412:
227:
25:
124:
1971:
978:
except for certain drugs that people with asthma may use; they are also used illegally to try to promote the growth of livestock. A 2011 meta-analysis found no evidence that inhaled β₂-agonists improve performance in healthy athletes and found that the evidence was too weak to assess whether systemic
322:
and thereby tend to hyperpolarize airway smooth muscle cells. The combination of decreased intracellular calcium, increased membrane potassium conductance, and decreased myosin light chain kinase activity leads to smooth muscle relaxation and bronchodilation.
615:
from use in the treatment of asthma. When these two drugs are used without steroids, they increase the risks of more severe attacks. They said that two other, much more popular, asthma drugs containing long-acting β agonists—Advair and
1902:
Pluim BM, de Hon O, Staal JB, Limpens J, Kuipers H, Overbeek SE, et al. (January 2011). "β₂-Agonists and physical performance: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials".
1389:
Sorino C, Negri S, Spanevello A, Visca D, Scichilone N (May 2020). "Inhalation therapy devices for the treatment of obstructive lung diseases: the history of inhalers towards the ideal inhaler".
1835:
Matera MG, Rinaldi B, Calzetta L, Rogliani P, Cazzola M (November 2023). "Advances in adrenergic receptors for the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: 2023 update".
5057:
1304:
McCoshen JA, Fernandes PA, Boroditsky ML, Allardice JG (January 1996). "Determinants of
Reproductive Mortality and Preterm Childbirth". In Bittar EE, Zakar T (eds.).
2705:
1060:"Inhaled corticosteroids with combination inhaled long-acting beta2-agonists and long-acting muscarinic antagonists for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease"
5694:
5050:
912:
2782:
1741:
Cazzola M, Matera MG, Lötvall J (July 2005). "Ultra long-acting beta 2-agonists in development for asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease".
529:. Nebulizers continuously deliver aerosolized drug and salbutamol delivered through nebulizer was found to be more effective than IV administration.
5679:
5043:
3647:
3627:
1874:
5719:
370:
More severe effects include paradoxical bronchospasm, hypokalemia, and in rare cases a myocardial infarction. (More severe effects, such as
5689:
5213:
2698:
2003:
394:
use has been associated with an increased risk of asthma exacerbations and asthma-related hospitalizations. The excipients, in particular
5223:
988:
637:
89:
1609:
4355:
3682:
2935:
433:
248:
61:
42:
5013:
2457:
1657:
Matera MG, Cazzola M (2007). "ultra-long-acting beta2-adrenoceptor agonists: an emerging therapeutic option for asthma and COPD?".
2691:
68:
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5773:
5558:
5177:
5075:
4977:
1497:
1453:
1321:
1227:
633:
604:
210:
213:(COPD) and are usually used in combination with short acting medications and long acting medications in a combined inhaler.
75:
5004:
319:
5817:
5714:
2610:
2554:
1566:"Meta-analysis: anticholinergics, but not beta-agonists, reduce severe exacerbations and respiratory mortality in COPD"
1118:
Proskocil BJ, Fryer AD (1 November 2005). "Beta2-agonist and anticholinergic drugs in the treatment of lung disease".
5709:
5704:
2263:
758:
720:
699:
678:
496:
459:
274:
108:
57:
441:
256:
5790:
2447:
1996:
1610:"Common beta-agonist inhalers more than double death rate in COPD patients, Cornell and Stanford scientists assert"
5759:
5576:
2629:
2543:
879:
335:
stimulants, especially in parenteral administration such as inhalation or injection, can induce adverse effects:
1702:"Abediterol (LAS100977), a novel long-acting β2-agonist: efficacy, safety and tolerability in persistent asthma"
5729:
5699:
5022:
2615:
952:
886:
488:
which dispense a powder to be inhaled, or soft mist inhalers which dispense a mist without use of propellants.
437:
311:
299:
252:
46:
1261:
Lulich KM, Goldie RG, Ryan G, Paterson JW (July 1986). "Adverse reactions to beta 2-agonist bronchodilators".
5669:
4013:
2437:
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2085:
5035:
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2604:
2376:
565:
3847:
3397:
3137:
2725:
2519:
2292:
1989:
1477:
971:
599:, and salbutamol/albuterol ) increased the risk of respiratory death more than two-fold, compared with a
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2358:
2197:
2184:
2155:
2100:
1961:
766:
728:
707:
686:
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Reddel HK, Bacharier LB, Bateman ED, Brightling CE, Brusselle GG, Buhl R, et al. (January 2022).
82:
2654:
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secondary to peripheral vasodilation and cardiac stimulation (Such tachycardia may be accompanied by
307:
1949:
1885:
1433:
288:
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2494:
2479:
2451:
2227:
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1953:
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are also both available in oral forms. In addition, several of these medications are available in
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35:
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van Geffen, Wouter H.; Tan, Daniel J.; Walters, Julia Ae; Walters, E. Haydn (6 December 2023).
596:
581:
1630:
5739:
5734:
5684:
5391:
3932:
3708:
3351:
2661:
2505:
2238:
2125:
1515:"Terbutaline versus salbutamol for suppression of preterm labor: a randomized clinical trial"
1339:"Global Initiative for Asthma Strategy 2021: executive summary and rationale for key changes"
617:
365:
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leads to relaxation of smooth muscle in the lung, and dilation and opening of the airways.
8:
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302:(cAMP). In the lung, cAMP decreases calcium concentrations within cells and activates
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Beier J, Fuhr R, Massana E, Jiménez E, Seoane B, de Miquel G, Ruiz S (October 2014).
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New drugs in this class with more selective activity or that act simultaneously as
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1975:
607:. On 11 December 2008, a panel of experts convened by the FDA voted to ban drugs
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371:
1478:"CHAPTER 12 - Pharmacological and Interventional Fetal Cardiovascular Treatment"
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715:
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568:(FDA) alerted healthcare professionals and patients that several long-acting
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disorders. Bronchodilators are considered an important treatment regime for
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2012:
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medicines have been associated with possible increased risk of worsening
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809:
797:
753:
742:
736:
661:
645:
514:
491:
127:
1308:. Vol. 1: Pregnancy and Parturition. Elsevier. pp. 195–223.
979:
administration of β₂-agonists improved performance in healthy people.
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1981:
1512:
934:
747:
667:
522:
1303:
411:
226:
24:
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3247:
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3077:
3021:
2857:
2792:
2441:
968:
608:
361:
178:
4921:
4901:
4876:
4771:
4496:
4421:
3862:
3430:
3378:
3332:
2065:
612:
600:
477:
395:
357:
294:β adrenergic receptors are coupled to a stimulatory G protein of
198:
1336:
177:
adrenergic agonists' effects on smooth muscle cause dilation of
5754:
5279:
5071:
4191:
3538:
3420:
2841:
2578:
2147:
2027:
904:
860:
573:
545:
349:
202:
194:
186:
16:
Compounds that bind to and activate adrenergic beta-2 receptors
5749:
5283:
1834:
484:
which dispense an aerosolized drug and contains propellants,
190:
123:
1513:
Motazedian S, Ghaffarpasand F, Mojtahedi K, Asadi N (2010).
