550:
432:
356:), sought out Gascoigne because his "experience in optical work unique" and Gascoigne was "trained in a way that no one else in Australia has been qualified". When in 1941 Gascoigne was offered a research fellowship by Woolley, he moved to Canberra. The Solar Observatory staff had similar responsibilities to those Gascoigne had held in New Zealand. His first task was to design an anti-aircraft gun sight, and he was also involved in a range of other military optical projects. In 1944, the Melbourne Observatory, home to the Commonwealth Time Service, was closed. Gascoigne reestablished the Time Service at Mount Stromlo, using two
541:. Like Bok Eggen was a productive scientist, but he was "enigmatic", "somewhat gruff" and selective in the friendships he formed. Although Eggen and Gascoigne had previously collaborated on research projects, when Eggen arrived to take up the post, he and Gascoigne did not get on well, in contrast to Gascoigne's relationships with other astronomers. Gascoigne said of Eggen: "he made it clear I had no further part in running the Observatory. I was given no information, saw no documents, attended no meetings, and was asked for no advice, not even in optical matters."
444:
45:
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designed a modernist home to the detailed, if contrasting, instructions from his client couple, who in turn were heavily influenced by their negative experiences with
Canberra housing, particularly their home on Mount Stromlo. Based on Gascoigne's interest in optics, and Rosalie's strong visual sense as an artist, the resulting design "was based on maximising the potential for observation", creating "a form of habitable optical instrument".
566:
British governments proposed a partnership to build a joint optical telescope facility, and
Gascoigne was among the experts involved. Former Mount Stromlo director and now head of the Greenwich observatory, Richard Woolley, was prominent in supporting the project from the British end. In 1967, the two governments formally agreed to collaborate on the construction of a large telescope, to be known as the
570:(AAT). Given the existing infrastructure of the ANU's Siding Spring Observatory, the site was readily agreed as the location for the AAT. Gascoigne was one of the four members of the Technical Committee established to guide the telescope's development. He provided leadership on the design and optics of the new telescope, and was made the chief commissioning astronomer in 1974.
573:
A bitter struggle over the management and operation of the new facility went on for some years. The
Australian National University and the director at Stromlo, Olin Eggen, wanted the telescope to be under the control of the university while other Australian astronomers, including some at Stromlo, and
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The work at Siding Spring was rewarding, but it could also be dangerous. During construction, Gascoigne constantly warned colleagues to take care on the elevated catwalks around the telescope. However, Gascoigne himself was almost killed when, while working one night around the telescope structure,
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We had to climb the last bit on foot ... the first astronomer to set foot on Siding Spring. I liked the look of the place right away, partly because it had such good features for astronomy – for example, the north and west faces had sheer cliffs that were very good for draining away the cold air –
283:
and a Master's qualification in science, securing
Honours in both mathematics and physics, finishing his studies in 1937. Despite these achievements, he did not consider himself to be practically trained, saying: "I was still very much a theorist, with no practical physics at all. The professor in
227:
dwarf galaxies had been underestimated by a factor of two. Because this measurement was used to calibrate other distances in astronomy, the result effectively doubled the estimated size of the universe. They also found that star formation in the
Magellanic Clouds had occurred more recently than in
373:
Following the end of the war
Woolley redirected the Commonwealth Observatory from solar research towards the study of stars and galaxies. It took time to get the old and unused telescopes back up to working condition: they had to be overhauled and refurbished, and in one case rebuilt from scrap.
360:
and astronomical observing equipment that he and his colleagues adapted; the Time
Service remained at Mount Stromlo until 1968. The knowledge and experience Gascoigne gained during the war proved valuable. He was at the only facility in Australia where optical work could be done, from design and
624:
It was during the period of
Gascoigne's association with the Anglo-Australian telescope that he and his wife commissioned architect Theo Bischoff to design a house for them, which was planned and constructed between 1967 and 1969. Bischoff, who was responsible for numerous Canberra residences,
565:
titled "Towards a
Southern Commonwealth Observatory". Gascoigne was then given a significant opportunity that became the focus of the remainder of his paid academic career: to help establish one of the world's largest optical telescopes, at Siding Spring. In the early 1960s, the Australian and
414:
in the Small Cloud. The research produced remarkable results: "it meant that the
Magellanic Clouds were twice as far away as was previously thought, and if then the baseline is twice as long, the size of the universe is doubled." It also showed that star formation in the Magellanic Clouds had
529:
photography on the new 40-inch telescope at Siding Spring. Such corrector plates were subsequently used on many telescopes and became known as Gascoigne correctors. During this period he was also active in supporting the establishment of a national research organisation for astronomers, the
287:
In 1933, while studying at the university, he met his future wife Rosalie Norah King Walker, although they did not marry for another decade. Rosalie completed a Bachelor of Arts while Gascoigne was studying in Auckland; she also studied at Auckland's teacher training college while he was in
656:
Gascoigne completed a course in welding and became his wife's assistant, making "her assemblies of 'found objects' safer and more durable". He also catalogued and photographed her work, describing himself as "artist's handyman, cook, and archivist." Rosalie Gascoigne's artistic career came
423:
When suddenly all this dropped into place, after I had been working away at it for quite a while, measuring more Cepheids in our own Galaxy and some in the Large Cloud, the feeling of triumph, the great feeling that I had really done something, was wonderful. I had joined the professional
518:, he was able to measure the exceptionally faint stars in these clusters. Gascoigne determined that the clusters in the Magellanic Clouds were both young and old, and had quite different characteristics to those in the Milky Way: this information was important for modelling the
657:
late – she was almost 60 when she held her first solo shows – and her rise was "meteoric"; five public galleries purchased works from her early exhibitions. She died in 1999. In 2008, Gascoigne donated Rosalie's final major work, a ten-panel installation titled
633:
By the middle of 1975, the Anglo-Australian Telescope was fully operational, and Gascoigne was offered a job with the new telescope, based in Sydney. By this time his wife was emerging as a significant artist who relied on the landscapes and materials
455:, which was a long difficult trip away from Canberra. It was cold and lonely, particularly for Rosalie, but they enjoyed the outdoors, and the landscape inspired Rosalie's creativity and later her artistic career. In 1960 they relocated to
725:. He was made an Honorary Fellow of the Astronomical Society of Australia; became the first person to be elected as an Honorary Member of the Optical Society of Australia; and was the first Australian to be elected as an Associate of the
279:) a year before he was due to finish high school. Faced with a choice between studying history or the sciences, he chose the latter because he had a severe stammer and thought that it would be less of an impediment. He completed both a
255:, had three children. After he retired, Gascoigne wrote several works on Australian astronomical history. He acted as Rosalie's photographer and assistant, using his technical skills to make her artworks resilient for public display.
