31:
573:
664:. Bernard's will, dated 26 September 1020, lists his children as Henry (Asenric/Aienrich), Hugh, Berengar, Adelaide, Constance, and William, and also names his wife and brother Oliba. His will was then published by his widow, his brother Oliba, his son Wifred, and the three other executors in a charter of 13 October, but this version does name his daughters and adds his brother Wifred and his nephew, Wifred's son and eventual successor,
270:
349:, installed there. Though a minor, Wifred was consecrated by the pope himself. The pope even gave Bernard the choice of the diocesan seat, which he placed in Besalú, in Adalbert's monastery there. To this monastery the new community at Sant Joan was subjected. From Rome Bernard brought back a relic of the
452:. The result of this second battle is unclear, but probably not favourable to the Christians; however, it was the end of the brief war, and possibly of the campaigning season as well. Bernard's presence at this second battle can be surmised based on the presence of his brother Berengar, who died there.
721:
figure who carries on a series sexual liaisons with the nuns of Sant Joan de les
Abadesses. The abbess in the legend, who tries to keep Arnau from entering the convent, is usually named Engelberga. In 1017, at Bernard's insistence, Pope Benedict suppressed the convent, then under Bernard's sister
407:
Bernard's relationship with the Church was unusual. In two judgements emitted from his court in 1002 and 1004 the list of confirmants begins with four abbots, all figures at court and an indication of the preeminence of the monasteries in Besalú at the time. In a charter of
February 1017 Bernard
447:
each killed 5,000 Muslims, there would be a manageable number left for the soldiers. He further recalls that the
Muslims are often slain before they have a chance to retreat. In the end, the Córdobans retreated to their own territory, where a second
592:(my wife, the countess Toda, who is called Adelaide). The couple was a consistent patron of said church, also making a donation on 7 May 1012, with their son. She is never mentioned after the publication of Bernard's will.
408:
remarked that the Pope held the sceptre of the world, but in a spirit of independence added: "let no one, neither the Pope himself, nor a
General Council, violate the conditions of this document".
203:
on 15 January 981, along with his brothers. Oliba
Cabreta had left his sons a strong principality, perhaps the strongest in Catalonia. Its control extended over the great Catalan monasteries of
693:
as his second wife, as part of the count's policy of strengthening his ties with Besalú, which lay between his county and powerful
Barcelona. Another of Bernard's daughters, Adelaide, married
581:
678:, he named as Wifred's heir in the diocese, with the price of his elevation (to bribe the cathedral chapter) to be paid by William. Bernard's two younger sons, Hugh and Berengar, inherited
333:
to create a see in Besalú. He also accused the nuns of Sant Joan of impropriety and because they refused to appear before a papal tribunal, Benedict suppressed their convent, calling it a
945:
filio suo
Asenrico ... filium suum Ugonem ... filium suum Berengarium ... filia sua Adalai ... filia sua Constancia ... uxore sua Tota ... filium suum Guillelmum ... Oliva frater suus
400:. In the decade after Bernard's death this house was under the rule of abbot Tassius, also abbot of Sant Pere in 1029–31. The Aachen ruled church of Sant Pere in Besalú, rebuilt in a
299:
346:
282:
Despite its control of the great monasteries the family of Oliba
Cabreta did not initially control a bishopric. This Bernard and his brothers immediately set out to rectify.
966:
filio
Wilielmo ... filium suum Ugonem ... filio suo Biringario ... nepotem suum qui comes fuit de Cerdania ... Aienrichus filius suus ... fratribus suis Wifredo et Olibane
675:
637:. If Bernard's wife was indeed his William I's daughter, this would explain the name of Bernard's own eldest daughter and perhaps the name of a certain Constance, wife of
283:
200:
397:
694:
435:. Of the allied Catalan leaders, Bernard appears to have been the senior. According to an early source (1043), before the battle Bernard reasoned that if the saints
1324:
235:
968:(his son William ... his son Hugh ... his son Berengar ... his nephew/grandson who was count of Cerdagne ... his son Aienrich ... his brothers Wifred and Oliba).