3622:
1786:"β(2) -adrenoceptor agonists: current and future direction"
1484:(Third ed.). Churchill Livingstone. pp. 199–218.
1057:
1044:
552:
because it also relaxes uterine muscle, thereby inhibiting
206:
1388:
1260:
576:
in some people, and requested that manufacturers update
1901:
1699:
1563:
1959:
1783:
1564:
Salpeter SR, Buckley NS, Salpeter EE (October 2006).
390:
agonists and asthma treatment without proper inhaled
1740:
5695:
Fluticasone furoate/umeclidinium bromide/vilanterol
1113:
1111:
651:
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
5101:
2713:
1197:
967:agonists are used by athletes and bodybuilders as
781:
544:. It can be used in this form in severe cases of
5809:
1108:
822:
5680:Beclometasone/formoterol/glycopyrronium bromide
1163:
1028:. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing.
794:—Brovana (some consider it to be an ultra-LABA)
525:, which is more commonly used than inhalers in
1117:
638:ultra-long-acting beta adrenoreceptor agonists
5720:Indacaterol/glycopyrronium bromide/mometasone
5051:
2699:
1997:
1784:Cazzola M, Calzetta L, Matera MG (May 2011).
1656:
1384:
1382:
923:
5690:Budesonide/glycopyrronium bromide/formoterol
1475:
1120:Proceedings of the American Thoracic Society
913:fluticasone furoate and umeclidinium bromide
398:, could contribute to the adverse effects.
298:. This enzyme produces the second messenger
1159:
1157:
1064:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
548:, but it is more commonly used to suppress
440:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
255:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
5058:
5044:
2706:
2692:
2004:
1990:
1379:
1015:
1013:
591:found that "regularly inhaled β agonists (
2205:
1952:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine
1811:
1801:
1717:
1589:
1540:
1530:
1362:
1237:
1091:
460:Learn how and when to remove this message
275:Learn how and when to remove this message
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
1631:"F.D.A. Panel Votes to Ban Asthma Drugs"
1198:Billington CK, Penn RB, Hall IP (2016).
1154:
1019:
122:
1743:Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs
1622:
1010:
5810:
5559:Arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase inhibitors
2011:
1628:
958:
216:
5039:
2687:
1985:
1391:European Journal of Internal Medicine
1208:Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology
974:and their use has been banned by the
605:chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
540:forms, including both salbutamol and
211:chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
5755:Theophylline/ephedrine/phenobarbital
1570:Journal of General Internal Medicine
438:adding citations to reliable sources
405:
320:calcium-activated potassium channels
306:. Both of these changes inactivate
253:adding citations to reliable sources
220:
47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
1431:
201:. They are primarily used to treat
13:
5750:Theophylline/ephedrine/hydroxyzine
5715:Indacaterol/glycopyrronium bromide
2611:Angiotensin II receptor antagonist
2555:Endocannabinoid reuptake inhibitor
1490:10.1016/B978-0-7020-3064-2.00012-6
1446:10.1016/b978-0-12-386454-3.00809-5
955:are under development as of 2023.
326:
14:
5829:
5740:Salbutamol (albuterol)/budesonide
5710:Glycopyrronium bromide/formoterol
5705:Fluticasone propionate/salmeterol
2502:Acetylcholine receptor antagonist
2264:Norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor
1943:
1837:Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy
5577:Thromboxane receptor antagonists
1969:
1917:10.2165/11537540-000000000-00000
1803:10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01216.x
1671:10.2165/00003495-200767040-00002
1582:10.1111/j.1525-1497.2006.00507.x
1343:The European Respiratory Journal
410:
318:agonists open large conductance
225:
23:
5760:Umeclidinium bromide/vilanterol
5014:Monoamine metabolism modulators
2630:Vasopressin receptor antagonist
2544:Cannabinoid receptor antagonist
1895:
1884:. November 2013. Archived from
1882:Drug Enforcement Administration
1867:
1828:
1790:British Journal of Pharmacology
1777:
1734:
1693:
1650:
1557:
1506:
1469:
1425:
953:muscarinic receptor antagonists
595:/metaproterenol , formoterol ,
34:needs additional citations for
5730:Ipratropium bromide/salbutamol
5700:Fluticasone furoate/vilanterol
5315:Orciprenaline (metaproterenol)
2616:Endothelin receptor antagonist
2480:Acetylcholine receptor agonist
2239:Adrenergic receptor antagonist
1440:. Elsevier. pp. 112–115.
1330:
1297:
1254:
1191:
1164:Almadhoun K, Sharma S (2020).
1076:10.1002/14651858.CD011600.pub3
1051:
989:Discovery and development of β
564:On 18 November 2005, the U.S.
312:myosin light-chain phosphatase
300:cyclic adenosine monophosphate
1:
5670:Aclidinium bromide/formoterol
5158:Levosalbutamol (levalbuterol)
4996:Monoamine reuptake inhibitors
4969:Receptor/signaling modulators
2448:Glutamate receptor antagonist
2364:Serotonin receptor antagonist
2317:Histamine receptor antagonist
2092:Negative allosteric modulator
2086:Positive allosteric modulator
1845:10.1080/14656566.2023.2282673
1629:Harris G (11 December 2008).
1314:10.1016/S1569-2590(08)60073-7
1003:
620:—should continue to be used.
130:(albuterol) — an example of β
5305:Isoprenaline (isoproterenol)
2605:Adenosine reuptake inhibitor
2539:Cannabinoid receptor agonist
2458:Glutamate reuptake inhibitor
2377:Serotonin reuptake inhibitor
2288:Dopamine receptor antagonist
1608:Ramanujan K (29 June 2006).
1476:Jaeggi ET, Tulzer G (2010).
566:Food and Drug Administration
7:
5280:+theophylline/phenobarbital
5068:obstructive airway diseases
4079:Deoxyepinephrine (epinine,
3456:Deoxyepinephrine (epinine,
3303:Tetracyclic antidepressants
2769:Deoxyepinephrine (epinine,
2293:Dopamine reuptake inhibitor
2215:Adrenergic receptor agonist
1355:10.1183/13993003.02730-2021
982:
972:performance-enhancing drugs
946:
812:—Foradil, Oxis, Perforomist
401:
10:
5834:
5005:Monoamine releasing agents
2584:Opioid receptor antagonist
2438:Glutamate receptor agonist
2359:Serotonin receptor agonist
2312:Histamine receptor agonist
1719:10.1016/j.rmed.2014.08.005
1438:Encyclopedia of Toxicology
1403:10.1016/j.ejim.2020.02.023
924:Unknown duration of action
476:agonists are available in
58:"Beta2-adrenergic agonist"
5818:Beta2-adrenergic agonists
5768:
5662:
5626:
5598:
5575:
5557:
5529:
5519:
5456:
5433:
5385:
5332:
5264:
5222:
5176:
5100:
5087:
4959:
4374:
3976:
3967:
3701:
3408:
3396:
3321:Tricyclic antidepressants
2949:
2736:
2724:
2642:
2597:
2564:
2529:
2470:
2428:
2399:
2390:
2349:
2302:
2283:Dopamine receptor agonist
2273:
2192:
2178:
2163:
2146:
2139:
2019:
1755:10.1517/13543784.14.7.775
1306:Advances in Organ Biology
1172:. StatPearls Publishing.