323:
that is used for evaluating the shape of large telescope mirrors. He completed his doctorate in physics in 1941, but by then war had broken out in Europe, and he had already returned to New Zealand on the last available ship.
470:(ANU), a move supported by both its director, Richard Woolley, and Gascoigne. This was an era of significant change at Mount Stromlo: in January 1956 Woolley had resigned as director of Mount Stromlo to take up a position as
582:. Gascoigne was one of only a few Stromlo employees who ended up working on the AAT for an extended period during its establishment phase: the Anglo-Australian Observatory chose to offer short-term positions rather than
364:
A decade after Gascoigne first met Rosalie in New Zealand, she travelled to Canberra, and on 9 January 1943 they were married. Their first son, Martin, was born in November, and their second, Thomas, was born in 1945.
668:
As well as being an astronomer, Gascoigne was a scholar of the history of Australian astronomy. He wrote histories of major telescopes, such as the Melbourne Telescope and the AAT. He wrote biographies for the
510:
At the end of Woolley's directorship, the 74-inch telescope he had initiated finally came online. Gascoigne, looking for a new research project and keen to use the new telescope, took up the study of
2289:
2259:
232:, Gascoigne helped it develop from a solar observatory to a centre of stellar and galactic research, and was instrumental in the creation of its field observatory in northern New South Wales,
297:
I picked up many odds and ends about optics...all sorts of ways of testing mirrors and many optical devices. I think those things, which came by the way, were just as important as my thesis.
482:, whom Gascoigne liked and under whose directorship he played a significant role. Also in 1957, the Mount Stromlo team began searching for a new field observatory site, due to the increased
382:, using electrical devices to measure the brightness of stars more accurately than had been possible using photographic techniques. In 1951, with equipment brought by visiting astronomer
1149:
1966:
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for her inspiration. Gascoigne decided to return to the Australian National University in Canberra; he retired a few years later in 1980, and supported Rosalie in her work.
643:
Never, ever, did I think that I would some day say to myself, 'who else in Australia would be entrusted to attack a wonderful work like this with a six-inch circular saw?'
537:
When Bok retired as Stromlo's director in early 1966, Gascoigne became acting director for three months until the arrival of Bok's replacement, American astronomer
1365:
Dopita, M.A. (1991). "Chemical Abundances and Chemical Evolution of the Magellanic Clouds: Prospects for the Future". In Raymond Haynes and Douglas Milne (ed.).
486:
from Canberra's growth. The search was vigorously promoted by Bok, and after an examination of 20 possible locations, two were shortlisted: Mount Bingar, near
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The head of the Mount Stromlo design section, mechanical engineer Herman Wehner, was full-time at the AAT during this period, working closely with Gascoigne.
575:
466:
In 1957, administrative responsibility for the Commonwealth Observatory was transferred from the Australian Government's Department of the Interior to the
494:. Gascoigne was one of a group of scientists who visited Siding Spring Mountain as part of the search, and he was one of those who advocated this choice:
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1759:
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he fell seven metres to the floor of the observatory, narrowly missing "a massive steel structure with long protruding bolts". He survived, and was the
675:, including those of the first trained astronomer at Canberra's Mount Stromlo Observatory, William Bolton Rimmer, and pioneering Australian astronomer
902:
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using the telescope, on 26 or 27 April 1974. Gascoigne was so pleased with the quality of the optics that he said he wanted a number describing the
1313:
711:
311:
killed Michael Hiatt Baker, a young traveller from Bristol, and his parents established a postgraduate scholarship in his memory, for study at the
1367:
The Magellanic Clouds: Proceedings of the 148th Symposium of the International Astronomical Union, held in Sydney, Australia, July 9–13, 1990
621:(both telescopes built more than two decades later). For Gascoigne, it was "a wonderful thing to be associated with – the high point in my life."
361:
manufacture to assembly and testing. Gascoigne developed a wide range of skills and "finished up quite practical, especially with a screwdriver."
