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religious revival of the early fifteenth century. Although he had a weak and hoarse voice, he is said to have been one of the greatest preachers of his time. His style was simple, familiar, and abounding in imagery. Cynthia
Polecritti, in her biography of Bernardino, notes that the texts of his sermons "are acknowledged masterpieces of colloquial Italian". He was an elegant and captivating preacher, and his use of popular imagery and creative language drew large crowds to hear his reflections. Invitations were often extended by the civil authorities rather than the ecclesiastical, as sometimes the towns would make money from the crowds that came to hear him.
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41:
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Mormando concludes: "...despite his sincere moments of greater empathy with women, Bernardino proves to be very much in the mainstream of writings on women of the
Trecento and Quattrocento ... Though, in his compassion for her, Bernardine would have the woman's domestic and social 'cage' be as comfortable and as humane as possible, it is there in the same traditional cage that Bernardino nonetheless wants her to remain, under the guard of father, brother, husband, or parish priest."
717:, their principal support and indefatigable propagator. Instead of one hundred and thirty Friars constituting the Observance in Italy at Bernardino's reception into the order, it counted over four thousand shortly before his death. Bernardino also founded, or reformed, at least three hundred convents of Friars. He sent missionaries to different parts of Asia, and it was largely through his efforts that many ambassadors from different schismatical nations attended the
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over the last twenty-five years". Over time his teachings helped mould public sentiment and dispel indifference over controlling sodomy and homosexual conduct more vigorously. Everything unpredictable or calamitous in human experience he attributed to sodomy, including floods and the plague, as well as linking the practice to local population decline. After one of his sermons in Siena, four "irate sodomites" attempted to beat him with clubs.
1737:
1851:
633:, Bernardino's insight in determining just value prefigured "...the Jevons/Austrian analysis of supply and cost over five centuries later." He extended this to a theory of the "just wage", which would be determined by the demand for labour and the available supply. Wage inequality is a function of differences in skill, ability and training. Skilled workers are scarcer than unskilled so that the former will command a higher wage.
1827:
1863:
687:, urging the executive to take stringent steps against all such as were addicted to this business, many of whom were Jews. Blaming the poverty of local Christians on Jewish usury, his call for Jews to be banished and isolated from their wider communities led to segregation. His audiences often used his words to reinforce actions against Jews, and his preaching left a legacy of resentment on the part of Jews.
1839:
660:) in condemning the practice of usury, which they defined as charging interest on a loan. Scholastic analysis of usury, based in part on Roman law, was both complex and, in some instances, seemingly contradictory. Interest on delayed payment was deemed valid as it was considered compensation for damages suffered by the creditor being deprived of his property.
322:. Three years later, when the plague visited Siena, he ministered to the plague-stricken, and, assisted by ten companions, took upon himself for four months entire charge of this hospital. He escaped the plague but was so exhausted that a fever confined him for several months. In 1403 he joined the Observant branch of the
857:
A portrait is known to have circulated in Siena just after the death of
Bernardino which, on the basis of physiognomic similarities with his death mask at L'Aquila, is believed to have been a good likeness. It is thought probable that many subsequent depictions of the saint derive from this portrait.