1132:10.1513/pats.200504-038SR
628:They can be divided into
308:myosin light-chain kinase
5675:Beclometasone/formoterol
5284:theophylline/hydroxyzine
5224:Ultra-long-acting β
2549:Endocannabinoid enhancer
2495:Cholinesterase inhibitor
2414:GABA receptor antagonist
1954:Medical Subject Headings
1950:Adrenergic beta-Agonists
1519:Annals of Saudi Medicine
976:World Anti-Doping Agency
623:
559:
331:Findings indicate that β
5531:Leukotriene antagonists
3734:Atypical antipsychotics
2987:Atypical antipsychotics
2589:Enkephalinase inhibitor
2579:Opioid receptor agonist
2419:GABA reuptake inhibitor
2124:♦ Miscellaneous:
1532:10.4103/0256-4947.67079
1020:Hsu E, Bajaj T (2022).
603:," while used to treat
197:muscle, and release of
5745:Theophylline/ephedrine
5725:Indacaterol/mometasone
5486:Choline theophyllinate
5405:Glycopyrronium bromide
5367:Fluticasone propionate
5154:Salbutamol (albuterol)
3933:Typical antipsychotics
3416:(R)-3-Nitrobiphenyline
3352:Typical antipsychotics
2172:Ion channel modulators
597:fluticasone+salmeterol
289:β adrenergic receptors
135:
5735:Mometasone/formoterol
5685:Budesonide/formoterol
5435:Mast cell stabilizers
5392:muscarinic antagonist
5023:Monoamine neurotoxins
2409:GABA receptor agonist
1482:Paediatric Cardiology
998:β3-adrenergic agonist
806:—Dilaterol, Spiropent
517:, also are sold in a
482:metered-dose inhalers
167:β adrenergic agonists
126:
5663:Combination products
5425:Umeclidinium bromide
4592:Dichloroisoprenaline
1706:Respiratory Medicine
880:umeclidinium bromide
853:, Onbrez Breezhaler
434:improve this section
249:improve this section
143:-adrenergic agonists
43:improve this article
5410:Ipratropium bromide
5102:Short-acting β
4271:Phenylpropanolamine
4137:Ethylnorepinephrine
3613:Phenylpropanolamine
3519:Ethylnorepinephrine
2916:Phenylpropanolamine
2822:Ethylnorepinephrine
2715:Adrenergic receptor
2625:receptor antagonist
1891:on 17 October 2019.
1220:10.1007/164_2016_64
959:Society and culture
887:fluticasone furoate
870:—Striverdi Respimat
823:Ultra-long-acting β
486:dry powder inhalers
382:, are exceptional.)
376:myocardial ischemia
217:Mechanism of action
163:adrenergic receptor
5795:Never to phase III
5420:Tiotropium bromide
5415:Oxitropium bromide
5400:Aclidinium bromide
5178:Long-acting β
2013:Pharmacomodulation
1636:The New York Times
1275:10.1007/bf03259844
1263:Medical Toxicology
845:—Arcapta Neohaler
725:or metaproterenol
580:in their existing
513:agonists, such as
380:cardiac arrhythmia
354:excessive sweating
179:bronchial passages
136:
5805:
5804:
5622:
5621:
5328:
5327:
5033:
5032:
5026:
5017:
5008:
4999:
4990:
4981:
4972:
4955:
4954:
4702:Iodocyanopindolol
4677:Hydroxytertatolol
4597:Dihydroalprenolol
4210:
4202:
4194:
4111:
3963:
3962:
3557:
3549:
3541:
3493:
3475:Dihydroergotamine
3392:
3391:
3225:hydroxynefazodone
3090:dihydroergotamine
2860:
2852:
2844:
2801:
2681:
2680:
2677:
2676:
2638:
2637:
2466:
2465:
2386:
2385:
2156:Enzyme inhibition
1712:(10): 1424–1429.
1614:Cornell Chronicle
1576:(10): 1011–1019.
1499:978-0-7020-3064-2
1455:978-0-12-386455-0
1323:978-1-55938-639-5
1229:978-3-319-52173-2
1166:"Bronchodilators"
1022:"Beta 2 Agonists"
908:
897:, Relvar Ellipta
896:
864:
852:
770:
762:
732:
724:
711:
703:
690:
683:or isoproterenol
682:
508:
500:
470:
469:
462:
285:
284:
277:
153:, are a class of
151:receptor agonists
119:
118:
111:
93:
5825:
5527:
5526:
5387:Anticholinergics
5098:
5097:
5060:
5053:
5046:
5037:
5036:
5020:
5011:
5002:
4993:
4984:
4975:
4963:
4672:Hydroxycarteolol
4236:Methoxyphenamine
4208:
4200:
4195:-DOPA (levodopa)
4192:
4109:
4083:-methyldopamine)
3974:
3973:
3878:Phenoxybenzamine
3555:
3547:
3542:-DOPA (levodopa)
3539:
3491:
3460:-methyldopamine)
3406:
3405:
3218:Phenylpiperazine
3208:Phenoxybenzamine
2858:
2850:
2845:-DOPA (levodopa)
2842:
2799:
2783:Dexisometheptene
2773:-methyldopamine)
2734:
2733:
2708:
2701:
2694:
2685:
2684:
2655:Enzyme cofactors
2574:Opioid modulator
2531:Cannabinoidergic
2397:
2396:
2203:
2202:
2190:
2189:
2144:
2143:
2006:
1999:
1992:
1983:
1982:
1974:
1973:
1972:
1965:
1937:
1936:
1899:
1893:
1892:
1890:
1879:
1871:
1865:
1864:
1832:
1826:
1825:
1815:
1805:
1781:
1775:
1774:
1738:
1732:
1731:
1721:
1697:
1691:
1690:
1654:
1648:
1647:
1645:
1643:
1626:
1620:
1617:
1606:Lay summary in:
1603:
1593:
1561:
1555:
1554:
1544:
1534:
1510:
1504:
1503:
1473:
1467:
1466:
1464:
1462:
1429:
1423:
1422:
1386:
1377:
1376:
1366:
1334:
1328:
1327:
1301:
1295:
1294:
1258:
1252:
1251:
1241:
1195:
1189:
1188:
1186:
1184:
1161:
1152:
1151:
1115:
1106:
1105:
1095:
1070:(12): CD011600.