219:
Following the war, Gascoigne and astronomer Gerald Kron used newly modernised telescopes at Mount Stromlo to determine that the distance between
451:
In 1949, the Gascoignes' third child, daughter Hester, was born. Like many Observatory personnel, the Gascoignes lived in a staff residence on
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for construction of a 74-inch telescope, but it would not be finished for years. Gascoigne began to work in the nascent field of photoelectric
1219:
307:
Although Gascoigne had always intended to study mathematics at Cambridge, an event occurred that significantly shaped his career. In 1931, an
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1974:
419:. The results overturned the prevailing view that our galaxy and the Magellanic Clouds had evolved in parallel. Gascoigne said of his work:
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Kron, G.E.; Gascoigne, S. C. B.; White, H. S. (1957). "Red and infrared magnitudes for 282 stars with known trigonometric parallaxes".
602:. The site quickly became one of the world's most important astronomical observatories and was for many years home to world-leading
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considered Gascoigne to have been an important figure in Australian astronomy, responsible for substantial advances in the field.
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the British wanted it established independently. Gascoigne's co-authored history of the telescope states that "None of the eight
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2112:
2054:
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at Siding Spring, Gascoigne was involved from its initial conception and throughout its lengthy commissioning, taking its
20:
428:
Subsequent research confirmed what were described as pioneering results, arrived at through very innovative techniques.
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671:
1390:
702:, at one time the Chairman of the AAT, gave Gascoigne considerable credit for the telescope's success, and astronomer
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Gascoigne was widely respected for his astronomical skills and his generous nature. English astronomer and writer
320:
1825:
2104:
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regarded Gascoigne as a world leader in his field, as well as being "a delightful man". Historian of astronomy
519:
491:
467:
308:
148:
722:
662:
609:. The successes of the AAT have been documented in annual reports by its Board, while a 2008 analysis of the
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and because of its beautiful outlook, on the edge of the national park. It really is a wonderful place to be.
579:
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345:
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1321:
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the Milky Way; this overturned the prevailing view that both had evolved in parallel. A major figure at
184:
who played a leading role in the design and commissioning of Australia's largest optical telescope, the
726:
567:
315:, which Gascoigne won and took up in 1938. During his thesis studies at Bristol, Gascoigne developed a
237:
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201:
1884:"Productivity and impact of astronomical facilities: Three years of publications and citation rates"
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supported the ANU" and in 1973 the debate was resolved in favour of an independent structure, the
591:
284:
Auckland used to wince when I walked past the cupboard in which the good instruments were kept!"
272:
241:
2008:
Gascoigne, S. C. B. (1994). "The Great Melbourne Telescope and Other 19th Century Reflectors".
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618:
407:
403:
402:– an extraordinary opportunity – Gascoigne, Kron and others surveyed Cepheid stars in both the
395:
379:
341:
276:
181:
108:
98:
2036:
1122:
Freeman, Ken (1 May 2010). "Graceful observer cast light on stars (obituary: Ben Gascoigne)".
312:
197:
1077:
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of astronomical observing facilities placed the AAT in the top three, coming after only the
514:, compact groups of tens of thousands of ancient stars of similar age. With a new design of
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839:
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769:
280:
1847:"Annual Report of the Anglo-Australian Telescope Board 1 July 2008–30 June 2009"
1279:
University of London Institute of Education; Columbia University Teachers College (1934).
525:
In 1963, Gascoigne developed a device, known as an optical corrector plate, which allowed
431:
188:, which for a time was one of the world's most important astronomical facilities. Born in
8:
733:
for his contributions to astronomy and to the AAT. On 1 January 2001, he was awarded the
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68:
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1911:
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Returning to a job in the physics department at Auckland, Gascoigne worked on military
264:
534:. It held its first meeting in 1966, and Gascoigne was made its first vice-president.
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1284:
945:
252:
177:
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1623:
1594:
Gascoigne, S. C. B. (30 March 1963). "Towards a Southern Commonwealth Observatory".
861:"Colour-magnitude diagrams for nine globular-like clusters in the Magellanic Clouds"
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astronomers. Not only that, but I truly understood a problem, a proper problem...
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1476:"From Sun to the Universe – the Woolley and Bok Directorships at Mount Stromlo"
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398:. Granted nine months of observing time on the Observatory's Reynolds 30-inch
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756:"Red and Infrared Magnitudes for 138 Stars Observed as Photometric Standards"
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436:
205:
112:
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1907:
793:"Surface photometry of the globular clusters 47 Tucanae and Omega Centauri"
411:
1183:
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Gascoigne incorrectly gives a date of 1928 in his interview with Crompton.
459:
in suburban Canberra, and in the late 1960s they moved to another suburb,
248:
for his contributions to astronomy and to the Anglo-Australian Telescope.
236:. When the British and Australian governments agreed to jointly build the
2336:
Experiments in Modern Living: Scientists' Houses in Canberra, 1950 – 1970
2021:
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595:
383:
375:
316:
176:(11 November 1915 – 25 March 2010) was a New Zealand-born
44:
2410:
Haynes, Raymond; Haynes, Roslynn; Malin, David; McGee, Richard (1996).
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699:
515:
2391:
Gascoigne, S. C. B.; Proust, Katrina M.; Robins, Malcolm Owen (1990).
