33:
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collapsed due to financial difficulties unrelated to Pathé's problems, and Pathé was forced to follow through with the purchase of several movie theater chains it no longer could afford to buy. Although the company continued to make a profit (as noted above) for a time, the acquisitions meant they lost more money than it could bring in.
203:), with Pathé in exchange for 50 million francs in shares. The remaining shares were purchased with funding from a consortium of banks, bonds (to be paid with income from Pathé), and a 10 percent ownership in Pathé by the banks. After the merger, Natan renamed the company Pathé-Natan (sometimes also credited as Pathé-Cinéma).
372:, a 2013 documentary film, compares stills from the adult films attributed to Natan with official headshots and shows that several pornographic actors have been mistaken for Natan but are not him. Joseph Slade now admits there is room for doubt over whether Natan worked in pornography at any time after 1910.
230:, which enabled Pathé to expand into projector and electronics manufacturing. He also bought the Fornier chain of motion picture theaters and rapidly expanded the chain's nationwide presence. The French press, however, attacked Natan mercilessly for his stewardship of Pathé. Many of these attacks were
210:
had been selling assets for several years to boost investor value and keep the studio's cash flow healthy. The company's founder had even sold Pathé's name and "rooster" trademark to other companies in return for a mere 2 percent of revenues generated by them. Natan had the bad luck to take charge of
320:
and sentenced to 4 years in jail. This meant he was in prison when France fell to the Nazis, while other Jewish filmmakers were able to flee the country or go into hiding. A second indictment was brought in 1941, and he was convicted again shortly thereafter. His French citizenship was taken away,
411:
in the French film industry, and adopted the "American model" of film-making and distribution, which provided the underpinning of the French film industry into the 21st century. He also brought television to France, and established the first French radio holding and television companies. Pathé
182:
during the early 1920s. But by 1929, Natan's Rapid Film had become a major film producer and distributor. His reputation was such that in 1924 Natan became a member of the executive committee of the
Cinematographic Employers' Federation. By 1926, his film laboratory was highly regarded, he had
301:
In 1930, in order to finance the company's continued expansion, Pathé's board of directors (which still included
Charles Pathé) voted to issue shares worth 105 million francs. But with the depression deepening in France, only 50 percent of the shares were purchased. One of the investor banks
345:
films between 1920 and 1927. Slade wrote that nearly all French pornographic films from this period which include bisexual and homosexual content were produced by Natan. The same source states that Natan himself was bisexual, and engaged in intercourse in
122:, in 1929, just prior to the Great Depression. Pathé collapsed in 1935, and Natan was the subject of false and antisemitic accusations of fraud, and was ultimately convicted and imprisoned by French authorities. Natan was deported to
329:
In 1911, Natan and colleagues were convicted of making erotic films, he was jailed for a short time and fined 1,000 francs but due to his exceptional record fighting in World War I this was later removed from his record.
146:
in 1886. He moved to France in the early 1900s, where he held a number of jobs in cinema. In 1909 he married and subsequently had 2 children. Despite being a
Romanian, he volunteered to fight for France at the outset of
363:
Slade's claims are disputed by the historians of the French organization "Les Indépendants du
Premier Siècle", who argue that the various actors in question are not Natan and that accusations at Natan's trial and in
430:, the French national film school, despite it having moved into one of his former studios in 1999. A plaque commemorating his work, and his murder in Auschwitz, was unveiled in December 2014.
118:
Natan worked in cinema from a young age, working his way up from projectionist and chemist to cinematographer and producer. He eventually acquired the largest French motion picture studio,
321:
which required special legal manoeuvres by the state, since he had been naturalized as a result of his WWI military service and there were no existing legal means to render him stateless.
1117:
313:, and financial mismanagement. He was also accused of hiding his Romanian and Jewish heritage by changing his name. Charles Pathé turned against him, claiming to be his victim.
126:
in
September 1942, where he was murdered. However, Natan laid the foundation for the modern film industry in France and helped revolutionize film technology around the world.
