Ben-Hur: A Tale of the Christ

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Christianity. He became determined to do his own research to write about the history of Christ. Wallace explained: "I was ashamed of myself, and make haste now to declare that the mortification of pride I then endured… ended in a resolution to study the whole matter, if only for the gratification there might be in having convictions of one kind or another." When Wallace decided to write a novel based on the life of Christ is not known for certain, but he had already written the manuscript for a magazine serial about the three magi at least two years before his discussions with Ingersoll. Researching and writing about Christianity helped Wallace become clear about his own ideas and beliefs. He developed the novel from his own exploration of the subject.

1163:, which would explain the gay binding." (Original letter is in the Eagle Crest Library.) Further, the Harpers Literary Gossip printed an article, "How the First 'Ben-Hur' Was Bound": "Inquiries have reached the Harpers concerning the binding of the first edition of Ben-Hur, which appeared in 1880. The first edition was issued in a series which the Harpers were then publishing. It was 16mo form, bound in cadet-blue cloth, and decorated with clusters of flowers in red, blue, and green on the front cover and a vase of flowers in the same colors on the back cover. The lettering on the cover is black." (Excerpt in the Eagle Crest Library.) 646:'s reign, Ben-Hur is staying with Simonides, whose business has been extremely successful. With Ben-Hur, the two men have given most of the fortunes to the church of Antioch. Now, as an old man, Simonides has sold all his ships but one, and that one has returned for probably its final voyage. Learning that the Christians in Rome are suffering at the hands of Emperor Nero, Ben-Hur and his friends decide to help. Ben-Hur, Esther, and Malluch sail to Rome, where they decided to build an underground church. It will survive through the ages and comes to be known as the 1903: 507:. Ben-Hur sets out for Jerusalem to find his mother and sister. Pilate's review of the prison records reveals great injustice, and he notes Gratus concealed a walled-up cell. Pilate's troops reopen the cell to find two women, Judah's long-lost mother and sister, have developed leprosy. Pilate releases them, and they go to the old Hur house, which is vacant. Finding Judah asleep on the steps, they give thanks to God that he is alive, but do not wake him. As lepers, they are considered less than human. Banished from the city, they leave in the morning. 984: 4526: 1011:

the plants, birds, names, architectural practices, and other details. He later wrote: "I examined catalogues of books and maps, and sent for everything likely to be useful. I wrote with a chart always before my eyes—a German publication showing the towns and villages, all sacred places, the heights, the depressions, the passes, trails, and distances." Wallace also recounted traveling to Boston and Washington, DC, to research the exact proportions for the oars of a Roman

547:, Ben-Hur and his Galilean followers organize a resistance force to revolt against Rome. Gaining help from Simonides and Ilderim, he sets up a training base in Ilderim's territory in the desert. After some time, Malluch writes announcing the appearance of a prophet believed to be a herald for the Christ. Judah journeys to the Jordan to see the prophet, meeting Balthasar and Iras traveling for the same purpose. They reach Bethabara, where a group has gathered to hear 4276: 4538: 970:, suggests that the chariot race between the characters of Judah and Messala may have been based on a horse race which Wallace reportedly ran and won against Grant some time after the battle of Shiloh. The Judah character's superior horsemanship helped him beat Messala in a chariot race that earned Judah great wealth. F. Farrand Tuttle Jr., a Wallace family friend, reported the story of the horse race between Grant and Wallace in the 4550: 4338: 4262: 1047:, he was not "in the least influenced by religious sentiment" and "had no convictions about God or Christ", but he was fascinated by the biblical story of the three magi's journey to find Jesus, king of the Jews. After extensive studies of the Bible and the Holy Land, and well before he had completed the novel, Wallace became a believer in God and Christ. In his autobiography, Wallace acknowledged: 429:

to learn of Judah's former status as a son of Hur. Arrius tells the slave-master not to lock Judah's shackles. In battle, the ship is damaged and starts to sink. Judah saves the Roman from drowning. They share a plank as a makeshift raft until being rescued by a Roman ship, whereupon they learn that the Romans were victorious in the battle; Arrius is lauded as a hero. They return to

639:. Iras visits Esther and tells her she has killed Messala, discovering that the Romans were brutes. She also implies that she will attempt suicide. After Esther tells Ben-Hur of the visit, he tries unsuccessfully to find Iras. A Samaritan uprising in Judaea is harshly suppressed by Pontius Pilate, and he is ordered back to Rome a decade after authorizing the crucifixion of Jesus. 462:

fountain in the stadium. Messala's chariot nearly hits them, but Judah intervenes. Balthasar thanks Ben-Hur and presents him with a gift. Judah heads to Sheik Ilderim's tent. The servant Malluch accompanies him, and they talk about the Christ; Malluch relates Balthasar's story of the magi. They realize that Judah saved the man who saw the Christ soon after his birth.

