 12521:Hasidic 12476:Sefirot 12461:Halakha 12432:Messiah 12405:Mitzvah 12400:Beliefs 12354:Western 12340:Poylish 12335:Litvish 12325:Eastern 12315:Yiddish 12310:Shuadit 12295:Qwareña 12283:Tetuani 12278:Haketia 12253:Knaanic 12248:Kivruli 12196:Bukhori 12142:Heblish 12078:Hulaulá 12068:Barzani 12024:Yahudic 11957:Mizrahi 11817:Urfalim 11772:Mizrahi 11716:Neofiti 11711:Italkim 11640:Lita'im 11532:Zionism 11484:History 11458:Judaism 11144:Society 10667:History 10550:General 10384:2 April 10275:Haaretz 10184:Haaretz 9924:127–44. 9904:385–87. 9735:JNS org 9595:Haaretz 9323:Pe'amim 9289:Pe'amim 9262:Megadim 9132:Haaretz 9027:4307824 8999:Bibcode 8958:4307824 8930:Bibcode 8868:2947357 8847:Bibcode 8839:Science 8805:1182106 8548:Bibcode 8540:Science 8498:3017091 8467:Bibcode 8389:5809971 8325:2964539 8280:2921485 8208:1182106 8165:1182266 7996:Haaretz 7994:, מוסף 7859:Livorno 7615:Budge, 7504:Budge, 7358:, p. 56 7323:, p. 42 6906:JNS.org 6850:Amharic 6639:Shamane 6567:Judaism 6524:of the 6519:Achefer 6517:In the 6493:History 6448:award. 6439:hip hop 6416:Rehovot 6288:Slavery 5950:Wolqayt 5886:16,968 5875:16,557 5864:16,892 5853:16,633 5842:86,855 5836:2005-09 5825:2000–04 5814:1990–99 5803:1980–89 5792:1972–79 5781:1961–71 5770:1952–60 5759:1948–51 5716:Dawit I 5712:Dembiya 5708:Tselemt 5692:Tsegede 5688:Tselemt 5664:History 5643:A late 5610:wrote: 5581:Judeans 5557:Red Sea 5344:A 2011 5277:Khoisan 5061:Boethus 5003:of the 4863:In the 4842:Solomon 4815:Phinhas 4803:Eritrea 4768:by the 4705:Menelik 4699:or the 4680:Origins 4660:, both 4658:Amharic 4625:Culture 4619:Sabbath 4481:Tishrei 4447:ṣomä ab 4427:Shavuot 4350:in the 4338:ה'תשע"א 4254:kashrut 4248:Kashrut 4214:Netivot 4165:Fālasfā 4142:Arde'et 4103:Abraham 3956:of the 3927:Oritawi 3823:Eritrea 3739:Judaism 3663:of the 3165:Eritrea 3107:Famines 3068:Emperor 2655: 2508:General 2499:Zionism 2475:Leftism 2465:Bundism 2389:Knaanic 2349:Yevanic 2334:Yiddish 2291:Yiddish 2286:Israeli 2263:Mizrahi 2253:Israeli 2224:Cuisine 2200:Ancient 2182:Secular 2128:Kashrut 2104:Wedding 2091:Customs 2083:Culture 2060:Science 2055:Renewal 2045:Karaite 2026:Hasidic 1958:Oceania 1944:Uruguay 1912:Jamaica 1892:Ecuador 1860:Bolivia 1804:Ukraine 1779:Romania 1754:Moldova 1734:Hungary 1724:Germany 1719:Georgia 1709:Finland 1704:Estonia 1699:Denmark 1694:Czechia 1679:Belarus 1669:Austria 1664:Armenia 1641:Vietnam 1556:Myanmar 1541:Lebanon 1461:Bahrain 1420:Tunisia 1398:Somalia 1373:Nigeria 1368:Namibia 1358:Morocco 1288:Eritrea 1233:Algeria 1117:Neofiti 1026:Italkim 