912:
so they require the same treatment as other berries. Removal of ethylene may reduce disease and spoilage in all berries. Precooling within one to two hours post-harvest to storage temperature, generally 0 °C (32 °F), via forced air cooling increases the storage life of berries by about a third. Under optimum storage conditions, raspberries and blackberries last for two to five days, strawberries 7–10 days, blueberries two to four weeks, and cranberries two to four months. Berries can be shipped under high carbon dioxide or modified atmosphere of 10–15% carbon dioxide for high carbon dioxide or 15–20% carbon dioxide and 5–10% oxygen for a modified atmosphere container to increase shelf life and prevent grey mold rot.
534:
887:
cranberries 2000 hours. However, too low a temperature will kill the crops: blueberries do not tolerate temperatures below −29 °C (−20 °F), raspberries, depending on variety, may tolerate as low as −31 °C (−24 °F), and blackberries are injured below −20 °C (−4 °F). Spring frosts are, however, much more damaging to berry crops than low winter temperatures. Sites with moderate slopes (3–5%), facing north or east, in the northern hemisphere, near large bodies of water, which regulate spring temperature, are considered ideal in preventing spring frost injury to the new leaves and flowers. All berry crops have shallow root systems. Many
1105:
516:
844:
106:
42:
122:
138:
904:. Blueberries and cranberries grow poorly if the clay or silt content of the soil is more than 20%, while most other berries tolerate a wide range of soil types. For most berry crops, the ideal soil is well drained sandy loam, with a pH of 6.2–6.8 and a moderate to high organic content; however, blueberries have an ideal pH of 4.2–4.8 and can be grown on muck soils, while blueberries and cranberries prefer poorer soils with lower cation exchange, lower calcium, and lower levels of phosphorus.
362:
74:
154:
581:
90:
58:
6329:
5068:
1113:
1007:
916:
806:
567:
1195:
606:
5078:
620:
658:, with air rather than pulp around their seeds. The differences between the everyday and botanical uses of "berry" results in three categories: those fruits that are berries under both definitions; those fruits that are botanical berries but not commonly known as berries; and those parts of plants commonly known as berries that are not botanical berries, and may not even be fruits.
2788:"Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to various food(s)/food constituent(s) and protection of cells from premature aging, antioxidant activity, antioxidant content and antioxidant properties, and protection of DNA, proteins and lipids from oxidative damage pursuant to Article 13(1) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006"
314:. Some berries are commercially important. The berry industry varies from country to country as do types of berries cultivated or growing in the wild. Some berries such as raspberries and strawberries have been bred for hundreds of years and are distinct from their wild counterparts, while other berries, such as
911:
Postharvest small fruit berries are generally stored at 90–95% relative humidity and 0 °C (32 °F). Cranberries, however, are frost sensitive, and should be stored at 3 °C (37 °F). Blueberries are the only berries that respond to ethylene, but flavor does not improve after harvest,
2538:
With a sharp decline in migration from Mexico and
Central America, the primary sources of agricultural labor for half a century, "stoop work"—jobs requiring harvesters to crouch doubled over for hours a day—has become difficult to hire for. Nearly every farm I passed in Watsonville, in May and June,
907:
Growing most berries organically requires the use of proper crop rotation, the right mix of cover crops, and the cultivation of the correct beneficial microorganisms in the soil. As blueberries and cranberries thrive in soils that are not hospitable to most other plants, and conventional fertilizers
1137:
Berries are often used in baking, such as blueberry muffins, blackberry muffins, berry cobblers, berry crisps, berry cakes, berry buckles, berry crumb cakes, berry tea cakes, and berry cookies. Berries are commonly incorporated whole into the batter for baking, and care is often taken so as to not
1262:
Chefs have created quick pickled soft fruit, such as blackberries, strawberries, and blueberries. Strawberries can be battered and quickly fried in a deep fryer. Sauces made from berries, such as cranberry sauce, can be frozen until hard, battered, and deep fried. Cranberry sauce is a traditional
940:
with different species within the same genus; hybridization between different genus may also be possible, but more difficult. Breeding may seek to increase the size and yield of the fruit, improve the flavor and quality of its nutrient content, such as antioxidants, expand the harvest season, and
886:
Many soft fruit berries require a period of temperatures between 0 and 10 °C (32 and 50 °F) for breaking dormancy. In general, strawberries require 200–300 hours, blueberries 650–850 hours, blackberries 700 hours, raspberries 800–1700 hours, currants and gooseberries 800–1500 hours, and
899:
fumigation but is largely prohibited now. Besides the number of years in production, soil compaction, the frequency of fumigation, and herbicide usages increase the appearance of black root rot in strawberries. Raspberries, blackberries, strawberries, and many other berries are susceptible to
374:
Berries have been valuable as a food source for humans since before the start of agriculture, and remain among the primary food sources of other primates. They were a seasonal staple for early hunter-gatherers for thousands of years, and wild berry gathering remains a popular activity in
1090:
evidence established to date that berry pigments have actual antioxidant or any other functions within the human body. Consequently, it is not permitted to claim that foods containing polyphenols have antioxidant health value on product labels in the United States or Europe.
969:
Some fruit not commonly referred to as berries and not always botanically berries are included by land-grant university extension offices in their guides for berry cultivation, or in guides for identifying local wild edible and non-edible berries. Examples include
1328:
Berry consumption is under preliminary research for the potential to improve nutrition and affect chronic diseases. A 2016 review found that berry consumption can significantly lower body mass index, low density lipoprotein (LDL) and systolic blood pressure.
3091:
1138:
burst the berries. Frozen or dried berries may be preferable for some baked berry products. Fresh berries are also often incorporated into baked berry desserts, sometimes with cream, either as a filling to the dessert or as a topping.
936:, berries with specific desirable characteristics were chosen and allowed to sexually reproduce with other berries, and offspring with improved traits could then be selected and used for further crossing. Plants may be
2975:
180:. Typically, berries are juicy, rounded, brightly colored, sweet, sour or tart, and do not have a stone or pit, although many pips or seeds may be present. Common examples of berries in the culinary sense are
1284:. Many berries contain juices that can easily stain, affording use as a natural dye. For example, blackberries are useful for making dyes, especially when ripe berries can easily release juice to produce a
2773:
Guidance for
Industry, Food Labeling; Nutrient Content Claims; Definition for "High Potency" and Definition for "Antioxidant" for Use in Nutrient Content Claims for Dietary Supplements and Conventional
491:*basjom (source also of Old Norse ber, Middle Dutch bere, German Beere "berry;" Old Saxon winberi, Gothic weinabasi "grape"), which is of unknown origin. This and apple are the only native fruit names.
3099:
1030:
to do the berry picking. This practice has come under scrutiny in the past years because of the low wages and poor living standard for the "berry-pickers", as well as the lack of worker safety.
471:
and made several discoveries crucial to the science of plant breeding, such as the sexual reproduction of strawberry. Later, in the early 1800s, English breeders of strawberry made varieties of
418:
referred to many berry crops. The most widely cultivated berry of modern times, however, is the strawberry, which is produced globally at twice the amount of all other berry crops combined.
1033:
In the late 2010s in the US, reduced migration from Mexico and increased minimum wage standards have made finding "stoop-work" labourers to pick the strawberry crop difficult and costly.
2198:
757:; they contain seeds from different ovaries of a single flower. In aggregate fruits like blackberries, the individual "fruitlets" making up the fruit can be clearly seen. The fruits of
3506:
646:
of a single flower. It is fleshy throughout, except for the seeds. It does not have a special "line of weakness" along which it splits to release the seeds when ripe (i.e. it is
6159:
998:
In the year 2005, there were 1.8 million acres (7,300 square kilometres) of land worldwide cultivating berries, with 6.3 million short tons (5.7 megatonnes) produced.
2983:
834:
of all varieties are not fully domesticated, but domestication was attempted from 1994 to 2010 for the economically significant western huckleberry. Many other varieties of
707:, are botanical berries, and are treated as horticultural berries (or as soft fruit in the UK), even though their most commonly used names do not include the word "berry".
3311:
2702:
Wu X, Beecher GR, Holden JM, Haytowitz DB, Gebhardt SE, Prior RL (June 2004). "Lipophilic and hydrophilic antioxidant capacities of common foods in the United States".
3368:
1174:
include: elderberry wine, strawberry wine, blueberry wine, blackberry wine, redcurrant wine, huckleberry wine, goji wine and cranberry wine. Berries are used in some
654:(the female reproductive structures of a flower). The seeds are usually embedded in the fleshy interior of the ovary, but there are some non-fleshy examples such as
6164:
2365:
Eda
Karaagac; Alba M. Vargas; María Teresa de Andrés; Iván Carreño; Javier Ibáñez; Juan Carreño; José Miguel Martínez-Zapater; José Antonio Cabeza (October 2012).
793:, the cone scales, which are hard and woody in most conifers, are instead soft and fleshy when ripe. The bright red berries of yews consist of a fleshy outgrowth (
2229:
2496:
3985:
3399:
2649:
González CV, et al. (2015). "Fruit-localized photoreceptors increase phenolic compounds in berry skins of field-grown Vitis vinifera L. cv. Malbec".
3280:
6297:
1434:
1014:
In certain regions, berrypicking can be a large part of the economy, and it is becoming increasingly common for western
European countries such as
3480:
2951:
1901:
475:
which were important in strawberry breeding in Europe, and hundreds of cultivars have since been produced through the breeding of strawberries.
3674:"Effects of Berries Consumption on Cardiovascular Risk Factors: A Meta-analysis with Trial Sequential Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials"
2206:
1485:
3514:
1519:
6215:
3060:
5082:
2704:
3455:
421:
The strawberry was mentioned by ancient Romans, who thought it had medicinal properties, but it was then not a staple of agriculture.
1722:
1702:
6031:
3978:
3006:
2776:
U.S. Department of Health and Human
Services, Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, June 2008
1958:
1791:
2124:
895:(though many other illnesses go by the same name), which in the past has been controlled in major commercial production by annual
2873:
1308:
all produce dye colors. These were once used by Native
Americans. In Hawaii, the native raspberry called 'akala' was used to dye
3319:
941:
produce cultivars with resistance to diseases, tolerance of hot or cold conditions, and other desirable traits. Advancements in
3429:
2588:
891:
extension offices suggest that strawberries should not be planted more than five years on the same site, due to the danger of
3745:
3602:
3575:
3158:
3131:
2614:
Mattivi F, Guzzon R, Vrhovsek U, Stefanini M, Velasco R (2006). "Metabolite profiling of grape: Flavonols and anthocyanins".