1830:. Sydney NSW: Anglo-Australian Observatory. p. 11. Archived from
1615:
940:
Gascoigne, S. C. B.; Proust, Katrina M.; Robins, Malcolm Owen (1990).
1831:
1393:. National Film and Sound Archive & National Library of Australia
599:
416:
337:
220:
138:
999:
These journal articles are Gascoigne's five most-cited works on the
990:
The location inside the AAT dome is now known as "Gascoigne's Leap".
851:
827:
782:
755:
479:
349:
209:
193:
86:
2317:
Australian astronomers: achievements at the frontiers of astronomy
553:
The Anglo-Australian Telescope at Siding Springs Observatory near
710:, for the telescope's extremely good optics. Former AAT director
289:
115:; correction of telescope lenses to assist wide-field photography
2412:
Explorers of the southern sky: a history of Australian astronomy
1844:
682:
Gascoigne died on 25 March 2010. A memorial service was held at
275:, and won a scholarship to Auckland University College (now the
200:, before moving to Australia during World War II to work at the
754:
Kron, Gerald E.; White, Howard S.; Gascoigne, S. C. B. (1953).
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1823:
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1320:. Australian Science Archives Project. 1998. Archived from
443:
1369:. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers. pp. 393–395.
2045:. Vol. 16. Canberra: National Centre of Biography,
1700:
1150:"A leading light of astronomy (obituary: Ben Gascoigne)"
2103:. Vol. 4. Canberra: National Centre of Biography,
2371:
648:
Ben Gascoigne, on squaring up the panels of Rosalie's
561:
In 1963 Gascoigne published an article in the journal
439:. The Anglo-Australian Telescope dome is on the crest.
302:
Ben Gascoigne, Australian Academy of Science interview
267:, just before the First World War. They soon moved to
212:. He became skillful in the design and manufacture of
2352:
1854:
Annual Report of the Anglo-Australian Telescope Board
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1480:
Proceedings of the Astronomical Society of Australia
790:
348:, director of the Commonwealth Solar Observatory in
1220:"Media Kit Article: Rosalie Gascoigne – The Artist"
898:"Further observations of Magellanic cloud cepheids"
628:
1881:
1856:. Eastwood NSW: Anglo-Australian Observatory: 46.
1318:The giant's eye: The optical munitions exhibition
1184:"Gascoigne, Sidney Charles Bartholemew (1915 – )"
903:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
866:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
798:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
503:In 1962, Siding Spring was selected, and by 1967
2433:
2393:The creation of the Anglo-Australian Observatory
2153:"Obituary – Ellery, Robert – his Life and Times"
942:The creation of the Anglo-Australian Observatory
271:, where Gascoigne was born in 1915. He attended
1076:. Australian Academy of Science. Archived from
737:, for his service to society and to astronomy.
721:In 1966, Gascoigne was elected a fellow of the
447:The 40-inch telescope building at Siding Spring
2274:
1226:. National Gallery of Victoria. Archived from
557:, which Gascoigne helped design and commission
2200:"Notices (memorial service, Ben Gascoigne)".
2157:Astronomical Society of Australia Proceedings
598:shape of the mirror (1.1717) engraved on his
544:
344:, although he did not remain there for long.
16:New Zealand–Australian astronomer (1915–2010)
2482:Fellows of the Australian Academy of Science
2414:. Cambridge UK: Cambridge University Press.
2395:. Cambridge UK: Cambridge University Press.
944:. Cambridge UK: Cambridge University Press.
2319:. Canberra: National Library of Australia.
1967:"Rosalie's old trash national treasure now"
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576:fellow of the Australian Academy of Science
2487:People educated at Auckland Grammar School
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49:Gascoigne at the Stromlo Observatory, 1948
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2176:
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2007:
1845:Anglo-Australian Telescope Board (2008).
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1391:"Australian Biography: Rosalie Gascoigne"
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791:Gascoigne, S. C. B.; Burr, E. J. (1956).
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729:. On 11 June 1996, Gascoigne was made an
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2010:Historical Records of Australian Science
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2357:. St Leonards, NSW: Allen & Unwin.
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2314:
2252:"Gascoigne, Sidney Charles Bartholomew"
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1875:
1757:
1474:Hyland, A. R.; Faulkner, D. J. (1989).
1251:
1172:
1121:
1022:
263:Gascoigne's parents met and married in
19:For the British political advisor, see
2434:
2372:Freeman, Ken; McNamara, Geoff (2006).
2086:
2028:
1964:
1958:
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1306:
1242:
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740:
374:Woolley got funding approval from the
2353:Frame, Tom; Faulkner, Donald (2003).
1824:Anglo-Australian Observatory (1998).
1214:
1212:
1210:
1208:
1206:
1204:
1130:
1074:Interviews with Australian Scientists
1070:"Professor Ben Gascoigne (1915–2010)"
706:likewise credited him, together with
2457:20th-century New Zealand astronomers
1252:Hossack, Rebecca (2 November 1999).
478:. He was replaced by Dutch-American
410:. They also examined the colours of
2452:20th-century Australian astronomers
2037:"William Bolton Rimmer (1882–1945)"
415:occurred more recently than in the
21:Benjamin Gascoigne, Baron Gascoigne
13:
2492:New Zealand emigrants to Australia
2467:Officers of the Order of Australia
2355:Stromlo: an Australian observatory
2100:Australian Dictionary of Biography
2042:Australian Dictionary of Biography
1758:Pockley, Peter (3 November 1974).