1016:Juhurim 926:Zionism 875:Khazars 770:Sicarii 766:Zealots 762:Essenes 749:Schisms 614:Leaders 576:General 568:History 511:Tosefta 506:Midrash 483:Mishnah 465:Ketuvim 460:Nevi'im 409:Customs 340:Shabbat 335:Halakha 327: ( 325:Mitzvot 312: ( 278:Judaism 240:(i.e., 212:Judaism 164:Amharic 89:173,500 57: ( 45: ( 42:‎ 14279:Gilgal 14274:Gibeah 14269:Shiloh 14180:Cherub 14144:Samuel 14139:Joshua 14124:Kehath 14077:People 14071:topics 13980:Greeks 13762:Cochin 13757:Indian 13584:Reform 13508: 13491: 13478: 13408:Zambia 13403:Uganda 13343:Rwanda 13298:Malawi 13258:Guinea 13153:Angola 12870:Hazzan 12860:Prayer 12737:Siddur 12673:Talmud 12637:Tanakh 12572:Neolog 12545:Reform 12533:Modern 12516:Haredi 12439:Ethics 12305:Shassi 12273:Ladino 12238:Karaim 12221:Juhuri 12063:Targum 11977:Signed 11942:Modern 11937:Hebrew 11905:Xuetes 11701:Dönmeh 11660:Yekkes 11314: 11300: 11286: 11272: 11258: 11244: 11230: 11216: 11202: 11188: 11167: 11153: 11129: 11115: 11101: 11087: 11073: 11059: 11045: 11031: 11010: 10996: 10983:Aliyah 10975: 10929: 10908: 10894: 10846: 10832: 10811: 10790: 10776: 10762: 10704: 10687: 10598: 10577: 10563: 10437: 10429: 10372: 10308: 10090: 10036:19 May 9889: 9487:Bard, 9181:Strabo 9112: 9102: 9094: 9025: 9017: 8991:Nature 8956: 8948: 8922:Nature 8875: 8865: 8812: 8802: 8794: 8755: 8747: 8708: 8701:447595 8698: 8586: 8578: 8505: 8495: 8487: 8396: 8386: 8378: 8332: 8322: 8308:: 57. 8287: 8277: 8244: 8215: 8205: 8172: 8162: 8129: 7951:p. 104 7941:Rabbi 7903:Rabbi 7865: 7600: 7436: 7224: 7159:"Home" 6839:Hebrew 6790:Hebrew 6775:. The 6522:woreda 6355:Sudan. 6315:Hebrew 6273:Slaves 6203:aliyah 5976:Gondar 5946:Tigray 5934:Mossad 5839:12,586 5828:14,859 5817:39,651 5806:16,965 5738:Israel 5734:Aliyah 5704:Semien 5696:Wegara 5684:Semien 5589:Shebna 5498:Hebrew 5492:, and 5486:Easter 5470:Shebna 5462:Sennar 5319:J-M267 5308:Omotic 5296:E-M329 5207:mikveh 5161:poskim 5147:, the 5127:Muslim 5035:Rabbi 4950:Samson 4720:Israel 4670:Hebrew 4615:Sanbat 4557:Shevat 4541:mã'rar 4533:Kislev 4505:Sukkot 4433:Tammuz 4423:mã'rar 4405:fāsikā 4391:gadfat 4383:fāsikā 4334:Hebrew 4264:, and 4228:masgid 4218:Israel 4109:, and 4077:, the 4067:Judith 4063:Sirach 4037:Judges 4033:Joshua 4027:: the 3915:Hebrew 3911:Ibrawi 3854:Israel 3712:Muslim 3697:Africa 3156:on the 3056:Topics 2616:on the 2570:Portal 2429:Domari 2359:Shassi 2320:Hebrew 2215:Humour 2159:Hiloni 2154:Aliyah 2114:Niddah 2099:Minyan 2034:Reform 2021:Haredi 2016:Modern 1917:Mexico 1902:Guyana 1865:Brazil 1827:Canada 1799:Sweden 1789:Serbia 