289:
Natan expanded Pathé's business interests into communications industries other than film. In
November 1929, Natan established France's first television company, Télévision-
245:
in profits and produced and released more than 60 feature films (just as many films as major
American studios produced at the time). He resumed production of the newsreel
305:
In 1935, a French commercial court began investigating Pathé's accounts. By 1936 it was declared bankrupt and Natan was dismissed. French authorities pursued charges of
293:-Natan. A year later, he purchased a radio station in Paris and formed a holding company (Radio-Natan-Vitus) to run what would become a burgeoning radio empire.
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Natan worked as a projectionist, film lab chemist, titles designer, cinematographer and producer during his early years in Paris. He was a publicity
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Some sources have claimed that Natan's career in pornography did not end there. Joseph Slade suggests that Natan may have directed at least one
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Natan attempted to steady Pathé's finances and implement modern film industry practices at the studio. Natan acquired another film studio,
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against Natan, including financing the purchase of the company without any collateral, of bilking investors by establishing fictitious
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Pathé-Natan did well under Natan's guidance. Between 1930 and 1935, despite the world economic crisis, the company made 100 million
348:
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Natan also invested heavily in research and development to expand Pathé's film business. In 1929, he pushed Pathé into
199:, then the largest French motion picture company. He agreed to merge his own studio, Rapid Film (then worth 25 million
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film camera lens was developed. The anamorphic lens was not only a major advance in film technology, but helped
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Selling
Hollywood to the World: U.S. and European Struggles for Mastery of the Global Film Industry, 1920–1950
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survived into the 1980s largely on revenues generated by the companies purchased and integrated by Natan.
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860:"The Regained Dignity of Filmmaker Bernard Natan - Nonfiction.fr le portail des livres et des idées"
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Bernard Natan's importance to the French film industry should not be underestimated. He pioneered
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conquered France. After Natan's release from prison, the French government handed him over to the
262:
and its first sound newsreel a month later. Natan also launched two new cinema-related magazines,
962:
536:"In need of rehabilitation: Bernard Natan, the Holocaust victim who saved France's film industry"
187:. Natan was also a film producer, helping finance and produce motion pictures at other studios.
821:. Translated by de CroĂż, Annabelle. Paris: Harmattan, Collection Champs Visuels. Archived from
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Rossel-Kirschen, André and
Willems, Gilles. "Bernard Natan à la direction de Pathé-Cinéma."
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Rossel-Kirschen, André and
Willems, Gilles. "Bernard Natan à la direction de Pathé-Cinéma."
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Pathe was already in substantial financial trouble when Natan took control. Studio founder
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In late February 1929, Bernard Natan acquired the production and exhibition businesses of
8:
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How to Read a Film: The Art, Technology, Language, History and Theory of Film and Media.
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In 1938, Natan was arrested and imprisoned, never to regain his freedom. In 1939 he was
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916:. 21 (December 1996). Paris: AFRHC (association française pour l'Histoire du cinéma).
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Slade, Joseph (Summer–Fall 1993). "Bernard Natan: France's Legendary Pornographer".
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Cinema's Conversion to Sound: Technology and Film Style in France and the U.S.
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162:, and at some point changed his name to "Bernard Natan." His younger brother
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on 25 September 1942, where it is believed he was murdered in 1942 or 1943.
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pornographic film in Romania and produced and acted in at least 20 hardcore
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Willems, Gilles (1997). Benghozi, Pierre-Jean; Delage, Christian (eds.).
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Droit de réponse Mise au point Sur le grand producteur Bernard Natan
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256:. In September, the studio produced its first sound feature film,
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Jacques Kermabon, ed. Paris: Centre Georges Pompidou, 1994.
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Before 2014 there was no public acknowledgement of Natan at
640:"Les Origines du Groupe Pathé-Natan et le Modele Americain"
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Willems, Gilles. "Rapid-Film et ses Branches Production."
