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503:, to be financed by the African American Seminole Film Producing Company. She gladly accepted, hoping the publicity would help to advance her career and provide her with some of the money she needed to establish her own flying school. But upon learning that the first scene in the movie required her to appear in tattered clothes, with a walking-stick and a pack on her back, she refused to proceed. "Clearly ... walking off the movie set was a statement of principle. Opportunist though she was about her career, she was never an opportunist about race. She had no intention of perpetuating the derogatory image most whites had of most blacks," wrote Doris Rich.
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665:, has a Regional History Museum which displays a downscale reproduction version of Bessie Coleman's yellow bi-plane "Queen Bess." The museum display also includes a uniform and other memorabilia regarding the life and times of Bessie Coleman. Outside the regional history museum is a Texas Historical Marker located at 101 N. East Street in Historic Downtown, Atlanta. The road to the Hall-Miller Municipal Airport in Atlanta is named Bessie Coleman Drive in her honor.
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393:" stunt flier, performing dangerous tricks in the air with the then-still-novel technology of airplanes for paying audiences. But, to succeed in this highly competitive arena, she would need advanced lessons and a more extensive repertoire. Returning to Chicago, she could not find anyone willing to teach her, so in February 1922, she sailed again for Europe.
248:, as it was then called, to find better opportunities, but his wife and children did not follow. At the age of 12, Bessie was accepted into the Missionary Baptist Church School on scholarship. When she turned eighteen, she took her savings and enrolled in the Oklahoma Colored Agricultural and Normal University in Langston, Oklahoma (now called
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along the way because the plane had been so poorly maintained. Upon learning this, Coleman's friends and family did not consider the aircraft safe and implored her not to fly it, but she refused. On take-off, Wills was flying the plane with
Coleman in the other seat. She was planning a parachute jump
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The thrill of stunt flying and the admiration of cheering crowds were only part of
Coleman's dream. Coleman never lost sight of her childhood vow to one day "amount to something". As a professional aviator, Coleman often would be criticized by the press for her opportunistic nature and the flamboyant
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To commemorate the 100th anniversary of
Coleman earning her flying license, in August 2022, American Airlines flew a commemorative flight from "Dallas-Fort Worth to Phoenix. The flight was operated by an all-Black Female crew — from the pilots and Flight Attendants to the Cargo team members and the
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at 3,000 feet above the ground. Coleman was thrown from the plane at 2,000 ft (610 m), and was killed instantly when she hit the ground. Wills was unable to regain control of the plane, and it plummeted to the ground. He died upon impact. The plane exploded, bursting into flames. Although
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in the United States. She was popularly known as "Queen Bess" and "Brave Bessie", and hoped to start a school for
African-American fliers. Coleman died in a plane crash in 1926. Her pioneering role was an inspiration to early pilots and to the African-American and Native American communities.
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Committed to promoting aviation and combating racism, Coleman spoke to audiences across the country about the pursuit of aviation and goals for
African Americans. She absolutely refused to participate in aviation events that prohibited the attendance of African Americans.
237:. Coleman began attending school in Waxahachie at the age of six. She walked four miles each day to her segregated, one-room school, where she loved to read and established herself as an outstanding math student. She completed her elementary education in that school.
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Upon graduation from high school, she enrolled at the
Colored Agricultural and Normal University (now Langston University) in Langston, Oklahoma. Financial difficulties, however, forced her to quit after one semester because she could not afford to attend another
453:. She delivered a stunning demonstration of daredevil maneuvers – including figure eights, loops, and near-ground dips to a large and enthusiastic crowd at the Checkerboard Airdrome – now the grounds of Hines Veterans Administration Medical Center,
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It's tempting to draw parallels between me and Ms. Coleman . . . I point to Bessie
Coleman and say here is a woman, a being, who exemplifies and serves as a model for all humanity, the very definition of strength, dignity, courage, integrity, and beauty.
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Coleman would not live long enough to establish a school for young black aviators, but her pioneering achievements served as an inspiration for a generation of
African-American men and women. "Because of Bessie Coleman," wrote Lieutenant
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The air is the only place free from prejudices. I knew we had no aviators, neither men nor women, and I knew the Race needed to be represented along this most important line, so I thought it my duty to risk my life to learn aviation...
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On June 15, 1921, Coleman became the first black woman and first Native
American to earn an aviation pilot's license and the first black person and first self-identified Native American to earn an international aviation license from the
368:. Determined to polish her skills, Coleman spent the next two months taking lessons from a French ace pilot near Paris and, in September 1921, she sailed for America. She became a media sensation when she returned to the United States.
496:. A local street was renamed "Bessie Coleman" Street in her honor in 2013. The couple, who treated her as a daughter, persuaded her to stay, and Coleman opened a beauty shop in Orlando to earn extra money to buy her own plane.