665:
179:
Bernard's first public action took place during the reign of his father, when he witnessed, alongside his mother, the donation of the church of Saint
Vincent by
180:
290:(993) and then Oliba resigned the county of Berga to Wifred and that of Ripoll to Bernard and entered the monastery of Ripoll (1003). He eventually became
697:, son and heir of Hugh I; widowed, she entered the monastery of Sant Pau. A possible daughter Garsenda (Garcinda), unnamed in his will, married Berengar,
734:
714:
742:
317:. Ermengol returned to Rome in 1001. In 1016–17 Bernard and a large entourage that included with his sons William and Wifred, his brother Oliba, the
338:
564:
in style. Though the latter were his nominal sovereigns, the existence of such a seal suggests that civil authority rested entirely with Bernard.
689:
Bernard's eldest daughter, Constance, received several allods in his will. She may be the Constance, also known as Velasquita, who married Count
548:. Bernard minted his own currency, but no examples survive, the only evidence of it being documentary. Later coins of his grandson and namesake,
580:
In 992, Bernard married Toda, also known as Adelaide, as contemporary charters attest. A grant of property dated 27 March 1000 to the church of
1315:
552:, contain a representation of a cross, representing the relic Bernard I retrieved in Rome. He was also the first Catalan count to have his own
322:
220:
902:
at the time of her second marriage, as she was the widowed daughter-in-law of an important Catalan magnate. Salazar does confuse Leo VI with
682:
lands strategically placed on the borders of the county. Though they were recognised as "co-heirs", these younger sons were never more than
392:
in the Fenouillèdes, delegating its organisation to Wifred, abbot of Cuixà. In 1003 the count transferred the ancient monastic community of
111:
981:, indicating that the bishopric was known after its church, Sant Salvador, and that the abbey of Sant Joan still pertained to it.
674:) of their elder brother William, who inherited Besalú. His second son, Wifred, was already bishop of Besalú and his third son,
979:
remaneat ipsum episcopatum Sancti Salvatoris, cuius ecclesia sita est infra muros Bisulduno, simul cum abbatia Sancti Iohannis
1407:
638:
642:
1343:
1402:
1158:"La batalla de Albesa (25 de febrero de 1003) y la primera aceifa de ‘Ábd al-Mallk al-Muzaifar (verano del mismo año),"
1157:
345:
directed to the new bishop, Benedict created Bernard's desired bishopric. The count then paid to have his second son,
1337:
1362:
1257:"Inheritance of Power in the House of Guifred the Hairy: Contemporary Perspectives on the Formation of a Dynasty,"
606:
273:
The aft exterior of the nave of the church of Sant Pere, which was rebuilt and re-dedicated under Bernard in 1003.
1065:
José María Lacarra. "La península ibérica del siglo VII al X: centros y vías de irradiación de la civilización",
903:
471:, who appealed to Bernard and Oliba for aid. Through their intervention Hugh and Gausfred came to terms in 1020.
1069:(Valencia: 1971), 171. Originally published as "Centri e vie di irradiazione della civiltà nell'alto medioevo",
528:. There is also the earliest evidence of new judicial procedures, some of which had already been developed in
618:
326:
898:
This thesis is that of Jaime de Salazar y Acha who proposes that this also explains Stephanie's presence in
770:
199:(Countess Ermengard and her son Bernard). Bernard also witnessed his parents' donation of some property to
1397:
869:
646:
212:
35:
Bernard commending his patrimony to his son, William, in a miniature accompanying his testament in the
597:
325:, the abbot Adalbert, and many other dignitaries and prelates, went to Rome to celebrate Christmas at
710:
468:
456:
885:(Count Bernard and his wife Adelaide and his son William). The donation of 1018 also named William (
820:(Count Bernard with his son William and ... Wifred his brother) were left under papal protection by
588:(my wife Toda who they call Adelaide) and another grant to the same, dated 1 March 1018, refers to
668:. One of the executors of his will was Pons Bonfill. He left his younger sons under the tutelage (
136:
98:
561:
401:
295:
549:
425:
208:
1091:, Proceedings of the First Week of Studies, 16–18 de September 1992 (Abadia de Montserrat), 80.
228:
318:
690:
661:
602:
440:
393:
382:
259:
204:
144:
65:
576:
Renovated nineteenth-century sepulchre of Bernard in the monastery of Santa Maria de Ripoll.