1201:
1188:Encyclopedia of Australian Science
672:Australian Dictionary of Biography
14:
2503:
2292:from the original on 29 June 2011
2262:from the original on 29 June 2011
2095:"Robert Lewis Ellery (1827–1908)"
1882:Trimble, V.; Ceja, J. A. (2008).
1697:Frame & Faulkner, pp. 175–178
1379:Freeman & McNamara, pp. 96–98
1148:Cannon, Russell (28 April 2010).
731:Officer of the Order of Australia
532:Astronomical Society of Australia
246:Officer of the Order of Australia
123:Officer of the Order of Australia
1760:"The telescope at Siding Spring"
1314:"Sydney Charles 'Ben' Gascoigne"
629:Artist's assistant and historian
368:
2472:People from Napier, New Zealand
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2226:
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2193:
2001:
1989:
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1373:
1336:
993:
984:
975:
251:Gascoigne and his wife, artist
2105:Australian National University
2047:Australian National University
1965:Wright, Tony (19 March 2008).
1297:
1272:
966:
492:Coonabarabran, New South Wales
468:Australian National University
435:Siding Spring Mountain in the
396:measure astronomical distances
202:Commonwealth Solar Observatory
149:Australian National University
1:
2477:University of Auckland alumni
2376:. Berlin: Springer / Praxis.
1946:Cameron, pp. 132–133, 143–144
1254:"Obituary: Rosalie Gascoigne"
1010:
723:Australian Academy of Science
663:National Gallery of Australia
258:
2151:Gascoigne, S. C. B. (1992).
2093:Gascoigne, S. C. B. (1972).
2035:Gascoigne, S. C. B. (2002).
1675:Frame & Faulkner, p. 175
1575:Frame & Faulkner, p. 161
1566:Frame & Faulkner, p. 164
1548:Frame & Faulkner, p. 163
1464:Frame & Faulkner, p. 141
1442:Frame & Faulkner, p. 140
959:
896:Gascoigne, S. C. B. (1969).
859:Gascoigne, S. C. B. (1966).
580:Anglo-Australian Observatory
346:Richard van der Riet Woolley
216:such as telescope elements.
7:
2286:Australian Honours database
2282:"Gascoigne, Sidney Charles"
2256:Australian Honours database
1827:AAO Annual Report 1997-1998
1722:Frame & Faulkner p. 177
1342:Frame & Faulkner, p. 98
1303:Frame & Faulkner, p. 81
1283:. Evans Bros. p. 327.
746:Scientific journal articles
476:Royal Observatory Greenwich
99:Auckland University College
10:
2508:
2308:
1281:The Year book of education
727:Royal Astronomical Society
592:first to take a photograph
568:Anglo-Australian Telescope
545:Anglo-Australian Telescope
490:, and Siding Spring, near
238:Anglo-Australian Telescope
186:Anglo-Australian Telescope
161:Sidney Charles Bartholemew
18:
2338:. Canberra: ANU E-press.
2288:. Australian Government.
2258:. Australian Government.
2178:10.1017/S1323358000019524
1888:Astronomische Nachrichten
1764:The Sydney Morning Herald
1501:10.1017/S1323358000023353
761:The Astrophysical Journal
505:Siding Spring Observatory
488:Griffith, New South Wales
394:stars, which are used to
358:Shortt-Synchronome clocks
354:Mount Stromlo Observatory
309:earthquake in New Zealand
234:Siding Spring Observatory
230:Mount Stromlo Observatory
154:
144:
134:
127:
119:
104:
94:
75:
54:
42:
28:
2374:In search of dark matter
2334:Cameron, Milton (2012).
1015:
1001:Astrophysics Data System
615:Sloan Digital Sky Survey
244:. Gascoigne was made an
2462:New Zealand Protestants
2315:Bhathal, R. S. (1996).
1182:McCarthy, G.J. (2006).
820:10.1093/mnras/116.5.570
507:was fully operational.
273:Auckland Grammar School
192:, Gascoigne trained in
1908:10.1002/asna.200810999
1389:Hughes, Robin (1999).
1068:Crompton, Bob (2000).
888:10.1093/mnras/134.1.59
708:Roderick Oliver Redman
694:Recognition and legacy
645:
619:W. M. Keck Observatory
586:like that at the ANU.
558:
501:
448:
440:
426:
408:Large Magellanic Cloud
404:Small Magellanic Cloud
299:
277:University of Auckland
1928:Cameron, pp. 132, 151
925:10.1093/mnras/146.1.1
641:
552:
520:evolution of galaxies
496:
446:
434:
421:
328:War service 1940–1945
313:University of Bristol
295:
198:University of Bristol
2022:10.1071/HR9951030223
1871:on 27 December 2010.
1834:on 27 December 2010.
1160:on 24 September 2014
831:Astronomical Journal
474:and director of the
2169:1992PASA...10..170G
1971:The Age (Melbourne)
1900:2008AN....329..632T
1608:1963Natur.197.1240G
1602:(4874): 1240–1241.