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11,000 in annual royalties, a substantial amount at the time, and began to sell, on average, an estimated 50,000 copies per year. By 1889, Harper and Brothers had sold 400,000 copies. Ten years after its initial publication, the book had reached sustained sales of 4,500 per month. A study conducted in 1893 of American public library book loans found that

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of his identity. Ben-Hur says he has no proof, but asks if Simonides knows of the fate of Judah's mother and sister. He says he knows nothing and Judah leaves the house. Simonides sends his servant Malluch to spy on Judah to see if his story is true and to learn more about him. Shortly afterwards, Malluch meets and befriends Judah in the Grove of

955:. Hanson compares Wallace's real-life experience in battle, battle tactics, combat leadership, and jealousies among American Civil War military commanders to those of Wallace's fictional character of Judah, whose unintentional injury to a high-ranking military commander leads to further tragedy and suffering for the Hur family. Wallace made some 407:, the fourth Roman prefect of Judaea, passes by Judah's house. As Judah watches the procession from his rooftop, a loose roof tile happens to fall and hit the governor. Messala betrays Judah, who is quickly captured and accused of attempting to murder Gratus. No trial is held; Judah's entire family is secretly imprisoned in the 1481:'s drama critic described how the chariot race was achieved with "four great cradles" 20 feet (6.1 m) long and 14 feet (4.3 m) wide, that moved "back and front on railways", while horses secured with invisible steel cable traces galloped on treadmills towards the audience. The horses also drove the movement of a vast 27: 1925:

cigars, automobiles, clocks, and hair products. The Ben-Hur name and images also appeared in magazine advertisements for Honeywell, Ford, and Green Giant products. After MGM released the 1959 film adaptation of the novel, the studio licensed hundreds of companies to create related products, including

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s success also led to its popularity as a promotional tool and a prototype for popular culture merchandising. It was not the only novel to have related popular culture products, but Wallace and his publisher were the first to legally protect and successfully promote the use of their literary work for

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panned its descriptions as "too lavish". For its readers, however, the book "resonated with some of the most significant issues in late Victorian culture: gender and family; slavery and freedom; ethnicity and empire; and nationhood and citizenship". With the chariot race as its central attraction and

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It was copyrighted October 12, 1880, and published November 12 (as noted in a letter to Wallace from Harper dated November 13, 1880). The earliest autographed copy noted bears Wallace's inscription dated November 17, 1880, in the collection of the Indiana Historical Society Library. The first printed

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Several days later, Iras talks with Judah, saying he has trusted in a false hope, for Jesus had not started the expected revolution. She says that it is all over between them, saying she loves Messala. Ben-Hur remembers the "invitation of Iras" that led to the incident with Thord, and accuses Iras of

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During this time, Malluch has bought the old Hur house and renovated it. He invites Simonides and Balthasar, with their daughters, to live in the house with him. Judah Ben-Hur seldom visits, but the day before Jesus plans to enter Jerusalem and proclaim himself, Judah returns. He tells all who are in

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at the entrance to the city, but it has no room. Mary is pregnant and, as labor begins, they head to a cave on a nearby hillside, where Jesus is born. In the pastures outside the city, a group of seven shepherds watches their flocks. Angels announce the Christ's birth. The shepherds hurry towards the

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In book three, Judah survives his ordeal as a galley slave through good fortune, which includes befriending and saving the commander of his ship, who later adopts him. Judah goes on to become a trained soldier and charioteer. In books four and five, Judah returns home to Jerusalem to seek revenge and

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After the novel's publication in 1880, Wallace was deluged with requests to dramatize it as a stage play, but he resisted, arguing that no one could accurately portray Christ on stage or recreate a realistic chariot race. Dramatist William Young suggested a solution to represent Jesus with a beam of

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with his writing overcame the publisher's reservations. Harper praised it as "the most beautiful manuscript that has ever come into this house. A bold experiment to make Christ a hero that has been often tried and always failed." Harper and Brothers offered Wallace a contract that would earn him 10%

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Amrah, the Egyptian maid who once served the Hur house, discovers Ben-Hur and wakes him. She reveals that she has stayed in the Hur house for all these years. Keeping touch with Simonides, she discouraged many potential buyers of the house by acting as a ghost. They pledge to find out more about the

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A day before the race, Ilderim prepares his horses. Judah appoints Malluch to organize his support campaign for him. Meanwhile, Messala organizes his own huge campaign, revealing Judah Ben-Hur's former identity to the community as an outcast and convict. Malluch challenges Messala and his cronies to

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Judah Ben-Hur, son of Ithamar, is a prince descended from a royal family of Judaea. Messala, his closest childhood friend and the son of a Roman tax collector, leaves home for five years of education in Rome. He returns as a proud Roman. He mocks Judah and his religion and the two become enemies. As

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as Messala. It was shot on location in Rome. Filming wrapped up on January 7, 1959, at a cost of an estimated $ 12.5 to $ 15 million; it became the most expensive motion picture made up to that time. It was also among the most successful films ever made. The film premiered at Loews State Theater in

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The key spectacle of the show recreated the chariot race with live horses and real chariots running on treadmills with a rotating backdrop. Its elaborate set and staging came at a time "when theatre was yearning to be cinema". After Wallace saw the elaborate stage sets, he exclaimed, "My God. Did I

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was among the first to make Jesus a major character in a novel. Members of the clergy and others praised Wallace's detailed description of the Middle East during Jesus's lifetime and encouraged their congregations to read the book at home and during Sunday School. One Roman Catholic priest wrote to