460:
1392:
698:
464:
389:
366:
306:
37:
313:, the first for either. There they participated in a synod held under the auspices of the
8:
1326:
Un cartoral de la canònica agustiniana de Santa Maria del Castell de Besalú (segles X-XV)
1260:
The Experience of Power in Medieval Europe, 950–1350: Essays in Honor of Thomas N. Bisson
1001:
936:
846:
The options were Sant Genís i Sant Miquel, Sant Joan, and Sant Pau, cf. Gros i Pujol, 82.
374:
262:, where his father had extended his dynasty's power base. Bernard also stood to inherit
1309:
657:
557:
517:
488:
330:
168:
160:
156:
78:
30:
1262:, Robert F. Berkhofer III, Alan Cooper, and Adam J. Kosto, edd. (Ashgate), pp. 129–51.
1256:
1213:
1201:
803:(Count Oliba and my wife Ermengard) in the surviving charter, while the witnesses are
124:
1370:
1333:
1225:
1094:
630:
622:
164:
1011:
429:
1122:
730:
726:
614:
610:
512:
449:
378:
362:
314:
1363:"Reflexiones sobre la posible historicidad de un episodio de la Crónica Najerense"
855:
The surviving document indicates that Bernard claimed jurisdiction over Sant Joan
626:
148:
251:
1177:
510:
During Bernard's rule in Besalú there is evidence of continued reliance on the
287:
1008:(New Haven: Yale University Press), 119. For a family tree, see Southern, 120.
507:), implying military and even ethnic leadership, but not usurping royal rank.
1386:
1374:
1153:
553:
499:. Oliba also lauds his fair judgement. In 1015 Bernard began using the title
496:
417:
291:
238:, he had not fully come of age when his father abdicated to become a monk at
183:
to the church of Besalú on 12 April 977. According to the surviving charter,
132:
88:
748:
491:, of "sovereign"). His brother Oliba, in perpetuating his memory, calls him
1137:
525:
255:
247:
239:
649:, by a previous marriage, perhaps to an unnamed son of Bernard of Besalú.
1172:
Michel Zimmerman (1999), "Western Francia: The Southern Principalities",
444:
436:
140:
1237:
1277:
1031:
634:
350:
342:
609:. It has been hypothesised that she was the route by which the exotic
572:
404:
begun under Miro II, was consecrated on 23 September 1003 by Bernard.
899:
883:
Bernardus ... comes et eius conniunx ... Adalez prolique eorum Wielmo
818:
Bernardus comes cum filio suo Guilliermo et ... Guifredus frater eius
738:
683:
529:
416:
In 1003, Bernard took part in the defensive campaign—described as a "
294:(1018). By a large sum of money Bernard and Wifred then obtained the
263:
128:
1071:
Settimane di Studio del Centro italiano di Studi sull'alto medioevo
964:(Count Wifred ... Countess Toda). The lists of his relatives goes:
733:
drew on the historical count of Besalú for his fictional character
718:
224:
216:
73:
653:
53:
521:
421:
242:(988), since he and Wifred were left under the protection of the
1032:
The Development of Southern French and Catalan Society, 718–1050
139:, and succeeded his father in Besalú while his younger brothers
480:
467:
and tried to wrest it from the hands of Giselbert's young son,
152:
1265:
679:
613:
name Constance, feminine form of Constantine, entered Spain.
370:
1369:(in Spanish). Vol. 55, no. 201. pp. 149–156.
341:
and remanding to Bernard the feudal dues of the abbey. By a
709:
There is a historical relationship between Bernard and the
617:
had married Constance, speculated to have been daughter of
500:
310:
243:
269:
1322:
1299:
1283:
1231:
1219:
1207:
1100:
1017:
110:
337:(brothel) and establishing instead some monks under the
1174:
The New Cambridge Medieval History, III: c. 900–c. 1024
266:
on the death of his mother, which occurred after 994.
1087:
M. S. Gros i Pujol (1995), "Sant Pere de Camprodon,"
859:, that is, by hereditary right, cf. Gros i Pujol, 82.