2571:
2349:
2016:
1859:
1667:
1635:
1567:
1251:
394:
Berries also began to be cultivated in Europe and other countries. Some species of blackberries and raspberries of the genus
3376:
2522:
1267:, and similar sauces can be made from many other berries such as blueberries, raspberries, blackberries, and huckleberries.
6363:
5071:
3971:
1171:
1822:
781:
are commonly said to have berries, but these differ from botanical berries and are instead highly modified seed-bearing
3342:
1849:
406:
have been cultivated in the United States for over a century. In Japan, between the 10th and 18th centuries, the terms
2237:
1045:, berries have a contrasting color to their background (often of green leaves), making them visible and attractive to
6221:
2173:
433:), also known as the hautbois strawberry, began to be grown in European gardens in the late 16th century. Later, the
259:. Fruits commonly considered berries but excluded by the botanical definition include strawberries, raspberries, and
533:
5116:
3789:
1751:
3032:
1166:
are commonly made out of other berries. In most cases, sugars must be added to the berry juices in the process of
5555:
2267:
3407:
1216:
are examples of dried grape berries, and many other commercially important berries are available in dried form.
383:
today. In time, humans learned to store berries so that they could be used in the winter. They may be made into
235:). The botanical definition includes many fruits that are not commonly known or referred to as berries, such as
6036:
4495:
741:
There are several different kinds of fruits which are commonly called berries, but are not botanical berries.
5486:
3288:
2847:
2044:
958:
3201:
2434:
1875:
1438:
6205:
5792:
5307:
2747:
400:
have been cultivated since the 17th century, while smooth-skinned blueberries and cranberries of the genus
2898:
41:
6287:
6041:
2925:
6021:
4882:
3484:
1932:
876:
875:
Like most other food crops, berries are commercially grown, with both conventional pest management and
137:
105:
4177:
2307:
1368:
6358:
6171:
3994:
3254:
3175:
1909:
1684:
954:
1497:
6309:
6154:
5204:
1363:
929:
468:
464:
231:
of a single flower where the outer layer of the ovary wall develops into an edible fleshy portion (
1531:
1250:, loganberry, raspberry, and strawberry are often used in jams and jellies. In the United States,
4602:
4150:
2772:
488:
3828:
2561:
1585:"Fragaria: A genus with deep historical roots and ripe for evolutionary and ecological insights"
121:
6139:
6063:
5028:
4485:
3068:
1557:
26:
5868:
3507:"Culturally and Economically Important Nontimber Forest Products of Northern Maine: Blueberry"
3121:
1625:
1390:
1104:
843:
153:
6304:
4973:
4639:
4537:
4120:
3592:
3565:
3148:
2339:
1657:
888:
880:
73:
3227:
2364:
1766:
6026:
5923:
5878:
5550:
5109:
4709:
4567:
4557:
4542:
4337:
4332:
4327:
4100:
3782:
3685:
2658:
2543:. At the same time, changing minimum-wage and overtime laws have made labor more expensive.
1741:
1408:
1050:
975:
334:
144:
89:
5526:
3539:
8:
6196:
5741:
4352:
4322:
4312:
3931:
3620:"Role of berries in vascular function: a systematic review of human intervention studies"
3092:"A berry nice vintage: It's time to rediscover the ancient art of fermenting fruit wines"
2098:
949:
allow for a more efficient and better targeted approach in the selection for a desirable
946:
908:
are toxic to them, the primary concern when growing them organically is bird management.
647:
515:
447:
434:
48:
3689:
2822:
2785:
2662:
1977:
1799:
928:
Several discoveries in the science of breeding berries were made in the 18th century by
6134:
5999:
5777:
5469:
5255:
5151:
4649:
4301:
3708:
3673:
2729:
2132:
1317:
1159:
57:
437:
was grown in Europe and the United States. The most commonly consumed strawberry, the
6292:
5141:
5136:
4684:
4572:
4552:
4296:
4241:
3947:
3741:
3713:
3651:
3598:
3571:
3154:
3127:
2721:
2684:
2631:
2567:
2470:
2345:
2012:
1855:
1663:
1631:
1606:
1563:
983:
942:
901:
463:, the Chilean strawberry would bear abundant and unusually large fruits. Soon after,
438:
330:
128:
96:
2733:
2670:
6353:
6078:
5984:
5979:
5933:
5826:
5811:
5772:
5697:
5538:
5462:
5359:
5301:
5043:
5033:
5018:
4644:
4465:
4281:
4251:
4231:
4187:
4065:
3850:
3703:
3693:
3641:
3631:
2799:
2713:
2674:
2666:
2623:
2592:
2388:
2378:
1596:
1313:
937:
5873:
2147:
1230:
Berries are perishable fruits with a short shelf life, and are often preserved by
6332:
6314:
6176:
6005:
5955:
5943:
5905:
5841:
5668:
5636:
5597:
5570:
5399:
5394:
5285:
5221:
5102:
4983:
4904:
4669:
4581:
4421:
4263:
4182:
3921:
3906:
3835:
3775:
3735:
3618:
Martini D, Marino M, Angelino D, Del Bo' C, Del Rio D, Riso P, Porrini M (2020).
2006:
1338:
1293:
1285:
1247:
1243:
1225:
1213:
1151:
1147:
979:
786:
754:
525:
451:. It was first noted by a French gardener around the mid 18th century that, when
426:
384:
303:
264:
6226:
6191:
6144:
6126:
6090:
5846:
5673:
5651:
5617:
5592:
5575:
5565:
5560:
5442:
5260:
5245:
5199:
5194:
5048:
5014:
4887:
4846:
4614:
4517:
4342:
4286:
4246:
4236:
4226:
4140:
4027:
4002:
3926:
3916:
3875:
3818:
1167:
1131:
1127:
933:
896:
815:
758:
643:
539:
500:
422:
367:
272:
228:
220:
22:
4216:
4199:
2383:
2366:
6347:
6262:
6010:
5928:
5900:
5863:
5831:
5767:
5736:
5687:
5587:
5389:
5372:
5295:
5275:
5216:
5211:
5159:
5023:
4804:
4779:
4724:
4480:
4449:
4276:
4271:
4172:
4115:
3963:
2804:
2787:
2591:. Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis. Archived from
2474:
1826:
1205:
1123:
1087:
1061:
1057:
892:
863:
859:
855:
831:
704:
572:
380:
361:
315:
284:
268:
213:
197:
3636:
3619:
830:
were domesticated starting in 1911, with the first commercial crop in 1916.
445:), is an accidental hybrid of the Virginia strawberry and a Chilean variety
6257:
6247:
6149:
5858:
5367:
5334:
5053:
5038:
4877:
4799:
4689:
4634:
4629:
4597:
4587:
4507:
4490:
4396:
4291:
3717:
3655:
2725:
2688:
2635:
1848:
Lea, Andrew G. H.; Piggott, John
Raymond; Piggott, John R. (30 June 2003).
1610:
1305:
1264:
1073:
782:
750:
742:
696:
521:
319:
260:
201:
193:
181:
160:
112:
3911:
1154:, goji berry juice, acai juice, aronia berry juice, and strawberry juice.
826:
Strawberries have been grown in gardens in Europe since the 14th century.
580:
6073:
6058:
6053:
5989:
5851:
5631:
5602:
5501:
5496:
5344:
5184:
5179:
5164:
4988:
4929:
4819:
4814:
4789:
4772:
4762:
4753:
4619:
4470:
4365:
4105:
3865:
3823:
2462:
2335:
1460:
1235:
1231:
1199:
1077:
1065:
1046:
840:
are likewise not domesticated, with some being of commercial importance.
827:
762:
746:
700:
670:
611:
586:
543:
484:
342:
276:
219:
The common usage of the term "berry" is different from the scientific or
189:
185:
2589:"The Possible Health Benefits of Anthocyanin Pigments and Polyphenolics"
2393:
2073:
1601:
1584:
1582:
1413:
Collins
English Dictionary – Complete & Unabridged 10th Edition
6102:
6095:
6085:
6068:
5751:
5746:
5682:
5474:
5321:
5280:
5174:
4899:
4894:
4851:
4834:
4824:
4794:
4784:
4734:
4624:
4512:
4401:
4221:
4167:
4130:
4085:
4080:
4070:
4044:
4020:
3952:
3880:
3646:
2679:
1746:
1309:
1301:
1175:
1163:
1116:
971:
847:
731:
678:
338:
205:
80:
4924:
3698:
2717:
2627:
1963:
L. – a boreal plant rich in biologically active metabolites: a review"
1825:. Wayne's Word: An On-Line Textbook of Natural History. Archived from
6210:
6107:
5836:
5641:
5622:
5533:
5457:
5377:
5329:
5270:
5250:
5189:
4978:
4829:
4699:
4674:
4562:
4547:
4532:
4527:
4386:
4317:
4307:
4204:
4194:
4125:
4110:
4075:
3840:
1659:
Wild Crop
Relatives: Genomic and Breeding Resources: Temperate Fruits
1179:
1069:
851:
836:
727:
674:
666:
662:
651:
402:
2874:"Frozen Berries In Off-Season Baking: Should You Thaw Before Using?"
2409:
2367:"Marker assisted selection for seedlessness in table grape breeding"
6252:
6242:
6186:
6181:
5948:
5821:
5797:
5714:
5384:
5169:
4719:
4592:
4577:
4475:
4431:
4416:
4406:
4391:
4381:
4135:
4060:
3890:
2754:. Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis. 2016
1297:
1239:
1150:, which accounts for 95% of cranberry crop usage, blueberry juice,
1082:
1027:
1023:
1006:
950:
915:
723:
686:
655:
388:
346:
280:
256:
248:
244:
232:
64:
3767:
619:
5437:
5432:
5349:
5339:
4961:
4956:
4946:
4919:
4839:
4739:
4704:
4694:
4679:
4436:
4347:
4211:
4090:
3885:
3557:
2786:
EFSA Panel on
Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (2010).