492:
In Siena, Bernardino preached a full sermon against sodomy, including homosexuality, in 1425 and then 1427; linking it directly with fears about the depopulation as it did not lead to children and was therefore unproductive: "You don't understand that is the reason you have lost half your population
431:
notes that in the twenty large volumes of
Bernardino's extant printed works, the saint has much to say about women and to women, "married, unmarried, widowed, and those enclosed in nunneries". However, at the end of his study, "Bernardino of Siena: 'Great Defender' or 'Merciless Betrayer' of Women?",
418:
in 1501), the legacy of
Bernardino was far from tame: of a strict, moral temper, he preached fiery sermons against many classes of people and these were riddled with denunciations. He characterized some women as "witches", and called for sodomites to be ostracized or otherwise removed from the human
435:
Bernardino presented the Virgin Mary as an example for women. He advised girls never to talk to a man unless one of their parents was present. In one sermon
Bernardino cautions women about marrying men who care more for their dowries than for them. On one occasion he asked mothers to come to church
724:
Being Vicar
General inevitably cut back his opportunities to preach, but he continued to speak to the public when he could. Having in 1442 persuaded the Pope to finally accept his resignation as Vicar-General so that he might give himself more undividedly to preaching, Bernardino again resumed his
839:
After his death, the
Franciscans promoted an iconographical program of diffusion of images of Bernardino, which was second only to that of the founder of the order. As such, he is one of the earliest saints whose appearance was given a distinct and readily recognisable iconography. Artists of the
810:
Mormando observes that "Bernardino's lifetime coincided with the blossoming not only of art in general but also of full-fledged, realistic portraiture as a distinct genre. This may explain why
Bernardino, it seems, has the distinction of being the first saint in Church history for whom we have an
383:
Bernardino travelled from place to place, remaining nowhere more than a few weeks. These journeys were all made on foot. In the towns, the crowds assembled to hear him were at times so great that it became necessary to erect a pulpit on the marketplace. Like
Vincent Ferrer, he usually preached at
410:
In 1427, Bernardino was called to Siena to allay factional strife; however, he preferred preaching to being an arbitrator. When he spoke against factions and vendettas, he was uncharacteristically tactful. To Policretti, this suggests that the situation could have become violent at the smallest
482:
a sodomite had been tied to a column along with a barrel of pitch and brushwood and set on fire. He advised the people of Siena to do the same. In 1424 he dedicated three consecutive sermons in Florence to the subject, in the course of a Lenten sermon preached in Santa Croce, he admonished his
379:
Unlike many of his contemporaries, Bernardino chose his themes not from the daily liturgy, but from the ordinary lives of the people of Siena. He selected biblical themes to focus on the immediate interests of his audience. This proved effective in drawing their attention. Women comprised the
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Before Bernardino, most preachers either read a prepared speech or recited a rhetorical oration. Instead of remaining cloistered and preaching only during the liturgy, Bernardino preached directly to the public. For more than 30 years, he preached all over Italy and played a great part in the
487:
Whenever you hear sodomy mentioned, each and every one of you spit on the ground and clean your mouth out as well. If they don't want to change their ways by any other means, maybe they will change when they're made fools of. Spit hard! Maybe the water of your spit will extinguish their
469:
men), Bernardino keenly pointed out the reputation of the Italians beyond their own borders. In the same work is a detailed analysis of Bernardino's preaching against witchcraft and Jews. He particularly decried Florentine lenience towards men having sex with men; in
436:
with their daughters alone so that he speak to them frankly about sexual abuse in marriage. He also spoke against the confinement of unwilling girls to convents. He presented Saint Joseph as an example for men, while emphasizing Mary's obedience to her husband.
552:
sufficiently that Martin requested he preach in Rome. He thereupon preached every day for 80 days. Bernardino's zeal was such that he would prepare up to four drafts of a sermon before starting to speak. That same year, he was offered the
317:
of which his father, Albertollo degli Albizzeschi, was then governor. Left orphaned at six, he was raised by a pious aunt. In 1397, after a course of civil and canon law, he joined the Confraternity of Our Lady attached to the hospital of
350:
region of Italy, allegedly foretold that his mantle should descend upon one who was then listening to him, and said that he would return to France and Spain, leaving to Bernardino the task of evangelizing the remaining peoples of Italy.
380:
majority of listeners, and the size of the crowd varied according to the day, time, and topic of the sermon. Polecritti notes that the subject matter of his sermons reveals much about the contemporary context of 15th-century Italy.
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against the Turks, there is no record of his having done so. In 1444, notwithstanding his increasing infirmities, Bernardino, desirous that there should be no part of Italy which had not heard his voice, set out to the
628:
One of his contributions was a discussion on the functions of the business entrepreneur, whom Bernardino saw as performing the useful social function of transporting, distributing, or manufacturing goods. According to
670:
In Milan, he was visited by a merchant who urged him to inveigh strenuously against usury, only to find that his visitor was himself a prominent usurer, whose activities were prompted by a wish to lessen competition.