1055:
1049:
1048:
1042:
1040:
1017:
915:—Trelegy Ellipta
898:
890:
854:
846:
786:agonists (LABAs)
764:
756:
726:
718:
705:
704:or levalbuterol
697:
684:
676:
656:agonists (SABAs)
582:product labeling
509:and some other β
502:
494:
480:form, as either
465:
458:
454:
451:
445:
414:
406:
314:. In addition, β
304:protein kinase A
296:adenylyl cyclase
280:
273:
269:
266:
260:
229:
221:
193:, relaxation of
157:that act on the
145:, also known as
114:
107:
103:
100:
94:
92:
51:
27:
19:
5833:
5832:
5828:
5827:
5826:
5824:
5823:
5822:
5808:
5807:
5806:
5801:
5800:
5785:Clinical trials
5764:
5658:
5618:
5601:PDE4 inhibitors
5594:
5571:
5553:
5515:
5452:
5429:
5390:
5381:
5334:Glucocorticoids
5324:
5310:Methylephedrine
5260:
5227:
5218:
5181:
5172:
5105:
5083:
5064:
5034:
5029:
4951:
4370:
3959:
3697:
3470:Dexmedetomidine
3401:
3388:
3221:antidepressants
2945:
2778:Desglymidodrine
2729:
2720:
2712:
2682:
2673:
2634:
2624:
2593:
2560:
2525:
2462:
2424:
2382:
2371:
2345:
2340:
2332:
2324:
2298:
2269:
2183:
2174:
2159:
2135:
2081:Inverse agonist
2071:Partial agonist
2015:
2010:
1980:
1970:
1968:
1960:
1946:
1941:
1940:
1905:Sports Medicine
1900:
1896:
1888:
1877:
1873:
1872:
1868:
1833:
1829:
1782:
1778:
1739:
1735:
1698:
1694:
1655:
1651:
1641:
1639:
1627:
1623:
1607:
1562:
1558:
1511:
1507:
1500:
1474:
1470:
1460:
1458:
1456:
1432:Gad SE (2014).
1430:
1426:
1387:
1380:
1335:
1331:
1324:
1302:
1298:
1259:
1255:
1230:
1203:
1196:
1192:
1182:
1180:
1162:
1155:
1116:
1109:
1056:
1052:
1038:
1036:
1018:
1011:
1006:
992:
985:
966:
961:
949:
926:
829:
826:
788:
785:
658:
655:
626:
562:
550:premature labor
532:Salbutamol and
527:emergency rooms
512:
475:
466:
455:
449:
446:
431:
415:
404:
389:
372:pulmonary edema
334:
329:
327:Adverse effects
317:
281:
270:
264:
261:
246:
230:
219:
176:
162:
150:
142:
133:
115:
104:
98:
95:
52:
50:
40:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5831:
5821:
5820:
5803:
5802:
5799:
5798:
5797:
5796:
5793:
5782:
5776:
5770:
5769:
5766:
5765:
5763:
5762:
5757:
5752:
5747:
5742:
5737:
5732:
5727:
5722:
5717:
5712:
5707:
5702:
5697:
5692:
5687:
5682:
5677:
5672:
5666:
5664:
5660:
5659:
5657:
5656:
5651:
5646:
5641:
5636:
5630:
5628:
5627:Others/unknown
5624:
5623:
5620:
5619:
5617:
5616:
5611:
5605:
5603:
5596:
5595:
5593:
5592:
5587:
5581:
5579:
5573:
5572:
5570:
5569:
5563:
5561:
5555:
5554:
5552:
5551:
5546:
5541:
5535:
5533:
5524:
5517:
5516:
5514:
5513:
5508:
5503:
5498:
5493:
5488:
5483:
5478:
5473:
5468:
5462:
5460:
5454:
5453:
5451:
5450:
5445:
5439:
5437:
5431:
5430:
5428:
5427:
5422:
5417:
5412:
5407:
5402:
5396:
5394:
5383:
5382:
5380:
5379:
5374:
5369:
5364:
5359:
5354:
5349:
5344:
5338:
5336:
5330:
5329:
5326:
5325:
5323:
5322:
5317:
5312:
5307:
5302:
5297:
5292:
5287:
5268:
5266:
5262:
5261:
5259:
5258:
5253:
5248:
5243:
5238:
5232:
5230:
5225:
5220:
5219:
5217:
5216:
5211:
5206:
5197:
5192:
5186:
5184:
5179:
5174:
5173:
5171:
5170:
5165:
5160:
5151:
5146:
5141:
5136:
5131:
5126:
5121:
5116:
5110:
5108:
5103:
5095:
5085:
5084:
5063:
5062:
5055:
5048:
5040:
5031:
5030:
5028:
5027:
5018:
5009:
5000:
4991:
4982:
4973:
4960:
4957:
4956:
4953:
4952:
4950:
4949:
4944:
4939:
4934:
4929:
4924:
4919:
4914:
4909:
4904:
4899:
4894:
4889:
4884:
4879:
4874:
4869:
4864:
4859:
4854:
4849:
4844:
4839:
4834:
4829:
4824:
4819:
4814:
4809:
4804:
4799:
4794:
4789:
4784:
4779:
4774:
4769:
4764:
4759:
4754:
4749:
4744:
4739:
4734:
4729:
4724:
4719:
4714:
4709:
4704:
4699:
4694:
4689:
4684:
4679:
4674:
4669:
4664:
4659:
4654:
4649:
4644:
4639:
4634:
4629:
4624:
4619:
4614:
4609:
4604:
4599:
4594:
4589:
4584:
4582:Dexpropranolol
4579:
4574:
4569:
4564:
4559:
4554:
4549:
4544:
4539:
4534:
4529:
4524:
4519:
4514:
4509:
4504:
4499:
4494:
4489:
4484:
4479:
4474:
4469:
4464:
4459:
4454:
4449:
4444:
4439:
4434:
4429:
4424:
4419:
4414:
4409:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4378:
4376:
4372:
4371:
4369:
4368:
4363:
4358:
4353:
4348:
4343:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4318:
4313:
4308:
4303:
4298:
4293:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4258:
4253:
4251:Norepinephrine
4248:
4243:
4238:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4218:
4216:Levosalbutamol
4213:
4205:
4203:-Phenylalanine
4197:
4189:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4144:
4139:
4134:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4114:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4076:
4071:
4066:
4061:
4056:
4051:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3980:
3978:
3971:
3965:
3964:
3961:
3960:
3958:
3957:
3952:
3937:chlorpromazine
3930:
3925:
3920:
3915:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3773:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3705:
3703:
3699:
3698:
3696:
3695:
3693:Xylometazoline
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3603:Norepinephrine
3600:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3552:
3550:-Phenylalanine
3544:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3412:
3410:
3403:
3399:
3394:
3393:
3390:
3389:
3387:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3356:chlorpromazine
3349:
3344:
3318:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3015:
3010:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2953:
2951:
2947:
2946:
2944:
2943:
2941:Xylometazoline
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2896:Norepinephrine
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2855:
2853:-Phenylalanine
2847:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2740:
2738:
2731:
2727:
2722:
2721:
2711:
2710:
2703:
2696:
2688:
2679:
2678:
2675:
2674:
2672:
2671:
2659:
2646:
2644:
2640:
2639:
2636:
2635:
2633:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2601:
2599:
2595:
2594:
2592:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2570:
2568:
2562:
2561:
2559:
2558:
2552:
2546:
2541:
2535:
2533:
2527:
2526:
2524:
2523:
2517:
2508:
2499:
2498:
2497:
2486:
2476:
2474:
2468:
2467:
2464:
2463:
2461:
2460:
2455:
2445:
2434:
2432:
2426:
2425:
2423:
2422:
2416:
2411:
2405:
2403:
2394:
2388:
2387:
2384:
2383:
2381:
2380:
2374:
2369:
2361:
2355:
2353:
2347:
2346:
2344:
2343:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2314:
2308:
2306:
2300:
2299:
2297:
2296:
2290:
2285:
2279:
2277:
2271:
2270:
2268:
2267:
2261:
2255:
2249:
2236:
2230:
2221:
2211:
2209:
2200:
2187:
2176:
2175:
2169:
2167:
2161:
2160:
2152:
2150:
2141:
2137:
2136:
2134:
2133:
2128:
2121:
2120:
2114:
2108:
2096:
2095:
2089:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2057:
2056:
2051:
2040:
2039:
2034:
2023:
2021:
2017:
2016:
2009:
2008:
2001:
1994:
1986:
1979:
1978:
1958:
1957:
1945:
1944:External links
1942:
1939:
1938:
1894:
1866:
1827:
1776:
1749:(7): 775–783.