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on state business, Judah learns that his real father's chief servant, the slave Simonides, lives in a house in this city, and has the trust of Judah's father's possessions, which he has invested so well that he is now wealthy. Judah visits Simonides, who listens to his story, but demands more proof

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orders the Roman Quintus Arrius to take warships to combat the pirates. Chained on one of the warships, Judah has survived three hard years as a Roman slave, kept alive by his passion for vengeance. Arrius is impressed by Judah and decides to question him about his life and his story. He is stunned

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The novel was linked to commercial products that included Ben-Hur flour, produced by the Royal Milling Company of Minneapolis, Minnesota, and a line of Ben-Hur toiletries, including Ben-Hur perfume from the Andrew Jergens Company of Cincinnati, Ohio. Other consumer goods included Ben-Hur bicycles,

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for the Kalem Company that was based on the book, but it did not have the Wallace heirs' or the book publisher's permissions. The author's son Henry Wallace, stage producers Klaw and Erlanger, and the book's publisher Harper and Brothers sued the film's producers for violating U.S. copyright laws.

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backdrop, which revolved in the opposite direction to create an illusion of rapid speed. Electric rubber rollers spun the chariot wheels, while fans created clouds of dust. The production had imported 30 tons of stage equipment from the United States, employed a cast of more than 100, and featured

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was finished, I told my wife it was to be dedicated to her, and that she must furnish the inscription. She wrote 'To the Wife of My Youth' / The book became popular; then I began to receive letters of sympathy and enquiries as to when and of what poor Mrs. Wallace died. I laughed at first, but the

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To establish an authentic background for his story, Wallace gathered references on Roman history, as well as the geography, culture, language, customs, architecture, and daily life in the ancient world from libraries across the United States. He also studied the Bible. Wallace intended to identify

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for Jesus's words. He also created realistic scenes involving Jesus and the main fictional character of Judah, and included a detailed physical description of the Christ, which was not typical of 19th-century biblical fiction. In Wallace's story, Judah "saw a face he never forgot ... the face of a

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The historical novel is filled with romantic and heroic action, including meticulously detailed and realistic descriptions of its landscapes and characters. Wallace strove for accuracy in his descriptions, including several memorable action scenes, the most famous of which was the chariot race at

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opened at the Broadway Theater in New York City on November 29, 1899. Critics gave it mixed reviews, but the audience packed each performance, many of them first-time theater-goers. It became a hit, selling 25,000 tickets per week. From 1899 until its last performance in 1921, the show played in

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were slow; only 2,800 copies were sold in the first seven months, but within two years, the book had become popular among readers. At the beginning of its third year, 750 copies were sold each month, and by 1885, the monthly average was 1,200 copies. By 1886, the book was earning Wallace about $

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and public speaker, whom he met on a train when the two were bound for Indianapolis on September 19, 1876. Ingersoll invited Wallace to join him in his railroad compartment during the trip. The two men debated religious ideology, and Wallace left the discussion realizing how little he knew about

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The Christian world would not tolerate a novel with Jesus Christ its hero, and I knew it ... He should not be present as an actor in any scene of my creation. The giving a cup of water to Ben-Hur at the well near Nazareth is the only violation of this rule ... I would be religiously careful that

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The day of the race comes. During the race, Messala and Judah become clear leaders. Messala deliberately scrapes his chariot wheel against Judah's, causing Messala's chariot to break apart. He is trampled by other racers' horses. Judah is crowned the winner and showered with prizes, claiming his

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Simonides, his daughter Esther, and Malluch talk together, and conclude that Judah is who he claims to be, and that he is on their side in the fight against Rome. Messala realizes that Judah Ben-Hur has been adopted into a Roman home and his honor has been restored. He threatens to take revenge.

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condolences multiplied until finally I told the good woman that having got me into the trouble she must now get me out, which she did by adding the words--'Who still abides with me.' / The device was perfect." Wallace apparently also received many marriage proposals due to the misunderstanding.

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During the next three years, that man, Jesus, preaches his gospel around Galilee, and Ben-Hur becomes one of his followers. He notices that Jesus chooses fishermen, farmers, and similar people, considered "lowly", as apostles. Judah has seen Jesus perform miracles, and is now convinced that the

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Simonides comes to Judah and offers him the accumulated fortune of the Hur family business, of which the merchant has been steward. Judah Ben-Hur accepts only the original amount of money, leaving the property and the rest to the loyal merchant. They each agree to do their part to fight for the

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The Sheik Ilderim announces that he is looking for a chariot driver to race his team in the coming tournament. Judah, wanting revenge, offers to drive the sheik's chariot, as he intends to defeat Messala and humiliate him before the Roman Empire. Balthasar and his daughter Iras are sitting at a

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and all their property is seized. As he is taken away, Judah vows vengeance against the Romans. He is sent as a slave to work aboard a Roman warship. On the journey to the ship, he meets a young carpenter named Jesus, who offers him water, which deeply moves Judah and strengthens his resolve to

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Let the reader try to fancy it; let him first look down on the arena, and see it glistening in its frame of dull-gray granite walls; let him then, in this perfect field, see the chariots, light of wheel, very graceful, and ornate as paint and burnishing can make them ... let the reader see the