1492:1989PASA....8..216H
916:1969MNRAS.146....1G
879:1966MNRAS.134...59G
844:1957AJ.....62..205K
811:1956MNRAS.116..570G
774:1953ApJ...118..502K
741:Select bibliography
400:reflector telescope
190:Napier, New Zealand
69:Napier, New Zealand
2202:The Canberra Times
1977:on 18 January 2010
1584:Bhathal, pp. 52–55
1124:The Canberra Times
559:
449:
441:
386:from California's
265:Levin, New Zealand
178:optical astronomer
2114:978-0-522-84459-7
2056:978-0-522-84459-7
1616:10.1038/1971240a0
1324:on 27 August 2006
636:around their home
604:astrophotographer
512:globular clusters
281:Bachelor's degree
253:Rosalie Gascoigne
158:
157:
129:Scientific career
2499:
2425:
2406:
2387:
2368:
2349:
2330:
2302:
2301:
2299:
2297:
2278:
2272:
2271:
2269:
2267:
2248:
2242:
2239:
2233:
2230:
2224:
2221:
2215:
2212:
2206:
2205:
2204:. 10 April 2010.
2197:
2191:
2190:
2180:
2148:
2142:
2141:
2139:
2137:
2090:
2084:
2083:
2081:
2079:
2032:
2026:
2025:
2005:
1999:
1993:
1987:
1986:
1984:
1982:
1973:. Archived from
1962:
1956:
1953:
1947:
1944:
1938:
1935:
1929:
1926:
1920:
1919:
1879:
1873:
1872:
1870:
1864:. Archived from
1851:
1842:
1836:
1835:
1821:
1815:
1808:
1802:
1795:
1789:
1782:
1776:
1775:
1773:
1771:
1755:
1749:
1742:
1736:
1729:
1723:
1720:
1714:
1707:
1698:
1695:
1689:
1682:
1676:
1673:
1667:
1660:
1654:
1647:
1641:
1634:
1628:
1627:
1591:
1585:
1582:
1576:
1573:
1567:
1564:
1558:
1555:
1549:
1546:
1540:
1533:
1527:
1520:
1514:
1513:
1503:
1471:
1465:
1462:
1456:
1449:
1443:
1440:
1434:
1431:
1425:
1418:
1412:
1409:
1403:
1402:
1400:
1398:
1386:
1380:
1377:
1371:
1370:
1362:
1356:
1349:
1343:
1340:
1334:
1333:
1331:
1329:
1310:
1304:
1301:
1295:
1294:
1276:
1270:
1269:
1267:
1265:
1249:
1240:
1239:
1237:
1235:
1230:on 30 March 2012
1216:
1199:
1198:
1196:
1194:
1179:
1170:
1169:
1167:
1165:
1156:. Archived from
1145:
1128:
1127:
1119:
1090:
1089:
1087:
1085:
1065:
1004:
997:
991:
988:
982:
979:
973:
970:
955:
929:
927:
892:
890:
855:
824:
822:
787:
785:
684:St John's Church
652:
611:relative impacts
472:Astronomer Royal
406:and, later, the
392:Cepheid variable
388:Lick Observatory
303:
242:first photograph
225:Magellanic Cloud
175:
82:
65:11 November 1915
64:
62:
47:
37:
26:
25:
2507:
2506:
2502:
2501:
2500:
2498:
2497:
2496:
2432:
2431:
2429:
2422:
2403:
2384:
2365:
2346:
2327:
2311:
2306:
2305:
2295:
2293:
2280:
2279:
2275:
2265:
2263:
2250:
2249:
2245:
2240:
2236:
2232:Bhathal, p. 178
2231:
2227:
2222:
2218:
2213:
2209:
2199:
2198:
2194:
2149:
2145:
2135:
2133:
2115:
2091:
2087:
2077:
2075:
2057:
2033:
2029:
2006:
2002:
1994:
1990:
1980:
1978:
1963:
1959:
1955:Cameron, p. 144
1954:
1950:
1945:
1941:
1937:Cameron, p. 133
1936:
1932:
1927:
1923:
1880:
1876:
1868:
1849:
1843:
1839:
1822:
1818:
1809:
1805:
1796:
1792:
1783:
1779:
1769:
1767:
1756:
1752:
1743:
1739:
1730:
1726:
1721:
1717:
1708:
1701:
1696:
1692:
1683:
1679:
1674:
1670:
1661:
1657:
1648:
1644:
1635:
1631:
1592:
1588:
1583:
1579:
1574:
1570:
1565:
1561:
1556:
1552:
1547:
1543:
1534:
1530:
1521:
1517:
1472:
1468:
1463:
1459:
1450:
1446:
1441:
1437:
1432:
1428:
1419:
1415:
1410:
1406:
1396:
1394:
1387:
1383:
1378:
1374:
1363:
1359:
1350:
1346:
1341:
1337:
1327:
1325:
1312:
1311:
1307:
1302:
1298:
1291:
1277:
1273:
1263:
1261:
1258:The Independent
1250:
1243:
1233:
1231:
1218:
1217:
1202:
1192:
1190:
1180:
1173:
1163:
1161:
1146:
1131:
1120:
1093:
1083:
1081:
1080:on 5 March 2011
1066:
1023:
1018:
1013:
1008:
1007:
1003:as of May 2010.
998:
994:
989:
985:
980:
976:
971:
967:
962:
952:
743:
735:Centenary Medal
696:
690:, on 12 April.