1209:
1112:
1019:
987:
819:
805:
774:
770:
735:
625:
3759:
3617:
3114:
1194:
566:
5890:
5782:
5702:
5656:
5646:
5607:
5545:
5521:
5516:
5511:
5506:
5125:
5004:
4966:
4951:
4914:
4872:
4867:
4767:
4522:
4426:
4095:
4055:
3860:
3855:
3813:
3232:
2334:
1281:
1183:
1015:
715:
711:
635:
376:
350:
326:
252:
240:
2613:
605:
6114:
6048:
5970:
5938:
5895:
5787:
5729:
5724:
5719:
5707:
5692:
5661:
5582:
5240:
5231:
4934:
4809:
4729:
4714:
4661:
4411:
4370:
4162:
4015:
3845:
3799:
1042:
932:
in his work on strawberries. In the traditional technique of
810:
778:
719:
691:
547:
425:
began to be grown in French gardens in the 14th century. The
396:
236:
224:
177:
5965:
5960:
5612:
5452:
5427:
5422:
5406:
5265:
4941:
4909:
4154:
3870:
1771:
Categorical Glossary for the Flora of North America Project
1155:
919:
Example of color contrast in (mostly inedible) wild berries
794:
766:
682:
639:
307:
2497:"Record number of Thai berry pickers to arrive in Finland"
387:, and among Native Americans, mixed with meat and fats as
5885:
5447:
5094:
4749:
4454:
4010:
2148:"Strawberries are an Excellent Fruit for the Home Garden"
1358:
1356:
1354:
790:
311:
299:
2701:
761:
may be called "sloe berries", but botanically are small
710:
Botanical berries not commonly known as berries include
3473:
3764:
of the National Berry Crops Initiative (United States)
3584:
2008:
Berry Fruit: Value-Added Products for Health Promotion
1351:
1312:
with lavender and pink hues, whereas berries from the
1246:. Berries such as blackberry, blueberry, boysenberry,
1146:
Berries are often added to water and/or juiced, as in
650:). A berry may develop from an ovary with one or more
3564:
Mahady, G.B.; Fong, H.H.S.; Farnsworth, N.R. (2001).
1730:. New York Holt Rinehart and Winston. pp. 73–83.
1710:. New York Holt Rinehart and Winston. pp. 38–43.
1583:
Aaron Liston; Richard Cronn; Tia-Lynn Ashman (2014).
1254:
were "the first to make preserves from blueberries".
3563:
1316:
were used for blue coloration, and berries from the
1122:
Berries are commonly used in pies or tarts, such as
964:
2045:"Site and Soil requirements for small fruit crops"
1562:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 1731–1732.
961:techniques can also be used for breeding berries.
3140:
1847:
1765:Kiger, Robert W. & Porter, Duncan M. (2001).
1724:The strawberry; history, breeding, and physiology
1704:The strawberry; history, breeding, and physiology
1655:
1076:, seeds and leaves. Although berry pigments have
6345:
3671:
1933:"Dr Barney Interview on the Western Huckleberry"
1720:
1700:
1555:
2899:"Fresh Fruit vs Frozen Fruit in baking recipes"
2268:"Key Features of Organic Berry Crop Production"
2261:
2259:
2257:
2255:
1820:
283:are giant berries that fall into the category "
3993:
3672:Huang H, Chen G, Liao D, Zhu Y, Xue X (2016).
2952:"Aronia berry gaining market foothold in U.S."
2566:. University of Chicago Press. pp. 58–9.
2203:Maine Organic Farmers and Gardners Association
673:, and the fruits of many other members of the
413:
407:
298:Berries are eaten worldwide and often used in
5110:
3979:
3783:
3534:
3532:
3153:. Random House Publishing Group. p. 53.
2308:"Postharvest Handling and Storage of Berries"
2301:
2299:
2297:
2295:
2293:
2291:
1559:The Cambridge World History of Food, Volume 2
1437:. Royal Horticultural Society. Archived from
1170:to increase the alcohol content of the wine.
6216:International Association for Plant Taxonomy
3281:"Deep-Fried Cheesecake-Stuffed Strawberries"
2563:Nature's Palette: The Science of Plant Color
2252:
2171:
2038:
2036:
2034:
2032:
2030:
2028:
1651:
1649:
1647:
1280:Berries have been used in some cultures for
883:berries are becoming more widely available.
638:terminology, a berry is a simple fruit with
3590:
3456:"Baked Blintzes with Fresh Blueberry Sauce"
3199:
3126:. Taylor & Francis. 2014. p. 121.
2817:
2815:
2004:
2000:
1998:
1764:
1696:
1694:
1551:
1549:
1496:. The Ohio State University. Archived from
1036:
559:Berries in the culinary and botanical sense
5117:
5103:
3986:
3972:
3790:
3776:
3597:. University Press of Hawaii. p. 13.
3529:
2705:Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
2559:
2523:"How Driscoll's Reinvented the Strawberry"
2341:Genetics, Genomics and Breeding of Berries
2288:
2230:"Plant strawberries and boost your health"
2125:"Growing Strawberries in Colorado Gardens"
1876:"Blueberries – Celebrating 100 Years"
1682:
1623:
598:Botanical berries but not culinary berries
508:Culinary berries but not botanical berries
3707:
3697:
3645:
3635:
2803:
2678:
2494:
2435:"Edible Berries of the Pacific Northwest"
2392:
2382:
2234:Oregon State University Extension Service
2025:
1854:. Springer Science & Business Media.
1644:
1600:
1172:Examples of fruit wines made from berries
1049:animals and birds. This assists the wide
287:". A plant bearing berries is said to be
16:In the culinary sense, small edible fruit
6160:International Code of Nomenclature (ICN)
3667:
3665:
3007:"How to make Blackberry Wine and Whisky"
2812:
2648:
2586:
2520:
2330:
2328:
1995:
1930:
1691:
1546:
1292:berries, such as blackberry, raspberry,
1193:
1111:
1103:
1094:
1005:
993:
914:
842:
804:
487:word berie ("berry, grape,") comes from
360:
325:While many berries are edible, some are
3173:
1956:
1320:were used to produce green coloration.
870:
797:) almost enclosing the poisonous seed.
661:Berries under both definitions include
494:
322:, grow almost exclusively in the wild.
6346:
3146:
3004:
2555:
2553:
2551:
1494:Ohio Perennial and Biennial Weed Guide
1182:(made with raspberry) and other fruit
5098:
3967:
3771:
3662:
2457:
2455:
2325:
1950:
1823:"Identification of Major Fruit Types"
1099:
850:, common flowering plant in the cool
5077:
3570:. Taylor & Francis. p. 47.
3225:
3089:
2779:
1627:75 Remarkable Fruits for Your Garden
1530:. Nova Scotia Museum. Archived from
176:is a small, pulpy, and often edible
3797:
3483:. 15 September 2011. Archived from
3397:
3278:
3150:101 Foods That Could Save Your Life
3067:. 19 September 2012. Archived from
2923:
2548:
2407:
2338:; Chittaranjan Kole (16 May 2011).
2129:Colorado State University Extension
2122:
2071:
1899:
1798:. Purdue University. Archived from
13:
3728:
3453:
3369:"Simple Homemade Blackberry Sauce"
3366:
2871:
2495:Teivainen, Aleksi (23 June 2015).
2452:
2265:
2227:
2042:
1219:
14:
6375:
6165:ICN for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP)
3751:
3594:Hawaii Dye Plants and Dye Recipes
3312:"Cranberry Sauce fritters recipe"
3176:"Spiced and Pickled Blackberries"
2521:Goodyear, Dana (14 August 2017).
2305:
2172:Kluepfel, Marjan; Polomski, Bob.
1931:Pittaway, Jenna (10 April 2014).
1364:"Berry (Plant reproductive body)"
689:. The fruits of some "currants" (
6328:
6327:
5076:
5067:
5066:
3340:
3309:
3030:
2980:Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada
2949:
2752:Micronutrient Information Center
2103:University of Illinois Extension
1754:from the original on 1 May 2019.
1056:Berry colors are due to natural
965:Horticultural soft fruit berries
618:
604:
579:
565:
532:
514:
459:were planted in between rows of
152:
136:
120:
104:
88:
72:
56:
40:
3611:
3499:
3447:
3422:
3391:
3360:
3334:
3303:
3272:
3247:
3219:
3193:
3167:
3083:
3053:
3024:
3005:Wright, John (31 August 2011).
2998:
2968:
2943:
2917:
2891:
2865:
2852:U.S. Highbush Blueberry Council
2840:
2766:
2740:
2695:
2671:10.1016/j.phytochem.2014.11.018
2642:
2607:
2580:
2514:
2488:
2427:
2401:
2358:
2221:
2199:"Strawberry Production Systems"
2191:
2165:
2152:Ohio State University Extension
2145:
2139:
2116:
2091:
2065:
1924:
1902:"Wild huckleberry nearly tamed"
1893:
1868:
1841:
1814:
1784:
1758:
1734:
1714:
1676:
1656:Chittaranjan Kole, ed. (2011).
1617:
1257:
3202:"Pickled Strawberry Preserves"
3200:O'Brady, Tara (29 June 2015).
2539:had a sign by the road saying
1576:
1556:Kenneth F. Kiple, ed. (2000).
1512:
1478:
1453:
1427:
1401:
1383:
800:
223:of a berry, which refers to a
1:
3567:Botanical Dietary Supplements
3343:"Leopold's Huckleberry Sauce"
3226:Kord, Tyler (15 April 2011).
3061:"Bring on the Blueberry Wine"
2178:Clemson Cooperative Extension
2078:University of Maine Extension
1851:Fermented Beverage Production
1742:"Origin and Meaning of Berry"
1344:
1270:
818:to create a diverse range of
21:For the botanical usage, see
6206:History of plant systematics
5793:Thorns, spines, and prickles
3737:The Berry Grower's Companion
2587:Wrolstad, Ronald E. (2001).
1662:. Springer. pp. 22–23.
1630:. Gibbs Smith. p. 213.
1162:made from berries (grapes).
1141:
1001:
478:
353:, but are edible when ripe.
7:
2371:Tree Genetics & Genomes
2005:Yanyun Zhao (6 June 2007).
1685:"History of the Strawberry"
1332:
1323:
1022:to import cheap labor from
923:
642:and pulp produced from the
414:
408:
10:
6380:
6364:Non-timber forest products
6022:Alternation of generations
5124:
3995:Non-timber forest products
3481:"Dyeing with blackberries"
2798:(10). Parma, Italy: 1752.
