42:
584:
675:. Bernard's will, dated 26 September 1020, lists his children as Henry (Asenric/Aienrich), Hugh, Berengar, Adelaide, Constance, and William, and also names his wife and brother Oliba. His will was then published by his widow, his brother Oliba, his son Wifred, and the three other executors in a charter of 13 October, but this version does name his daughters and adds his brother Wifred and his nephew, Wifred's son and eventual successor,
281:
360:, installed there. Though a minor, Wifred was consecrated by the pope himself. The pope even gave Bernard the choice of the diocesan seat, which he placed in Besalú, in Adalbert's monastery there. To this monastery the new community at Sant Joan was subjected. From Rome Bernard brought back a relic of the
463:. The result of this second battle is unclear, but probably not favourable to the Christians; however, it was the end of the brief war, and possibly of the campaigning season as well. Bernard's presence at this second battle can be surmised based on the presence of his brother Berengar, who died there.
732:
figure who carries on a series sexual liaisons with the nuns of Sant Joan de les
Abadesses. The abbess in the legend, who tries to keep Arnau from entering the convent, is usually named Engelberga. In 1017, at Bernard's insistence, Pope Benedict suppressed the convent, then under Bernard's sister
418:
Bernard's relationship with the Church was unusual. In two judgements emitted from his court in 1002 and 1004 the list of confirmants begins with four abbots, all figures at court and an indication of the preeminence of the monasteries in Besalú at the time. In a charter of
February 1017 Bernard
458:
each killed 5,000 Muslims, there would be a manageable number left for the soldiers. He further recalls that the
Muslims are often slain before they have a chance to retreat. In the end, the Córdobans retreated to their own territory, where a second
603:(my wife, the countess Toda, who is called Adelaide). The couple was a consistent patron of said church, also making a donation on 7 May 1012, with their son. She is never mentioned after the publication of Bernard's will.
419:
remarked that the Pope held the sceptre of the world, but in a spirit of independence added: "let no one, neither the Pope himself, nor a
General Council, violate the conditions of this document".
214:
on 15 January 981, along with his brothers. Oliba
Cabreta had left his sons a strong principality, perhaps the strongest in Catalonia. Its control extended over the great Catalan monasteries of
704:
as his second wife, as part of the count's policy of strengthening his ties with Besalú, which lay between his county and powerful
Barcelona. Another of Bernard's daughters, Adelaide, married
592:
689:, he named as Wifred's heir in the diocese, with the price of his elevation (to bribe the cathedral chapter) to be paid by William. Bernard's two younger sons, Hugh and Berengar, inherited
344:
to create a see in Besalú. He also accused the nuns of Sant Joan of impropriety and because they refused to appear before a papal tribunal, Benedict suppressed their convent, calling it a
956:
filio suo
Asenrico ... filium suum Ugonem ... filium suum Berengarium ... filia sua Adalai ... filia sua Constancia ... uxore sua Tota ... filium suum Guillelmum ... Oliva frater suus
411:. In the decade after Bernard's death this house was under the rule of abbot Tassius, also abbot of Sant Pere in 1029–31. The Aachen ruled church of Sant Pere in Besalú, rebuilt in a
310:
357:
293:
Despite its control of the great monasteries the family of Oliba
Cabreta did not initially control a bishopric. This Bernard and his brothers immediately set out to rectify.
977:
filio
Wilielmo ... filium suum Ugonem ... filio suo Biringario ... nepotem suum qui comes fuit de Cerdania ... Aienrichus filius suus ... fratribus suis Wifredo et Olibane
686:
648:. If Bernard's wife was indeed his William I's daughter, this would explain the name of Bernard's own eldest daughter and perhaps the name of a certain Constance, wife of
294:
211:
408:
705:
446:. Of the allied Catalan leaders, Bernard appears to have been the senior. According to an early source (1043), before the battle Bernard reasoned that if the saints
1335:
246:
979:(his son William ... his son Hugh ... his son Berengar ... his nephew/grandson who was count of Cerdagne ... his son Aienrich ... his brothers Wifred and Oliba).