661:(1999), to the
654:
647:
631:
584:academic tenure
547:
484:light pollution
371:
330:
305:
301:
261:
214:optical devices
171:
95:Alma mater
90:
84:
80:
71:
66:
60:
58:
50:
38:
33:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2505:
2495:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2427:
2426:
2420:
2407:
2401:
2388:
2382:
2369:
2363:
2350:
2344:
2331:
2325:
2310:
2307:
2304:
2303:
2273:
2243:
2241:Bhathal, p. 15
2234:
2225:
2223:Bhathal, p. 90
2216:
2214:Bhathal, p. 14
2207:
2192:
2163:(2): 170–176.
2143:
2113:
2085:
2055:
2027:
2016:(3): 223–245.
2000:
1988:
1957:
1948:
1939:
1930:
1921:
1894:(6): 632–647.
1874:
1837:
1816:
1803:
1790:
1777:
1750:
1737:
1724:
1715:
1699:
1690:
1677:
1668:
1655:
1642:
1629:
1586:
1577:
1568:
1559:
1557:Bhathal, p. 55
1550:
1541:
1539:, pp. 168, 187
1528:
1515:
1466:
1457:
1444:
1435:
1433:Bhathal, p. 52
1426:
1413:
1411:Bhathal, p. 50
1404:
1381:
1372:
1357:
1344:
1335:
1305:
1296:
1289:
1271:
1241:
1200:
1171:
1154:The Australian
1129:
1091:
1020:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1006:
1005:
992:
983:
974:
964:
963:
961:
958:
957:
956:
950:
936:
935:
931:
930:
893:
856:
852:10.1086/107521
825:
788:
783:10.1086/145778
750:
749:
747:
742:
739:
716:Ragbir Bhathal
712:Russell Cannon
700:Sir Fred Hoyle
695:
692:
688:Reid, Canberra
640:
630:
627:
546:
543:
390:, he observed
376:Prime Minister
370:
367:
329:
326:
319:theory of the
294:
260:
257:
180:and expert in
156:
155:
152:
151:
146:
142:
141:
136:
132:
131:
125:
124:
121:
117:
116:
113:variable stars
106:
105:Known for
102:
101:
96:
92:
91:
85:
83:(aged 94)
77:
73:
72:
67:
56:
52:
51:
48:
40:
39:
32:
29:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2504:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2439:
2437:
2430:
2423:
2421:0-521-36575-9
2417:
2413:
2408:
2404:
2402:0-521-35396-3
2398:
2394:
2389:
2385:
2383:0-387-27616-5
2379:
2375:
2370:
2366:
2364:1-86508-659-2
2360:
2356:
2351:
2347:
2345:9781921862700
2341:
2337:
2332:
2328:
2326:0-642-10666-5
2322:
2318:
2313:
2312:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2277:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2247:
2238:
2229:
2220:
2211:
2203:
2196:
2188:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2147:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2101:
2096:
2089:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2043:
2038:
2031:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2004:
1998:
1992:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1961:
1952:
1943:
1934:
1925:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1878:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1848:
1841:
1833:
1829:
1828:
1820:
1814:, pp. 400–401
1813:
1807:
1801:, pp. 209–210
1800:
1794:
1787:
1781:
1765:
1761:
1754:
1747:
1741:
1734:
1728:
1719:
1712:
1706:
1704:
1694:
1688:, pp. 125–147
1687:
1681:
1672:
1665:
1659:
1652:
1646:
1639:
1633:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1590:
1581:
1572:
1563:
1554:
1545:
1538:
1532:
1525:
1519:
1511:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1470:
1461:
1454:
1448:
1439:
1430:
1423:
1417:
1408:
1392:
1385:
1376:
1368:
1361:
1354:
1348:
1339:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1309:
1300:
1292:
1290:0-89779-074-X
1286:
1282:
1275:
1259:
1255:
1248:
1246:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1215:
1213:
1211:
1209:
1207:
1205:
1189:
1185:
1178:
1176:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1144:
1142:
1140:
1138:
1136:
1134:
1126:. p. 18.