1589:American Journal of Botany
1435:"Soft Fruit List: 2014–15"
1223:
1072:localized mainly in berry
877:integrated pest management
498:
356:
20:
6323:
6271:
6235:
6172:Cultivated plant taxonomy
6135:Biological classification
6125:
5998:
5914:
5810:
5760:
5485:
5415:
5358:
5320:
5294:
5230:
5150:
5132:
5062:
4997:
4860:
4748:
4660:
4445:
4361:
4262:
4149:
4036:
4001:
3940:
3899:
3806:
3430:"Perfect Cranberry Sauce"
3255:"Deep Fried Strawberries"
2848:"Baking with Blueberries"
2384:10.1007/s11295-012-0480-0
1976:(1): 3–13. Archived from
1721:George M. Darrow (1966).
1701:George M. Darrow (1966).
955:marker-assisted selection
6032:Evolutionary development
3591:Krohn-Ching, V. (1980).
2805:10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1752
1687:. University of Vermont.
1189:
1037:Phytochemicals and color
930:Antoine Nicolas Duchesne
469:breeding of strawberries
465:Antoine Nicolas Duchesne
5683:Hypanthium (Floral cup)
3040:Berry Resources Cornell
2541:Se Solicitan Piscadores
1794:Fruits of Warm Climates
1369:Encyclopædia Britannica
6298:by author abbreviation
6222:Plant taxonomy systems
6140:Botanical nomenclature
5009:(Iberian agroforestry)
4247:Pacific mountain onion
3734:Bowling, B.L. (2005).
2463:"Berrypickers, unite!"
2174:"Growing Strawberries"
2099:"Growing Strawberries"
2074:"Growing Strawberries"
1528:The Poison Plant Patch
1275:
1202:
1119:
1109:
1068:, together with other
1053:of the plants' seeds.
1011:
920:
867:
823:
371:
337:. Others, such as the
216:term for such fruits.
27:Berry (disambiguation)
25:. For other uses, see
6305:Botanical expeditions
5029:Indian forest produce
4500:Hydnocarpus wightiana
3637:10.1093/nutrit/nuz053
3228:"Pickled Blueberries"
3174:Satterfield, Steven.
2926:"Cranberries Profile"
2408:Whitlow, Dr. Thomas.
2306:DeEll, Dr. Jennifer.
1197:
1115:
1107:
1095:Culinary significance
1009:
994:Commercial production
918:
889:land-grant university
881:Organically certified
846:
822:with desirable traits
808:
423:Woodland strawberries
364:
349:, are poisonous when
6037:Evolutionary history
6027:Double fertilization
5879:Cellular respiration
4272:Bare-toothed russula
3900:Categories of fruits
3379:on 11 September 2015
3322:on 24 September 2015
2266:Pritts, Dr. Marvin.
2240:on 28 September 2015
2043:Pritts, Dr. Marvin.
1821:Armstrong, Wayne P.
1010:Mixed frozen berries
959:Genetic modification
871:Agricultural methods
495:Botanical definition
221:botanical definition
145:Highbush blueberries
5256:Non-vascular plants
4883:musical instruments
4141:Woodland strawberry
3690:2016NatSR...623625H
3540:"Native Plant Dyes"
3517:on 21 November 2015
3147:Grotto, D. (2007).
3071:on 28 November 2015
2823:"60 Berry desserts"
2663:2015PChem.110...46G
2560:Lee, David (2010).
2209:on 6 September 2015
1829:on 20 November 2011
1767:"Find term 'berry'"
1624:Jack Staub (2008).
1602:10.3732/ajb.1400140
1465:The Free Dictionary
976:American persimmons
947:genetic engineering
467:began to study the
448:Fragaria chiloensis
435:Virginia strawberry
329:to humans, such as
49:Japanese barberries
5761:Surface structures
5556:Flower development
3678:Scientific Reports
3096:.independent.co.uk
2986:on 4 December 2014
2924:Geisler, Malinda.
2439:Northern Bushcraft
2135:on 21 August 2015.
2072:Handley, David T.
1970:Biological Letters
1900:Russell, Betsy Z.
1534:on 6 November 2014
1486:"White mulberry –
1203:
1160:fermented beverage
1120:
1110:
1100:Use in baked goods
1012:
984:Pacific crabapples
921:
868:
824:
814:berries have been
789:, used to flavour
695:species), such as
372:
227:produced from the
6341:
6340:
5980:Herbaceous plants
5806:
5805:
5092:
5091:
3961:
3960:
3746:978-0-88192-726-9
3699:10.1038/srep23625
3624:Nutrition Reviews
3604:978-0-8248-0698-9
3577:978-90-265-1855-3
3544:US Forest Service
3511:US Forest Service
3410:on 20 August 2015
3400:"Raspberry Sauce"
3398:Lagasse, Emeril.
3291:on 21 August 2015
3160:978-0-553-90451-2
3133:978-1-317-84605-5
3102:on 24 August 2018
3090:Rudebeck, Clare.
3033:"Strawberry Wine"
2950:Beck, Margery A.
2718:10.1021/jf049696w
2628:10.1021/jf061538c
2616:J Agric Food Chem
2573:978-0-226-47105-1
2351:978-1-4398-5660-4
2018:978-1-4200-0614-8
1961:Rubus chamaemorus
1880:Blueberry Council
1861:978-0-306-47706-5
1669:978-3-642-16057-8
1637:978-1-4236-0881-3
1569:978-0-521-40215-6
1441:on 11 August 2015
1158:is the principal
943:molecular biology
902:verticillium wilt
879:(IPM) practices.
439:garden strawberry
331:deadly nightshade
170:
169:
6371:
6359:Fruit morphology
6331:
6330:
6310:Individual trees
5985:Secondary growth
5956:Succulent plants
5944:Prostrate shrubs
5827:Apical dominance
5812:Plant physiology
5773:Epicuticular wax
5318:
5317:
5311:
5302:Plant morphology
5119:
5112:
5105:
5096:
5095:
5080:
5079:
5070:
5069:
5044:Resin extraction
5034:Mushroom hunting
5010:
4756: / etc.
4610:
4503:
4338:Saffron milk cap
4328:Parasol mushroom
4168:Fiddlehead ferns
3988:
3981:
3974:
3965:
3964:
3792:
3785:
3778:
3769:
3768:
3763:
3762:
3760:Official website
3740:. Timber Press.
3722:
3721:
3711:
3701:
3669:
3660:
3659:
3649:
3639:
3615:
3609:
3608:
3588:
3582:
3581:
3561:
3555:
3554:
3552:
3550:
3536:
3527:
3526:
3524:
3522:
3513:. Archived from
3503:
3497:
3496:
3494:
3492:
3487:on 3 August 2015
3477:
3471:
3470:
3468:
3466:
3460:Food Network.com
3451:
3445:
3444:
3442:
3440:
3434:Food Network.com
3426:
3420:
3419:
3417:
3415:
3406:. Archived from
3404:Food Network.com
3395:
3389:
3388:
3386:
3384:
3375:. Archived from
3367:Currah, Allice.
3364:
3358:
3357:
3355:
3353:
3347:Food Network.com
3338:
3332:
3331:
3329:
3327:
3318:. Archived from
3307:
3301:
3300:
3298:
3296:
3287:. Archived from
3276:
3270:
3269:
3267:
3265:
3251:
3245:
3244:
3242:
3240:
3223:
3217:
3216:
3214:
3212:
3197:
3191:
3190:
3188:
3186:
3171:
3165:
3164:
3144:
3138:
3137:
3118:
3112:
3111:
3109:
3107:
3098:. Archived from
3087:
3081:
3080:
3078:
3076:
3057:
3051:
3050:
3048:
3046:
3037:
3028:
3022:
3021:
3019:
3017:
3002:
2996:
2995:
2993:
2991:
2982:. Archived from
2972:
2966:
2965:
2963:
2961:
2947:
2941:
2940:
2938:
2936:
2921:
2915:
2914:
2912:
2910:
2895:
2889:
2888:
2886:
2884:
2869:
2863:
2862:
2860:
2858:
2844:
2838:
2837:
2835:
2833:
2819:
2810:
2809:
2807:
2783:
2777:
2770:
2764:
2763:
2761:
2759:
2744:
2738:
2737:
2699:
2693:
2692:
2682:
2646:
2640:
2639:
2622:(20): 7692–702.
2611:
2605:
2604:
2602:
2600:
2584:
2578:
2577:
2557:
2546:
2545:
2535:
2533:
2518:
2512:
2511:
2509:
2507:
2501:helsinkitimes.fi
2492:
2486:
2485:
2483:
2481:
2459:
2450:
2449:
2447:
2445:
2431:
2425:
2424:
2422:
2420:
2405:
2399:
2398:
2396:
2386:
2377:(5): 1003–1015.
2362:
2356:
2355:
2332:
2323:
2322:
2320:
2318:
2303:
2286:
2285:
2283:
2281:
2272:
2263:
2250:
2249:
2247:
2245:
2236:. Archived from
2228:Ruttan, Denise.
2225:
2219:
2218:
2216:
2214:
2205:. Archived from
2195:
2189:
2188:
2186:
2184:
2169:
2163:
2162:
2160:
2158:
2143:
2137:
2136:
2131:. Archived from
2123:Whiting, David.
2120:
2114:
2113:
2111:
2109:
2095:
2089:
2088:
2086:
2084:
2069:
2063:
2062:
2060:
2058:
2049:
2040:
2023:
2022:
2002:
1993:
1992:
1990:
1988:
1983:on 9 August 2017
1982:
1967:
1957:Thiem B (2003).
1954:
1948:
1947:
1945:
1943:
1928:
1922:
1921:
1919:
1917:
1912:on 3 August 2018
1908:. Archived from
1897:
1891:
1890:
1888:
1886:
1872:
1866:
1865:
1845:
1839:
1838:
1836:
1834:
1818:
1812:
1811:
1809:
1807:
1802:on 15 April 2009
1796:by Julia Morton"
1788:
1782:
1781:
1779:
1777:
1762:
1756:
1755:
1738:
1732:
1731:
1729:
1718:
1712:
1711:
1709:
1698:
1689:
1688:
1683:Vern Grubinger.
