170:
would be to the
Saracens if, by the goodness of God, the position of that famous city were restored. If the knights of other provinces have decided with one mind to go to the aid of the Asian Church and to liberate their brothers from the tyranny of the Saracens, so ought you with one mind and with our encouragement to work with greater endurance to help a church so near you resist the invasions of the Saracens. No one must doubt that if he dies on this expedition for the love of God and his brothers his sins will surely be forgiven and he will gain a share of eternal life through the most compassionate mercy of our God. So if any of you has made up his mind to go to Asia, it is here instead that he should try to fulfill his vow, because it is no virtue to rescue Christians from the Saracens in one place, only to expose them to the tyranny and oppression of the Saracens in another. May almighty God arouse in your hearts a love of your brothers and reward your bravery with victory over the enemy.
438:
to him for all time and post the sureties for him which he must just as his other liege vassals do and must do for him. And Bernat after the death of his father must grant freely, faithfully, and without diminution to lord God and San Paulo de
Vallsol all the village of Mauri with all of its appurtenances so that he shall be a vassal for all these things to lord God and Saint Paul and the aforesaid Count and his son who will be the Count of Besalú and his inhabitants of San Paulo without any deceit to him or theirs.
437:
This is a pact in commemoration of an agreement which Count Bernat of Besalú made with Bernat Terron. The aforesaid Count gives to aforesaid Bernat the castle of
Fenollet and commends to him all of his father's fief after his father’s death. And because of this, he is his vassal who shall be faithful
169:
We beseech most carefully your lordships on behalf of the city or rather the church of
Tarragona and we order you to make a vigorous effort to restore it in every possible way for the remission of sins. For you know what a great defence it would be for Christ's people and what a terrible blow it
19:
238:, that Bernard ceded Ripoll to the jurisdiction of the abbot of Saint-Victor, Bernard de Rodez, at a meeting of the two on 27 December 1070. On 2 February 1071 a Marseillaise abbot, Bernard, is already recorded acting in charge of Ripoll. Bernard had granted the monastery of
135:
on the reverse. In 1075 Bernard recovered the right to mint coinage, which had been granted to the church of the
Blessed Virgin Mary by his father. The coins he minted, weighing between 0.5 and 0.6 grams, were divided by a cross on the obverse, with the words
95:. Described as "pietós i versàtil" (pious and versatile), he was the opposite of his brother, "iracund i violent de caràcter" (of an irascible and violent character). He almost certainly took the cross and joined the
320:
there. The cession was finalised on 4 January 1083. There is no contemporary record of this, however. Rather the legend dates from the 1115 house chronicle of Sant Joan. Bernard held his county directly from God.
276:) due the Holy See from seven religious houses in his lands, he declared an irregularly or simoniacally elected abbot deposed by papal authority, and he promised that he and his successors would incur a personal
450:, with the acknowledgement that if he died without heirs his county would pass to Raymond, was Bernard II. The very existence of a third count Bernard, succeeding Bernard II, has been called into question.
525:
to the church of Sant Vicenç de Besalú, which church was then itself donated to Sant
Salvador, Sant Genís i Sant Miquel Arcàngel by Miro, a church which was also had the advocacy of the Virgin Mary when
433:
to
Bernard, who bestowed it on him as a fief. Donald Kagay translates an example of the "transfer of castle by a lord to the son of a deceased vassal" taken from the surviving charters of Bernard:
189:
204:
341:
691:, ed. Xavier Barral i Altet (Institut d'Estudis Catalans), 277; translated from "Un cas intéressant d'influence française en Catalogne: Sant Joan de les Abadesses,"
78:
272:. Bernard, acting upon the advice of the legate, deposed and replaced the simoniacal abbots of his realm. He then issued a charter wherein he listed the payments (
67:
251:
208:
422:
194:
466:
Pere Benito i Monclús, Nathaniel L. Taylor and Adam J. Kosto (1996), "Three
Typological Approaches to Catalan Archival Evidence, 10–12th Centuries",
430:
781:
The house chronicle of Sant Joan, compiled in 1115, records that Ricard prevailed on
Bernard by paying him an "infinite" sum of silver and gold.