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411:"Queen Bess", as she was known, was a highly popular draw for the next five years. Invited to important events and often interviewed by newspapers, she was admired by both blacks and whites. She primarily flew
539:(1934), dedicated to Coleman, "we have overcome that which was worse than racial barriers. We have overcome the barriers within ourselves and dared to dream." Powell served in a segregated unit during
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Every season, Coleman's routine of school, chores, and church was interrupted for her to participate in bringing in the cotton harvest. In 1901, George
Coleman left his family. He moved to
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grandparents, and Susan Coleman, who was African American. Nine of the children survived childhood, which was typical for the time. When Coleman was two years old, her family moved to
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With the age of commercial flight still a decade or more in the future, Coleman quickly realized that in order to make a living as a civilian aviator she would have to become a "
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Funeral services were held in Florida, before her body was sent back to Chicago. While there was little mention in most media, news of her death was widely carried in the
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style she brought to her exhibition flying. She also quickly gained a reputation as a skilled and daring pilot who would stop at nothing to complete a difficult stunt. In
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newspaper, the show billed Coleman as "the world's greatest woman flier" and featured aerial displays by eight other American ace pilots, and a jump by black parachutist
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at the location of her former home, 41st and King Drive in Chicago, and it is a tradition for African-American aviators to drop flowers during flyovers of her grave at
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The U.S. Postal Service issued a 32-cent stamp honoring Coleman in 1995. The Bessie Coleman Commemorative is the 18th in the U.S. Postal Service Black Heritage series.
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Corporation and received additional training from one of the company's chief pilots. She then returned to the United States to launch her career in exhibition flying.
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the wreckage of the plane was badly burned, it was later discovered that a wrench used to service the engine had jammed the controls. Coleman was 34 years old.
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newspaper, encouraged her to study abroad. Abbot publicized Coleman's quest in his newspaper and she received financial sponsorship from banker
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to save money in hopes of becoming a pilot herself. American flight schools of the time admitted neither women nor black people, so
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and other aircraft that had been army surplus aircraft left over from the war. She made her first appearance in an American
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opportunities in the United States, so she saved and obtained sponsorships in Chicago to go to France for flight school.
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Coleman's example proved an inspiration for a number of pioneers in aeronautics and eventually astronautics, including
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Several Bessie Coleman Scholarship Awards have been established for high school seniors planning careers in aviation.
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2385:"Bessie Coleman, first African American woman to earn a pilot's license, honored by All-Black, female airline crew"
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On January 25, 2015, Orlando renamed West Washington Street to recognize the street's most accomplished resident.
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Coleman was honored with a toy character in season 5, episode 11a of the children's animated television program
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at the White Sox Barber Shop, where she heard stories of flying during wartime from pilots returning home from
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Coleman spent the next two months in France completing an advanced course in aviation. She then left for the
193:. Coleman developed an early interest in flying, but African Americans, Native Americans, and women had no
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Six weeks later, Coleman returned to Chicago, performing in an air show, this time to honor World War I's
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Large poster on a scaffolding at "Bessie-Coleman-Straße" (aka "Bessie-Coleman-street") in the district
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Creasman, Kim (1997). "Black Birds in the Sky: The Legacies of Bessie Coleman and Dr. Mae Jemison".
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1038:"O'Hare display honors 1st African American, Native American to earn international pilot's license"
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Realizing the Dream of Flight: Biographical Essays in Honor of the Centennial of Flight, 1903–2003
348:, France, on November 20, 1920, so that she could earn her pilot license. She learned to fly in a
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for the next day and was unharnessed as she needed to look over the side to examine the terrain.
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Bessie Coleman Boulevard in Waxahachie, Texas, where she lived as a child is named in her honor.
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became a federal holiday, a flyover was held in Colorado to honor both her and the new holiday.
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1190:"Indigenous Connections and Collections Library Blog – Bessie Coleman Aerospace Legacy"
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located on the site of the Jacksonville airfield where Coleman's fatal flight took off.
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in the South of France was named after Coleman in March 2016, and there are streets in
622:. Ten thousand mourners attended her ceremonies in Chicago, which were led by activist
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In the 1920s, she met the Rev. Hezakiah Hill and his wife Viola on a speaking tour in
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biplane with "a steering system that consisted of a vertical stick the thickness of a
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In 2012, a bronze plaque with Coleman's likeness was installed on the front doors of
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1618:"Negress Pilots Airplane: Bessie Coleman Makes Three Flights for Fifteenth Infantry"
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Through her media contacts, she was offered a role in a feature-length film titled
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221:, the tenth of 13 children of George Coleman, an African American who may have had
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Women Aviators: From Amelia Earhart to Sally Ride, Making History in Air and Space
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2282:"US comes together to mark Juneteenth after recognizing it as federal holiday"
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Soergel, Matt (October 28, 2013). "Looking to honor the daring 'Queen Bess'".
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2405:"United States Mint Announces 2023 American Women Quarters™ Program Honorees"
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series. 6-15-21 is the date she was awarded her international pilots license.
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1347:"Overlooked No More: Bessie Coleman, Pioneering African-American Aviatrix"
252:). She completed one term before her money ran out and she returned home.
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148:(January 26, 1892 – April 30, 1926) was an early American
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Aviators killed in aviation accidents or incidents in the United States
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About ten minutes into the flight, the plane unexpectedly went into a
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on September 3, 1922, at an event honoring veterans of the all-black
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1775:"The first Black-owned airport in the U.S. was in Robbins, Illinois"
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1255:"Bessie Coleman: Race and Gender Realities Behind Aviation Dreams"
273:, where she lived with her brothers. In Chicago, she worked as a
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594:, Florida. She had recently purchased a Curtiss JN-4 (Jenny) in
2310:"Great Exploration Revisited: New Horizons at Pluto and Charon"
1686:"Orlando renames street in honor of black 'daredevil aviatrix'"
871:
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839:, in her honor. It is located on the edge of the heart-shaped
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near New York City, and sponsored by her friend Abbott and the
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213:
Elizabeth (or Bessie) Coleman was born on January 26, 1892, in
2341:"Pluto Landmarks Named for Aviation Pioneers Ride and Coleman"
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Blue Skies, Black Wings: African American Pioneers of Aviation
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She then became a high-profile pilot in notoriously dangerous
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Texas Takes Wing: A Century of Flight in the Lone Star State
2427:"What's in a School Rename: Life, Legacy of Bessie Coleman"
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On January 26, 2017, the 125th anniversary of her birth, a
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license, and is the earliest known Black person to earn an
2453:"Bessie Coleman, pioneering pilot, now has her own Barbie"
1861:. City of Chicago, Chicago Cultural Center. Archived from
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2218:
These We Honor: The International Aerospace Hall of Fame
1380:. Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press. p. 46.