1125:
1118:
1116:
1114:
1112:
1110:
1108:
1106:
1104:
1102:
1100:
1098:
1096:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1064:
1062:
1060:
1058:
1056:
1054:
1052:
1050:
1048:
1046:
1044:
1042:
1040:
1038:
1036:
1034:
1032:
1030:
1028:
1026:
1021:
1002:
996:
987:
978:
969:
965:
953:
951:0-521-35396-3
947:
943:
938:
937:
933:
932:
926:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
904:
899:
894:
889:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
867:
862:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
832:
826:
821:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
799:
794:
789:
784:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
762:
757:
752:
751:
748:
745:
744:
738:
736:
732:
728:
724:
719:
717:
713:
709:
705:
704:Harry Minnett
701:
691:
689:
685:
680:
678:
677:Robert Ellery
674:
673:
666:
664:
660:
653:
651:
644:
639:
637:
626:
622:
620:
616:
612:
608:
605:
601:
597:
593:
587:
585:
581:
577:
571:
569:
564:
556:
555:Coonabarabran
551:
542:
540:
539:Olin J. Eggen
535:
533:
528:
523:
521:
517:
513:
508:
506:
500:
495:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
464:
462:
458:
454:
453:Mount Stromlo
445:
438:
437:Warrumbungles
433:
429:
425:
420:
418:
413:
412:star clusters
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
369:Mount Stromlo
366:
362:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
336:, developing
335:
325:
322:
321:Foucault test
318:
314:
310:
304:
298:
293:
291:
285:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
256:
254:
249:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
226:
222:
217:
215:
211:
207:
206:Mount Stromlo
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
174:
170:
166:
162:
153:
150:
147:
143:
140:
137:
133:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
107:
103:
100:
97:
93:
88:
79:25 March 2010
78:
74:
70:
57:
53:
46:
41:
36:
30:Ben Gascoigne
27:
22:
2428:
2411:
2392:
2373:
2354:
2335:
2316:
2294:. Retrieved
2285:
2276:
2264:. Retrieved
2255:
2246:
2237:
2228:
2219:
2210:
2201:
2195:
2160:
2156:
2146:
2134:. Retrieved
2098:
2088:
2076:. Retrieved
2040:
2030:
2013:
2009:
2003:
1996:
1991:
1979:. Retrieved
1975:the original
1970:
1960:
1951:
1942:
1933:
1924:
1891:
1887:
1877:
1866:the original
1853:
1840:
1832:the original
1826:
1819:
1811:
1806:
1798:
1793:
1785:
1780:
1768:. Retrieved
1766:. p. 38
1763:
1753:
1745:
1740:
1732:
1727:
1718:
1710:
1693:
1685:
1680:
1671:
1663:
1658:
1650:
1645:
1637:
1632:
1599:
1595:
1589:
1580:
1571:
1562:
1553:
1544:
1536:
1531:
1523:
1518:
1483:
1479:
1469:
1460:
1452:
1447:
1438:
1429:
1421:
1416:
1407:
1395:. Retrieved
1384:
1375:
1366:
1360:
1352:
1347:
1338:
1326:. Retrieved
1322:the original
1317:
1308:
1299:
1280:
1274:
1262:. Retrieved
1257:
1232:. Retrieved
1228:the original
1223:
1191:. Retrieved
1187:
1162:. Retrieved
1158:the original
1153:
1123:
1082:. Retrieved
1078:the original
1073:
995:
986:
977:
968:
941:
907:
901:
870:
864:
835:
829:
802:
796:
765:
759:
720:
697:
681:
670:
667:
658:
655:
649:
646:
642:
632:
623:
588:
572:
562:
560:
536:
524:
509:
502:
497:
465:
450:
427:
422:
372:
363:
342:rangefinders
331:
306:
300:
296:
286:
262:
250:
218:
168:
164:
160:
159:
145:Institutions
128:
81:(2010-03-25)
2447:2010 deaths
2442:1915 births
1397:20 February
1234:30 November
838:: 205–220.
607:David Malin
596:hyperboloid
384:Gerald Kron
317:diffraction
196:and at the
89:, Australia
2436:Categories
1995:Gascoigne
1797:Gascoigne
1744:Gascoigne
1709:Gascoigne
1684:Gascoigne
1662:Gascoigne
1636:Gascoigne
1522:Gascoigne
1486:(2): 221.
1011:References
805:(5): 570.
527:wide field
516:photometer
380:photometry
338:gun sights
259:Early life
221:our galaxy
182:photometry
109:Photometry
61:1915-11-11
2187:124029868
2123:1833-7538
2065:1833-7538
1916:121908924
1862:1443-8550
1510:117182658
1224:NGV Media
960:Footnotes
600:headstone
417:Milky Way
169:Gascoigne
139:Astronomy
2290:Archived
2260:Archived
2131:70677943
2073:70677943
1788:, p. 176
1748:, p. 160
1735:, p. 394
1713:, p. 139
1653:, p. 170
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1455:, p. 175
1424:, p. 171
1355:, p. 168
1260:. London
617:and the
480:Bart Bok
350:Canberra
223:and the
210:Canberra
194:Auckland
87:Canberra
2309:Sources
2165:Bibcode
1896:Bibcode
1810:Haynes
1784:Haynes
1731:Haynes
1666:, p. 50
1649:Haynes
1640:, p. 32
1604:Bibcode
1535:Haynes
1526:, p. 49
1488:Bibcode
1451:Haynes
1420:Haynes
1351:Haynes
912:Bibcode
875:Bibcode
840:Bibcode
807:Bibcode
770:Bibcode
768:: 502.
290:Bristol
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1287:
1264:11 May
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650:Monaro
563:Nature
461:Pearce
457:Deakin
334:optics
269:Napier
135:Fields
120:Awards
2296:6 May
2266:6 May
2183:S2CID
2136:6 May
2078:6 May
1981:6 May
1912:S2CID
1869:(PDF)
1850:(PDF)
1664:et al
1620:S2CID
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1328:6 May
1193:6 May
1164:6 May
1084:6 May
1016:Notes
934:Books
910:: 1.
659:Earth
352:(now
2416:ISBN
2397:ISBN
2378:ISBN
2359:ISBN
2340:ISBN
2321:ISBN
2298:2010
2268:2010
2138:2010
2127:OCLC
2119:ISSN
2109:ISBN
2080:2010
2069:OCLC
2061:ISSN
2051:ISBN
1983:2010
1858:ISSN
1772:2010
1399:2022
1330:2010
1285:ISBN
1266:2010
1236:2010
1195:2010
1166:2010
1086:2010
946:ISBN
340:and
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55:Born
2173:doi
2018:doi
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1892:329
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1600:197
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920:doi
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