815:
and was the subject of portraits in his lifetime, as well as a death-mask, which were copied to make prints, so that he is one of the earliest saints to have a fairly consistent appearance in art; though many
532:
and the Dominican order, Bernardino devised a symbol—IHS—the first three letters of the name of Jesus in Greek, in Gothic letters on a blazing sun. This was to displace the insignia of factions (for example,
167:
Advertisers; advertising; Aquila, Italy; chest problems; Italy; Diocese of San Bernardino, California; gambling addicts; public relations personnel; public relations work; Bernalda, Italy; San Bernardino,
1113:, p. 29. See also Mormando (1999) note 90 on p. 250 for a list of critical studies of these early lives. In note 91 on the same page, Mormando says that Benvoglienti was a classmate of Bernardino's.
699:
to compose a further series of sermons. He resumed his missionary labours in 1436 but was forced to abandon them when he became vicar-general of the Observant branch of the Franciscans in Italy in 1438.
1636:
Debby, Nirit Ben-Aryeh. "Jews and Judaism in the Rhetoric of Popular Preachers: The Florentine Sermons of Giovanni Dominici (1356–1419) and Bernardino Da Siena (1380–1444)." Jewish History 14.2 (2000):
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late medieval and Renaissance periods often represented him as small and emaciated, with three mitres at his feet (representing the three bishoprics which he had rejected) and holding in his hand the
275:
notes that "he first works to be produced about Bernardine right after his death were biographical: by the year 1480, there were already over a dozen written accounts of the preacher's life".
1085:
667:, interest charged to compensate for profits foregone in lieu of capital investment. A distinction was also drawn for joint ventures, in which the creditor assumed some portion of the risk.
384:
dawn. His hearers, so as to ensure themselves standing room, would arrive beforehand, many coming from far-distant villages. The sermons often lasted three or four hours. He was invited to
271:. Another important contemporary biographical source is that written by the Sienese diplomat Leonardo Benvoglienti, who was another personal acquaintance of Bernardino's. The historian
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monogram with rays emanating from it (representing his devotion to the "Holy Name of Jesus"), which was his main attribute. He appears to have been a favourite in the works of
952:, the same year the first Observant Friars monastery in Poland was founded in Kraków, whose namesake became Bernardino of Siena. From the monastery's name came the name of
625:, written during the years 1431–1433, dealt with the justification of private property, the ethics of trade, the determination of value and price, and the usury question.
621:
to write an entire work systematically devoted to Scholastic economics. His greatest contribution to economics was a discussion and defence of the entrepreneur. His book,
404:, and other frivolities to be burned. Bernardino enjoined his listeners to abstain from blasphemy, indecent conversation, and games of chance, and to observe feast days.
811:
indisputably authentic portrait in art. Many of the earliest portraits were presumably based on his death mask..." Bernardino also lived into the early days of the
641:
Usury was one of the principal objects of Bernardino's attacks, and he did much to prepare the way for the establishment of the beneficial loan societies, known as
1747:
703:
Bernardino had worked to grow the Observants from the outset of his religious life: although he was not in fact its founder (the origins of the Observants, or
798:
861:
The most famous depictions of Bernardino are found in the cycle of frescoes of his life, which were executed towards the end of the fifteenth century by
1933:
1253:
1089:
267:
of Bernardino of Siena were written by two of his friends; the one the same year in which he died, by Barnaba of Siena; the other by the humanist
537:). The devotion spread, and the symbol began to appear in churches, homes and public buildings. Opponents thought it a dangerous innovation.
283:
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community. He thus was a champion of what historian Robert Moore called "the persecuting society" of late medieval Christian Europe.
407:
Bernardino was not universally popular. In L'Aquila, someone once sawed the legs of the pulpit, causing him to fall into the crowd.
1336:
922:
474:, he approvingly reminded listeners that a man was quartered and his limbs hung from the city gates for homosexual intercourse; in
1373:
255:
in 1450 and is referred to as "the Apostle of Italy" for his efforts to revive the country's Catholicism during the 15th century.