676:
190:
Bernard's first public action took place during the reign of his father, when he witnessed, alongside his mother, the donation of the church of Saint
Vincent by
191:
301:(993) and then Oliba resigned the county of Berga to Wifred and that of Ripoll to Bernard and entered the monastery of Ripoll (1003). He eventually became
708:, son and heir of Hugh I; widowed, she entered the monastery of Sant Pau. A possible daughter Garsenda (Garcinda), unnamed in his will, married Berengar,
745:
725:
753:
328:. Ermengol returned to Rome in 1001. In 1016–17 Bernard and a large entourage that included with his sons William and Wifred, his brother Oliba, the
349:
575:
in style. Though the latter were his nominal sovereigns, the existence of such a seal suggests that civil authority rested entirely with Bernard.
700:
Bernard's eldest daughter, Constance, received several allods in his will. She may be the Constance, also known as Velasquita, who married Count
559:. Bernard minted his own currency, but no examples survive, the only evidence of it being documentary. Later coins of his grandson and namesake,
591:
In 992, Bernard married Toda, also known as Adelaide, as contemporary charters attest. A grant of property dated 27 March 1000 to the church of
1326:
563:, contain a representation of a cross, representing the relic Bernard I retrieved in Rome. He was also the first Catalan count to have his own
333:
231:
913:
at the time of her second marriage, as she was the widowed daughter-in-law of an important Catalan magnate. Salazar does confuse Leo VI with
693:
lands strategically placed on the borders of the county. Though they were recognised as "co-heirs", these younger sons were never more than
403:
in the Fenouillèdes, delegating its organisation to Wifred, abbot of Cuixà. In 1003 the count transferred the ancient monastic community of
122:
992:, indicating that the bishopric was known after its church, Sant Salvador, and that the abbey of Sant Joan still pertained to it.
685:) of their elder brother William, who inherited Besalú. His second son, Wifred, was already bishop of Besalú and his third son,
990:
remaneat ipsum episcopatum Sancti Salvatoris, cuius ecclesia sita est infra muros Bisulduno, simul cum abbatia Sancti Iohannis
17:
1418:
649:
653:
1354:
1413:
1169:"La batalla de Albesa (25 de febrero de 1003) y la primera aceifa de ‘Ábd al-Mallk al-Muzaifar (verano del mismo año),"
1168:
356:
directed to the new bishop, Benedict created Bernard's desired bishopric. The count then paid to have his second son,
1348:
1373:
1268:"Inheritance of Power in the House of Guifred the Hairy: Contemporary Perspectives on the Formation of a Dynasty,"
617:
284:
The aft exterior of the nave of the church of Sant Pere, which was rebuilt and re-dedicated under Bernard in 1003.
1076:
José María Lacarra. "La península ibérica del siglo VII al X: centros y vías de irradiación de la civilización",
914:
482:, who appealed to Bernard and Oliba for aid. Through their intervention Hugh and Gausfred came to terms in 1020.
1080:(Valencia: 1971), 171. Originally published as "Centri e vie di irradiazione della civiltà nell'alto medioevo",
539:. There is also the earliest evidence of new judicial procedures, some of which had already been developed in
629:
337:
909:
This thesis is that of Jaime de Salazar y Acha who proposes that this also explains Stephanie's presence in
781:
210:(Countess Ermengard and her son Bernard). Bernard also witnessed his parents' donation of some property to
1408:
880:
657:
223:
46:
Bernard commending his patrimony to his son, William, in a miniature accompanying his testament in the
608:
336:, the abbot Adalbert, and many other dignitaries and prelates, went to Rome to celebrate Christmas at
721:
479:
467:
896:(Count Bernard and his wife Adelaide and his son William). The donation of 1018 also named William (
831:(Count Bernard with his son William and ... Wifred his brother) were left under papal protection by
599:(my wife Toda who they call Adelaide) and another grant to the same, dated 1 March 1018, refers to
679:. One of the executors of his will was Pons Bonfill. He left his younger sons under the tutelage (
147:
109:
572:
412:
306:
560:
436:
219:
1102:, Proceedings of the First Week of Studies, 16–18 de September 1992 (Abadia de Montserrat), 80.
239:
329:
701:
672:
613:
451:
404:
393:
270:
215:
155:
76:
587:
Renovated nineteenth-century sepulchre of Bernard in the monastery of Santa Maria de Ripoll.