1784:Russia 1769:Poland 1764:Norway 1744:Latvia 1729:Greece 1714:France 1689:Cyprus 1655:Europe 1626:Turkey 1616:Taiwan 1526:Kuwait 1511:Jordan 1501:Israel 1435:Zambia 1425:Uganda 1343:Malawi 1313:Guinea 1303:Gambia 1238:Angola 1224:Africa 1107:Dönmeh 1102:Anusim 1046:Berber 984:Litvak 936:Israel 842: 779: 693:Second 661: 522:Targum 488:Gemara 474:Talmud 446:Tanakh 399:Ethics 350:Prayer 236:Other 142: 124: 109:Israel 106: 77:, 1932 75:Gondar 47:Hebrew 14206:Manna 14149:Uzzah 14084:Moses 13990:Kurds 13985:Turks 13917:Dutch 13848:Druze 13834:Negev 13806:Arabs 13720:Iraqi 13655:Bahai 13606:Sunni 13601:Islam 13463:Ceuta 13383:Sudan 13333:Niger 13288:Libya 13273:Kenya 13253:Ghana 13243:Gabon 13218:Egypt 13158:Benin 13042:Islam 12850:Names 12840:Music 12821:Rebbe 12816:Rabbi 12770:Monen 12725:Zohar 12646:Torah 12641:Bible 11755:Lemba 11630:Chuts 10723:47–59 10488:(PDF) 10481:(PDF) 10435:S2CID 9887:S2CID 9023:S2CID 8954:S2CID 8884:(PDF) 8835:(PDF) 8127:S2CID 8040:(PDF) 8033:(PDF) 7598:S2CID 7321:Music 6802:Ge'ez 6754:Notes 6730:from 6294:giyur 6049:Qwara 6036:El Al 5923:Kenya 5919:Sudan 5872:2,432 5861:2,666 5850:1,652 5744:Years 5517:Agaws 5442:Yemen 5360:, 5% 5327:E-M35 5315:E-M35 5172:safek 5119:Islam 5057:Sadok 4978:Qwara 4974:Sudan 4970:Nubia 4911:Gudit 4892:Judea 4865:Bible 4836:with 4811:Yemen 4807:Kaleb 4799:Quara 4791:Sudan 4787:Yemen 4762:Egypt 4666:Geʽez 4646:Kayla 4642:Qwara 4587:asärt 4563:on 1. 4547:Tevet 4519:Moses 4515:Moses 4415:Sivan 4367:Nisan 4298:kitfo 4290:Kahen 4157:Barok 4111:Jacob 4107:Isaac 4099:Enoch 4095:Tobit 4031:plus 4011:Geʽez 4002:Texts 3988:Ge'ez 3950:Zagwe 3931:Torah 3923:barya 3919:chawa 3903:Ayhud 3879:Ezana 3871:Ge'ez 3800:Sudan 3655:, or 2688:Aksum 2518:Labor 2513:Green 2210:Dance 2168:Music 1987:Palau 1907:Haiti 1870:Chile 1794:Spain 1739:Italy 1646:Yemen 1606:Syria 1581:Qatar 1561:Nepal 1506:Japan 1481:India 1471:China 1410:Sudan 1333:Libya 1328:Kenya 1308:Ghana 1298:Gabon 1278:Egypt 1263:Benin 1122:Xueta 1067:Lemba 686:First 551:Zohar 455:Torah 437:Texts 424:Rabbi 414:Rites 314:names 196:Geʽez 188:Qwara 184:Kayla 59:Geʽez 13675:Jews 13611:Shia 13393:Togo 13303:Mali 13193:Chad 11456:and 11454:Jews 11312:ISBN 11298:ISBN 11284:ISBN 11270:ISBN 11256:ISBN 11242:ISBN 11228:ISBN 11214:ISBN 11200:ISBN 11186:ISBN 11165:ISBN 11151:ISBN 11127:ISBN 11113:ISBN 11099:ISBN 11085:ISBN 11071:ISBN 11057:ISBN 11043:ISBN 11029:ISBN 11008:ISBN 10994:ISBN 10973:ISBN 10927:ISBN 10906:ISBN 10892:ISBN 10844:ISBN 10830:ISBN 10809:ISBN 10800:, 3. 