414:
Both while he was alive and after his death (the first edition of his works, for the most part elaborate sermons, was printed at
1913:
850:, and one of the finest examples of Renaissance art includes relief carvings of the saint, which can be seen in the oratory of
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Bernardino is particularly regarded today as being a "major protagonist of Christian anti-semitism". In January 1427 he was in
1600:
1779:
1501:
1466:
1419:
1186:
1057:
400:" were held at his sermon sites, where people threw mirrors, high-heeled shoes, perfumes, locks of false hair, cards, dice,
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1047:
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1224:
334:'s Rule. Bernardino was ordained a priest in 1404 and was commissioned as a preacher the next year. In about 1406 Saint
961:
709:, can be traced back to the middle of the fourteenth century). Nevertheless, Bernardino became to the Observants what
509:
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1583:
1384:
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1299:
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Bernardino saw usury as concentrating all the money of the city into a few hands. However, he accepted the theory of
48:
763:. According to tradition, his grave continued to leak blood until two factions of the city achieved reconciliation.
1923:
1551:
1938:
392:, he spoke out against gambling, much to the dissatisfaction of the card manufacturers and sellers. Returning to
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sought Bernardino's counsel and intercession and Bernardino accompanied him to Rome in 1433 for his coronation.
319:
1898:
1246:
1225:
Meussig, Carolyn. "Bernardino da Siena and Obervant Preaching as a Vehicle for Religious Transformation",
1943:
1275:
941:, is named in honour of the saint, whose fame reached well into northern Italy and southern Switzerland.
557:, but declined in order to maintain his monastic and evangelical activities. In 1431, he toured Tuscany,
1903:
1817:
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1247:
Horan OFM, Daniel, "The Complicated History of and the Popular Preaching of St. Bernardine of Siena",
1928:
1635:
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518:
1609:
937:, USA, was named after him and placed under his spiritual patronage. The mountain pass in the Alps,
1666:'s "Top 10" list of the most popular saints depicted in Renaissance art, Bernardino ranks number 9.
1358:
735:
190:
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in April 1425, he preached there for 50 consecutive days. His success was said to be remarkable. "
1707:, ed. Georgiana Donavin, Cary J. Nederman, and Richard Utz (Turnhout: Brepols, 2004), pp. 157–79.
1663:
1573:
991:
870:
534:
397:
209:
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The Preacher's Demons: Bernardino of Siena and the Social Underworld of Early Renaissance Italy
1604:
1323:
Franco Mormando, "Bernardino of Siena: 'Great Defender' or 'Merciless Betrayer' of Women?," in
52:
1575:
Economic Thought Before Adam Smith: An Austrian Perspective on the History of Economic Thought
964:. His cult also spread to England at an early period, and was particularly promulgated by the
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1752:
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902:
792:
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178:
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Reports of miracles attributed to Bernardino multiplied rapidly after his death, and he was
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himself for his promotion of this devotion to the Holy Name of Jesus. Theologians including
1893:
1888:
1883:
1810:
710:
649:
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before returning to Siena to prevent a war against Florence. Also in 1431, he declined the
8:
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718:
592:
574:
212:" established his reputation in his own lifetime; they were frequently directed against
1855:
1795:
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problems, as well as any problems involving the chest area. He is the patron saint of
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1507:
1497:
1472:
1462:
1425:
1415:
1380:
1343:
1295:
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847:
745:
354:
331:
93:
73:
69:
824:, are idealized compared to the realistic ones made in the decades after his death.
501:
1843:
1717:
Rusecki, Innocenty Marek (2003). "Z dziejów ojców bernardynów w Polsce 1453-2003".
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in 1424, where he preached against the excess of luxury and immodest apparel. In
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65:
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An early painting of Saint Bernardino, c. 1444, by Pietro di Giovanni d'Ambrogio
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to condemn Bernardino, but both almost instantly acquitted him. A trial at the
588:
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gave their opinions. Bernardino was found innocent of heresy, and he impressed
545:
335:
1762:
Preaching Peace in Renaissance Italy: San Bernardino of Siena and His Audience
1511:
1429:
1877:
1831:
1741:
1493:
Forbidden Friendships: Homosexuality and Male Culture in Renaissance Florence
1476:
1312:
The Formation of a Persecuting Society: Power and Deviance in Western Europe,
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Preaching Peace in Renaissance Italy. Bernardino of Siena & His Audience
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was his disciple during these years. Cardinals urged both Pope Martin V and
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40:
1867:
972:, in 1482, not forty years after his death, but who were later suppressed.