471:
1403:
709:
475:
400:
377:
317:
48:
324:, the first for either. There they participated in a synod held under the auspices of the
8:
1337:
Un cartoral de la canònica agustiniana de Santa Maria del Castell de Besalú (segles X-XV)
1271:
The Experience of Power in Medieval Europe, 950–1350: Essays in Honor of Thomas N. Bisson
1012:
947:
857:
The options were Sant Genís i Sant Miquel, Sant Joan, and Sant Pau, cf. Gros i Pujol, 82.
385:
273:, where his father had extended his dynasty's power base. Bernard also stood to inherit
1320:
668:
568:
528:
499:
341:
179:
171:
167:
89:
41:
1273:, Robert F. Berkhofer III, Alan Cooper, and Adam J. Kosto, edd. (Ashgate), pp. 129–51.
1267:
1224:
1212:
814:(Count Oliba and my wife Ermengard) in the surviving charter, while the witnesses are
135:
1381:
1344:
1236:
1105:
641:
633:
175:
1022:
440:
1133:
741:
737:
625:
621:
523:
460:
389:
373:
325:
1374:"Reflexiones sobre la posible historicidad de un episodio de la Crónica Najerense"
866:
The surviving document indicates that Bernard claimed jurisdiction over Sant Joan
637:
159:
262:
1188:
521:
During Bernard's rule in Besalú there is evidence of continued reliance on the
298:
1019:(New Haven: Yale University Press), 119. For a family tree, see Southern, 120.
518:), implying military and even ethnic leadership, but not usurping royal rank.
1397:
1385:
1164:
564:
510:. Oliba also lauds his fair judgement. In 1015 Bernard began using the title
507:
428:
302:
249:, he had not fully come of age when his father abdicated to become a monk at
194:
to the church of Besalú on 12 April 977. According to the surviving charter,
143:
99:
759:
502:, of "sovereign"). His brother Oliba, in perpetuating his memory, calls him
1148:
536:
266:
258:
250:
660:, by a previous marriage, perhaps to an unnamed son of Bernard of Besalú.
1183:
Michel Zimmerman (1999), "Western Francia: The Southern Principalities",
455:
447:
151:
1248:
1288:
1042:
645:
361:
353:
620:. It has been hypothesised that she was the route by which the exotic
583:
415:
begun under Miro II, was consecrated on 23 September 1003 by Bernard.
910:
894:
Bernardus ... comes et eius conniunx ... Adalez prolique eorum Wielmo
829:
Bernardus comes cum filio suo Guilliermo et ... Guifredus frater eius
749:
694:
540:
427:
In 1003, Bernard took part in the defensive campaign—described as a "
305:(1018). By a large sum of money Bernard and Wifred then obtained the
274:
139:
1082:
Settimane di Studio del Centro italiano di Studi sull'alto medioevo
975:(Count Wifred ... Countess Toda). The lists of his relatives goes:
744:
drew on the historical count of Besalú for his fictional character
729:
235:
227:
84:
664:
64:
532:
432:
253:(988), since he and Wifred were left under the protection of the
1043:
The Development of Southern French and Catalan Society, 718–1050
150:, and succeeded his father in Besalú while his younger brothers
491:
478:
and tried to wrest it from the hands of Giselbert's young son,
163:
1276:
690:
624:
name Constance, feminine form of Constantine, entered Spain.
381:
1380:(in Spanish). Vol. 55, no. 201. pp. 149–156.
352:
and remanding to Bernard the feudal dues of the abbey. By a
720:
There is a historical relationship between Bernard and the
628:
had married Constance, speculated to have been daughter of
511:
321:
254:
280:
1333:
1310:
1294:
1242:
1230:
1218:
1111:
1028:
121:
348:(brothel) and establishing instead some monks under the
1185:
The New Cambridge Medieval History, III: c. 900–c. 1024
277:
on the death of his mother, which occurred after 994.
1098:
M. S. Gros i Pujol (1995), "Sant Pere de Camprodon,"
870:, that is, by hereditary right, cf. Gros i Pujol, 82.