934:
443:
381:
160:, of Besalú). Bernard did grant to the church a tenth of the money minted in Besalú in perpetuity, whether of gold or of silver.
939:
333:
368:. In a letter that must be dated between January 1096 and July 1099, Urban wrote to Bernard, his brother Wifred,
255:
919:
83:
929:
426:
895:
707:
346:
373:
313:
589:(Princeton: Princeton University Press), 317 n37, and was first translated into English by Louise and
442:
It is possible that the last independent count of Besalú, the
Bernard who married Ximena, daughter of
684:
265:
231:
173:—Letter of Pope Urban II to Bernard and the other Catalan counts preparing to go on the First Crusade
218:
had to expel by force the simoniacal abbot of Ripoll, Miro. In 1070 he subjected the monasteries of
91:
He was suspected of involvement in the murder of his brother. He was also a strong proponent of the
72:
577:, 2nd ed. (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press), 45–46. Text in Paul Kehr (1926),
393:
213:
63:
687:(2003), "Un cas interessant d'influència francesa a Catalunya: Sant Joan de les Abadesses," in
483:, Proceedings of the First Week of Studies, 16–18 de September 1992 (Abadia de Montserrat), 55.
247:
200:
535:
369:
223:
899:, 27(1), 1–22; Gaspar Feliu i Montfort (1998), "Existí el comte Bernat III de Besalú?"
219:
924:
590:
551:(Institut d'Estudis Catalans), 170. The most important find of Bernard II's coinage was at
522:
505:
24:
288:). Despite the promises, there is no actual evidence of payment during the pontificate of
227:
8:
828:
752:
355:
351:, whose precise relationship with the previous counts of Besalú has not been discovered.
144:
means holy cross) on the horizontal and vertical bars respectively, and with the letters
120:
538:. Some relics of Prim had been conserved in the church of Sant Pere de Besalú since 970.
527:
447:
51:
404:
297:
92:
337:
293:
317:
309:
289:
269:
43:
35:
575:
The First Crusade: The Chronicle of Fulcher of Chartres and Other Source Materials
328:
dated 26 September 1084, Bernard donated the church of the Blessed Virgin Mary in
857:
Stephen P. Bensch (2005), "Lordship and Coinage in Empúries, ca. 1080–ca. 1140,"
397:
284:
annually in order that he might be considered a "special knight of Saint Peter" (
77:
and his wife, Adelaide, Bernard married his first cousin Ermengarda, daughter of
769:
534:
creating an ephemeral diocese in Beaslú to Bernard's grandfather and namesake,
913:
359:
96:
654:
Bernard sent as his messengers to Marseille Ermengol de Malla and a certain
152:, meaning count Bernard) in the spaces remaining. The reverse bore the word
871:
824:
723:
582:
262:
132:
340:. This charter refers to a son, but Bernard was succeeded on his death by
308:. The abbot of Saint-Victor de Marseille and papal legate to the council,
246:
foundation of Moissac by 1073. In 1078 he joined his three monasteries of
844:
Joan Carreres, Juan José Cebrián Franco, Clara Fernández-Ladreda (1988),
552:
479:
A. Pladevall i Font (1995), "El monestir de Sant Joan de les Abadesses,"
364:
815:. Bernard III may have been Bernard II's nephew, the son of William II.
531:
128:
893:
of the Counts of Barcelona: The Cartulary as an Expression of Power,"
234:. It was probably at the instigation of his relative Hunald, abbot of
377:
59:
880:(Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press), Appendix III, 130.