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862:
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127:
121:
1603:(Report). Boston, MA: Harvard Graduate School of Business Administration.
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217:
154:
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Speculum Sermonis: Interdisciplinary Reflections on the Medieval Sermon
1703:
Emily Michelson, "Bernardino of Siena Visualizes the Name of God," in:
1662:, p. 255, note 136. On the same note, Mormando points out that in
1363:, (C. G. Coulton, ed.), (New York: Macmillan, c. 1910), Vol. 1, 216–229
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In 1426, Bernardino was summoned to Rome to stand trial on charges of
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1850:
1740: This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
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358:
16th-century painting of Bernardino of Siena by an unknown artist,
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213:
1294:. Washington, DC: The Catholic University of America Press, 2000.
1227:
A Companion to Observant Reform in the Late Middle Ages and Beyond
1073:"St. Bernardine of Siena,'Apostle of Italy'", Catholic News Agency
1683:(4. ed.). Oxford : Oxford University Press. pp. 56–57.
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945:
806:(obverse), c. 1444–1462. Made shortly after Bernardino's death.
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541:
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462:
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Bernardino was born in 1380 to the noble Albizzeschi family in
225:
1086:"The Lives of the Fathers, Martyrs and Other Principal Saints"
478:, men were regularly burned if found guilty of sodomy; and in
1806:
Saint Bernardino of Siena and his Basilica in L’Aquila, Italy
684:
475:
393:
314:
241:
198:
1359:"St. Bernardino of Siena: Two Sermons on Wives and Widows",
739:, which charged Bernardino to preach the indulgence for the
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1389:
415:
233:
157:; three mitres representing the bishoprics which he refused
1617:
189:; 8 September 1380 – 20 May 1444), was an
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Bernardino followed the earlier scholastic philosophers
1436:
1815:
1601:
San Bernardino of Siena and Sant Antonino of Florence
1518:
1206:
968:, who first established themselves in the country in
721:, where he addressed the assembled Fathers in Greek.
1641:
1088:. D. & J. Sadlier, & Company. Archived from
1572:Rothbard, Murray N. (2009). "The Worldly Ascetic".
1327:
vol. 75, no. 1, Spring 1998, pp. 22–40, here p. 34.
439:
1176:Foley, O.F.M., Leonard, "St. Bernadine of Siena",
1229:, (James Mixson and Bert Roest, eds.) Brill, 2015
1200:Readings in Western Civilization: The Renaissance
1875:
1454:
1152:. Vol. 2. New York: Robert Appleton Company
933:, a Franciscan Catholic liberal arts college in
1046:Guiley, Rosemary (2001). "Bernadine of Siena".
997:Saint Bernardino of Siena, patron saint archive
766:
1407:
1197:
1020:
1674:
1672:
1489:
1401:
1376:Women, Family and Society in Medieval Europe
783:in 1450, only six years after his death, by
1578:. Vol. 1. Ludwig von Mises Institute.
1496:. Oxford University Press. pp. 36–44.
1202:. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
1178:Saint of the Day, Lives, Lessons, and Feast
1002:Church of San Bernardino da Siena (Amantea)
690:
208:His preaching, his book burnings, and his "
1745:
1669:
1458:Born to be Gay: A History of Homosexuality
1271:
1269:
1267:
1265:
1139:
1137:
1135:
1133:
1131:
617:Bernardino was the first theologian after
1934:Christian antisemitism in the Middle Ages
1608:
1598:
1483:
1448:
1414:. Harvard University Press. p. 210.
1198:Cochrane, Eric; Julius, Kirshner (1986).
605:
524:Especially known for his devotion to the
505:Saint Bernardino, Capella del Voto, Siena
365:
342:friar and missionary, while preaching at
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1659:
1647:
1623:
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1547:
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1128:
881:Saint Bernardino is the Roman Catholic
528:, which was previously associated with
16:Italian Franciscan missionary and saint
1876:
1678:
1567:
1565:
1563:
1083:
1045:
833:Sancti Bernardini Senensis Opera omnia
695:Soon thereafter, he withdrew again to
1542:
1314:Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987
1240:
1077:
1811:Saint Bernardine of Siena, "Sermons"
1756:. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
1280:, J. M. Dent & Co., London, 1906
1164:
944:His cult was transferred in 1453 to
795:is on 20 May, the day of his death.