391:. He was transferred from prison in September 1942 to the
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French-Romanian film director, actor, and Holocaust victim
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Romanian people who died in Auschwitz concentration camp
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The Red Rooster Scare: Making Cinema American, 1900–1910
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broke out while Natan was in prison awaiting trial, and
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Natan was born Natan Tannenzaft (possibly Tanenzapf) to
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connecting him to the adult film industry were false.
356:(1924). Furthermore, Slade claimed that he introduced
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166:also moved to France and became a film producer.
39:Bernard Natan on trial (filmed against his wishes)
278:(a technology which later led to the creation of
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183:established a marketing firm, and he built two
151:. He was cited twice, wounded, and awarded the
423:survive during the early years of television.
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1158:French military personnel of World War I
1113:Directors of bisexual pornographic films
884:Rossel-Kirschen and Willems, p. 168-169.
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1133:Romanian Jews who died in the Holocaust
1020:Newspaper clippings about Bernard Natan
937:Bordwell, David and Thompson, Kristin.
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568:. New York: Columbia University Press.
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534:Hutchinson, Pamela (14 December 2015).
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941:4th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1993.
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111:; 14 July 1886 – 1942 or 1943) was a
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638:Willems, Gilles (April–June 1995).
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297:Collapse of Pathé and imprisonment
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1123:Prisoners and detainees of France
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739:(Paperback ed.). Princeton:
515:Cairns, David & Duane, Paul.
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215:convulsed the French economy.
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898:. Cambridge, United Kingdom:
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1138:Romanian emigrants to France
492:(in German). 15 August 2016.
488:[A Forgotten Life].
397:Auschwitz concentration camp
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286:film formats common today).
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1153:French male screenwriters
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600:Journal of Film and Video
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894:Trumpbour, John (2007).
456:Rossel-Kirschen, André.
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1068:Romanian film directors
963:Oxford University Press
486:"Ein vergessenes Leben"
211:the studio just as the
1078:Romanian screenwriters
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735:Abel, Richard (1987).
693:Abel, Richard (1999).
564:Waugh, Thomas (1996).
325:Adult film controversy
220:Société des Cinéromans
170:Mainstream film career
85:German-occupied Poland
77:1942–1943 (aged 56–57)
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1063:French film directors
1048:Film people from Iași
656:10.3406/xxs.1995.3157
471:– via LIPS.org.
234:and contained veiled
825:on 11 February 2012.
409:vertical integration
274:, who developed the
268:Actualités Féminines
158:In 1921 he became a
1000:21 (December 1996).
989:Bloomington, Ind.:
961:Rev. ed. New York:
490:SĂĽddeutsche Zeitung
92:Cause of death
985:O'Brien, Charles.
311:shell corporations
180:Paramount Pictures
81:Auschwitz-Birkenau
67:Kingdom of Romania
864:www.nonfiction.fr
519:Screenworks, 2013
259:Les trois masques
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59:14 July 1886
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928:, LIPS.org,
866:(in French)
839:|work=
366:Paris-Match
352:(1920) and
280:CinemaScope
264:Pathé-Revue
232:antisemitic
164:Émile Natan
149:World War I
138:parents in
1037:Categories
870:10 January
650:: 98–106.
434:References
417:anamorphic
284:widescreen
282:and other
254:sound film
247:Pathé News
236:homophobic
55:1886-07-14
939:Film Art.
841:ignored (
831:cite book
421:Hollywood
358:masochism
96:Execution
965:, 1981.
612:20688007
542:24 April
428:La FĂ©mis
343:bisexual
335:hardcore
318:indicted
176:stringer
1026:of the
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661:27 July
467:27 July
222:, from
144:Romania
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243:francs
201:francs
136:Jewish
113:French
107:(born
998:1895.
608:JSTOR
376:Death
370:Natan
307:fraud
291:Baird
197:Pathé
120:Pathé
1015:IMDb
967:ISBN
943:ISBN
914:1895
872:2024
843:help
781:ISBN
745:ISBN
699:ISBN
663:2023
570:ISBN
544:2018
469:2023
341:and
266:and
226:and
178:for
140:Iași
74:Died
63:Iași
45:Born
1028:ZBW
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652:doi
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