1733:
1692:
1665:(4): 503–515.
1649:
1621:
1619:
1618:
1556:
1525:(5): 370–375.
1505:
1498:
1468:
1454:
1424:
1378:
1349:(1): 2102730.
1329:
1322:
1296:
1269:(4): 286–299.
1253:
1228:
1201:
1190:
1153:
1126:(4): 305–310.
1107:
1050:
1008:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1001:
1000:
995:
990:
984:
981:
964:
960:
957:
948:
945:
944:
943:
937:
932:
925:
922:
919:
918:
917:
916:
909:
889:—Breo Ellipta
883:
882:—Anoro Ellipta
871:
865:
840:
835:
828:
824:
821:
820:
819:
813:
807:
801:
800:—Bambec, Oxeol
795:
787:
783:
780:
779:
778:
772:
751:
745:
740:
734:
713:
695:levosalbutamol
692:
671:
665:
657:
653:
652:Short-acting β
650:
625:
622:
570:bronchodilator
561:
558:
510:
473:
468:
467:
418:
416:
409:
403:
400:
392:corticosteroid
387:
384:
383:
368:
347:
332:
328:
325:
315:
287:Activation of
283:
282:
233:
231:
224:
218:
215:
174:
160:
148:
140:
131:
117:
116:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5830:
5819:
5816:
5815:
5813:
5794:
5792:
5789:
5788:
5786:
5783:
5780:
5777:
5775:
5772:
5771:
5767:
5761:
5758:
5756:
5753:
5751:
5748:
5746:
5743:
5741:
5738:
5736:
5733:
5731:
5728:
5726:
5723:
5721:
5718:
5716:
5713:
5711:
5708:
5706:
5703:
5701:
5698:
5696:
5693:
5691:
5688:
5686:
5683:
5681:
5678:
5676:
5673:
5671:
5668:
5667:
5665:
5661:
5655:
5652:
5650:
5647:
5645:
5642:
5640:
5637:
5635:
5632:
5631:
5629:
5625:
5615:
5612:
5610:
5607:
5606:
5604:
5602:
5599:Non-xanthine
5597:
5591:
5588:
5586:
5583:
5582:
5580:
5578:
5574:
5568:
5565:
5564:
5562:
5560:
5556:
5550:
5547:
5545:
5542:
5540:
5537:
5536:
5534:
5532:
5528:
5525:
5522:
5518:
5512:
5509:
5507:
5506:Proxyphylline
5504:
5502:
5501:Etamiphylline
5499:
5497:
5494:
5492:
5489:
5487:
5484:
5482:
5479:
5477:
5476:Aminophylline
5474:
5472:
5469:
5467:
5464:
5463:
5461:
5459:
5455:
5449:
5446:
5444:
5441:
5440:
5438:
5436:
5432:
5426:
5423:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5413:
5411:
5408:
5406:
5403:
5401:
5398:
5397:
5395:
5393:
5388:
5384:
5378:
5377:Triamcinolone
5375:
5373:
5370:
5368:
5365:
5363:
5360:
5358:
5355:
5353:
5350:
5348:
5347:Betamethasone
5345:
5343:
5342:Beclometasone
5340:
5339:
5337:
5335:
5331:
5321:
5318:
5316:
5313:
5311:
5308:
5306:
5303:
5301:
5300:Hexoprenaline
5298:
5296:
5293:
5291:
5288:
5285:
5281:
5277:
5276:+theophylline
5273:
5270:
5269:
5267:
5263:
5257:
5254:
5252:
5249:
5247:
5244:
5242:
5239:
5237:
5234:
5233:
5231:
5229:
5221:
5215:
5212:
5210:
5207:
5205:
5201:
5198:
5196:
5193:
5191:
5188:
5187:
5185:
5183:
5175:
5169:
5166:
5164:
5161:
5159:
5155:
5152:
5150:
5147:
5145:
5142:
5140:
5137:
5135:
5132:
5130:
5127:
5125:
5122:
5120:
5117:
5115:
5112:
5111:
5109:
5107:
5099:
5096:
5094:
5090:
5086:
5081:
5077:
5073:
5069:
5061:
5056:
5054:
5049:
5047:
5042:
5041:
5038:
5025:
5024:
5019:
5016:
5015:
5010:
5007:
5006:
5001:
4998:
4997:
4992:
4989:
4988:
4987:Serotonergics
4983:
4980:
4979:
4978:Dopaminergics
4974:
4971:
4970:
4967:
4962:
4961:
4958:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4940:
4938:
4935:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4732:Levobetaxolol
4730:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4572:Cyanopindolol
4570:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4379:
4377:
4373:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4256:Orciprenaline
4254:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4206:
4204:
4198:
4196:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4157:Hexoprenaline
4155:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4082:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3981:
3979:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3966:
3956:
3953:
3950:
3946:
3942:
3938:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3818:Esmirtazapine
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3793:
3789:
3785:
3781:
3777:
3774:
3771:
3767:
3763:
3759:
3755:
3751:
3747:
3743:
3742:brexpiprazole
3739:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3706:
3704:
3700:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3608:Oxymetazoline
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3553:
3551:
3545:
3543:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3459:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3436:Apraclonidine
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3413:
3411:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3395:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3369:
3365:
3361:
3357:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3342:
3338:
3334:
3330:
3326:
3325:amitriptyline
3322:
3319:
3316:
3312:
3308:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3238:
3237:triazoledione
3234:
3230:
3226:
3222:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3043:
3039:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3018:Beta blockers
3016:
3014:
3011:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2991:brexpiprazole
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2954:
2952:
2948:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2911:Phenylephrine
2909:
2907:
2906:Oxymetazoline
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2856:
2854:
2848:
2846:
2840:
2838:
2837:Isometheptene
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2772:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2741:
2739:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2723:
2719:
2716:
2709:
2704:
2702:
2697:
2695:
2690:
2689:
2686:
2669:
2668:
2663:
2660:
2657:
2656:
2651:
2648:
2647:
2645:
2643:Miscellaneous
2641:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2606:
2603:
2602:
2600:
2596:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2571:
2569:
2567:
2563:
2556:
2553:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2536:
2534:
2532:
2528:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2503:
2500:
2496:
2493:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2481:
2478:
2477:
2475:
2473:
2469:
2459:
2456:
2453:
2449:
2446:
2443:
2439:
2436:
2435:
2433:
2431:
2430:Glutamatergic
2427:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2406:
2404:
2402:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2389:
2378:
2375:
2372:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2356:
2354:
2352:
2348:
2341:
2335:
2333:
2327:
2325:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2309:
2307:
2305:
2304:Histaminergic
2301:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2280:
2278:
2276:
2272:
2265:
2262:
2259:
2256:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2237:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2216:
2213:
2212:
2210:
2208:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2168:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2157:
2151:
2149:
2145:
2142:
2138:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2123:
2122:
2118:
2115:
2112:
2109:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2097:
2093:
2090:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2058:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2041:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2024:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2007:
2002:
2000:
1995:
1993:
1988:
1987:
1984:
1977:
1967:
1966:
1963:
1955:
1951:
1948:
1947:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1898:
1887:
1883:
1876:
1875:"Clenbuterol"
1870:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1831:
1823:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1780:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1737:
1729:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1696:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1653:
1638:
1637:
1632:
1625:
1615:
1611:
1605:
1604:
1601:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1560:
1552:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1509:
1501:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1472:
1457:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1428:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1385:
1383:
1374:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1333:
1325:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1300:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1257:
1249:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1231:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1194:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1160:
1158:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1114:
1112:
1103:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1054:
1046:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1016:
1014:
1009:
999:
996:
994:
987:
986:
980:
977:
973:
970:
956:
954:
941:
938:
936:
933:
931:
928:
927:
921:
914:
910:
906:
902:
894:
888:
884:
881:
877:
876:
875:
872:
869:
866:
862:
858:
850:
844:
841:
839:
836:
834:
831:
830:
817:
814:
811:
808:
805:
802:
799:
796:
793:
790:
789:
782:Long-acting β
776:
773:
768:
763:or albuterol
760:
755:
752:
749:
746:
744:
741:
738:
735:
730:
722:
717:
716:orciprenaline
714:
709:
701:
696:
693:
688:
680:
675:
672:
669:
666:
663:
660:
659:
649:
648:
647:
644:Generic name—
641:
639:
635:
631:
621:
619:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
593:orciprenaline
590:
589:meta-analysis
585:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
557:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
530:
528:
524:
520:
516:
506:
501:or albuterol
498:
493:
489:
487:
483:
479:
464:
461:
453:
450:February 2020
443:
439:
435:
429:
428:
424:
419:This section
417:
413:
408:
407:
399:
397:
393:
381:
377:
373:
369:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
348:
345:
341:
338:
337:
336:
324:
321:
313:
310:and activate
309:
305:
301:
297:
292:
290:
279:
276:
268:
265:February 2020
258:
254:
250:
244:
243:
239:
234:This section
232:
228:
223:
222:
214:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
173:relaxation. β
172:
171:smooth muscle
169:, they cause
168:
165:. Like other
164:
156:
152:
144:
129:
125:
121:
113:
110:
102:
99:December 2008
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67:
63:
60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
5639:Ensifentrine
5511:Theophylline
5496:Enprofylline
5471:Ambuphylline
5443:Cromoglicate
5320:Racephedrine
5204:Arformoterol
5021:
5012:
5003:
4994:
4985:
4976:
4965:
4964:
4757:Metipranolol
4742:Levomoprolol
4687:Idropranolol
4182:Isoprenaline
4080:
4004:Arformoterol
3949:thioridazine
3941:fluphenazine
3913:Spiroxatrine
3873:Phentolamine
3792:tandospirone
3758:paliperidone
3648:Tasipimidine
3628:Rezatomidine
3573:Medetomidine
3457:
3368:thioridazine
3360:fluphenazine
3341:trimipramine
3329:clomipramine
3213:Phentolamine
3082:acetergamine
3058:Corynanthine
2770:
2665:
2653:
2351:Serotonergic
2275:Dopaminergic
2232:
2154:
1911:(1): 39–57.
1908:
1904:
1897:
1886:the original
1881:
1869:
1836:
1830:
1793:
1789:
1779:
1746:
1742:
1736:
1709:
1705:
1695:
1662:
1658:
1652:
1640:. Retrieved
1634:
1624:
1613:
1573:
1569:
1559:
1522:
1518:
1508:
1481:
1471:
1459:. Retrieved
1437:
1427:
1394:
1390:
1346:
1342:
1332:
1305:
1299:
1266:
1262:
1256:
1211:
1207:
1193:
1181:. Retrieved
1169:
1123:
1119:
1067:
1063:
1053:
1043:– via
1037:. Retrieved
1025:
962:
950:
920:
792:arformoterol
674:isoprenaline
643:
642:
630:short-acting
627:
586:
563:
554:contractions
531:
523:nebulization
490:
471:
456:
447:
432:Please help
420:
386:Overuse of β
385:
344:palpitations
330:
293:
286:
271:
262:
247:Please help
235:
183:vasodilation
147:adrenergic β
146:
138:
137:
120:
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
5781:from market
5614:Roflumilast
5590:Seratrodast
5549:Zafirlukast
5539:Montelukast
5491:Doxofylline
5481:Bamifylline
5362:Flunisolide
5357:Ciclesonide
5290:Epinephrine
5246:Indacaterol
5195:Clenbuterol
5168:Tulobuterol
5163:Terbutaline
5089:Adrenergics
4882:Spirendolol
4857:Propranolol
4852:Propafenone
4847:Pronethalol
4737:Levobunolol
4712:Isoxaprolol
4697:Indopanolol
4682:ICI-118,551
4647:Eugenodilol
4632:Ersentilide
4612:Draquinolol
4607:Diprafenone
4577:Dalbraminol
4557:Cicloprolol
4532:Carpindolol
4517:Butofilolol
4462:Bornaprolol
4407:Alprenoxime
4375:Antagonists
4336:Tulobuterol
4331:Tretoquinol
4326:Terbutaline
4286:Ractopamine
4281:Prenalterol
4187:Isoxsuprine
4172:Indacaterol
4142:Eugenodilol
4132:Etilevodopa
4117:Epinephrine
4108:Droxidopa (
4088:Dipivefrine
4059:Clenbuterol
3903:Setiptiline
3893:Rauwolscine
3868:Pardoprunox
3858:Mirtazapine
3823:Fenmetozole
3766:risperidone
3729:Atipamezole
3702:Antagonists
3658:Tiamenidine
3653:Tetryzoline
3633:Rilmenidine
3598:Naphazoline
3534:Guanoxabenz
3509:Epinephrine
3499:Etilevodopa
3490:Droxidopa (
3480:Dipivefrine
3441:Brimonidine
3311:maprotiline
3188:Pardoprunox
3183:Niguldipine
3143:Mepiprazole
3118:Hydroxyzine
3108:Etoperidone
3098:nicergoline
3068:Domesticine
3063:Dapiprazole
3038:eugenodilol
3013:Benoxathian
3007:risperidone
2972:Anisodamine
2950:Antagonists
2931:Tiamenidine
2926:Tetryzoline
2891:Naphazoline
2876:Methoxamine
2871:Metaraminol
2817:Etilevodopa
2807:Epinephrine
2798:Droxidopa (
2788:Dipivefrine
2749:Amidephrine
2667:Amino acids
2566:Opioidergic
2472:Cholinergic
2185:transporter
2165:Ion channel
2101:Transporter
2045:Ion channel
1796:(1): 4–17.