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Critics point to problems such as flat characters and dialogue, unlikely coincidences driving the plot, and tedious and lengthy descriptions of settings, but others note its well-structured plot and exciting story, with its unusual mix of romanticism, spiritual piety, action, and adventure. A

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Messala sends a letter to Valerius Gratus about his discovery of Judah, but Sheik Ilderim intercepts the letter and shares it with Judah. He discovers that his mother and sister were imprisoned in a cell at the Antonia Fortress, and Messala has been spying on him. Meanwhile, Ilderim is deeply

822:, where Messala is a villain who cheats by adding spikes to the wheels of his chariot. Wallace's novel explains that the crowd "had not seen the cunning touch of the reins by which, turning a little to the left, he caught Messala's wheel with the iron-shod point of his axle, and crushed it". 4341: 936:. The Dumas novel was based on the memoirs of an early 19th-century French shoemaker who was unjustly imprisoned and spent the rest of his life seeking revenge. Wallace could relate to the character's isolation of imprisonment. He explained in his autobiography that, while he was writing 1166:

Harpers apparently retaliated at Susan Wallace's objections over the binding. In the next two binding states (all first editions), the text was bound in drab, brown mesh cloth (seen occasionally today as a faded gray) over beveled boards and brown pebbled cloth over beveled boards .

522:, to build a new aqueduct. The Jewish people petition Pilate to veto the plan. Pilate sends his soldiers in disguise to mingle with the crowd, who at an appointed time, begin to massacre the protesters. Judah kills a Roman guard in a duel, and becomes a hero in the eyes of a group of 1104:. He took a leave of absence from his post as New Mexico's territorial governor and traveled to New York City to deliver it to his publisher. On April 20, Wallace personally presented the manuscript to Joseph Henry Harper of Harper and Brothers, who accepted it for publication. 593:

the house of what he has learned while following Jesus. Amrah realizes that Judah's mother and sister could be healed, and brings them from a cave where they are living. The next day, the three await Jesus by the side of a road and seek his healing. Amid the celebration of his

1060:—have led many persons to speculate concerning my creed ... I am not a member of any church or denomination, nor have I ever been. Not that churches are objectionable to me, but simply because my freedom is enjoyable, and I do not think myself good enough to be a communicant. 788:

Wallace's adventure story is told from the perspective of Judah Ben-Hur. On occasion, the author speaks directly to his readers. Wallace understood that Christians would be skeptical of a fictional story on Christ's life, so he was careful not to offend them in his writing.

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with causing him to reject alcohol and find religion. Parrish remarked: "It seemed to bring Christ home to me as nothing else could." Others who were inspired by the novel dedicated themselves to Christian service and became missionaries, some of them helping to translate

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on February 19, 1905, but Wallace never wrote about it. The event may have been a Wallace family legend, but the novel which includes the action-packed chariot race made Wallace a wealthy man and established his reputation as a famous author and sought-after speaker.

1093:. In his memoirs, Wallace recalled how he composed the climactic scenes of the Crucifixion by lantern light: "The ghosts, if they were about, did not disturb me; yet in the midst of that gloomy harborage I beheld the Crucifixion, and strove to write what I beheld." 1600:

Wallace's son continued to receive offers to sell the film rights to the book after his father's death. Henry refused all offers until 1915, when he changed his mind and entered into an agreement with Erlanger for $ 600,000 ($ 13.1 million in 2023 dollars).

1335:". It has been suggested that the Southerners' positive reception of a book written by Wallace, a former Union general, was his message of compassion overcoming vengeance and his sympathetic description of slaveholders. Poet, editor and Confederate veteran 1158:

According to Russo and Sullivan, Mrs. Wallace objected to the floral decorative cloth. She wrote to Harper on January 3, 1885, in answer to a question about the true first edition: "I incline to the belief that the volume seen was one of the first issue of

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In the very beginning, before distractions overtake me, I wish to say that I believe absolutely in the Christian conception of God. As far as it goes, this confession is broad and unqualified, and it ought and would be sufficient were it not that books of

259:, knocking him from his horse, Messala falsely accuses Judah of attempted assassination. Although Judah is not guilty and receives no trial, he is sent to the Roman galleys for life, his mother and sister are imprisoned in a Roman jail where they contract 490:

After the race, Judah Ben-Hur receives a letter from Iras asking him to go to the Roman palace of Idernee. When he arrives, he sees that he has been tricked. Thord, a Saxon hired by Messala, comes to kill Judah. They duel, and Ben-Hur offers Thord 4000

1220:. Literary historian James D. Hart explained that by the turn of the century, "If every American did not read the novel, almost everyone was aware of it." Between 1880 and 1912, an estimated one million copies of the book were sold, and in 1913, 278:, Judah recognizes that Christ's life stands for a goal quite different from revenge. Judah becomes Christian, inspired by love and the talk of keys to a kingdom greater than any on Earth. The novel concludes with Judah's decision to finance the 1501:

critic called it "thrilling and realistic ... enough to make the fortune of any play" and noted that "the stage, which has to bear 30 tons' weight of chariots and horses, besides huge crowds, has had to be expressly strengthened and shored up".