10788:ISBN 10774:ISBN 10760:ISBN 10702:ISBN 10685:ISBN 10596:ISBN 10575:ISBN 10561:ISBN 10427:ISSN 10386:2024 10322:here 10318:here 10306:ISBN 10192:2009 10088:ISBN 10038:2015 10007:2015 9981:2015 9783:2015 9704:ICEJ 9110:PMID 9092:ISSN 9074:Cell 9041:link 9015:PMID 8972:link 8946:PMID 8873:PMID 8810:PMID 8792:ISSN 8753:PMID 8745:ISSN 8706:PMID 8584:PMID 8576:ISSN 8503:PMID 8485:ISSN 8394:PMID 8376:ISSN 8330:PMID 8285:PMID 8242:PMID 8213:PMID 8170:PMID 8082:ynet 8061:link 7863:OCLC 7849:link 7747:See 7434:ISBN 7401:see 7222:ISSN 7043:2018 6766:The 6634:Mary 6554:and 6474:and 6281:and 6172:and 6083:2023 6077:2022 6071:2021 5962:HIAS 5954:TPLF 5948:and 5907:Derg 5880:2013 5869:2012 5858:2011 5847:2010 5706:and 5694:and 5494:alms 5482:idol 5478:Hell 5464:and 5396:and 5317:and 5275:and 5125:and 5059:and 5011:and 4986:Nile 4886:The 4873:Kush 4852:and 4656:and 4644:and 4567:Adar 4539:and 4527:Sigd 4459:Elul 4401:Iyar 4395:buho 4151:Ezra 4089:and 4073:and 4041:Ruth 4039:and 4020:Orit 3907:Jews 3877:and 3863:the 3710:and 3679:and 3651:The 2993:2005 2896:1941 2661:Dʿmt 1977:Guam 1972:Fiji 1927:Peru 1880:Cuba 1566:Oman 1536:Laos 1496:Iraq 1491:Iran 1448:Asia 1377:Igbo 1348:Mali 367:Brit 276:and 274:Jews 244:and 238:Jews 14168:Lid 12449:God 10417:hdl 10409:doi 9879:doi 9100:PMC 9082:doi 9078:181 9007:doi 8995:466 8938:doi 8926:466 8863:PMC 8855:doi 8843:324 8800:PMC 8784:doi 8737:doi 8733:144 8696:PMC 8688:doi 8566:hdl 8556:doi 8544:350 8493:PMC 8475:doi 8384:PMC 8366:doi 8320:PMC 8310:doi 8275:PMC 8267:doi 8263:128 8234:doi 8203:PMC 8195:doi 8160:PMC 8152:doi 8119:doi 7588:hdl 7580:doi 7212:doi 6821:EAe 6366:in 6313:" ( 5964:in 5921:or 5883:450 5795:306 5504:." 5456:or 5389:DNA 4753:sic 4621:). 4461:: 4300:or 4216:in 3753:. 3373:of 3357:of 2191:Art 537:Tur 329:613 248:), 190:), 14365:: 14264:Ai 10953:, 10949:. 10646:, 10634:, 10624:, 10531:. 10507:. 10496:^ 10455:. 10433:. 10425:. 10415:. 10405:30 10403:. 10368:. 10356:^ 10340:. 10329:^ 10284:^ 10272:. 10251:. 10230:. 10209:. 10181:. 10134:. 10107:. 10054:. 10024:. 9997:. 9971:. 9946:. 9885:. 9875:44 9873:. 9857:^ 9833:. 9773:. 9671:. 9642:. 9617:. 9593:. 9567:. 9563:. 9533:. 9504:. 9460:. 9401:. 9355:^ 9321:, 9308:, 9296:^ 9287:, 9276:, 9260:, 9217:^ 9208:, 9191:, 9183:, 9175:, 9130:. 9108:. 9098:. 9090:. 9076:. 9072:. 9037:}} 9033:{{ 9021:. 9013:. 9005:. 8993:. 8989:. 8968:}} 8964:{{ 8952:. 8944:. 8936:. 8924:. 8920:. 8908:^ 8893:. 8871:. 8861:. 8853:. 8841:. 8837:. 8822:^ 8808:. 8798:. 8790:. 8780:75 8778:. 8774:. 8751:. 8743:. 8731:. 8718:^ 8704:. 8694:. 