1680:
1674:
1673:
1653:
1642:
1641:
1621:
1615:
1614:
1604:
1580:
1574:
1573:
1553:
1544:
1543:
1541:
1539:
1516:
1510:
1509:
1507:
1505:
1500:on 12 April 2012
1482:
1476:
1475:
1473:
1471:
1457:
1451:
1450:
1448:
1446:
1431:
1425:
1424:
1422:
1420:
1405:
1399:
1398:
1387:
1381:
1380:
1378:
1376:
1360:
1318:black nightshade
1252:Native Americans
765:or drupes, like
622:
608:
583:
569:
536:
526:aggregate fruits
518:
417:
411:
265:aggregate fruits
156:
140:
124:
108:
92:
76:
60:
44:
34:
33:
6379:
6378:
6374:
6373:
6372:
6370:
6369:
6368:
6344:
6343:
6342:
6337:
6319:
6288:Botanical terms
6281:
6267:
6231:
6177:Citrus taxonomy
6155:Author citation
6121:
6015:
5994:
5916:
5910:
5906:Turgor pressure
5814:
5802:
5756:
5571:Floral symmetry
5489:
5481:
5411:
5400:Vascular bundle
5395:Vascular tissue
5354:
5314:
5305:
5304:
5290:
5261:Vascular plants
5226:
5222:Plant pathology
5146:
5128:
5123:
5093:
5088:
5058:
5008:
4993:
4984:Vegetable ivory
4856:
4744:
4656:
4604:
4497:
4459:
4441:
4375:
4357:
4323:Oyster mushroom
4313:Meadow mushroom
4258:
4242:Twincrest onion
4145:
4049:
4032:
4003:Animal products
3997:
3992:
3962:
3957:
3936:
3932:Dehiscent fruit
3922:Aggregate fruit
3907:Accessory fruit
3895:
3807:Types of fruits
3802:
3796:
3758:
3757:
3754:
3731:
3729:Further reading
3726:
3725:
3670:
3663:
3616:
3612:
3605:
3589:
3585:
3578:
3562:
3558:
3548:
3546:
3538:
3537:
3530:
3520:
3518:
3505:
3504:
3500:
3490:
3488:
3479:
3478:
3474:
3464:
3462:
3452:
3448:
3438:
3436:
3428:
3427:
3423:
3413:
3411:
3396:
3392:
3382:
3380:
3365:
3361:
3351:
3349:
3339:
3335:
3325:
3323:
3316:Foodnetwork.com
3308:
3304:
3294:
3292:
3277:
3273:
3263:
3261:
3253:
3252:
3248:
3238:
3236:
3224:
3220:
3210:
3208:
3198:
3194:
3184:
3182:
3172:
3168:
3161:
3145:
3141:
3134:
3120:
3119:
3115:
3105:
3103:
3088:
3084:
3074:
3072:
3059:
3058:
3054:
3044:
3042:
3035:
3029:
3025:
3015:
3013:
3003:
2999:
2989:
2987:
2974:
2973:
2969:
2959:
2957:
2948:
2944:
2934:
2932:
2922:
2918:
2908:
2906:
2897:
2896:
2892:
2882:
2880:
2872:Gordon, Megan.
2870:
2866:
2856:
2854:
2846:
2845:
2841:
2831:
2829:
2821:
2820:
2813:
2784:
2780:
2771:
2767:
2757:
2755:
2746:
2745:
2741:
2712:(12): 4026–37.
2700:
2696:
2647:
2643:
2612:
2608:
2598:
2596:
2585:
2581:
2574:
2558:
2549:
2531:
2529:
2519:
2515:
2505:
2503:
2493:
2489:
2479:
2477:
2461:
2460:
2453:
2443:
2441:
2433:
2432:
2428:
2418:
2416:
2406:
2402:
2363:
2359:
2352:
2333:
2326:
2316:
2314:
2304:
2289:
2279:
2277:
2270:
2264:
2253:
2243:
2241:
2226:
2222:
2212:
2210:
2197:
2196:
2192:
2182:
2180:
2170:
2166:
2156:
2154:
2144:
2140:
2121:
2117:
2107:
2105:
2097:
2096:
2092:
2082:
2080:
2070:
2066:
2056:
2054:
2047:
2041:
2026:
2019:
2003:
1996:
1986:
1984:
1980:
1965:
1955:
1951:
1941:
1939:
1937:wildhuckleberry
1929:
1925:
1915:
1913:
1898:
1894:
1884:
1882:
1874:
1873:
1869:
1862:
1846:
1842:
1832:
1830:
1819:
1815:
1805:
1803:
1790:
1789:
1785:
1775:
1773:
1763:
1759:
1740:
1739:
1735:
1727:
1719:
1715:
1707:
1699:
1692:
1681:
1677:
1670:
1654:
1645:
1638:
1622:
1618:
1595:(10): 1686–99.
1581:
1577:
1570:
1554:
1547:
1537:
1535:
1518:
1517:
1513:
1503:
1501:
1484:
1483:
1479:
1469:
1467:
1459:
1458:
1454:
1444:
1442:
1433:
1432:
1428:
1418:
1416:
1415:. HarperCollins
1407:
1406:
1402:
1395:Merriam-Webster
1389:
1388:
1384:
1374:
1372:
1362:
1361:
1352:
1347:
1339:List of berries
1335:
1326:
1294:black raspberry
1278:
1273:
1260:
1244:fruit preserves
1228:
1226:Fruit preserves
1222:
1220:Fruit preserves
1192:
1178:, particularly
1152:raspberry juice
1148:cranberry juice
1144:
1102:
1097:
1039:
1004:
996:
967:
957:, for example.
926:
873:
803:
787:juniper berries
755:aggregate fruit
632:
631:
630:
629:
628:
623:
615:
614:
609:
600:
599:
593:
592:
591:
590:
589:
584:
576:
575:
570:
561:
560:
554:
553:
552:
551:
550:
542:– botanically:
537:
529:
528:
524:– botanically:
519:
510:
509:
503:
497:
481:
427:musk strawberry
385:fruit preserves
359:
273:multiple fruits
164:
163:
157:
148:
147:
141:
132:
131:
125:
116:
115:
109:
100:
99:
93:
84:
83:
77:
68:
67:
61:
52:
51:
45:
30:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6377:
6367:
6366:
6361:
6356:
6339:
6338:
6336:
6335:
6324:
6321:
6320:
6318:
6317:
6312:
6307:
6302:
6301:
6300:
6290:
6284:
6282:
6280:
6279:
6278:Related topics
6276:
6272:
6269:
6268:
6266:
6265:
6260:
6255:
6250:
6245:
6239:
6237:
6233:
6232:
6230:
6229:
6227:Taxonomic rank
6224:
6219:
6213:
6208:
6203:
6202:
6201:
6200:
6199:
6194:
6189:
6179:
6169:
6168:
6167:
6162:
6157:
6152:
6147:
6145:Botanical name
6137:
6131:
6129:
6127:Plant taxonomy
6123:
6122:
6120:
6119:
6118:
6117:
6112:
6111:
6110:
6103:Megasporangium
6100:
6099:
6098:
6091:Microsporangia
6083:
6082:
6081:
6076:
6071:
6066:
6056:
6051:
6046:
6045:
6044:
6034:
6029:
6024:
6018:
6016:
6014:
6013:
6008:
6002:
5996:
5995:
5993:
5992:
5987:
5982:
5977:
5976:
5975:
5974:
5973:
5963:
5958:
5953:
5952:
5951:
5946:
5936:
5931:
5929:Cushion plants
5920:
5918:
5912:
5911:
5909:
5908:
5903:
5898:
5893:
5888:
5883:
5882:
5881:
5876:
5866:
5864:Plant hormones
5861:
5856:
5855:
5854:
5847:Photosynthesis
5844:
5839:
5834:
5829:
5824:
5818:
5816:
5808:
5807:
5804:
5803:
5801:
5800:
5795:
5790:
5785:
5780:
5775:
5770:
5764:
5762:
5758:
5757:
5755:
5754:
5749:
5744:
5739:
5734:
5733:
5732:
5727:
5722:
5712:
5711:
5710:
5705:
5700:
5695:
5685:
5680:
5679:
5678:
5677:
5676:
5671:
5666:
5665:
5664:
5659:
5639:
5634:
5629:
5628:
5627:
5626:
5625:
5620:
5610:
5605:
5600:
5595:
5590:
5580:
5579:
5578:
5573:
5568:
5566:Floral formula
5563:
5561:Floral diagram
5558:
5553:
5543:
5542:
5541:
5536:
5531:
5530:
5529:
5524:
5514:
5504:
5499:
5493:
5491:
5490:(incl. Flower)
5483:
5482:
5480:
5479:
5478:
5477:
5472:
5467:
5466:
5465:
5460:
5450:
5440:
5435:
5430:
5425:
5419:
5417:
5413:
5412:
5410:
5409:
5404:
5403:
5402:
5392:
5390:Storage organs
5387:
5382:
5381:
5380:
5370:
5364:
5362:
5356:
5355:
5353:
5352:
5347:
5342:
5337:
5332:
5326:
5324:
5315:
5313:
5312:
5298:
5292:
5291:
5289:
5288:
5283:
5278:
5276:Spermatophytes
5273:
5268:
5263:
5258:
5253:
5248:
5246:Archaeplastida
5243:
5237:
5235:
5228:
5227:
5225:
5224:
5219:
5214:
5209:
5208:
5207:
5200:Phytogeography
5197:
5195:Phytochemistry
5192:
5187:
5182:
5177:
5172:
5167:
5162:
5156:
5154:
5152:Subdisciplines
5148:
5147:
5145:
5144:
5139:
5133:
5130:
5129:
5122:
5121:
5114:
5107:
5099:
5090:
5089:
5087:
5086:
5074:
5063:
5060:
5059:
5057:
5056:
5051:
5049:Rubber tapping
5046:
5041:
5036:
5031:
5026:
5021:
5015:Forest farming
5012:
5001:
4999:
4995:
4994:
4992:
4991:
4986:
4981:
4976:
4971:
4970:
4969:
4959:
4954:
4949:
4944:
4939:
4938:
4937:
4927:
4922:
4917:
4912:
4907:
4902:
4897:
4892:
4891:
4890:
4885:
4880:
4870:
4864:
4862:
4858:
4857:
4855:
4854:
4849:
4844:
4843:
4842:
4837:
4827:
4822:
4817:
4812:
4807:
4802:
4797:
4792:
4787:
4782:
4777:
4776:
4775:
4765:
4759:
4757:
4746:
4745:
4743:
4742:
4737:
4732:
4727:
4722:
4717:
4712:
4707:
4702:
4697:
4692:
4687:
4682:
4677:
4672:
4666:
4664:
4658:
4657:
4655:
4654:
4651:Vateria indica
4647:
4642:
4637:
4632:
4627:
4622:
4617:
4612:
4607:Shorea robusta
4600:
4595:
4590:
4585:
4575:
4570:
4565:
4560:
4555:
4550:
4545:
4540:
4535:
4530:
4525:
4520:
4515:
4510:
4505:
4493:
4488:
4483:
4478:
4473:
4468:
4462:
4460:
4458:
4457:
4452:
4446:
4443:
4442:
4440:
4439:
4434:
4429:
4424:
4419:
4414:
4409:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4378:
4376:
4374:
4373:
4368:
4362:
4359:
4358:
4356:
4355:
4350:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4299:
4297:Honey mushroom
4294:
4289:
4284:
4279:
4274:
4268:
4266:
4260:
4259:
4257:
4256:
4255:
4254:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4219:
4214:
4209:
4208:
4207:
4202:
4192:
4191:
4190:
4180:
4178:Mahuwa flowers
4175:
4170:
4165:
4159:
4157:
4147:
4146:
4144:
4143:
4138:
4133:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4078:
4073:
4068:
4063:
4058:
4052:
4050:
4048:
4047:
4037:
4034:
4033:
4031:
4030:
4025:
4024:
4023:
4013:
4007:
4005:
3999:
3998:
3991:
3990:
3983:
3976:
3968:
3959:
3958:
3956:
3955:
3950:
3944:
3942:
3938:
3937:
3935:
3934:
3929:
3927:Multiple fruit
3924:
3919:
3917:Compound fruit
3914:
3909:
3903:
3901:
3897:
3896:
3894:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3832:
3831:
3826:
3816:
3810:
3808:
3804:
3803:
3795:
3794:
3787:
3780:
3772:
3766:
3765:
3753:
3752:External links
3750:
3749:
3748:
3730:
3727:
3724:
3723:
3661:
3630:(3): 189–206.