683:, where he preached on the topic of
1560:
1341:, Manchester University Press, 1997
1052:. Infobase Publishing. p. 49.
13:
1746:Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "
1066:
612:
595:also ended with an acquittal. The
370:
14:
1955:
1789:
982:Santa Maria delle Grazie (Arezzo)
1919:Economic history of the Holy See
1861:
1849:
1837:
1825:
1735:
1339:Women in Italian Renaissance Art
674:
496:
465:(predominantly directed towards
440:Against sodomy and homosexuality
39:
1774:. University of Chicago Press.
1710:
1697:
1681:The Oxford Dictionary of Saints
1653:
1629:
1592:
1367:
1352:
1330:
1317:
1304:
1284:
1251:, Vol. 45, No. 10, May 18, 2011
1218:
960:were known in the lands of the
1490:Michael Rocke (5 March 1998).
1411:Homosexuality and Civilization
1191:
1104:
1039:
1014:
962:Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
573:, and in 1435 he declined the
1:
1914:15th-century Christian saints
1768:Mormando, Franco (May 1999).
1729:
1021:Thureau-Dangin, Paul (1906).
876:
751:Bernardino died that year at
725:missionary work. Despite the
583:was Bernardino's friend, and
330:), with strict observance of
294:
767:Canonisation and iconography
288:Della confessione regole 12.
7:
1909:People from Massa Marittima
1679:Farmer, David Hugh (1997).
1599:De Roover, Raymond (1967).
1552:"St. Bernardino of Siena",
975:
422:
201:. He was a systematizer of
10:
1960:
1719:Łódzkie Studia Teologiczne
1144:Robinson, Paschal (1907).
1049:The Encyclopedia of Saints
939:Il Passo di San Bernardino
927:San Bernardino, California
831:Bernardino's portrait, in
761:Basilica of San Bernardino
258:
1796:Saint Bernardino of Siena
1455:William G. Naphy (2004).
1278:Saint Bernardine of Siena
1150:The Catholic Encyclopedia
1146:"St. Bernardine of Siena"
1027:. J.M. Dent & Company
804:Saint Bernardino of Siena
519:National Museum of Serbia
457:, Museo del Prado, Madrid
450:Saint Bernardino of Siena
161:
147:
137:
120:
110:
100:
79:
59:
47:
38:
23:
1024:Saint Bernadine of Siena
1007:
905:, Italy; the Philippine
820:images, such as that by
736:Illius qui se pro divini
691:Franciscan Vicar General
636:
398:Bonfires of the Vanities
210:bonfires of the vanities
1924:Medieval Italian saints
1748:St. Bernardine of Siena
1408:Louis Crompton (2003).
1361:Life in the Middle Ages
1290:Polecritti, Cynthia L.
992:List of Catholic saints
871:Santa Maria in Aracoeli
535:Guelphs and Ghibellines
320:Santa Maria della Scala
278:
197:missionary preacher in
1939:Antiziganism in Europe
1554:Religion & Liberty
1461:. Tempus. p. 97.
1378:, Berghahn Books, 1995
1276:Thureau-Dangin, Paul,
1084:Butler, Alban (1864).
836:
807:
776:
623:On Contracts and Usury
607:On Contracts and Usury
521:
506:
490:
458:
366:Bernardino as preacher
362:
291:
1800:Christian Iconography
1764:, (UC Berkeley, 1988)
1760:Polecritti, Cynthia,
1753:Catholic Encyclopedia
958:Franciscan Observants
830:
801:
793:Roman Catholic Church
774:
759:and is buried in the
512:
504:
485:
447:
357:
324:Order of Friars Minor
286:
1899:Italian Friars Minor
1256:7 April 2014 at the
1249:HNP Today Newsletter
802:Antonio Marescotti,
650:Anselm of Canterbury
585:James of the Marches
571:bishopric of Ferrara
1398:, pp. 109–163.