817:: "Bessie Coleman, Pioneering African-American Aviatrix"
2559:
King, Anita (1976). "Brave Bessie: First Black Pilot".
2480:"World Premiere of THE FLIGHT Comes to Factory Theatre"
2263:"Who was Bessie Coleman and why does she still matter?"
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1502:. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press. pp.
1257:. In Dawson, Virginia Parker; Bowles, Mark D. (eds.).
937:, the first African-American to earn a pilot's license
281:. She took a second job as a restaurant manager of a
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881:, a play inspired by Bessie Coleman, debuted at the
2730:. Texas Historical Commission. 2002. Archived from
2675:. African-American Biographies. Enslow Publishers.
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340:Bessie Coleman took a French-language class at the
4977:Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in 1926
2635:. Trailblazer Biographies. First Avenue Editions.
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1414:. Rizzoli International Publications. p. 67.
334:Coleman's aviation license issued on June 15, 1921
457:, Illinois, Loyola Hospital, Maywood, and nearby
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1588:"Daredevil of the Sky: The Bessie Coleman Story"
1364:
1164:"Fighter pilot takes inspiration to new heights"
2718:. bessiecoleman.com. Atlanta Historical Museum.
2690:Bessie Coleman: Pioneering Black Woman Aviator
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1138:Natural Resources Conservation Service Nevada
136: 1917, separated soon after)
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265:In 1915, at the age of 23, Coleman moved to
189:school. She attended one term of college at
831:named a mountain (and possible volcano) on
783:s 2013 list of the "51 Heroes of Aviation".
702:are named for her. A roundabout leading to
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2631:Up in the Air: The Story of Bessie Coleman
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788:International Air & Space Hall of Fame
31:
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1645:"Bessie Coleman: Pioneer Chicago Aviator"
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675:A memorial plaque has been placed by the
4962:National Aviation Hall of Fame inductees
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1855:"Markers of Distinction: Bessie Coleman"
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1345:Slotnik, Daniel E. (December 11, 2019).
1100:"Some Notable Women In Aviation History"
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2783:The First Female African American Pilot
2673:Bessie Coleman: First Black Woman Pilot
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2589:Bessie Coleman: The Brownskin Lady Bird
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786:In 2014, Coleman was inducted into the
751:In 2006, Coleman was inducted into the
744:In 2001, Coleman was inducted into the
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2035:"Bessie Coleman Boulevard, Waxahachie"
1773:Nettles, Arionne (December 14, 2023).
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1586:Toth, Maria Lynn (February 10, 2001).
1520:
1447:from the original on December 24, 2011
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366:Fédération Aéronautique Internationale
171:Fédération Aéronautique Internationale
4932:Aviation history of the United States
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2785:(January 4, 2012) Smithsonian channel
2320:from the original on October 25, 2021
2280:Bekiempis, Victoria (June 19, 2021).
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957:Military history of African Americans
672:was named in Coleman's honor in 1993.
4957:Deaths by falling out of an aircraft
4897:20th-century African-American people
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2587:Freydberg, Elizabeth Hadley (1994).
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2383:Van Cleave, Kris (August 17, 2022).
2339:Talbert, Tricia (October 25, 2021).
2114:Sine, Richard L.; Galpin, Jonathan.
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859:Bessie Coleman Elementary School in
638:In 2023m Coleman was honored in the
4902:20th-century African-American women
1684:Hudak, Stephen (January 31, 2015).
1443:. Texas State History Association.
1435:Morales, Roni (February 25, 2020).
1249:
1013:"Bessie Coleman | American aviator"
13:
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1960:"Bessie-Coleman-Straße, Frankfurt"
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1134:"Women in History: Bessie Coleman"
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733:Gary/Chicago International Airport
590:On April 30, 1926, Coleman was in
168:. She earned her license from the
14:
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2979:Mildred "Babe" Didrikson Zaharias
2728:Historical Marker Database (HMdb)
2707:
2478:Wild, Stephi (January 24, 2023).
2239:"Bessie Coleman's 125th Birthday"
1935:"Bessie Coleman Boulevard, Tampa"
1748:. Westport, CT: Praeger. p.
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1005:
986:Roni Morales (November 1, 2014).
849:aviation maintenance technician."
760:Paxon School for Advanced Studies
2766:Bessie Coleman historical marker
2653:She Dared to Fly: Bessie Coleman
2220:. Donning Co. Publishers, 2006.
2142:, National Women's Hall of Fame.
914:
900:
874:to its "Inspiring Women" series.
829:International Astronomical Union
792:San Diego Air & Space Museum
717:Bessie Coleman Middle School in
344:in Chicago and then traveled to
324:
315:
4922:African-American women aviators
4049:Harriet Williams Russell Strong
2572:. Austin: Texas Monthly Press.