3610:
3603:
3583:
3576:
3556:
3528:
3498:
3472:
3446:
3421:
3390:
3359:
3333:
3302:
3279:Fortune, Fia.
3271:
3246:
3218:
3206:david lebovitz
3192:
3166:
3159:
3139:
3132:
3113:
3082:
3052:
3031:Kime, Robert.
3023:
2997:
2976:"Fruit Juices"
2967:
2942:
2916:
2905:. 26 July 2012
2890:
2864:
2839:
2827:Martha Stewart
2811:
2778:
2765:
2739:
2694:
2651:Phytochemistry
2641:
2606:
2595:on 7 July 2014
2579:
2572:
2547:
2527:The New Yorker
2513:
2487:
2451:
2426:
2400:
2357:
2350:
2336:Kevin M. Folta
2324:
2287:
2251:
2220:
2190:
2164:
2138:
2115:
2090:
2064:
2024:
2017:
1994:
1949:
1923:
1892:
1867:
1860:
1840:
1813:
1783:
1757:
1733:
1713:
1690:
1675:
1668:
1643:
1636:
1616:
1575:
1568:
1545:
1511:
1477:
1452:
1426:
1400:
1382:
1349:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1342:
1341:
1334:
1331:
1325:
1322:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1263:food item for
1259:
1256:
1224:Main article:
1221:
1218:
1191:
1188:
1176:styles of beer
1168:Chaptalization
1143:
1140:
1132:strawberry pie
1128:blackberry pie
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1086:, there is no
1062:plant pigments
1058:phytochemicals
1038:
1035:
1003:
1000:
995:
992:
966:
963:
934:plant breeding
925:
922:
897:methyl bromide
893:black root rot
872:
869:
820:brambleberries
802:
799:
726:(aubergines),
705:white currants
675:heather family
624:
617:
616:
610:
603:
602:
601:
597:
596:
595:
594:
585:
578:
577:
571:
564:
563:
562:
558:
557:
556:
555:
538:
531:
530:
520:
513:
512:
511:
507:
506:
505:
504:
501:Berry (botany)
499:Main article:
496:
493:
489:Proto-Germanic
480:
477:
368:Prunus spinosa
358:
355:
339:white mulberry
208:. In Britain,
198:white currants
168:
167:
166:
165:
159:
158:
151:
149:
143:
142:
135:
133:
127:
126:
119:
117:
111:
110:
103:
101:
95:
94:
87:
85:
79:
78:
71:
69:
63:
62:
55:
53:
47:
46:
39:
23:Berry (botany)
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6376:
6365:
6362:
6360:
6357:
6355:
6352:
6351:
6349:
6334:
6326:
6325:
6322:
6316:
6313:
6311:
6308:
6306:
6303:
6299:
6296:
6295:
6294:
6291:
6289:
6286:
6285:
6283:
6277:
6274:
6273:
6270:
6264:
6263:Phytochemical
6261:
6259:
6256:
6254:
6251:
6249:
6246:
6244:
6241:
6240:
6238:
6234:
6228:
6225:
6223:
6220:
6217:
6214:
6212:
6209:
6207:
6204:
6198:
6195:
6193:
6190:
6188:
6185:
6184:
6183:
6180:
6178:
6175:
6174:
6173:
6170:
6166:
6163:
6161:
6158:
6156:
6153:
6151:
6148:
6146:
6143:
6142:
6141:
6138:
6136:
6133:
6132:
6130:
6128:
6124:
6116:
6113:
6109:
6106:
6105:
6104:
6101:
6097:
6094:
6093:
6092:
6089:
6088:
6087:
6084:
6080:
6077:
6075:
6072:
6070:
6067:
6065:
6062:
6061:
6060:
6057:
6055:
6052:
6050:
6047:
6043:
6040:
6039:
6038:
6035:
6033:
6030:
6028:
6025:
6023:
6020:
6019:
6017:
6012:
6009:
6007:
6004:
6003:
6001:
5997:
5991:
5988:
5986:
5983:
5981:
5978:
5972:
5969:
5968:
5967:
5964:
5962:
5959:
5957:
5954:
5950:
5947:
5945:
5942:
5941:
5940:
5937:
5935:
5932:
5930:
5927:
5926:
5925:
5922:
5921:
5919:
5913:
5907:
5904:
5902:
5901:Transpiration
5899:
5897:
5894:
5892:
5889:
5887:
5884:
5880:
5877:
5875:
5872:
5871:
5870:
5867:
5865:
5862:
5860:
5857:
5853:
5850:
5849:
5848:
5845:
5843:
5840:
5838:
5835:
5833:
5830:
5828:
5825:
5823:
5820:
5819:
5817:
5813:
5809:
5799:
5796:
5794:
5791:
5789:
5786:
5784:
5781:
5779:
5776:
5774:
5771:
5769:
5766:
5765:
5763:
5759:
5753:
5750:
5748:
5745:
5743:
5740:
5738:
5735:
5731:
5728:
5726:
5723:
5721:
5718:
5717:
5716:
5713:
5709:
5706:
5704:
5701:
5699:
5696:
5694:
5691:
5690:
5689:
5688:Inflorescence
5686:
5684:
5681:
5675:
5672:
5670:
5667:
5663:
5660:
5658:
5655:
5654:
5653:
5650:
5649:
5648:
5645:
5644:
5643:
5640:
5638:
5635:
5633:
5630:
5624:
5621:
5619:
5616:
5615:
5614:
5611:
5609:
5606:
5604:
5601:
5599:
5596:
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5584:
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5577:
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5569:
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5564:
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5547:
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5540:
5537:
5535:
5532:
5528:
5525:
5523:
5520:
5519:
5518:
5515:
5513:
5510:
5509:
5508:
5505:
5503:
5500:
5498:
5495:
5494:
5492:
5488:
5484:
5476:
5473:
5471:
5468:
5464:
5461:
5459:
5456:
5455:
5454:
5451:
5449:
5446:
5445:
5444:
5441:
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5408:
5405:
5401:
5398:
5397:
5396:
5393:
5391:
5388:
5386:
5383:
5379:
5376:
5375:
5374:
5373:Ground tissue
5371:
5369:
5366:
5365:
5363:
5361:
5357:
5351:
5348:
5346:
5343:
5341:
5338:
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5331:
5328:
5327:
5325:
5323:
5319:
5316:
5309:
5303:
5300:
5299:
5297:
5296:Plant anatomy
5293:
5287:
5284:
5282:
5279:
5277:
5274:
5272:
5269:
5267:
5264:
5262:
5259:
5257:
5254:
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5249:
5247:
5244:
5242:
5239:
5238:
5236:
5233:
5229:
5223:
5220:
5218:
5217:Plant ecology
5215:
5213:
5212:Plant anatomy
5210:
5206:
5203:
5202:
5201:
5198:
5196:
5193:
5191:
5188:
5186:
5183:
5181:
5178:
5176:
5173:
5171:
5168:
5166:
5163:
5161:
5160:Archaeobotany
5158:
5157:
5155:
5153:
5149:
5143:
5140:
5138:
5135:
5134:
5131:
5127:
5120:
5115:
5113:
5108:
5106:
5101:
5100:
5097:
5085:
5084:
5075:
5073:
5065:
5064:
5061:
5055:
5052:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5032:
5030:
5027:
5025:
5024:Honey hunting
5022:
5020:
5016:
5013:
5011:
5007:
5003:
5002:
5000:
4996:
4990:
4987:
4985:
4982:
4980:
4977:
4975:
4972:
4968:
4965:
4964:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4955:
4953:
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4940:
4936:
4933:
4932:
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4928:
4926:
4923:
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4918:
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4913:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4893:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4881:
4879:
4876:
4875:
4874:
4871:
4869:
4866:
4865:
4863:
4859:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4833:
4832:
4831:
4828:
4826:
4823:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4780:Coconut sugar
4778:
4774:
4771:
4770:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4751:
4747:
4741:
4738:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4667:
4665:
4663:
4659:
4653:
4652:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4601:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4583:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4561:
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4554:
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4541:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4463:
4461:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4447:
4444:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4379:
4377:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4363:
4360:
4354:
4353:Yellow knight
4351:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4343:Slippery jack
4341:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4269:
4267:
4265:
4261:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4224:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4197:
4196:
4193:
4189:
4186:
4185:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4173:Heart of palm
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4160:
4158:
4156:
4152:
4151:Edible plants
4148:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4116:Juniper berry
4114:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4053:
4051:
4046:
4042:
4039:
4038:
4035:
4029:
4026:
4022:
4019:
4018:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4008:
4006:
4004:
4000:
3996:
3989:
3984:
3982:
3977:
3975:
3970:
3969:
3966:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3945:
3943:
3939:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3904:
3902:
3898:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3821:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3811:
3809:
3805:
3801:
3793:
3788:
3786:
3781:
3779:
3774:
3773:
3770:
3761:
3756:
3755:
3747:
3743:
3739:
3738:
3733:
3732:
3719:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3691:
3687:
3683:
3679:
3675:
3668:
3666:
3657:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3629:
3625:
3621:
3614:
3606:
3600:
3596:
3595:
3587:
3579:
3573:
3569:
3568:
3560:
3545:
3541:
3535:
3533:
3516:
3512:
3508:
3502:
3486:
3482:
3476:
3461:
3457:
3454:Garten, Ina.