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Readers also credited Wallace's novel with making Jesus's story more believable by providing vivid descriptions of the Holy Land and inserting his own character of Judah into scenes from the gospels. One former alcoholic, George Parrish from

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become one of the best-selling novels of its time. It not only reduced lingering American resistance to the novel as a literary form, but also later adaptations were instrumental in introducing some Christian audiences to theater and film.

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to hear the news of Christ's birth. Readers meet the fictional character of Judah for the first time in book two, when his childhood friend Messala, also a fictional character, returns to Jerusalem as an ambitious commanding officer of the

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claimed it was "the greatest play on stage when measured by its religious tone and more effect". Its popularity introduced the theater to a new audience, "many of them devout churchgoers who'd previously been suspicious of the stage".

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enjoyed a wide popularity among readers, similar to the dime novels of its day; however, its continued appearance on popular lists of great American literature remained a source of frustration for many literary critics over the years.

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In Alfred Bester's short story "Disappearing Act" (1953), one of the characters, an apparent time traveler, has Ben-Hur among her lovers, which serves as one of the hints the "time travel" is actually a form of reality manipulation.

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Meanwhile, Balthasar and his daughter Iras arrive at the Sheik's tent. With Judah they discuss how the Christ, approaching the age of 30, is ready to enter public leadership. Judah takes increasing interest in the beautiful Iras.

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The book is dedicated "To the Wife of My Youth". This dedication appears in the first printing run of about 5,000 copies, all either in the first edition, first state binding, or in two alternate bindings. In an 1887 printing of

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boy about his own age, shaded by locks of yellowish bright chestnut hair; a face lighted by dark-blue eyes, at the time so soft, so appealing, so full of love and holy purpose, that they had all the power of command and will."

255:. The teen-aged boys come to realize that they have changed and hold very different views and aspirations. When a loose tile is accidentally dislodged from the roof of Judah's house during a military parade and strikes the 1043:, was inspired by a discussion with a noted agnostic and written by an author who was never a member of any church. Its publication prompted speculation about Wallace's faith. Wallace claimed that when he began writing 612:, and he sees Jesus walking out to meet the crowd. Understanding the betrayal, Ben-Hur is spotted by a priest who tries to take him into custody; he breaks away and flees. When morning comes, Ben-Hur learns that the 193:, the first novel ever to receive such an honour. The success of the novel and its stage and film adaptations also helped it to become a popular cultural icon that was used to promote numerous commercial products. 2934:

There remains some dispute as to which room Wallace used. His description of the room and subsequent remodeling of the palace have made its location unrecognizable. See Morsberger and Morsberger, pp. 291–92.

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peninsula in London. It featured a live chariot race, gladiatorial combat, and a sea battle. The production used 46 horses, 500 tons of special sand, and 400 cast and crew. All of the show's dialogue was in

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and was completed in the United States. It cost MGM $ 3.9 million ($ 55 million in 2023 dollars), "making it the most expensive silent film in history". The film premiered on December 20, 1925, at the

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Wallace was determined to make the novel historically accurate and did extensive research on the Middle East that related to the time period covered in his novel. However, he did not travel to Rome or the

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An example of Wallace's attention to detail is his description of the fictional chariot race and its setting at the arena in Antioch. Using a literary style that addressed his audience directly, Wallace

780:, this is portrayed through Judah's rise from poverty to great wealth, the challenges he faces to his virtuous nature, and the rich rewards he receives, both materially and spiritually, for his efforts. 495:

to let him live. Thord returns to Messala claiming to have killed Judah, so he collects money from them both. Supposedly dead, Judah Ben-Hur goes to the desert with Ilderim to plan a secret campaign.

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in 1911, and set a legal precedent for motion picture rights in adaptations of literary and theatrical works. The court's ruling required the film company to pay $ 25,000 in damages plus expenses.

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is a tale of vengeance and spiritual forgiveness that includes themes of Christian redemption and God's benevolence through the compassion of strangers. A popular theme with readers during

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preach. A man walks up to John, and asks to be baptized. Judah recognizes him as the man who gave him water at the well in Nazareth many years before. Balthasar worships him as the Christ.

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is a Jewish prince of Jerusalem who is descended from a royal family of Judaea, son of Ithamar, enslaved by the Romans, and later becomes a charioteer and follower of Christ. (See article

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accompanying shadows fly; and, with such distinctness as the picture comes, he may share the satisfaction and deeper pleasure of those to whom it was a thrilling fact, not a feeble fancy.

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Esther, the modest daughter of Simonides, becomes Judah's wife and the mother of his children. Wallace named this fictional character after his own mother, Esther French (Test) Wallace.

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were made between 1959 and 1990. Some of these versions have involved wholesale restructuring of the narrative, including changes to character, dropping of Christian themes, and plot.

1073:, where he often wrote outdoors during the summer, sitting under a favorite beech tree near his home. (The tree has since that time been called the Ben-Hur Beech.) Wallace moved to 212:, from the same region and around the same age. The novel reflects themes of betrayal, conviction, and redemption, with a revenge plot that leads to a story of love and compassion. 208:, who is enslaved by the Romans at the beginning of the first century and becomes a charioteer and a Christian. Running in parallel with Judah's narrative is the unfolding story of 1921:

and its famous chariot race became well-established in popular culture as a "respected, alluring, and memorable" brand name and a recognizable icon that had mass market appeal.