487:, which at the time retained its sense, derived from
1302:
Relaciones del Condado de Urgell con Castilla y León
365:
church, which already possessed altars dedicated to
234:
Despite already being a father of his eventual heir
388:Around 1000 Bernard founded a comital monastery at
131:from 988 until his death. He was the eldest son of
931:Bernard is already described as "formerly count" (
536:, the relinquishing of property rights known as a
935:). The will is dated to the twenty-fifth year of
1384:
1323:Pons i Guri, Josep; Palou i Miquel, Hug (2002).
1144:(Princeton: Princeton University Press), 99–100.
805:Bernardus prolis, Wifredus prolis, Oliba prolis
1360:
1271:
1243:
633:; thus both Adelaide and Constance are in his
1180:(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), 444.
722:Ingilberga, for rampant sexually immorality.
629:. Boso's son, William I of Provence, married
567:
163:, respectively. He was the great-grandson of
1332:(in Catalan). Barcelona: Fundació Noguera.
1300:Fernández-Xesta y Vázquez, Ernesto (2001).
835:episcopatum in propria hereditate perficere
669:
660:in 1020 and was buried in the monastery of
195:(the church of Besalú) with the consent of
1314:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1133:
1131:
1083:
1081:
1079:
1052:
1050:
590:uxor mea Tota comitissa que vocatur Adalet
321:, Fenouillèdes, and Vallespir, the jurist
197:Ermengardæ comitissæ et filio eis Bernardo
29:
1035:(Austin: University of Texas Press), 348.
411:
250:. Alongside Besalú Bernard inherited the
1089:Art i cultura als monestirs del Ripollès
737:, who figures as the protagonist in his
571:
277:
268:
1128:
1076:
1047:
824:( father of pious memory, Count Oliba).
174:
1385:
479:In 1005 Bernard began using the title
1232:Pons i Guri & Palou i Miquel 2002
1220:Pons i Guri & Palou i Miquel 2002
1208:Pons i Guri & Palou i Miquel 2002
1101:Pons i Guri & Palou i Miquel 2002
1018:Pons i Guri & Palou i Miquel 2002
807:(son Bernard, son Wifred, son Oliba).
704:
601:, Toda may have been the daughter of
1067:Estudios de Alta Edad Media Española
868:The others were his brother Wifred,
837:, "bishopric in your own patrimony".
801:Oliba comes et coniux mea Ermengards
686:and vassals of their elder brother.
187:(Miro ... count and bishop) granted
16:Catalan Count of Besalú (r.988–1020)
645:, and a daughter of García's wife,
13:
14:
1419:
1361:Salazar y Acha, Jaime de (1994).
1142:The Origin of the Idea of Crusade
962:Wifredus comes ... Tota comitissa
586:uxori mee Tota que vocant Azalatz
582:Santa Maria del Castell de Besalú
474:
361:) and deposited it in Adalbert's
191:(the church of Saint Vincent) to
943:). The lists of relatives goes:
746:, a central work of the Catalan
524:court system established by the
167:, and therefore belonged to the
1292:
1249:
1192:
1183:
1166:
1147:
1115:
1106:
971:
950:
925:
909:
892:
875:
862:
849:
840:
827:
816:A charter from 988 relates how
776:Bernardum, Olibam et Guiffredum
1284:Fernández-Xesta y Vázquez 2001
1059:
1038:
1023:
994:
822:piæ memoriæ patre Oliba comite
810:
793:
762:
643:García Sánchez III of Pamplona
298:for Wifred's second son, also
286:, a younger brother, was made
185:Miro ... comes atque episcopus
1:
1029:Archibald Ross Lewis (1965),
1006:The Making of the Middle Ages
988:
652:Bernard drowned in the river
607:William II Sánchez of Gascony
540:, and the agreement called a
1255:Nathaniel L. Taylor (2005),
920:Gesta Comitum Barcinonensium
786:(Bernard his son) succeeded
771:Gesta comitum Barcinonensium
717:. Traditionally, Arnau is a
424:"—that defeated an invading
7:
1408:11th-century Catalan people
872:, and Ermengol I of Urgell.
870:Raymond Borell of Barcelona
450:battle was fought at Albesa
329:. There Bernard petitioned
10:
1424:
1161:Anaquel de estudios árabes
833:Benedict calls the see an
790:(in the county of Besalú).