3450:
3435:
3431:
3425:
3409:
3405:
3401:
3394:
3378:
3374:
3370:
3363:
3348:
3344:
3341:Deen, Paula.
3337:
3321:
3317:
3313:
3310:Deen, Paula.
3306:
3290:
3286:
3282:
3275:
3260:
3256:
3250:
3235:
3234:
3229:
3222:
3207:
3203:
3196:
3181:
3180:Food and Wine
3177:
3170:
3162:
3156:
3152:
3151:
3143:
3135:
3129:
3125:
3124:
3117:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3086:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3056:
3041:
3034:
3027:
3012:
3008:
3001:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2971:
2956:
2953:
2946:
2931:
2927:
2920:
2904:
2900:
2894:
2879:
2875:
2868:
2853:
2849:
2843:
2828:
2824:
2818:
2816:
2806:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2782:
2775:
2769:
2753:
2749:
2743:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2706:
2698:
2690:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2645:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2610:
2594:
2590:
2583:
2575:
2569:
2565:
2564:
2556:
2554:
2552:
2544:
2542:
2528:
2524:
2517:
2502:
2498:
2491:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2467:The Economist
2464:
2458:
2456:
2440:
2436:
2430:
2415:
2411:
2404:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2361:
2353:
2347:
2344:. CRC Press.
2343:
2342:
2337:
2331:
2329:
2313:
2309:
2302:
2300:
2298:
2296:
2294:
2292:
2276:
2275:Cornell Fruit
2269:
2262:
2260:
2258:
2256:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2224:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2194:
2179:
2175:
2168:
2153:
2149:
2142:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2119:
2104:
2100:
2094:
2079:
2075:
2068:
2053:
2052:Cornell Fruit
2046:
2039:
2037:
2035:
2033:
2031:
2029:
2020:
2014:
2011:. CRC Press.
2010:
2009:
2001:
1999:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1964:
1962:
1953:
1938:
1934:
1927:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1896:
1881:
1877:
1871:
1863:
1857:
1853:
1852:
1844:
1828:
1824:
1817:
1801:
1797:
1795:
1792:"Banana from
1787:
1772:
1768:
1761:
1753:
1749:
1748:
1743:
1737:
1726:
1725:
1717:
1706:
1705:
1697:
1695:
1686:
1679:
1671:
1665:
1661:
1660:
1652:
1650:
1648:
1639:
1633:
1629:
1628:
1620:
1612:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1579:
1571:
1565:
1561:
1560:
1552:
1550:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1523:
1520:"Elderberry (
1515:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1489:
1481:
1466:
1462:
1456:
1440:
1436:
1430:
1414:
1410:
1404:
1396:
1392:
1386:
1371:
1370:
1365:
1359:
1357:
1355:
1350:
1340:
1337:
1336:
1330:
1321:
1319:
1315:
1314:dianella lily
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1268:
1266:
1255:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1227:
1217:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1201:
1200:dried berries
1196:
1187:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1139:
1135:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1124:blueberry pie
1118:
1114:
1106:
1092:
1089:
1088:physiological
1085:
1084:
1083:in vitro
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1054:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1008:
999:
991:
989:
988:prickly pears
985:
981:
977:
973:
962:
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
939:
935:
931:
917:
913:
909:
905:
903:
898:
894:
890:
884:
882:
878:
865:
864:boreal forest
861:
860:arctic tundra
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
839:
838:
833:
832:Huckleberries
829:
821:
817:
813:
812:
807:
798:
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
753:are kinds of
752:
748:
744:
739:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
708:
706:
702:
698:
697:blackcurrants
694:
693:
688:
684:
680:
677:, as well as
676:
672:
671:lingonberries
668:
664:
659:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
627:
621:
613:
607:
588:
582:
574:
573:Lingonberries
568:
549:
545:
541:
535:
527:
523:
517:
502:
492:
490:
486:
476:
474:
470:
466:
462:
461:F. chiloensis
458:
457:F. virginiana
454:
450:
449:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
419:
416:
410:
405:
404:
399:
398:
392:
390:
386:
382:
381:North America
378:
370:
369:
363:
354:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
323:
321:
317:
316:lingonberries
313:
309:
305:
301:
296:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
257:chili peppers
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
217:
215:
214:horticultural
211:
207:
203:
202:blackcurrants
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
162:
155:
150:
146:
139:
134:
130:
123:
118:
114:
107:
102:
98:
91:
86:
82:
75:
70:
66:
59:
54:
50:
43:
38:
37:
36:
35:
32:
28:
24:
19:
6258:Horticulture
6248:Floriculture
6150:Correct name
6000:Reproduction
5990:Woody plants
5915:Plant growth
5874:Gas Exchange
5859:Phytomelanin
5737:Plant embryo
5487:Reproductive
5335:Phragmoplast
5081:
5054:Wildcrafting
5039:Naval stores
5017: /
5005:
4974:Tendu leaves
4930:Natural dyes
4800:Gutta-percha
4752: /
4690:Frankincense
4650:
4606:
4563:Mango butter
4508:Cocoa butter
4499:
4496:Chaulmoogra
4466:Allanblackia
4397:Black pepper
4282:Birch bolete
4232:Canada onion
4217:Wild ginseng
4212:Saw palmetto
4153: /
4043: /
4040:
3912:Simple fruit
3736:
3681:
3677:
3627:
3623:
3613:
3593:
3586:
3566:
3559:
3547:. Retrieved
3543:
3519:. Retrieved
3515:the original
3510:
3501:
3489:. Retrieved
3485:the original
3475:
3463:. Retrieved
3459:
3449:
3437:. Retrieved
3433:
3424:
3412:. Retrieved
3408:the original
3403:
3393:
3381:. Retrieved
3377:the original
3372:
3362:
3350:. Retrieved
3346:
3336:
3324:. Retrieved
3320:the original
3315:
3305:
3293:. Retrieved
3289:the original
3284:
3274:
3262:. Retrieved
3258:
3249:
3237:. Retrieved
3231:
3221:
3209:. Retrieved
3205:
3195:
3183:. Retrieved
3179:
3169:
3149:
3142:
3123:The Jam Book
3122:
3116:
3104:. Retrieved
3100:the original
3095:
3085:
3073:. Retrieved
3069:the original
3064:
3055:
3043:. Retrieved
3039:
3026:
3014:. Retrieved
3011:The Guardian
3010:
3000:
2988:. Retrieved
2984:the original
2979:
2970:
2958:. Retrieved
2954:
2945:
2933:. Retrieved
2929:
2919:
2907:. Retrieved
2903:Baking Bites
2902:
2893:
2881:. Retrieved
2877:
2867:
2855:. Retrieved
2851:
2842:
2830:. Retrieved
2826:
2795:
2792:EFSA Journal
2791:
2781:
2768:
2756:. Retrieved
2751:
2748:"Flavonoids"
2742:
2709:
2703:
2697:
2654:
2650:
2644:
2619:
2615:
2609:
2597:. Retrieved
2593:the original
2582:
2562:
2540:
2537:
2530:. Retrieved
2526:
2516:
2504:. Retrieved
2500:
2490:
2478:. Retrieved
2466:
2442:. Retrieved
2438:
2429:
2417:. Retrieved
2413:
2410:"Beach Plum"
2403:
2394:10261/292721
2374:
2370:
2360:
2340:
2315:. Retrieved
2311:
2278:. Retrieved
2274:
2242:. Retrieved
2238:the original
2233:
2223:
2211:. Retrieved
2207:the original
2202:
2193:
2181:. Retrieved
2177:
2167:
2155:. Retrieved
2151:
2141:
2133:the original
2128:
2118:
2106:. Retrieved
2102:
2093:
2081:. Retrieved
2077:
2067:
2055:. Retrieved
2051:
2007:
1987:17 September
1985:. Retrieved
1978:the original
1973:
1969:
1960:
1952:
1940:. Retrieved
1936:
1926:
1914:. Retrieved
1910:the original
1905:
1895:
1883:. Retrieved
1879:
1870:
1850:
1843:
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1827:the original
1816:
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1800:the original
1793:
1786:
1774:. Retrieved
1770:
1760:
1745:
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1532:the original
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1498:the original
1493:
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1464:
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1439:the original
1429:
1417:. Retrieved
1412:
1409:"soft fruit"
1403:
1394:
1385:
1373:. Retrieved
1367:
1327:
1306:thimbleberry
1289:
1279:
1265:Thanksgiving
1261:
1258:Other usages
1229:
1204:
1145:
1136:
1121:
1081:
1066:anthocyanins
1060:, including
1055:
1040:
1032:
1013:
997:
968:
927:
910:
906:
885:
874:
835:
825:
809:
763:stone fruits
751:strawberries
743:Blackberries
740:
709:
701:red currants
690:
687:elderberries
683:goji berries
679:gooseberries
660:
633:
544:stone fruits
540:Sloe berries
522:Blackberries
482:
472:
460:
456:
452:
446:
442:
430:
420:
401:
395:
393:
373:
366:
365:Blackthorn,
343:red mulberry
324:
320:cloudberries
297:
292:
288:
271:, which are
263:, which are
261:blackberries
218:
209:
194:blackberries
182:strawberries
173:
171:
161:Blackberries
113:Gooseberries
31:
18:
6074:Pollen tube
6069:Pollinators
6059:Pollination
6054:Germination
5869:Respiration
5852:Chlorophyll
5698:Pedicellate
5632:Gametophyte
5551:Aestivation
5502:Antheridium
5497:Archegonium
5345:Plasmodesma
5322:Plant cells
5185:Paleobotany
5180:Ethnobotany
5165:Astrobotany
4989:Willow bark
4820:Maple syrup
4815:Maple sugar
4790:Fruit syrup
4773:chewing gum
4763:Birch syrup
4620:Shea butter
4292:Chanterelle
4237:Crow garlic
4227:Bear garlic
4222:Wild onions
4200:filé powder
4121:Lingonberry
4106:Huckleberry
3953:Drift fruit
3824:Hesperidium
3647:2434/669748
2680:11336/17493
2532:13 December
2146:Gao, Gary.