263:, and all the family property is confiscated. Judah first encounters Jesus, who offers him a drink of water and encouragement, as Judah is being marched to the seacoast to be a 2195: 1197:

had the highest percentage (83%) of loans among contemporary novels. In addition to the publication of the complete novel, two parts were published as separate volumes:

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Iras, the beautiful daughter of Balthasar, is one of Judah's love interests, who later betrays and rejects him; she becomes Messala's mistress and eventually kills him.

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of his imagined face installed over the entrance to the study. Wallace's grave marker at the cemetery in Crawfordsville includes a line from the Balthasar character in

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Quintus Arrius is a Roman warship commander; Judah saves him from drowning; Arrius adopts Judah as his son, making him a freedman, a Roman citizen, and Arrius's heir.

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was popular in its own day despite slow initial sales and mixed reviews from contemporary literary critics, who "found its romanticism passé and its action pulpy".

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begins with the story of the magi, but the remainder of the novel connects the story of Christ with the adventures of Wallace's fictional character, Judah Ben-Hur.

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Mayer, David, Playing Out the Empire: Ben-Hur and Other Toga Plays and Films, 1883–1908, A Critical Anthology, Publisher: Clarendon Press (Oxford University), 1994

815:. Wallace's novel depicts Judah as the aggressive competitor who wrecks Messala's chariot from behind and leaves him to be trampled by horses, in contrast to the 1089:

in Santa Fe. Wallace wrote mostly at night after his formal duties had concluded, in a room in the palace that was once described in tours as the birthplace of

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New York City on November 18, 1959. It earned more than $ 40 million at the box office and an estimated $ 20 million more in merchandising revenues.

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More than one tribute to Wallace's most famous book and its fictional hero have been erected near Wallace's home in Crawfordsville, Indiana. The

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lost family. Judah discovers an official Roman report about the release of two leprous women. Amrah hears rumors of the mother and sister's fate.

4050: 2037: 4280: 458:, and they go to the games stadium together. There, Ben-Hur finds his old rival Messala racing one of the chariots, preparing for a tournament. 4625: 4266: 1876:

and other unauthorized uses of Wallace's characters led to court cases initiated by Wallace and his son Henry, to protect authors' copyrights.

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ordered another one million copies, at that time the largest single-year print edition in American history, and sold them for 39 cents apiece.

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on November 12, 1880. It initially sold for $ 1.50 per copy, an expensive price when compared to other popular novels published at the time.

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as Wallace's masterwork, further noting it "appealed to the unsophisticated and unliterary. People who read much else of worth rarely read

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as the most influential Christian book of the 19th century, while others have identified it as one of the best-selling novels of all time.

157:(1852) in sales. The book also inspired other novels with biblical settings and was adapted for the stage and motion picture productions. 4635: 4600: 4585: 1662: 1685:

also made significant contributions during production. Vidal stated that he had added a homoerotic subtext, a claim disputed by Heston.

632:. Judah and his friends commit their lives to Jesus, realizing he was not an earthly king, but a heavenly king and a savior of mankind. 3598: 4428: 1216:. By that time it had been printed in 36 English-language editions and translated into 20 other languages, including Indonesian and 368:

city and enter the cave on the hillside to worship the Christ. They spread the news of the Christ's birth and many come to see him.

1147:

first appeared in 1880, it was bound in a cadet blue-gray cloth with floral decorations on the front cover, spine, and back cover.

1657:

Wallace's novel was eclipsed by the popularity of Wyler's 1959 film adaptation, a "blockbuster hit for MGM", that won a record 11

1410: 4615: 3674: 4595: 4570: 1313:, were enthusiastic fans. Garfield was so impressed that he appointed Wallace as U.S. Minister to the Ottoman Empire, based in 1710:'s Radio Theatre program produced a dramatized version of the story in 2000 using a large cast of well known English actors. 1175:

at the Rare Books Department of the Cincinnati Public Library, Lew Wallace wrote to Alexander Hill: "My Dear Friend Hill—When

4590: 4219: 4119: 733:

replaces Valerius Gratus as procurator (prefect), and releases Judah's mother and sister from imprisonment in a Roman prison.

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argues that the novel drew from Wallace's experiences as a division commander during the American Civil War under General

4610: 3898: 3796: 4605: 4013: 2812: 1991:– fraternal organization based on the book, known some time later as the Ben-Hur Life Association, an insurance company 620:

at the crowd's demand. Ben-Hur is shocked at how his supporters have deserted Christ in his time of need. They head to

4443: 4374: 4140: 3992: 3973: 3937:"A Struggle for Respect: Lew Wallace's Relationships with Ulysses S. Grant and William Tecumseh Sherman After Shiloh" 3925: 3502: 3441: 3413: 3158: 3036: 2766: 242:

The novel is divided into eight books, or parts, each with its own subchapters. Book one opens with the story of the

3793:

Israeli academic Nitsa Ben-Ari discusses the complex socio-political context of these translations and changes. See

1492:

described the London production in 1902 as "a marvel of stage-illusion" that was "memorable beyond all else", while

1327:

was published at a time when the United States was moving away from war and reconstruction. One scholar argues that

503:

For Ben-Hur, Simonides bribes Sejanus to remove the prefect Valerius Gratus from his post; Valerius is succeeded by

1532:

remarked that it lacked the theatrical spectacle to inspire the imagination of its audience. In contrast, London's

1245:

published by Grosset and Dunlap boasted that 26 million copies of the novel were in print. With the release of the

117: 401:

a result, Judah decides to go to Rome for military training to use his acquired skills to fight the Roman Empire.