498:, which at the time retained its sense, derived from
1313:
Relaciones del Condado de Urgell con Castilla y León
376:
church, which already possessed altars dedicated to
245:
Despite already being a father of his eventual heir
399:Around 1000 Bernard founded a comital monastery at
142:from 988 until his death. He was the eldest son of
942:Bernard is already described as "formerly count" (
547:, the relinquishing of property rights known as a
946:). The will is dated to the twenty-fifth year of
1395:
1334:Pons i Guri, Josep; Palou i Miquel, Hug (2002).
1155:(Princeton: Princeton University Press), 99–100.
816:Bernardus prolis, Wifredus prolis, Oliba prolis
1371:
1282:
1254:
644:; thus both Adelaide and Constance are in his
1191:(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), 444.
733:Ingilberga, for rampant sexually immorality.
640:. Boso's son, William I of Provence, married
578:
174:, respectively. He was the great-grandson of
1343:(in Catalan). Barcelona: Fundació Noguera.
1311:Fernández-Xesta y Vázquez, Ernesto (2001).
846:episcopatum in propria hereditate perficere
680:
671:in 1020 and was buried in the monastery of
206:(the church of Besalú) with the consent of
1325:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1144:
1142:
1094:
1092:
1090:
1063:
1061:
601:uxor mea Tota comitissa que vocatur Adalet
332:, Fenouillèdes, and Vallespir, the jurist
208:Ermengardæ comitissæ et filio eis Bernardo
40:
1046:(Austin: University of Texas Press), 348.
422:
261:. Alongside Besalú Bernard inherited the
1100:Art i cultura als monestirs del Ripollès
748:, who figures as the protagonist in his
582:
288:
279:
1139:
1087:
1058:
835:( father of pious memory, Count Oliba).
185:
14:
1396:
490:In 1005 Bernard began using the title
1243:Pons i Guri & Palou i Miquel 2002
1231:Pons i Guri & Palou i Miquel 2002
1219:Pons i Guri & Palou i Miquel 2002
1112:Pons i Guri & Palou i Miquel 2002
1029:Pons i Guri & Palou i Miquel 2002
818:(son Bernard, son Wifred, son Oliba).
715:
612:, Toda may have been the daughter of
1078:Estudios de Alta Edad Media Española
879:The others were his brother Wifred,
848:, "bishopric in your own patrimony".
812:Oliba comes et coniux mea Ermengards
697:and vassals of their elder brother.
198:(Miro ... count and bishop) granted
27:Catalan Count of Besalú (r.988–1020)
656:, and a daughter of García's wife,
24:
25:
1430:
1372:Salazar y Acha, Jaime de (1994).
1153:The Origin of the Idea of Crusade
973:Wifredus comes ... Tota comitissa
597:uxori mee Tota que vocant Azalatz
593:Santa Maria del Castell de Besalú
485:
372:) and deposited it in Adalbert's
202:(the church of Saint Vincent) to
954:). The lists of relatives goes:
757:, a central work of the Catalan
535:court system established by the
178:, and therefore belonged to the
1303:
1260:
1203:
1194:
1177:
1158:
1126:
1117:
982:
961:
936:
920:
903:
886:
873:
860:
851:
838:
827:A charter from 988 relates how
787:Bernardum, Olibam et Guiffredum
1295:Fernández-Xesta y Vázquez 2001
1070:
1049:
1034:
1005:
833:piæ memoriæ patre Oliba comite
821:
804:
773:
654:García Sánchez III of Pamplona
309:for Wifred's second son, also
297:, a younger brother, was made
196:Miro ... comes atque episcopus
13:
1:
1040:Archibald Ross Lewis (1965),
1017:The Making of the Middle Ages
999:
663:Bernard drowned in the river
618:William II Sánchez of Gascony
551:, and the agreement called a
1266:Nathaniel L. Taylor (2005),
931:Gesta Comitum Barcinonensium
797:(Bernard his son) succeeded
782:Gesta comitum Barcinonensium
728:. Traditionally, Arnau is a
435:"—that defeated an invading
7:
1419:11th-century Catalan people
883:, and Ermengol I of Urgell.
881:Raymond Borell of Barcelona
461:battle was fought at Albesa
340:. There Bernard petitioned
10:
1435:
1172:Anaquel de estudios árabes
844:Benedict calls the see an
801:(in the county of Besalú).