895:compulsive gambling
719:Council of Florence
593:Council of Florence
575:bishopric of Urbino
515:Bernardino of Siena
453:, 1603 painting by
360:Château de Langeais
175:Bernardino of Siena
126:24 May 1450, Rome,
96:, Holy Roman Empire
29:Bernardino of Siena
1944:Italian economists
1539:, p. 235–237.
1180:, Franciscan Media
950:John of Capistrano
837:
808:
777:
597:Holy Roman Emperor
581:John of Capistrano
555:bishopric of Siena
526:Holy Name of Jesus
522:
507:
459:
363:
292:
55:, Apostle of Italy
1904:Franciscan saints
1781:978-0-226-53854-9
1556:, Vol.6, Number 2
1503:978-0-19-535268-9
1468:978-0-7524-2917-5
1421:978-0-674-03006-0
1187:978-0-86716-887-7
1125:, pp. 25–45.
1059:978-1-4381-3026-2
852:Perugia Cathedral
848:Luca della Robbia
746:Kingdom of Naples
244:, and the like.
172:
171:
101:Venerated in
94:Kingdom of Naples
74:Holy Roman Empire
70:Republic of Siena
1951:
1929:Incorrupt saints
1866:
1865:
1864:
1854:
1853:
1842:
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1840:
1830:
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1828:
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1540:
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1528:
1522:
1516:
1515:
1487:
1481:
1480:
1452:
1446:
1440:
1434:
1433:
1405:
1399:
1393:
1387:
1374:Herlihy, David.
1371:
1365:
1356:
1350:
1337:Tinagli, Paola.
1334:
1328:
1321:
1315:
1308:
1302:
1288:
1282:
1273:
1260:
1244:
1238:
1222:
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1018:
966:Observant Friars
713:had been to the
619:Peter John Olivi
530:John of Vercelli
517:, 15th century,
513:Unknown artist:
328:Franciscan Order
307:, a town in the
238:Romani "Gypsies"
230:homosexual males
191:Italian Catholic
116:24 November 1449
86:
63:8 September 1380
43:
21:
20:
1959:
1958:
1954:
1953:
1952:
1950:
1949:
1948:
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1610:10.1.1.366.8099
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1258:Wayback Machine
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1092:on 18 June 2013
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987:Saint symbolism
978:
956:, by which the
915:Calamba, Laguna
879:
867:Bufalini Chapel
785:Pope Nicholas V
769:
693:
677:
639:
631:Murray Rothbard
615:
613:Economic theory
610:
499:
442:
429:Franco Mormando
425:
373:
371:Preaching style
368:
301:Massa Marittima
297:
281:
273:Franco Mormando
261:
253:Pope Nicholas V
247:Bernardino was
228:(chiefly among
132:Pope Nicholas V
105:Catholic Church
88:
84:
66:Massa Marittima
64:
34:
31:
30:
27:
26:
17:
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5:
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1790:External links
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989:
984:
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919:Cardona, Rizal
891:communications
878:
875:
768:
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731:Pope Eugene IV
692:
689:
676:
673:
665:lucrum cessans
654:Thomas Aquinas
643:Monti di Pietà
638:
635:
614:
611:
609:
604:
589:Pope Eugene IV
546:Paul of Venice
498:
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427:The historian
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336:Vincent Ferrer
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1743:
1742:public domain
1734:
1733:
1721:. 11–12: 192.
1720:
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1692:
1690:9780192800589
1686:
1682:
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1660:Mormando 1999
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1396:Mormando 1999
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1348:9780719040542
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1300:0-8132-0960-9
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1213:Mormando 1999
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712:
711:Saint Bernard
708:
707:
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697:Serracapriola
688:
686:
682:
675:Anti-Semitism
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497:Trial in Rome
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411:provocation.
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361:
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352:
349:
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341:
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332:Saint Francis
329:
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321:
316:
312:
311:
306:
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289:
285:
276:
274:
270:
266:
265:hagiographies
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1553:
1532:
1527:, p. 6.
1520:
1492:
1485:
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1438:
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1403:
1391:
1375:
1369:
1360:
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1306:
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1286:
1277:
1248:
1242:
1226:
1220:
1215:, p. 5.