1434:"Albuterol"
930:isoxsuprine
843:indacaterol
804:clenbuterol
775:terbutaline
634:long-acting
542:terbutaline
538:intravenous
534:terbutaline
340:Tachycardia
5654:Omalizumab
5649:Fenspiride
5585:Ramatroban
5544:Pranlukast
5523:inhibition
5521:Eicosanoid
5466:Acefylline
5448:Nedocromil
5372:Mometasone
5352:Budesonide
5295:Etafedrine
5256:Vilanterol
5251:Olodaterol
5241:Carmoterol
5236:Abediterol
5214:Salmefamol
5209:Salmeterol
5200:Formoterol
5190:Bambuterol
5144:Reproterol
5139:Procaterol
5134:Pirbuterol
5129:Isoetarine
5119:Carbuterol
5114:Bitolterol
5066:Drugs for
4947:Xipranolol
4937:Toliprolol
4927:Tiprenolol
4912:Tienoxolol
4907:Tertatolol
4892:Sulfinalol
4872:Soquinolol
4867:Ronactolol
4842:Procinolol
4837:Primidolol
4822:Penbutolol
4802:Pacrinolol
4797:Oxprenolol
4792:Nipradilol
4762:Metoprolol
4752:Mepindolol
4747:Medroxalol
4717:Isamoltane
4707:Iprocrolol
4667:Flusoxolol
4657:Falintolol
4637:Esatenolol
4587:Diacetolol
4567:Cloranolol
4547:Celiprolol
4542:Carvedilol
4522:Capsinolol
4507:Butaxamine
4502:Bupranolol
4492:Bunitrolol
4472:Bucindolol
4467:Brefonalol
4457:Bopindolol
4452:Bisoprolol
4447:Bevantolol
4427:Arotinolol
4412:Amosulalol
4402:Alprenolol
4382:Acebutolol
4361:Zilpaterol
4346:Vilanterol
4321:Solabegron
4316:Salmeterol
4311:Salbutamol
4296:Reproterol
4291:Procaterol
4276:Pirbuterol
4261:Oxyfedrine
4246:Mirabegron
4241:Methyldopa
4231:Melevodopa
4221:Lubabegron
4177:Isoetarine
4162:Higenamine
4152:Formoterol
4127:Etilefrine
4122:Etafedrine
4103:Dopexamine
4093:Dobutamine
4074:Denopamine
4069:Corbadrine
4049:Carmoterol
4044:Carbuterol
4034:Broxaterol
4029:Bitolterol
4019:Bambuterol
4009:Arotinolol
3999:Arbutamine
3989:Alifedrine
3984:Abediterol
3928:Tolazoline
3918:Sunepitron
3908:Spegatrine
3898:Rotigotine
3838:Ketanserin
3828:Fluparoxan
3808:Cirazoline
3803:Buflomedil
3788:ipsapirone
3776:Azapirones
3762:quetiapine
3754:olanzapine
3750:lurasidone
3724:Aptazapine
3719:Amesergide
3668:Tolonidine
3663:Tizanidine
3643:Talipexole
3638:Romifidine
3593:Moxonidine
3583:Methyldopa
3578:Melevodopa
3568:Lofexidine
3529:Guanfacine
3514:Etilefrine
3504:Ergotamine
3465:Detomidine
3451:Corbadrine
3347:Trimazosin
3337:imipramine
3298:Tolazoline
3293:Tiodazosin
3283:Tamsulosin
3278:Talipexole
3268:Spegatrine
3253:Quinazosin
3229:nefazodone
3203:Phendioxan
3193:Pelanserin
3178:Niaprazine
3173:Neldazosin
3163:Naftopidil
3158:Moxisylyte
3128:Ketanserin
3113:Fenspiride
3086:ergotamine
3048:Buflomedil
3034:carvedilol
3030:arotinolol
3026:amosulalol
3003:quetiapine
2999:olanzapine
2962:Ajmalicine
2921:Synephrine
2901:Octopamine
2881:Methyldopa
2866:Melevodopa
2832:Indanidine
2812:Etilefrine
2764:Corbadrine
2759:Cirazoline
2718:modulators
2515:Ganglionic
2506:Muscarinic
2484:Muscarinic
2207:Adrenergic
2076:Antagonist
1642:19 January
1170:StatPearls
1026:StatPearls
1004:References
940:zilpaterol
874:vilanterol
868:olodaterol
838:carmoterol
833:abediterol
816:salmeterol
810:formoterol
798:bambuterol
754:salbutamol
743:procaterol
737:pirbuterol
664:—Tornalate
662:bitolterol
646:Trade name
515:formoterol
492:Salbutamol
205:and other
128:Salbutamol
69:newspapers
5791:Phase III
5779:Withdrawn
5644:Eprozinol
5634:Amlexanox
5609:Ibudilast
5458:Xanthines
5272:Ephedrine
5149:Rimiterol
5124:Fenoterol
5093:inhalants
4966:See also:
4942:Xibenolol
4932:Tolamolol
4917:Tilisolol
4897:Talinolol
4887:SR 59230A
4862:Ridazolol
4832:Practolol
4812:Pamatolol
4807:Pafenolol
4787:Nifenalol
4782:Nebivolol
4777:Nadoxolol
4727:Landiolol
4722:Labetalol
4692:Indenolol
4662:Flestolol
4652:Exaprolol
4617:Ecastolol
4602:Dilevalol
4562:Cinamolol
4552:Cetamolol
4537:Carteolol
4527:Carazolol
4512:Butidrine
4487:Bufuralol
4482:Bufetolol
4477:Bucumolol
4442:Betaxolol
4437:Befunolol
4417:Ancarolol
4387:Adaprolol
4351:Xamoterol
4306:Ritodrine
4301:Rimiterol
4266:PF-610355
4226:Mabuterol
4211:-Tyrosine
4167:Ibopamine
4147:Fenoterol
4054:Cimaterol
4039:Buphenine
4024:Befunolol
3994:Amibegron
3955:Yohimbine
3923:Terguride
3888:Piribedil
3883:Piperoxan
3853:Mianserin
3798:BRL-44408
3780:buspirone
3746:clozapine
3738:asenapine
3678:Vatinoxan
3618:Piperoxan
3588:Mivazerol
3563:Ibopamine
3558:-Tyrosine
3524:Guanabenz
3446:Clonidine
3384:Zolertine
3315:mianserin
3307:amoxapine
3288:Terazosin
3273:Spiperone
3263:Silodosin
3258:Quinidine
3243:Piperoxan
3233:trazodone
3198:Perlapine
3168:Nantenine
3153:Monatepil
3148:Metazosin
3133:L-765,314
3123:Indoramin
3102:terguride
3078:Ergolines
3073:Doxazosin
3053:Bunazosin
3042:labetalol
2995:clozapine
2982:Atiprosin
2977:Anisodine
2967:Alfuzosin
2957:Abanoquil
2886:Midodrine
2861:-Tyrosine
2827:Ibopamine
2754:Buspirone
2662:Precursor
2511:Nicotinic
2489:Nicotinic
2401:GABAergic
2126:Precursor
2111:Inhibitor
2037:Inhibitor
1933:189906919
1861:265148154
1419:211727980
1397:: 15–18.