329:
325:
243:
239:
235:
109:
768:
This they did by armed intervention, expelling the community of
741:
Diocese of Vic: Tradition and Regeneration in Medieval Catalonia
18:
411:
312:, and the monks of Ripoll pressed Bernard to join the abbey of
301:
281:
185:
181:
177:
55:
662:, ed. Anscario M. Mundó (Institut d'Estudis Catalans), 421–22.
396:
on the side of the other Catalan counts in alliance with the
292:. It is sometimes said that Bernard—following the example of
115:
418:
354:
Having taken the cross to join the First Crusade after the
305:
184:
in 1068, 1078, and 1097, and was forced to act against his
376:, and their followers, urging the recovery of the city of
833:
The World of El Cid: Chronicles of the Spanish Reconquest
658:, a monk of Ripoll, cf. Eduard Junyent i Subirà (1992),
492:
By Ferrán Valls i Taberner and Ferrán Soldevila (2002),
660:
Diplomatari i escrits literaris de l'abat i bisbe Oliba
261:
In December 1077 in a synod was held in Besalú by the
62:, the brother, co-ruler (from 1052), and successor of
512:(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), 45, 96, 201.
859:
The Experience of Power in Medieval Europe: 950–1350
809:
ecclesiam Beate Marie Virginis intra muros Bisuldini
861:, ed. Robert F. Berkhofer (Ashgate Publishing), 81.
66:, who was assassinated in 1066. The second son of
316:to Saint-Victor, perhaps by promising to restore
911:
792:The Papacy, 1073–1198: Continuity and Innovation
730:(Princeton: Princeton University Press), 221–22.
794:, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), 304.
621:Catalunya romànica: l'arquitectura del segle XI
595:The Crusades: Idea and Reality, 1095–1274
581:(Berlin), 287–88. The letter is dated by
203:. Around 1068 Bernard, Wifred, and the bishops
119:were minted by the church bearing an effigy of
358:(1095), Bernard was nonetheless counselled by
743:, (New Jersey: Rutgers University Press), 31.
521:An altar dedicated to Raphael was donated by
901:Acta historica et archaeologica mediaevalia
549:Història de la moneda dels comtats catalans
703:
701:
403:. They were defeated by the forces of the
163:
714:, (Oxford: Oxford University Press), 471.
362:to instead remain in Spain and fight the
759:(New Haven: Yale University Press), 123.
481:Art i cultura als monestirs del Ripollès
17:
835:(Manchester University Press), p. 258n.
698:
912:
689:Escrits d'arquitectura, art i política
579:Papsterkunden in Spanien. I Katalonien
417:In 1097 Bernard ceded the lordship of
300:in 1068—surrendered his county to the
107:During his co-reign with his brother,
606:Josep Moran i Ocerinjauregui (1990),
547:Anna Maria Balaguer Prunes (1999),
387:
88:and Adelaide, sister of William I.
13:
877:: The Fundamental Law of Catalonia
671:Alejandro María Masoliver (1981),
123:on the obverse, with the initials
14:
951:
728:The Origin of the Idea of Crusade
632:Ernesto Zaragoza Pascual (1997),
587:The Origin of the Idea of Crusade
296:, who had done the same with the
619:Eduard Junyent i Subirà (1975),
573:Quoted in Edward Peters (1998),
935:Christians of the First Crusade
883:
864:
851:
838:
818:
797:
784:
775:
762:
746:
733:
717:
678:
675:(Abadia de Montserrat), 69 n58.
673:Història del monaquisme cristià
665:
648:
639:
634:Catàleg dels monestirs catalans
626:
613:
429:, ceded the allodial castle of
846:María en los pueblos de España
600:
567:
558:
541:
515:
510:The First Crusaders, 1095–1131
499:
486:
473:
468:Anuario de Estudios Medievales
460:
1:
805:Bernardus comes Bisuldunensis
757:The Making of the Middle Ages
811:to Saint Rufus is signed by
790:Ian Stuart Robinson (1990),
623:(Abadia de Montserrat), 145.
597:(London: Edward Arnold), 40.