568:Marriage, heirs, and death
189:ecclesiam sancti Vincentii
23:Bernard I, Count of Besalú
1403:People of the Reconquista
941:XXV regnante Roberto Rege
621:and granddaughter of the
493:princeps et pater patriae
459:died in 1014 his brother
457:Giselbert I of Roussillon
94:
84:
72:
59:
46:
28:
21:
916:ad Rivipollo Monasterium
799:The donors are named as
755:
656:while crossing into the
595:According to the modern
534:procures et boni homines
933:Bernardo quondam Comite
598:Europäische Stammtafeln
532:, such as the court of
296:Archdiocese of Narbonne
1000:For the division, see
958:Bernardo condam comite
670:
641:, illegitimate son of
577:
412:Military interventions
327:Saint Peter's Basilica
305:In 998 Bernard joined
274:
977:The testament reads:
788:in comitatu Bisulduni
784:Bernardus filius eius
778:as the three sons of
691:Ermengol II of Urgell
662:Santa Maria de Ripoll
625:by Anna, daughter of
603:William I of Provence
575:
497:father of his country
398:Sant Llorenç del Mont
278:Ecclesiastical policy
272:
260:County of Carcassonne
193:ecclesiæ Bisuldunensi
137:Ermengard of Empúries
99:Ermengard of Empúries
66:Santa Maria de Ripoll
1222:, Doc 12, pp. 41–43.
1210:, Doc 10, pp. 38–40.
1154:Dolors Bramon Planas
699:viscount of Narbonne
558:Carolingian emperors
465:County of Roussillon
383:Sant Miquel Arcàngel
307:Ermengol I of Urgell
201:Sant Llorenç de Bagà
175:Youth and succession
115:977 – 1020), called
38:Liber feudorum maior
1272:Salazar y Acha 1994
1244:Salazar y Acha 1994
1234:, Doc 9, pp. 37–38.
1103:, Doc 3, pp. 26–29.
1073:, XI (1963):233–78.
1020:, Doc 2, pp. 23–26.
1002:Richard W. Southern
937:Robert II of France
887:filius meus Wielmus
881:The charter reads:
619:Charles Constantine
319:viscounts of Besalú
309:on a pilgrimage to
705:In legend and epic
695:Ponç I of Empúries
658:County of Provence
578:
461:Hugh I of Empúries
394:Sant Aniol d'Aguja
335:meretrius de Venus
331:Pope Benedict VIII
275:
169:House of Barcelona
79:House of Barcelona
1367:Príncipe de Viana
1246:, p. 155 and n24.
960:was confirmed by
918:according to the
631:Adelaide of Anjou
623:Emperor Louis III
165:Wilfred the Hairy
121:Bernat Tallaferro
104:
103:
1415:
1398:Counts of Besalú
1378:
1357:
1355:
1354:
1348:
1342:. Archived from
1331:
1319:
1313:
1305:
1287:
1281:
1275:
1269:
1263:
1253:
1247:
1241:
1235:
1229:
1223:
1217:
1211:
1205:
1199:
1196:
1190:
1187:
1181:
1170:
1164:
1151:
1145:
1135:
1126:
1123:Andrew of Fleury
1119:
1113:
1110:
1104:
1098:
1092:
1085:
1074:
1063:
1057:
1054:
1045:
1042:
1036:
1027:
1021:
1015:
1009:
998:
982:
975:
969:
956:This charter of
954:
948:
929:
923:
913:
907:
896:
890:
879:
873:
866:
860:
853:
847:
844:
838:
831:
825:
814:
808:
797:
791:
782:, and adds that
766:
735:Comte Tallaferro
731:Jacint Verdaguer
727:Catalan-language
673:
615:Boso II of Arles
556:, imitating the
513:Liber iudiciorum
495:: sovereign and
432:Thoranum castrum
402:Romanesque style
315:Emperor Otto III
113:
68:
33:
19:
18:
1423:
1422:
1418:
1417:
1416:
1414:
1413:
1412:
1383:
1382:
1381:
1352:
1350:
1346:
1340:
1329:
1307:
1306:
1295:
1290:
1282:
1278:
1270:
1266:
1254:
1250:
1242:
1238:
1230:
1226:
1218:
1214:
1206:
1202:
1197:
1193:
1188:
1184:
1171:
1167:
1152:
1148:
1136:
1129:
1120:
1116:
1111:
1107:
1099:
1095:
1086:
1077:
1064:
1060:
1055:
1048:
1043:
1039:
1028:
1024:
1016:
1012:
999:
995:
991:
986:
985:
976:
972:
955:
951:
930:
926:
914:
910:
904:Constantine VII
897:
893:
880:
876:
867:
863:
857:ex iure paterno
854:
850:
845:
841:
832:
828:
815:
811:
798:
794:
780:Olibano Cabretæ
767:
763:
758:
707:
627:Leo VI the Wise
570:
477:
414:
280:
177:
125:Count of Besalú
63:
51:
42:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1421:
1411:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1380:
1379:
1358:
1338:
1320:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1288:
1276:
1274:, p. 155.