2471:
2445:
2419:
2397:
2376:
2366:"Empowering Women in the Skies"
2358:
2332:
2301:
2273:
2255:
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2192:
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2133:
2107:
2077:
2052:
2027:
2002:
1977:
1952:
1927:
1910:"Bessie Coleman Drive, Alameda"
1902:
1885:"Bessie Coleman Drive, Chicago"
1877:
1847:
1822:
1792:
1733:
1721:. Los Angeles: Ivan Deach, Jr.
1710:
1636:
1610:
1579:
1549:
1536:National Women's History Museum
1428:
1318:National Women's History Museum
1285:Women in Aviation International
1221:National Women's History Museum
1104:Women in Aviation International
947:woman to earn a pilot's license
700:Frankfurt International Airport
289:, founder and publisher of the
133:
3728:Ernestine Louise Potowski Rose
2563:. Parts 1 & 2 (May, June).
2500:
2158:National Aviation Hall of Fame
1985:"Rue Bessie Coleman, Poitiers"
1624:. September 4, 1922. p. 9
753:National Aviation Hall of Fame
1:
4698:
4370:
3875:
3200:
3031:
2840:
2829:National Women's Hall of Fame
2656:. New York: Benchmark Books.
2216:Sprekelmeyer, Linda, editor.
1499:Queen Bess: Daredevil Aviator
1215:Alexander, Kerri Lee (2022).
1194:Indian Pueblo Cultural Center
968:
815:Overlooked (obituary feature)
774:Coleman was placed No. 14 on
746:National Women's Hall of Fame
698:in Florida, and at Germany's
692:Oakland International Airport
360:bar under the pilot's feet."
233:, Texas, where they lived as
208:
166:international pilot's license
4912:Accidental deaths in Florida
4907:20th-century American people
4075:Paulina Kellogg Wright Davis
2509:The Journal of Negro History
2089:United States Postal Service
1740:Broadnax, Samuel L. (2007).
1643:Keating, Ann Durkin (2005).
1530:Kerri Lee Alexander (2018).
1441:The Handbook of Texas Online
1217:"Bessie Coleman (1892–1926)"
1067:"Bessie Coleman (1892–1926)"
973:
712:20th Arrondissement of Paris
688:O'Hare International Airport
356:in front of the pilot and a
16:American aviator (1892–1926)
7:
4258:Martha Coffin Pelham Wright
3662:Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin
2606:Fisher, Lillian M. (1995).
2407:. U.S. Mint. March 30, 2022
2010:"Rue Bessie Coleman, Paris"
1717:Powell, William J. (1934).
1632:– via Newspapers.com.
893:
696:Tampa International Airport
459:Cook County Forest Preserve
371:
10:
4998:
4967:People from Atlanta, Texas
4937:American aviation pioneers
3814:Katharine Dexter McCormick
3112:Mary "Mother" Harris Jones
988:"Bessie Coleman – Aviator"
930:List of firsts in aviation
852:Coleman was honored on an
813:featured Coleman in their
260:
4917:African-American aviators
4805:
4749:
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3672:Hannah Greenebaum Solomon
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3041:
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3026:
2987:
2961:
2850:
2846:
2835:
2650:Johnson, Dolores (1997).
2609:Brave Bessie: Flying Free
1561:Black History pages (BHP)
670:public library in Chicago
629:
525:
306:
255:
117:
102:
91:
83:
64:
42:
30:
23:
3903:Marjory Stoneman Douglas
3713:Wilhelmina Cole Holladay
3486:Charlotte Perkins Gilman
2688:Holway, John R. (2012).
2627:Hart, Philip S. (1996).
2568:Bilstein, Roger (1985).
1504:37, 47, 57, 109–111, 145
1374:Ganson, Barbara (2014).
1261:. NASA. pp. ix, 5.
1132:Onkst, David H. (2016).
804:was posted in her honor.
735:, is named in her honor.
573:
342:Berlitz Language Schools
4927:American women aviators
4393:Dorothy Harrison Eustis
4283:Catherine Filene Shouse
4136:Patricia Roberts Harris
3774:Mary Steichen Calderone
3642:Lillian Moller Gilbreth
3511:Frances Wisebart Jacobs
3315:Martha Wright Griffiths
2755:33.114133°N 94.165517°W
2671:Plantz, Connie (2001).
2200:"51 Heroes of Aviation"
2186:The Florida Times-Union
1649:Encyclopedia of Chicago
1408:Marck, Bernard (2009).
1017:Encyclopedia Britannica
885:, written and starring
870:added a Bessie Coleman
727:B. Coleman Aviation, a
677:Chicago Cultural Center
640:American Women quarters
518:(first African-American
476:Bessie Coleman, c. 1922
451:370th Infantry Regiment
424:369th Infantry Regiment
98:, Cook County, Illinois
4339:Rebecca Talbot Perkins
3834:Eunice Kennedy Shriver
3698:Frances Xavier Cabrini
3612:Elizabeth Hanford Dole
3390:Ellen Swallow Richards
3360:Constance Baker Motley
3010:Elizabeth Bayley Seton
2943:Elizabeth Cady Stanton
2734:on September 27, 2016.
2431:The Corvallis Advocate
2370:American Airlines News
1834:Chicago Public Library
1830:"About Coleman Branch"
1800:"Bessie Coleman Facts"
1281:"Pioneer Hall of Fame"
854:American Women quarter
658:
643:
620:African-American press
587:
564:Robert H. Lawrence Jr.