579:Marriage, heirs, and death
200:ecclesiam sancti Vincentii
34:Bernard I, Count of Besalú
1414:People of the Reconquista
952:XXV regnante Roberto Rege
632:and granddaughter of the
504:princeps et pater patriae
470:died in 1014 his brother
468:Giselbert I of Roussillon
105:
95:
83:
70:
57:
39:
32:
927:ad Rivipollo Monasterium
810:The donors are named as
766:
667:while crossing into the
606:According to the modern
545:procures et boni homines
944:Bernardo quondam Comite
609:Europäische Stammtafeln
543:, such as the court of
307:Archdiocese of Narbonne
1011:For the division, see
969:Bernardo condam comite
681:
652:, illegitimate son of
588:
423:Military interventions
338:Saint Peter's Basilica
316:In 998 Bernard joined
285:
988:The testament reads:
799:in comitatu Bisulduni
795:Bernardus filius eius
789:as the three sons of
702:Ermengol II of Urgell
673:Santa Maria de Ripoll
636:by Anna, daughter of
614:William I of Provence
586:
508:father of his country
409:Sant Llorenç del Mont
289:Ecclesiastical policy
283:
271:County of Carcassonne
204:ecclesiæ Bisuldunensi
148:Ermengard of Empúries
110:Ermengard of Empúries
77:Santa Maria de Ripoll
1233:, Doc 12, pp. 41–43.
1221:, Doc 10, pp. 38–40.
1165:Dolors Bramon Planas
710:viscount of Narbonne
569:Carolingian emperors
476:County of Roussillon
394:Sant Miquel Arcàngel
318:Ermengol I of Urgell
212:Sant Llorenç de Bagà
186:Youth and succession
126:977 – 1020), called
49:Liber feudorum maior
1283:Salazar y Acha 1994
1255:Salazar y Acha 1994
1245:, Doc 9, pp. 37–38.
1114:, Doc 3, pp. 26–29.
1084:, XI (1963):233–78.
1031:, Doc 2, pp. 23–26.
1013:Richard W. Southern
948:Robert II of France
898:filius meus Wielmus
892:The charter reads:
630:Charles Constantine
330:viscounts of Besalú
320:on a pilgrimage to
18:Bernard I of Besalú
716:In legend and epic
706:Ponç I of Empúries
669:County of Provence
589:
472:Hugh I of Empúries
405:Sant Aniol d'Aguja
346:meretrius de Venus
342:Pope Benedict VIII
286:
180:House of Barcelona
90:House of Barcelona
1378:Príncipe de Viana
1257:, p. 155 and n24.
971:was confirmed by
929:according to the
642:Adelaide of Anjou
634:Emperor Louis III
176:Wilfred the Hairy
132:Bernat Tallaferro
115:
114:
16:(Redirected from
1426:
1409:Counts of Besalú
1389:
1368:
1366:
1365:
1359:
1353:. Archived from
1342:
1330:
1324:
1316:
1298:
1292:
1286:
1280:
1274:
1264:
1258:
1252:
1246:
1240:
1234:
1228:
1222:
1216:
1210:
1207:
1201:
1198:
1192:
1181:
1175:
1162:
1156:
1146:
1137:
1134:Andrew of Fleury
1130:
1124:
1121:
1115:
1109:
1103:
1096:
1085:
1074:
1068:
1065:
1056:
1053:
1047:
1038:
1032:
1026:
1020:
1009:
993:
986:
980:
967:This charter of
965:
959:
940:
934:
924:
918:
907:
901:
890:
884:
877:
871:
864:
858:
855:
849:
842:
836:
825:
819:
808:
802:
793:, and adds that
777:
746:Comte Tallaferro
742:Jacint Verdaguer
738:Catalan-language
684:
626:Boso II of Arles
567:, imitating the
524:Liber iudiciorum
506:: sovereign and
443:Thoranum castrum
413:Romanesque style
326:Emperor Otto III
124:
79:
44:
30:
29:
21:
1434:
1433:
1429:
1428:
1427:
1425:
1424:
1423:
1394:
1393:
1392:
1363:
1361:
1357:
1351:
1340:
1318:
1317:
1306:
1301:
1293:
1289:
1281:
1277:
1265:
1261:
1253:
1249:
1241:
1237:
1229:
1225:
1217:
1213:
1208:
1204:
1199:
1195:
1182:
1178:
1163:
1159:
1147:
1140:
1131:
1127:
1122:
1118:
1110:
1106:
1097:
1088:
1075:
1071:
1066:
1059:
1054:
1050:
1039:
1035:
1027:
1023:
1010:
1006:
1002:
997:
996:
987:
983:
966:
962:
941:
937:
925:
921:
915:Constantine VII
908:
904:
891:
887:
878:
874:
868:ex iure paterno
865:
861:
856:
852:
843:
839:
826:
822:
809:
805:
791:Olibano Cabretæ
778:
774:
769:
718:
638:Leo VI the Wise
581:
488:
425:
291:
188:
136:Count of Besalú
74:
62:
53:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1432:
1422:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1391:
1390:
1369:
1349:
1331:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1299:
1287:
1285:, p. 155.