286:pecularis miles sancti Petri
7:
940:11th-century Catalan people
896:Journal of Medieval History
889:Adam J. Kosto (2001), "The
712:Pope Gregory VII, 1073–1085
708:Herbert Edward John Cowdrey
636:(Abadia de Montserrat), 46.
610:(Abadia de Montserrat), 33.
496:(Abadia de Montserrat), 99.
10:
956:
374:Giselbert II of Roussillon
314:Sant Joan de les Abadesses
304:and received it back as a
256:Santa Maria d'Arles de Tec
102:
772:then abiding there under.
392:Bernard took part in the
232:Saint-Victor de Marseille
870:Donald J. Kagay (1994),
453:
394:battle of Almenar (1082)
22:Bernard depicted in the
693:Revue de l'Art Chrétien
608:Les homilies de Tortosa
164:Ecclesiastical politics
739:Paul Freedman (1983),
685:Josep Puig i Cadafalch
440:
382:its vacant archdiocese
248:Sant Pere de Camprodon
201:Archbishop of Narbonne
47:
39:
28:
803:The charter by which
645:Pladevall i Font, 52.
564:Balaguer Prunes, 171.
494:Història de Catalunya
435:
427:viscount of Rocabertí
252:Sant Pau del Fenollet
220:Santa Maria de Ripoll
50:; died 1100) was the
21:
891:Liber feudorum maior
875:Usatges of Barcelona
591:Jonathan Riley-Smith
523:Miro III of Cerdagne
506:Jonathan Riley-Smith
444:Raymond Berengar III
334:Abbey of Saint Rufus
25:Liber feudorum maior
920:11th-century births
829:Richard A. Fletcher
813:mei nec a filio mei
753:Richard W. Southern
536:Bernard I Taillefer
421:to Ripoll. In 1099
370:Hugh II of Empúries
356:Council of Clermont
224:Sant Pere de Besalú
127:, and an effigy of
68:William I of Besalú
528:Pope Benedict VIII
448:Count of Barcelona
205:Berengar of Girona
79:Ponç I of Empúries
29:
848:(Encuentro), 247.
298:Kingdom of Aragon
228:Sant Martí de Les
176:He presided over
171:
155:
147:
139:
126:
93:Gregorian reforms
947:
930:Counts of Besalú
904:
887:
881:
868:
862:
855:
849:
842:
836:
822:
816:
801:
795:
788:
782:
779:
773:
766:
760:
750:
744:
737:
731:
721:
715:
705:
696:
682:
676:
669:
663:
652:
646:
643:
637:
630:
624:
617:
611:
604:
598:
571:
565:
562:
556:
545:
539:
519:
513:
503:
497:
490:
484:
477:
471:
464:
423:Dalmau Berenguer
388:Secular politics
350:
318:Benedictine rule
310:Ricard de Milhau
270:Bishop of Oloron
254:(Valloles), and
217:
198:
168:
153:
145:
137:
124:
87:
76:
955:
954:
950:
949:
948:
946:
945:
944:
910:
909:
908:
907:
888:
884:
869:
865:
856:
852:
843:
839:
823:
819:
802:
798:
789:
785:
780:
776:
767:
763:
751:
747:
738:
734:
722:
718:
706:
699:
683:
679:
670:
666:
653:
649:
644:
640:
631:
627:
618:
614:
605:
601:
572:
568:
563:
559:
546:
542:
520:
516:
504:
500:
491:
487:
478:
474:
470:, 26(1), 43–88.
465:
461:
456:
390:
344:
211:
192:
174:
172:
166:
150:Bernardus comes
105:
81:
70:
52:Count of Besalú
12:
11:
5:
953:
943:
942:
937:
932:
927:
922:
906:
905:
903:, 19, 391–402.