511:
477:
381:
154:first African-American
107:First African-American
4853:Anna Wessels Williams
4540:Carlotta Walls LaNier
4273:Elisabeth Kübler-Ross
4131:Martha Matilda Harper
4095:Mary Engle Pennington
3933:Frances Oldham Kelsey
3718:Anne Morrow Lindbergh
3471:Jane Cunningham Croly
3400:Katherine Siva Saubel
3295:Marian Wright Edelman
3218:Margaret Bourke-White
3143:Harriet Beecher Stowe
2760:33.114133; -94.165517
863:, is named after her.
714:also named after her.
649:
637:
581:
506:
475:
376:
76:Jacksonville, Florida
4550:Mary Harriman Rumsey
4388:St. Katharine Drexel
4232:Mary Burnett Talbert
4227:Blanche Stuart Scott
4212:Mother Marianne Cope
4192:Ruth Fulton Benedict
4151:Mildred Robbins Leet
3849:Angelina Grimké Weld
3723:Maria Goeppert Mayer
3693:Charlotte Anne Bunch
3270:Antoinette Blackwell
3249:Gertrude Belle Elion
3179:Ida B. Wells-Barnett
2948:Helen Brooke Taussig
2938:Margaret Chase Smith
2165:on November 30, 2016
2120:US Stamp Gallery.com
1865:on February 14, 2016
1496:Rich, Doris (1993).
1144:on February 16, 2016
908:United States portal
177:Born to a family of
4972:People from Chicago
4942:Aviators from Texas
4767:Rebecca S. Halstead
4741:Mary Church Terrell
4428:Barbara A. Mikulski
4156:Patsy Takemoto Mink
4141:Stephanie L. Kwolek
4080:Ruth Bader Ginsburg
4054:Emily Howell Warner
3999:Dorothy H. Andersen
3973:Annie Dodge Wauneka
3968:Mary Edwards Walker
3893:Faye Glenn Abdellah
3824:Edith Nourse Rogers
3804:Shirley Ann Jackson
3779:Mary Ann Shadd Cary
3657:Sandra Day O'Connor
3637:Matilda Joslyn Gage
3233:Florence B. Seibert
3070:Carrie Chapman Catt
3000:Juliette Gordon Low
2883:Elizabeth Blackwell
2878:Mary McLeod Bethune
2750: /
2269:. January 26, 2017.
2064:B. Coleman Aviation
1598:on November 5, 2012
1567:on January 28, 2017
729:fixed-base operator
721:, is named for her.
582:Coleman's grave at
501:Shadow and Sunshine
250:Langston University
191:Langston University
84:Cause of death
4726:Barbara Rose Johns
4677:Flossie Wong-Staal
4652:Nicole Malachowski
4581:Lorraine Hansberry
4525:Marcia Greenberger
4479:Mary Joseph Rogers
4418:Coretta Scott King
4403:Abby Kelley Foster
4319:Susan Kelly-Dreiss
4207:Rita Rossi Colwell
3983:Frances E. Willard
3819:Rozanne L. Ridgway
3769:Lydia Moss Bradley
3754:Madeleine Albright
3647:Nannerl O. Keohane
3617:Anne Dallas Dudley
3546:Betty Bone Schiess
3516:Susette La Flesche
3501:Zora Neale Hurston
3496:Helen LaKelly Hunt
3420:Madam C. J. Walker
3335:Mary Putnam Jacobi
3285:Jacqueline Cochran
3265:Ethel Percy Andrus
3133:Barbara McClintock
2459:. January 24, 2023
2372:. August 19, 2022.
2095:on August 10, 2013
1810:on January 5, 2014
1804:yourdictionary.com
1622:The New York Times
1351:The New York Times
1196:. November 7, 2022
810:The New York Times
807:In December 2019,
659:
644:
588:
560:Janet Harmon Bragg
478:
413:Curtiss JN-4 Jenny
174:on June 15, 1921.
4874:
4873:
4870:
4869:
4866:
4865:
4828:Kimberlé Crenshaw
4823:Elouise P. Cobell
4787:Katherine Johnson
4757:Octavia E. Butler
4689:
4688:
4685:
4684:
4596:Clare Boothe Luce
4408:Helen Murray Free
4361:
4360:
4357:
4356:
4222:Patricia A. Locke
4187:Florence E. Allen
4171:Sheila E. Widnall
4116:Linda G. Alvarado
4100:Mercy Otis Warren
4059:Victoria Woodhull
4044:Barbara Holdridge
4039:Beatrice A. Hicks
4014:Lydia Maria Child
3928:Leontine T. Kelly
3866:
3865:
3862:
3861:
3688:Louisa May Alcott
3602:Mary Breckinridge
3481:Geraldine Ferraro
3466:Annie Jump Cannon
3191:
3190:
3187:
3186:
3022:
3021:
3018:
3017:
2928:Eleanor Roosevelt
2827:Inductees to the
2612:. Hencrick-Long.