1208:
1199:
1193:
1177:
1154:. Retrieved
1149:
1118:
1106:
1094:. Retrieved
1090:the original
1079:
1068:
1048:
1041:
1029:. Retrieved
1023:
1016:
943:
938:
917:and Tuna in
883:patron saint
880:
863:Pinturicchio
860:
856:
841:
838:
832:
809:
803:
778:
750:
734:
723:
704:
702:
694:
678:
669:
664:
662:
656:(who quotes
647:
640:
627:
622:
616:
606:
579:
539:
523:
514:
491:
486:
460:
448:
434:
426:
413:
409:
406:
402:chess pieces
382:
378:
374:
308:
298:
287:
269:Maffeo Vegio
262:
246:
207:
205:economics.
186:
182:
174:
173:
153:Tablet with
128:Papal States
85:(1444-05-20)
18:
1894:Evangelists
1889:1444 deaths
1884:1380 births
1856:Catholicism
1664:Peter Burke
954:Bernardines
899:respiratory
887:advertising
715:Cistercians
344:Alessandria
218:infanticide
193:priest and
168:Switzerland
83:20 May 1444
1878:Categories
1730:References
1512:1038683396
1430:1016977065
1310:R. Moore,
1156:4 February
1096:4 February
921:; and the
877:Veneration
729:issued by
727:papal bull
467:homosexual
295:Early life
222:witchcraft
220:, sorcery/
203:scholastic
195:Franciscan
183:Bernardine
149:Attributes
1844:Biography
1802:web site.
1605:CiteSeerX
1477:249661077
1031:27 August
970:Greenwich
911:Kay-Anlog
907:barangays
789:feast day
781:canonized
733:in 1443,
658:Aristotle
600:Sigismund
483:hearers:
340:Dominican
249:canonised
187:Bernadine
163:Patronage
122:Canonized
112:Beatified
53:Confessor
1626:, Ch. 4.
1325:Italica,
1254:Archived
976:See also
935:New York
873:, Rome.
822:El Greco
753:L'Aquila
559:Lombardy
455:El Greco
423:On women
348:Piedmont
214:gambling
1818:Portals
1798:at the
1744::
1637:175–200
929:, USA.
923:diocese
865:in the
818:Baroque
791:in the
757:Abruzzo
741:Crusade
706:Zelanti
681:Orvieto
563:Romagna
390:Bologna
386:Ferrara
346:in the
310:contado
305:Tuscany
259:Sources
1832:Saints
1778:
1687:
1607:
1582:
1510:
1500:
1475:
1465:
1428:
1418:
1383:
1346:
1298:
1234:
1185:
1056:
946:Poland
835:(1745)
787:. His
567:Ancona
565:, and
542:heresy
480:Venice
472:Verona
463:sodomy
290:, 1494
226:sodomy
143:20 May
90:Aquila
49:Priest
1868:Italy
1008:Notes
903:Carpi
813:print
685:usury
637:Usury
488:fire.
476:Genoa
394:Siena
326:(the
315:Siena
242:usury
199:Italy
139:Feast
25:Saint
1776:ISBN
1685:ISBN
1580:ISBN
1508:OCLC
1498:ISBN
1473:OCLC
1463:ISBN
1426:OCLC
1416:ISBN
1381:ISBN
1344:ISBN
1296:ISBN
1232:ISBN
1183:ISBN
1158:2013
1098:2013
1054:ISBN
1033:2024
652:and
416:Lyon
338:, a
279:Life
263:Two
234:Jews
80:Died
60:Born
1750:".
948:by
925:of
913:in
909:of
885:of
869:of
843:IHS
755:in
461:On
313:of
251:by
232:),
185:or
179:OFM
155:IHS
130:by
33:OFM
1880::
1671:^
1562:^
1544:^
1506:.
1471:.
1424:.
1264:^
1166:^
1148:.
1130:^
897:,
893:,
889:,
854:.
748:.
645:.
577:.
561:,
303:,
240:,
236:,
224:,
216:,
177:,
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72:,
68:,
51:,
1820::
1784:.
1693:.
1650:.
1613:.
1588:.
1514:.
1479:.
1432:.
1160:.
1100:.
1062:.
1035:.
181:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