1214:: 23–40.
1204:Agonists"
1084:1469-493X
935:mabuterol
818:—Serevent
777:—Bricanyl
771:—Ventolin
748:ritodrine
668:fenoterol
618:Symbicort
521:form for
421:does not
366:agitation
236:does not
207:pulmonary
5812:Category
5567:Zileuton
5228:agonists
5182:agonists
5106:agonists
4827:Pindolol
4817:Pargolol
4767:Moprolol
4642:Esprolol
4627:Ericolol
4622:Epanolol
4432:Atenolol
4397:Afurolol
4392:Adimolol
4366:Zinterol
4341:Vibegron
4098:Dopamine
4064:Colterol
3977:Agonists
3945:loxapine
3843:Lisuride
3833:Idazoxan
3813:Efaroxan
3784:gepirone
3770:zotepine
3714:Adimolol
3688:Xylazine
3673:Urapidil
3485:Dopamine
3409:Agonists
3374:Urapidil
3364:loxapine
3248:Prazosin
3094:lisuride
3022:adimolol
2793:Dopamine
2737:Agonists
2650:Cofactor
2520:Muscular
2180:Receptor
2131:Cofactor
2117:Releaser
2105:Enhancer
2099:♦
2062:Receptor
2060:♦
2043:♦
2026:♦
1976:Medicine
1925:21142283
1853:37955136
1839:: 1–10.
1822:21232045
1771:11930383
1763:16022567
1728:25256258
1687:46976912
1679:17352511
1600:16970553
1551:20697169
1461:24 April
1411:32113944
1373:34667060
1291:58394547
1248:27878470
1183:16 March
1178:30085570
1148:22198277
1140:16267353
1102:38054551
1093:10698842
1034:31194406
993:agonists
983:See also
969:anabolic
947:Research
827:agonists
750:—Yutopar
733:—Alupent
712:—Xopenex
691:—Isuprel
670:—Berotec
609:Serevent
578:warnings
574:wheezing
519:solution
402:Delivery
362:insomnia
4922:Timolol
4902:Tazolol
4877:Sotalol
4772:Nadolol
4497:Bunolol
4422:Arnolol
4356:XP21279
3935:(e.g.,
3863:NAN-190
3778:(e.g.,
3736:(e.g.,
3683:XP21279
3431:Amitraz
3379:WB-4101
3354:(e.g.,
3333:doxepin
3323:(e.g.,
3305:(e.g.,
3223:(e.g.,
3080:(e.g.,
3020:(e.g.,
2989:(e.g.,
2936:XP21279
2607:(AdoRI)
2557:(eCBRI)
2140:Classes
2066:Agonist
2054:Blocker
2032:Inducer
1813:3085864
1591:1831628
1542:2941249
1364:8719459
1283:2878344
1239:5480238
1039:5 April
942:—Zilmax
739:—Maxair
613:Foradil
601:placebo
587:A 2006
478:inhaler
442:removed
427:sources
396:sulfite
358:anxiety
257:removed
242:sources
199:insulin
195:uterine
134:agonist
83:scholar
5774:WHO-EM
5072:asthma
4112:-DOPS)
3494:-DOPS)
3421:4-NEMD
2802:-DOPS)
2551:(eCBE)
2148:Enzyme
2049:Opener
2028:Enzyme
1962:Portal
1956:(MeSH)
1931:
1923:
1859:
1851:
1820:
1810:
1769:
1761:
1726:
1685:
1677:
1598:
1588:
1549:
1539:
1496:
1452:
1417:
1409:
1371:
1361:
1320:
1289:
1281:
1246:
1236:
1226:
1176:
1146:
1138:
1100:
1090:
1082:
1032:
636:, and
546:asthma
378:, and
364:, and
350:Tremor
203:asthma
187:muscle
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
5265:Other
3426:6-FNE
2744:6-FNE
2664:(see
2652:(see
2598:Other
2421:(GRI)
2379:(SRI)
2295:(DRI)
2266:(NRI)
2182:&
2094:(NAM)
2088:(PAM)
2020:Types
1929:S2CID
1889:(PDF)
1878:(PDF)
1857:S2CID
1767:S2CID
1683:S2CID
1659:Drugs
1415:S2CID
1287:S2CID
1144:S2CID
911:with
885:with
878:with
624:Types
560:Risks
472:All β
191:liver
155:drugs
90:JSTOR
76:books
5076:COPD
4014:BAAM
3848:mCPP
3709:1-PP
3623:PS75
3138:mCPP
2452:NMDA
2442:AMPA
2368:5-HT
2170:See
2153:see
2119:(RA)
2113:(RI)
2107:(RE)
1921:PMID
1849:PMID
1818:PMID
1759:PMID
1724:PMID
1675:PMID
1644:2009
1596:PMID
1547:PMID
1494:ISBN
1463:2023
1450:ISBN
1407:PMID
1369:PMID
1318:ISBN
1279:PMID
1244:PMID
1224:ISBN
1185:2020
1174:PMID
1136:PMID
1098:PMID
1080:ISSN
1045:NCBI
1041:2022
1030:PMID
893:U.S.
849:U.S.
767:USAN
729:USAN
708:USAN
687:USAN
611:and
505:USAN
425:any
423:cite
240:any
238:cite
189:and
139:Beta
62:news
5080:R03
1913:doi
1841:doi
1808:PMC
1798:doi
1794:163
1751:doi
1714:doi
1710:108
1667:doi
1586:PMC
1578:doi
1537:PMC
1527:doi
1486:doi
1442:doi
1399:doi
1359:PMC
1351:doi
1310:doi
1271:doi
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