1264:
1248:
1236:
1224:
1212:
1200:
1191:
1182:
1178:Timothy Reuter
1165:
1146:
1127:
1121:Especially by
1114:
1112:Southern, 124.
1105:
1093:
1075:
1058:
1046:
1037:
1022:
1010:
992:
990:
987:
984:
983:
970:
949:
924:
908:
891:
874:
861:
848:
839:
826:
809:
792:
760:
759:
757:
754:
711:Catalan legend
706:
703:
569:
566:
562:Frankish kings
476:
475:Administration
473:
413:
410:
339:rule of Aachen
288:Bishop of Elne
279:
276:
176:
173:
102:
101:
96:
92:
91:
86:
82:
81:
76:
70:
69:
61:
57:
56:
48:
44:
43:
34:
26:
25:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1420:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
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1391:
1390:
1388:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1359:
1349:on 2021-05-18
1345:
1341:
1339:84-7935-993-5
1335:
1328:
1327:
1321:
1317:
1311:
1303:
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147:, inherited
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74:Noble family
36:
1393:1020 deaths
1198:Lewis, 375.
1189:Lewis, 373.
1056:Lewis, 349.
1044:Lewis, 292.
671:in tuicione
520:and on the
469:Gausfred II
445:Virgin Mary
375:Santa Maria
367:Sant Vicenç
363:Benedictine
123:), was the
41:(folio 61r)
1387:Categories
1353:2017-06-09
989:References
749:Renaixença
684:castellans
584:refers to
550:Bernard II
379:Sant Genís
351:Holy Cross
1375:0032-8472
1310:cite book
1304:. Madrid.
900:Barcelona
739:epic poem
666:Raymond I
647:Stephanie
635:name pool
611:Byzantine
546:conventio
538:guirpitio
530:Occitania
518:Visigoths
264:Vallespir
229:Camprodon
213:Sant Joan
129:Catalonia
117:Taillefer
107:Bernard I
1163:, 6, 26.
1156:(1995),
1140:(1977),
1004:(1953),
774:records
719:Don Juan
680:allodial
560:and the
522:Frankish
485:princeps
443:and the
428:army in
426:Córdoban
418:holy war
390:Sant Pau
302:(1016).
284:Berengar
225:Banyoles
217:Lagrasse
161:Conflent
157:Cerdagne
729:writer
516:of the
489:Isidore
441:Michael
422:crusade
258:in the
248:John XV
246:, then
236:William
181:Miro II
1373:
1336:
1176:, ed.
743:Canigó
481:prince
420:" or "
381:, and
347:Wifred
300:Wifred
227:, and
205:Ripoll
153:Ripoll
145:Wifred
95:Mother
85:Father
60:Buried
52:River
1347:(PDF)
1330:(PDF)
756:Notes
676:Henry
654:Rhône
542:pacto
455:When
437:Peter
209:Cuixà
149:Berga
141:Oliba
54:Rhône
1371:ISSN
1334:ISBN
1316:link
768:The
725:The
554:seal
501:duke
439:and
343:bull
311:Rome
254:and
244:Pope
155:and
143:and
135:and
50:1020
47:Died
713:of
605:or
544:or
505:dux
396:to
127:in
112:fl.
1389::
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1308:{{
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159:–
151:–
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