8684:70 8682:. 8678:. 8653:. 8628:. 8614:^ 8604:. 8582:. 8574:. 8564:. 8554:. 8542:. 8538:. 8501:. 8491:. 8483:. 8473:. 8461:. 8457:. 8438:. 8414:. 8392:. 8382:. 8374:. 8362:19 8360:. 8356:. 8344:^ 8328:. 8318:. 8304:. 8300:. 8283:. 8273:. 8261:. 8257:. 8240:. 8230:47 8228:. 8211:. 8201:. 8191:75 8189:. 8185:. 8168:. 8158:. 8148:74 8146:. 8142:. 8125:. 8115:69 8113:. 8080:, 8057:}} 8053:{{ 7968:, 7949:, 7945:, 7911:, 7907:, 7845:}} 7841:{{ 7751:, 7625:, 7596:. 7586:. 7576:30 7574:. 7510:, 7491:, 7305:. 7301:. 7234:^ 7220:. 7206:. 7202:. 7190:^ 7161:. 7131:, 7115:^ 7100:^ 7029:. 7017:^ 7007:. 6995:^ 6904:. 6892:^ 6884:: 6872:^ 6845:: 6841:: 6824:: 6818:, 6808:, 6804:: 6800:; 6796:, 6792:: 6569:. 6470:, 6433:(" 6317:: 6258:. 5925:. 5784:98 5773:59 5762:10 5698:. 5690:, 5686:, 5603:. 5488:, 5484:, 5480:, 5426:. 5358:M1 5354:R0 5202:. 5095:. 4883:. 4860:. 4569:: 4559:: 4549:: 4483:: 4445:: 4443:Av 4435:: 4417:: 4369:: 4336:: 4304:. 4260:, 4155:, 4105:, 4097:, 4093:, 4081:, 4065:, 4055:. 4035:, 3964:. 3905:(' 3718:, 3295:c. 3267:c. 3239:c. 3223:c. 3207:c. 804:, 798:, 768:, 764:, 760:, 756:, 268:on 252:, 194:, 186:, 170:, 166:, 14061:e 14054:t 14047:v 13545:e 13538:t 13531:v 13126:e 13119:t 13112:v 11930:) 11926:( 11446:e 11439:t 11432:v 11417:3 11404:1 11177:. 10957:. 10618:. 10535:. 10517:. 10466:. 10441:. 10419:: 10411:: 10388:. 10350:. 10324:. 10314:. 10278:. 10257:. 10236:. 10215:. 10194:. 10166:. 10145:. 10072:. 10058:. 10040:. 10009:. 9983:. 9957:. 9893:. 9881:: 9851:. 9810:. 9785:. 9682:. 9657:. 9628:. 9603:. 9578:. 9548:. 9519:. 9433:. 9419:. 9405:. 9140:. 9116:. 9084:: 9043:) 9029:. 9009:: 9001:: 8974:) 8960:. 8940:: 8932:: 8903:. 8857:: 8849:: 8816:. 8786:: 8759:. 8739:: 8712:. 8690:: 8663:. 8639:. 8608:. 8590:. 8568:: 8558:: 8550:: 8523:. 8509:. 8477:: 8469:: 8463:6 8442:. 8424:. 8400:. 8368:: 8336:. 8312:: 8306:5 8291:. 8269:: 8248:. 8236:: 8219:. 8197:: 8176:. 8154:: 8133:. 8121:: 8063:) 8049:. 7919:. 7869:) 7851:) 7604:. 7590:: 7582:: 7442:. 7307:1 7228:. 7214:: 7208:6 7171:. 7045:. 7011:. 6948:. 6934:. 6908:. 6856:) 6837:( 6788:( 6636:) 6333:. 6296:) 6032:) 5968:. 5366:U 5362:W 4972:( 4617:( 4385:( 4091:4 4087:1 4075:2 4071:1 3929:" 3913:" 3894:" 3642:) 3636:( 3631:) 3627:( 3623:. 3617:. 3582:. 3557:e 3550:t 3543:v 3293:( 3265:( 3237:( 3221:( 3205:( 3137:e 3130:t 3123:v 2597:e 2590:t 2583:v 1431:) 1427:( 1379:) 1375:( 848:) 844:( 810:) 793:( 786:) 781:( 772:) 752:( 695:) 684:( 674:) 663:( 331:) 316:) 226:) 222:( 182:( 61:) 49:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.