882:
863:
850:
837:
817:
796:
783:
774:
770:canons regular
761:
745:
732:
716:
697:
677:
664:
656:domnus Guibert
647:
638:
625:
612:
599:
566:
557:
540:
530:had granted a
514:
498:
485:
472:
458:
457:
455:
452:
389:
386:
294:Sancho Ramírez
209:William of Vic
167:
165:
162:
104:
101:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
952:
941:
938:
936:
933:
931:
928:
926:
923:
921:
918:
917:
915:
902:
898:
897:
892:
886:
879:
878:
874:
867:
860:
854:
847:
841:
834:
830:
826:
821:
814:
810:
806:
800:
793:
787:
778:
771:
765:
758:
754:
749:
742:
736:
729:
725:
720:
713:
709:
704:
702:
694:
690:
686:
681:
674:
668:
661:
657:
651:
642:
635:
629:
622:
616:
609:
603:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
570:
561:
554:
550:
544:
537:
533:
529:
524:
518:
511:
507:
502:
495:
489:
482:
476:
469:
463:
459:
451:
449:
445:
439:
434:
432:
428:
424:
420:
415:
413:
409:
407:
402:
400:
395:
385:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
366:
361:
360:Pope Urban II
357:
352:
348:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
322:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
264:
259:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
215:
210:
206:
202:
196:
191:
187:
183:
179:
161:
159:
151:
143:
138:SANC-TA CR-VX
134:
130:
122:
121:Saint Raphael
118:
117:
112:
111:
100:
98:
97:First Crusade
94:
89:
85:
80:
74:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
27:
26:
20:
16:
900:
894:
890:
885:
876:
872:
866:
858:
853:
845:
840:
832:
825:Simon Barton
820:
812:
808:
804:
799:
791:
786:
777:
764:
756:
748:
740:
735:
727:
724:Carl Erdmann
719:
711:
692:
688:
680:
672:
667:
659:
655:
650:
641:
633:
628:
620:
615:
607:
602:
594:
586:
583:Carl Erdmann
578:
574:
569:
560:
548:
543:
517:
509:
501:
493:
488:
480:
475:
467:
462:
441:
436:
416:
405:
398:
391:
363:
353:
323:
285:
280:of 100 gold
277:
273:
263:papal legate
260:
258:to Moissac.
175:
157:
149:
141:
133:Jesus Christ
114:
108:
106:
90:
31:
30:
23:
15:
925:1100 deaths
695:, 1 (1914).
553:La Jonquera
408:of Zaragoza
365:Reconquista
345: [
342:Bernard III
290:Gregory VII
230:to that of
212: [
193: [
146:BR-NR-DS-CO
142:sancta crux
131:or perhaps
82: [
71: [
914:Categories
188:relative,
186:simoniacal
154:BISIL-DVNO
129:Saint Prim
64:William II
32:Bernard II
401:of Lleida
378:Tarragona
158:Bisilduno
60:Catalonia
831:(2000),
807:donated
755:(1953),
726:(1977),
710:(1998),
593:(1981),
585:(1977),
508:(1998),
282:mancuses
180:held at
48:Bernardo
338:Valence
332:to the
326:charter
244:Cluniac
242:to the
240:Cuberes
236:Moissac
110:denarii
103:Coinage
44:Spanish
36:Catalan
431:Hortal
412:El Cid
410:under
330:Besalú
302:Papacy
278:census
274:census
266:Amatus
226:, and
190:Wifred
182:Girona
178:synods
56:Ripoll
40:Bernat
454:Notes
406:taifa
399:taifa
349:]
324:By a
216:]
197:]
116:oboli
86:]
75:]
873:The
827:and
532:bull
419:Olot
380:and
306:fief
207:and
113:and
54:and
336:in
125:S-R
58:in
916::
700:^
446:,
425:,
414:.
384:.
372:,
347:fr
268:,
250:,
222:,
214:ca
199:,
195:fr
99:.
84:ca
73:ca
46::
42:,
38::
555:.
156:(
148:(
140:(
34:(
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