1692:

dramatization of the book in four parts was first broadcast in the United Kingdom in March–April, 1995, starring

2970: 1669:

for Best Actor, and called it his "best film work"; Wyler won the Academy Award for Best Director. In 1998, the

1122:

in a fictional novel was a sensitive issue. Wallace's depiction of Christ could have been considered by some as

383:, telling of a ruler to come from Bethlehem Ephrathah, which they interpret to signify the Christ's birthplace. 181:

is considered one of the greatest films ever made and was seen by tens of millions, going on to win a record 11

2961: 1290: 1253:

returned to the top of the bestseller lists in the 1960s. At the time of the book's 100th anniversary in 1980,

793:"maintains a respect for the underlying principles of Judaism and Christianity". In his memoirs, Wallace wrote: 675:

Simonides is a loyal Jewish servant to Ithamar, Judah's birth father; he becomes a wealthy merchant in Antioch.

4575: 4078: 3936: 1310: 629: 1017:. Wallace found that his estimations were accurate in the mid-1880s, during a visit to the Holy Land after 4314: 1231:

was "second only to the Bible as the best-selling book in America", and remained in second position until

4320: 3761: 3716: 3370: 3232: 1806:

s success encouraged the publication of other historical romance stories of the ancient world, including

1630:

Theater in New York City. It received positive reviews and became a top-grossing silent film of the era.

1488: 1069:

Most of the book was written during Wallace's spare time in the evening, while traveling, and at home in

691:

Messala is a Roman nobleman and the son of a Roman tax collector; he is Judah's boyhood friend and rival.

1673:

named Wyler's film one of the 100 best American films of all time. The screenplay is credited solely to

635:

Five years after the crucifixion, Ben-Hur and Esther have married and had children. The family lives in

4516: 4352: 4211: 1237: 1039:

It is ironic that an acclaimed biblical novel, one that would rival the Bible in popularity during the

544: 169: 1021:

was published, and that he could "find no reason for making a single change in the text of the book."

3734: 3458: 2667:, p. 930. Wallace's article "How I Came to Write Ben-Hur" appeared in the February 2, 1893, issue of 1968: 1589: 1422:

light, which impressed Wallace. In 1899, Wallace entered into an agreement with theatrical producers

928: 845:(1876) that was never produced. He went on to publish several more novels and biographies, including 4041: 776:

America, when the novel was first published, was the idea of achieving prosperity through piety. In

336:

shining over the region, and take it as a sign to leave, following it through the desert toward the

3965:

Ripples of Battle: How Wars of the Past Still Determine How We Fight, How We Live, and How We Think

3636: 2754:

Ripples of Battle: How Wars of the Past Still Determine How We Fight, How We Live, and How We Think

1637:

as its director, who had worked as an assistant director of the chariot race in the 1925 film. The

1007:

in Washington, DC, and made several additional research trips to Washington, Boston, and New York.

613: 1752:

is an MGM sound film starring Charlton Heston; it premiered in New York City on November 18, 1959.

933: 736:

Thord is a Northman hired by Messala to kill Judah; he double-crosses Messala and lets Judah live.

3646: 1823: 1772: 1743:

is an MGM silent film starring Ramon Novarro; it premiered in New York City on December 20, 1925.

1670: 1572: 1086: 1070: 232: 1464: 1212:

became the best-selling American novel of the 19th century, surpassing Harriet Beecher Stowe's

918:

was also inspired in part by Wallace's love of romantic novels, including those written by Sir

701: 604:

While lost in thought, he notices a parade in the street and falls in with it. He notices that

348: 227:, a Jewish nobleman who was falsely accused and convicted of an attempted assassination of the 2758: 2752: 4367: 1865: 1807: 1533: 1512: 883:, the first fiction many Americans read. Wallace's original plan was to write a story of the 745: 647: 279: 148: 3148: 1551:

The development of the cinema following the novel's publication brought film adaptations in

1528:

of the period, with voiceover narration. However, despite its massive staging, a critic for

1257:

had never been out of print and had been adapted for the stage and several motion pictures.

4501: 3312: 2965: 1831: 1460: 1119: 1078: 1074: 879: 625: 153: 72: 62: 4062: 3405: 3399: 2049: 1126:, but the quality of his manuscript and his assurances that he had not intended to offend 487:

first strike against Rome. Messala is left with a broken body and the loss of his wealth.