1275:
1259:
1247:
1235:
1223:
1211:
1202:
1193:
1189:Timothy Reuter
1176:
1157:
1138:
1132:Especially by
1125:
1123:Southern, 124.
1116:
1104:
1086:
1069:
1057:
1048:
1033:
1021:
1003:
1001:
998:
995:
994:
981:
960:
935:
919:
902:
885:
872:
859:
850:
837:
820:
803:
771:
770:
768:
765:
722:Catalan legend
717:
714:
580:
577:
573:Frankish kings
487:
486:Administration
484:
424:
421:
350:rule of Aachen
299:Bishop of Elne
290:
287:
187:
184:
113:
112:
107:
103:
102:
97:
93:
92:
87:
81:
80:
72:
68:
67:
59:
55:
54:
45:
37:
36:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1431:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1401:
1399:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1370:
1360:on 2021-05-18
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263:Fenouillèdes
251:Montecassino
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232:Arles de Tec
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158:, inherited
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85:Noble family
47:
1404:1020 deaths
1209:Lewis, 375.
1200:Lewis, 373.
1067:Lewis, 349.
1055:Lewis, 292.
682:in tuicione
531:and on the
480:Gausfred II
456:Virgin Mary
386:Santa Maria
378:Sant Vicenç
374:Benedictine
134:), was the
52:(folio 61r)
1398:Categories
1364:2017-06-09
1000:References
760:Renaixença
695:castellans
595:refers to
561:Bernard II
390:Sant Genís
362:Holy Cross
1386:0032-8472
1321:cite book
1315:. Madrid.
911:Barcelona
750:epic poem
677:Raymond I
658:Stephanie
646:name pool
622:Byzantine
557:conventio
549:guirpitio
541:Occitania
529:Visigoths
275:Vallespir
240:Camprodon
224:Sant Joan
140:Catalonia
128:Taillefer
118:Bernard I
1174:, 6, 26.
1167:(1995),
1151:(1977),
1015:(1953),
785:records
730:Don Juan
691:allodial
571:and the
533:Frankish
496:princeps
454:and the
439:army in
437:Córdoban
429:holy war
401:Sant Pau
313:(1016).
295:Berengar
236:Banyoles
228:Lagrasse
172:Conflent
168:Cerdagne
740:writer
527:of the
500:Isidore
452:Michael
433:crusade
269:in the
259:John XV
257:, then
247:William
192:Miro II
1384:
1347:
1187:, ed.
754:Canigó
492:prince
431:" or "
392:, and
358:Wifred
311:Wifred
238:, and
216:Ripoll
164:Ripoll
156:Wifred
106:Mother
96:Father
71:Buried
63:River
1358:(PDF)
1341:(PDF)
767:Notes
687:Henry
665:Rhône
553:pacto
466:When
448:Peter
220:Cuixà
160:Berga
152:Oliba
65:Rhône
1382:ISSN
1345:ISBN
1327:link
779:The
736:The
565:seal
512:duke
450:and
354:bull
322:Rome
265:and
255:Pope
166:and
154:and
146:and
61:1020
58:Died
724:of
616:or
555:or
516:dux
407:to
138:in
123:fl.
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