1248:lingonberry
1164:Fruit wines
1080:properties
1078:antioxidant
1047:frugivorous
972:beach plums
828:Blueberries
801:Cultivation
747:raspberries
732:watermelons
667:cranberries
663:blueberries
648:indehiscent
612:Watermelons
587:Cranberries
485:Old English
473:F. ananassa
453:F. moschata
443:F. ananassa
431:F. moschata
289:bacciferous
277:Watermelons
206:redcurrants
190:blueberries
186:raspberries
97:Honeysuckle
81:Redcurrants
6348:Categories
6096:Microspore
6086:Sporangium
6064:Artificial
5752:Sporophyte
5747:Sporophyll
5742:Receptacle
5637:Gynandrium
5507:Androecium
5416:Vegetative
5286:Angiosperm
5281:Gymnosperm
5175:Dendrology
4900:Birch beer
4895:Birch bark
4852:Spruce gum
4835:akpeteshie
4825:Palm sugar
4795:Gum arabic
4785:Date sugar
4735:Turpentine
4615:Sandalwood
4518:Eucalyptus
4513:Eucalyptol
4402:Brazil nut
4277:Bay bolete
4131:Strawberry
4086:Cocoa bean
4081:Breadfruit
4071:Blackberry
4045:tree fruit
3881:Schizocarp
2878:The Kitchn
2758:2 November
1747:etymonline
1504:20 October
1488:Morus alba
1345:References
1310:tapa cloth
1302:loganberry
1271:In culture
1242:or making
1117:Elderberry
1070:flavonoids
1064:, such as
938:hybridized
848:Cloudberry
759:blackthorn
728:persimmons
347:elderberry
269:mulberries
210:soft fruit
129:Cloudberry
6293:Botanists
6211:Herbarium
6108:Megaspore
6006:Evolution
5949:Subshrubs
5917:and habit
5842:Nutrition
5837:Cellulose
5832:Bulk flow
5815:Materials
5778:Epidermis
5642:Gynoecium
5623:Endosperm
5618:Dispersal
5534:Staminode
5470:Sessility
5458:Cataphyll
5378:Mesophyll
5330:Cell wall
5271:Lycophyte
5251:Bryophyte
5205:Geobotany
5190:Phycology
5019:gardening
4979:Thatching
4830:Palm wine
4675:Birch tar
4603:Sal-seed
4528:Japan wax
4481:Candlenut
4422:Malva nut
4387:Areca nut
4308:Matsutake
4264:Mushrooms
4205:root beer
4195:Sassafras
4183:Sago palm
4126:Raspberry
4111:Jackfruit
4076:Blueberry
4028:Wild game
3841:Caryopsis
3798:Types of
3684:: 23625.
3549:12 August
3521:12 August
3491:12 August
3465:31 August
3439:31 August
3414:31 August
3383:31 August
3352:31 August
3326:31 August
3295:31 August
3264:31 August
3259:Driscolls
3239:11 August
3211:11 August
3185:11 August
3106:13 August
3075:13 August
3045:13 August
3016:13 August
2990:13 August
2960:13 August
2955:USA Today
2935:13 August
2909:13 August
2883:13 August
2857:13 August
2832:13 August
2657:: 46–57.
2506:12 August
2480:12 August
2475:0013-0613
2444:13 August
2419:13 August
2317:12 August
2280:11 August
2244:13 August
2213:13 August
2183:13 August
2157:13 August
2108:13 August
2083:13 August
2057:11 August
1942:11 August
1916:11 August
1885:11 August
1833:17 August
1776:14 August
1538:13 August
1524:Species)"
1470:10 August
1445:11 August
1419:11 August
1375:16 August
1286:colorfast
1180:framboise
1142:Beverages
1108:Blueberry
1051:dispersal
1002:Economics
854:regions,
852:temperate
837:Vaccinium
816:crossbred
724:eggplants
636:botanical
479:Etymology
403:Vaccinium
327:poisonous
304:preserves
249:eggplants
245:cucumbers
6333:Category
6253:Forestry
6243:Agronomy
6236:Practice
6187:Cultivar
6182:Cultigen
6042:timeline
5934:Rosettes
5822:Aleurone
5798:Trichome
5715:Perianth
5527:Filament
5385:Meristem
5308:glossary
5170:Bryology
5072:Category
4888:textiles
4720:Pine tar
4685:Creosote
4635:Tea-tree
4630:Tea-seed
4598:Pongamia
4588:Phulwara
4573:Nagkesar
4568:Murumuru
4543:Kpangnan
4491:Carnauba
4432:Pine nut
4417:Hazelnut
4407:Cinnamon
4392:Bay leaf
4382:Allspice
4304:(reishi)
4136:Tamarind
4101:Gambooge
4061:Bilberry
3948:Diaspore
3941:Function
3891:Syconium
3851:Follicle
3718:27006201
3656:31365093
3285:Forkable
3065:Wine Mag
2734:25573388
2726:15186133
2689:25514818
2636:17002441
1906:idahoptv
1806:16 April
1752:Archived
1611:25326614
1522:Sambucus
1333:See also
1324:Research
1298:dewberry
1288:effect.
1240:pickling
1236:freezing
1214:sultanas
1206:Currants
1198:Various
1028:Bulgaria
1024:Thailand
951:genotype
924:Breeding
775:Junipers
771:apricots
736:pumpkins
716:tomatoes
409:ichibigo
389:pemmican
335:pokeweed
281:pumpkins
241:tomatoes
233:pericarp
65:Bilberry
6354:Berries
6011:Ecology
5768:Cuticle
5598:Capsule
5588:Anatomy
5539:Tapetum
5463:Petiole
5438:Rhizome
5433:Rhizoid
5360:Tissues
5350:Vacuole
5340:Plastid
5142:Outline
5137:History
5083:Commons
4998:Related
4962:Tanbark
4957:Shellac
4947:Quinine
4920:Gambier
4840:ogogoro
4740:Varnish
4705:Lacquer
4695:Gamboge
4680:Camphor
4670:Benzoin
4580: (
4486:Capuacu
4471:Babassu
4437:Vanilla
4348:Truffle
4333:Red cap
4302:Lingzhi
4091:Coconut
4066:Binukaw
4041:Berries
3886:Silique
3836:Capsule
3709:4804301
3686:Bibcode
3373:PBS.org
2659:Bibcode
2414:Cornell
1461:"Berry"
1391:"Berry"
1210:raisins
1184:lambics
1043:ripened
1020:Finland
980:pawpaws
712:bananas
656:peppers
652:carpels
626:Bananas
357:History
293:baccate
253:bananas
6315:Plants
6218:(IAPT)
5971:Lianas
5939:Shrubs
5891:Starch
5783:Nectar
5703:Raceme
5669:Stigma
5657:Locule
5647:Carpel
5608:Pyrena
5546:Flower
5522:Anther
5517:Stamen
5512:Pollen
5234:groups
5126:Botany
5006:Dehesa
4967:tannin
4952:Rattan
4915:Forage
4878:edible
4873:Bamboo
4868:Amadou
4847:Rubber
4768:Chicle
4710:Mastic
4662:Resins
4645:Ucuuba
4640:Tucuma
4625:Tamanu
4582:kernel
4553:Mafura
4523:Illipe
4476:Bacuri
4427:Nutmeg
4371:spices
4096:Durian
4056:Banana
3876:Samara
3861:Loment
3856:Legume
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856:alpine
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734:, and
720:grapes
548:drupes
415:ichigo
377:Europe
351:unripe
345:, and
267:, and
255:, and
237:grapes
204:, and
6275:Lists
6192:Group
6115:Spore
6049:Flora
5966:Vines
5961:Trees
5924:Habit
5896:Sugar
5788:Stoma
5730:Sepal
5725:Petal
5720:Tepal
5708:Umbel
5693:Bract
5674:Style
5662:Ovule
5652:Ovary
5593:Berry
5583:Fruit
5576:Whorl
5443:Shoot
5241:Algae
5232:Plant
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4412:Clove
4318:Morel
4252:Ramps
4188:queen
4163:Betel
4155:roots
4016:Honey
3846:Drupe
3819:Berry
3036:(PDF)
2930:AgMRC
2774:Foods
2730:S2CID
2271:(PDF)
2048:(PDF)
1981:(PDF)
1966:(PDF)
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1290:Rubus
1190:Dried
1074:skins
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785:. In
783:cones
767:plums
692:Ribes
644:ovary
640:seeds
397:Rubus
310:, or
308:cakes
285:pepos
229:ovary
225:fruit
212:is a
178:fruit
174:berry
6197:Grex
6079:Self
5613:Seed
5475:Stem
5453:Leaf
5428:Root
5423:Bulb
5407:Wood
5368:Cork
5266:Fern
4942:Peat
4925:Moss
4905:Cork
4805:Kino
4593:Pilu
4578:Palm
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4021:pine
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3742:ISBN
3714:PMID
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3187:2015
3155:ISBN
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3077:2015
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2992:2015
2962:2015
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2885:2015
2859:2015
2834:2015
2760:2016
2722:PMID
2685:PMID
2632:PMID
2601:2014
2568:ISBN
2534:2020
2508:2015
2482:2015
2471:ISSN
2446:2015
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2246:2015
2215:2015
2185:2015
2159:2015
2110:2015
2085:2015
2059:2015
2013:ISBN
1989:2020
1944:2015
1918:2015
1887:2015
1856:ISBN
1835:2013
1808:2009
1778:2015
1664:ISBN
1632:ISBN
1607:PMID
1564:ISBN
1540:2015
1506:2012
1472:2015
1447:2015
1421:2015
1377:2015
1212:and
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