2570:Aviation in Texas
2484:BroadwayWorld.com
2226:978-1-57864-397-4
2153:"Coleman, Bessie"
1759:978-0-275-99195-1
1592:Los Angeles Times
1437:"Coleman, Bessie"
1387:978-0-292-75408-9
1291:on March 27, 2008
1077:on March 26, 2017
861:Corvallis, Oregon
719:Cedar Hill, Texas
656:Frankfurt Airport
533:William J. Powell
143:
142:
4989:
4706:
4705:
4695:
4694:
4662:Louise Slaughter
4586:Victoria Jackson
4545:Philippa Marrack
4530:Barbara Iglewski
4438:Kathrine Switzer
4433:Donna E. Shalala
4378:
4377:
4367:
4366:
4324:Allie B. Latimer
4304:Louise Bourgeois
4278:Judith L. Pipher
4085:Katharine Graham
4029:Marian de Forest
3948:Anna Howard Shaw
3898:Emma Smith DeVoe
3883:
3882:
3872:
3871:
3784:Joan Ganz Cooney
3708:Oveta Culp Hobby
3703:Mary A. Hallaren
3566:Sarah Winnemucca
3435:Gloria Yerkovich
3430:Rosalyn S. Yalow
3385:Jeannette Rankin
3365:Georgia O'Keeffe
3320:Fannie Lou Hamer
3280:Shirley Chisholm
3228:Billie Jean King
3208:
3207:
3197:
3196:
3159:Gwendolyn Brooks
3039:
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2868:Susan B. Anthony
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2735:
2724:"Bessie Coleman"
2719:
2716:"Bessie Coleman"
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2561:Essence Magazine
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2433:. April 16, 2022
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2206:. July 24, 2013.
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2161:. Archived from
2149:
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2140:"Bessie Coleman"
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2116:"Bessie Coleman"
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2091:. Archived from
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1691:Orlando Sentinel
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1594:. Archived from
1583:
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1563:. Archived from
1557:"Bessie Coleman"
1553:
1547:
1546:
1544:
1542:
1532:"Bessie Coleman"
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1314:"Bessie Coleman"
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1287:. Archived from
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1170:. March 28, 2018
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1110:on June 29, 2016
1106:. Archived from
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1073:. Archived from
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945:Chinese American
924:
922:Biography portal
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904:
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782:
681:Lincoln Cemetery
584:Lincoln Cemetery
552:Cornelius Coffey
521:
520:woman astronaut)
440:Chicago Defender
385:
384:– Bessie Coleman
328:
319:
292:Chicago Defender
287:Robert S. Abbott
246:Indian Territory
156:woman and first
137:
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96:Lincoln Cemetery
71:
53:January 26, 1892
52:
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4858:Serena Williams
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4731:Henrietta Lacks
4721:Barbara Hillary
4716:Aretha Franklin
4700:
4681:
4667:Sonia Sotomayor
4620:
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4510:Tenley Albright
4498:
4484:Bernice Sandler
4442:
4423:Lilly Ledbetter
4398:Loretta C. Ford
4372:
4353:
4292:
4288:Henrietta Szold
4248:Eleanor K. Baum
4236:
4202:Hillary Clinton
4175:
4126:Gertrude Ederle
4121:Donna de Varona
4104:
4063:
4009:Rosalynn Carter
3987:
3963:Wilma L. Vaught
3918:Crystal Eastman
3913:Sylvia A. Earle
3877:
3858:
3854:Chien-Shiung Wu
3829:Felice Schwartz
3799:Julia Ward Howe
3742:
3733:Maria Tallchief
3676:
3632:Margaret Fuller
3627:Ella Fitzgerald
3622:Mary Baker Eddy
3575:
3531:Antonia Novello
3506:Anne Hutchinson
3439:
3380:Esther Peterson
3355:Wilma Mankiller
3275:Emily Blackwell
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3079:
3075:Frances Perkins
3058:
3054:Sojourner Truth
3049:Margaret Sanger
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2903:Emily Dickinson
2863:Marian Anderson
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2714:Spivey, Lynne.
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2553:Further reading
2521:10.2307/2717501
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1044:. July 30, 2021
1042:abc7chicago.com
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4939:
4934:
4929:
4924:
4919:
4914:
4909:
4904:
4899:
4894:
4889:
4872:
4871:
4868:
4867:
4864:
4863:
4861:
4860:
4855:
4850:
4845:
4840:
4838:Judith Plaskow
4835:
4833:Peggy McIntosh
4830:
4825:
4820:
4815:
4809:
4807:
4803:
4802:
4800:
4799:
4797:Michelle Obama
4794:
4789:
4784:
4779:
4774:
4769:
4764:
4759:
4753:
4751:
4747:
4746:
4744:
4743:
4738:
4733:
4728:
4723:
4718:
4712:
4710:
4702:
4701:
4691:
4690:
4687:
4686:
4683:
4682:
4680:
4679:
4674:
4672:Laurie Spiegel
4669:
4664:
4659:
4654:
4649:
4644:
4639:
4634:
4628:
4626:
4622:
4621:
4619:
4618:
4613:
4608:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4591:Sherry Lansing
4588:
4583:
4578:
4576:Temple Grandin
4573:
4567:
4565:
4561:
4560:
4558:
4557:
4552:
4547:
4542:
4537:
4535:Jean Kilbourne
4532:
4527:
4522:
4517:
4512:
4506:
4504:
4500:
4499:
4497:
4496:
4491:
4486:
4481:
4476:
4471:
4466:
4461:
4459:Ina May Gaskin
4456:
4450:
4448:
4444:
4443:
4441:
4440:
4435:
4430:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4413:Billie Holiday
4410:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4390:
4384:
4382:
4374:
4373:
4363:
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4280:
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4224:
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4214:
4209:
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4199:
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4189:
4183:
4181:
4177:
4176:
4174:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4148:
4146:Dorothea Lange
4143:
4138:
4133:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4112:
4110:
4106:
4105:
4103:
4102:
4097:
4092:
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4082:
4077:
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4069:
4065:
4064:
4062:
4061:
4056:
4051:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4019:Bessie Coleman
4016:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3995:
3993:
3989:
3988:
3986:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3955:
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3806:
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3766:
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3725:
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3715:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3684:
3682:
3678:
3677:
3675:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3607:Eileen Collins
3604:
3599:
3597:Amelia Bloomer
3594:
3589:
3587:Virginia Apgar
3583:
3581:
3577:
3576:
3574:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3556:Nettie Stevens
3553:
3551:Muriel Siebert
3548:
3543:
3538:
3536:Linda Richards
3533:
3528:
3526:Maria Mitchell
3523:
3521:Louise McManus
3518:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3476:Catherine East
3473:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3447:
3445:
3441:
3440:
3438:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3425:Faye Wattleton
3422:
3417:
3412:
3410:Helen Stephens
3407:
3405:Gloria Steinem
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3330:Dolores Huerta
3327:
3325:Dorothy Height
3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3261:
3259:
3255:
3254:
3252:
3251:
3245:
3243:
3239:
3238:
3236:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3223:Barbara Jordan
3220:
3214:
3212:
3204:
3203:
3193:
3192:
3189:
3188:
3185:
3184:
3182:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3155:
3153:
3149:
3148:
3146:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3129:
3127:
3123:
3122:
3120:
3119:
3114:
3108:
3106:
3102:
3101:
3099:
3098:
3093:
3091:Belva Lockwood
3087:
3085:
3081:
3080:
3078:
3077:
3072:
3066:
3064:
3060:
3059:
3057:
3056:
3051:
3045:
3043:
3035:
3034:
3024:
3023:
3020:
3019:
3016:
3015:
3013:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2991:
2989:
2985:
2984:
2982:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2965:
2963:
2959:
2958:
2956:
2955:
2953:Harriet Tubman
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2933:Florence Sabin
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2913:Alice Hamilton
2910:
2908:Amelia Earhart
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2854:
2852:
2844:
2843:
2833:
2832:
2824:
2823:
2816:
2809:
2801:
2795:
2794:
2793:
2792:
2775:
2720:
2709:
2708:External links
2706:
2705:
2704:
2698:
2685:
2668:
2663:978-0761404873
2662:
2647:
2642:978-0876149782
2641:
2624:
2618:
2603:
2597:
2584:
2578:
2565:
2554:
2551:
2550:
2549:
2515:(1): 159–163.
2502:
2499:
2497:
2496:
2470:
2444:
2418:
2396:
2375:
2357:
2331:
2300:
2272:
2254:
2230:
2209:
2191:
2188:. p. A-4.
2176:
2144:
2132:
2106:
2085:"Stamp Series"
2076:
2051:
2026:
2001:
1976:
1951:
1926:
1901:
1876:
1846:
1821:
1791:
1765:
1758:
1732:
1709:
1707:, p. 163.
1697:
1673:
1671:, p. 162.
1661:
1635:
1609:
1578:
1548:
1519:
1512:
1477:
1475:, p. 159.
1462:
1427:
1420:
1393:
1386:
1363:
1330:
1302:
1272:
1233:
1207:
1181:
1168:U.S. Air Force
1155:
1121:
1088:
1055:
1029:
1004:
977:
975:
972:
970:
967:
966:
965:
959:
954:
948:
938:
935:Eugene Bullard
932:
926:
925:
911:
895:
892:
891:
890:
875:
864:
857:
850:
846:
842:Tombaugh Regio
825:
820:In 2021, when
818:
805:
798:
795:
784:
772:
768:Doc McStuffins
763:
756:
749:
742:
739:
736:
725:
722:
715:
684:
673:
666:
663:Atlanta, Texas
631:
628:
586:, near Chicago
575:
572:
527:
524:
505:
402:Anthony Fokker
375:
373:
370:
333:
332:
323:
322:
314:
313:
312:
311:
310:
308:
305:
262:
259:
257:
254:
210:
207:
152:. She was the
146:Bessie Coleman
141:
140:
129:
125:
122:
121:
119:
115:
114:
113:female aviator
104:
103:Known for
100:
99:
93:
89:
88:
85:
81:
80:
74:
72:(aged 34)
68:April 30, 1926
66:
62:
61:
57:Atlanta, Texas
55:
44:
40:
39:
36:
28:
27:
25:Bessie Coleman
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4994:
4983:
4980:
4978:
4975:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4940:
4938:
4935:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4884:
4882:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4851:
4849:
4846:
4844:
4841:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4813:Patricia Bath
4811:
4810:
4808:
4804:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4782:Emily Howland
4780:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4754:
4752:
4748:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4736:Toni Morrison
4734:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4713:
4711:
4707:
4703:
4696:
4692:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4632:Gloria Allred
4630:
4629:
4627:
4623:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4601:Aimee Mullins
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4571:Matilda Cuomo
4569:
4568:
4566:
4562:
4556:
4555:Eleanor Smeal
4553:
4551:
4548:
4546:
4543:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4528:
4526:
4523:
4521:
4520:Martha Graham
4518:
4516:
4515:Nancy Brinker
4513:
4511:
4508:
4507:
4505:
4501:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4489:Anna Schwartz
4487:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4451:
4449:
4445:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4385:
4383:
4379:
4375:
4368:
4364:
4350:
4349:Kate Stoneman
4347:
4345:
4344:Susan Solomon
4342:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4301:
4299:
4295:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4268:Winona LaDuke
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4245:
4243:
4239:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4197:Betty Bumpers
4195:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4184:
4182:
4178:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4166:Anne Sullivan
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
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4119:
4117:
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4111:
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4081:
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4076:
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4070:
4066:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4034:Althea Gibson
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3996:
3994:
3990:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
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3951:
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3946:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3890:
3888:
3884:
3880:
3873:
3869:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3844:Florence Wald
3842:
3840:
3839:Beverly Sills
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3809:Shannon Lucid
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3751:
3749:
3745:
3739:
3738:Edith Wharton
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3685:
3683:
3679:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3667:Pat Schroeder
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3584:
3582:
3578:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3561:Oprah Winfrey
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3541:Wilma Rudolph
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3461:Myra Bradwell
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3448:
3446:
3442:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3395:Elaine Roulet
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3305:Betty Friedan
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3262:
3260:
3256:
3250:
3247:
3246:
3244:
3240:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3215:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3198:
3194:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3156:
3154:
3150:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3130:
3128:
3124:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3109:
3107:
3103:
3097:
3096:Lucretia Mott
3094:
3092:
3089:
3088:
3086:
3082:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3067:
3065:
3061:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3046:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3029:
3025:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2992:
2990:
2986:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2974:Margaret Mead
2972:
2970:
2969:Abigail Adams
2967:
2966:
2964:
2960:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2893:Rachel Carson
2891:
2889:
2888:Pearl S. Buck
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2855:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2838:
2834:
2830:
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4657:Rose O'Neill
4637:Angela Davis
4616:Alice Waters
4611:Janet Rowley
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3117:Bessie Smith
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2898:Mary Cassatt
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4887:1892 births
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4464:Julie Krone
4263:Swanee Hunt
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4024:Dorothy Day
3958:Ida Tarbell
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3340:Mae Jemison
3310:Ella Grasso
3300:Alice Evans
3290:Ruth Colvin
2918:Helen Hayes
2858:Jane Addams
2758: /
2591:. Garland.
2501:Works cited
2463:February 2,
2350:October 26,
2324:October 26,
2248:January 25,
2169:October 13,
2125:October 13,
2044:October 13,
2019:October 13,
1994:October 13,
1969:October 13,
1944:October 13,
1919:October 13,
1894:October 13,
1719:Black Wings
1571:January 26,
1200:February 2,
1048:February 2,
951:Mae Jemison
872:Barbie doll
610:and then a
568:Mae Jemison
556:Willa Brown
541:World War I
537:Black Wings
516:Mae Jemison
467:Los Angeles
436:Long Island
428:World War I
398:Netherlands
297:Jesse Binga
279:World War I
87:Plane crash
4881:Categories
4647:Jane Fonda
4642:Sarah Deer
4454:Betty Ford
3943:Janet Reno
3789:Gerty Cori
3764:Nellie Bly
3456:Ella Baker
3375:Rosa Parks
3169:Sally Ride
3138:Lucy Stone
3005:Alice Paul
2764: (
2745:94°9.931′W
2742:33°6.848′N
2681:B01K3N5GUM
2243:google.com
1148:January 5,
1022:August 20,
969:References
887:Beryl Bain
879:The Flight
822:Juneteenth
710:, and the
430:. Held at
275:manicurist
231:Waxahachie
209:Early life
187:segregated
160:to hold a
49:1892-01-26
4777:Joy Harjo
4699:2020–2029
4371:2010–2019
4161:Sacagawea
3908:Mary Dyer
3876:2000–2009
3345:Mary Lyon
3201:1990–1999
3032:1980–1989
2841:1970–1979
2545:141029557
2529:0022-2992
2411:March 31,
2267:AlJazeera
1869:March 27,
1295:April 10,
1114:April 10,
974:Citations
941:Leah Hing
877:In 2023,
866:In 2023,
731:based at
686:Roads at
494:Parramore
202:air shows
4772:Mia Hamm
2390:CBS News
2318:Archived
2308:JHUAPL.
2293:June 19,
1445:Archived
1267:60826554
1253:(2005).
1174:July 14,
1081:March 3,
992:Rootsweb
943:, first
894:See also
856:in 2023.
708:Poitiers
416:biplanes
372:Airshows
301:Defender
299:and the
271:Illinois
242:Oklahoma
223:Cherokee
2790:YouTube
2777:Video:
2537:2717501
2069:May 21,
2060:"About"
1727:3261929
1628:May 30,
1451:May 19,
1356:May 30,
1071:PBS.org
790:at the
490:Florida
486:Orlando
420:airshow
267:Chicago
261:Chicago
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566:, and
526:Legacy
406:Fokker
358:rudder
307:France
256:Career
118:Spouse
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2541:S2CID
2533:JSTOR
833:Pluto
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574:Death
455:Hines
346:Paris
244:, or
219:Texas
183:Texas
162:pilot
132:(
128:
4806:2024
4750:2022
4709:2020
4625:2019
4564:2017
4503:2015
4447:2013
4381:2011
4297:2009
4241:2007
4180:2005
4109:2003
4068:2002
3992:2001
3886:2000
3747:1998
3681:1996
3580:1995
3444:1994
3258:1993
3242:1991
3211:1990
3152:1988
3126:1986
3105:1984
3084:1983
3063:1982
3042:1981
2988:1979
2962:1976
2851:1973
2694:ISBN
2677:ASIN
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2525:ISSN
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2465:2023
2439:2022
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2101:2013
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1946:2017
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