332:, a Greek. They discover they have been brought together by their common goal. They see a 8: 4542: 4467: 4459: 4436: 4420: 4325: 3959: 2748: 1949: 1891: 1781: 1755: 1746: 1737: 1728: 1707: 1638: 1606: 1602: 1583: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1476: 1336: 1246: 1004: 948: 904: 816: 519: 174: 4289: 3342: 1929:-related clothing, household goods, jewelry, food products, crafts, and action figures. 798:

every word He uttered should be a literal quotation from one of His sainted biographers.

628:. The sky darkens. Ben-Hur offers Jesus wine vinegar to return Jesus' favor to him, and 475:

impressed with Judah's skills with his racing horses and accepts him as his charioteer.

4150: 4109: 4029: 3658: 3464: 1979:: "I would not give one hour of life as a soul for a thousand years of life as a man." 1788: 1618: 1594: 1332: 1294: 163:

remained at the top of the U.S. all-time bestseller list until the 1936 publication of

140: 58: 4111:

From Ben-Hur to Sister Carrie: Remembering the Lives and Works of Five Indiana Authors

1155:, November 14, 1880, and noted that it is "printed and in the hands of book dealers." 940:, "the Count of Monte Cristo in his dungeon of stone was not more lost to the world." 4308: 4215: 4165: 4136: 4130: 4115: 4009: 3988: 3969: 3963: 3921: 3619: 3498: 3437: 3409: 3154: 3032: 2762: 1857: 1836: 1380: 1232: 850: 812: 739: 710: 333: 317: 164: 1886:

In 2016, Wallace's great-great-granddaughter, Carol Wallace, published a version of

887:

as a magazine serial, which he began in 1873, but he had changed its focus by 1874.

4360: 4331: 4192: 1988: 1945: 1298: 960: 952: 803: 757: 714: 548: 408: 321: 3061: 811:

Antioch. Wallace devoted four pages of the novel to a detailed description of the

4294: 4003: 3495:

Epic Films: Casts, Credits and Commentary on over 350 Historical Spectacle Movies

1902: 1880: 1678: 1646: 1627: 1486:

sets with fountains, palm trees, and the sinking of a Roman galley. A critic for

1306: 1003:

until after its publication. Wallace began research for the story in 1873 at the

727:

Sheik Ilderim – an Arab who agrees to let Judah race his chariot at Antioch.

697: 404: 380: 372: 337: 144: 2232:

Wallace uses "procurator," which until 1961 was thought to be the correct title.

956: 147:

of the nineteenth century". It became a best-selling American novel, surpassing

4486: 3832: 3691:"Jesus Whisperers Mark Burnett And Roma Downey Board MGM/Paramount's 'Ben-Hur'" 2816: 1941: 1719: 1701: 1666: 1658: 1431: 1427: 1331:

became so popular that it "helped to reunite the nation in the years following

1314: 1302: 1289:

The novel had millions of fans, including several influential men in politics.

870: 730: 718: 605: 504: 449:

in Rome before becoming the heir of Arrius after his death. While traveling to

329: 256: 228: 182: 754:

is a Jewish carpenter, husband of Mary, and the foster father of Jesus Christ.

4564: 4554: 4403: 3105: 2957: 1815: 1634: 1614: 1579: 884: 663: 659: 561: 243: 224: 197: 190: 4061:(6). Washington, D.C.: National Endowment for the Humanities. Archived from 3577: 2925:

Boomhower, p. 110; Morrow, p. 15; and Morsberger and Morsberger, pp. 300–01.

2048:(6). Washington, D.C.: National Endowment for the Humanities. Archived from 983: 4530: 4494: 3623: 2086: 1765: 1693: 1674: 1650: 1507: 1440: 1366:(1855), preceded Wallace's novel, while others such as Charles M. Shedon's 919: 751: 742:

is the Son of God, the Christ, and King of the Jews; he is the son of Mary.

721:, a Greek, who came to Bethlehem to witness the birth of Jesus of Nazareth. 364: 352: 305: 264: 252: 1761:

is an animated direct-to-video film featuring the voice of Charlton Heston

1375:

Wallace: "The messiah appears before us as I always wished him depicted."

379:

to find information for him. The Sanhedrin delivers a prophecy written by

239:. The story's revenge plot becomes a story of compassion and forgiveness. 4383: 4163: 3641: 3631: 3627: 1844:

as a translation of ancient manuscripts. Large portions were copied from

1697: 1689: 1278: 987: 959:, and he delayed arriving on the battlefield during the first day of the 923: 617: 594: 479:

Christ, whom they believe to be a political savior from Roman authority.

301: 275: 136: 40: 4382: 4197: 4176: 1944:

who is obviously based on Judah Ben-Hur, appears in the final volume of

26: 4525: 1682: 1494: 1463:. The stage adaptation was seen by an estimated 20 million people, and 1127: 1040: 773: 609: 597:, Jesus heals the women. When they are cured, they reunite with Judah. 492: 421: 344: 122: 3899:"The Double Conversion of Ben-Hur: A Case of Manipulative Translation" 837:

s publication in 1880, Wallace had already published his first novel,

2808: 1516: 1482: 1448: 1423: 1123: 1000: 685: 446: 376: 360: 247: 205: 105: 101: 4303: 4191:(1). Chicago: Association of College and Research Libraries: 67–78. 3799:

The Double Conversion of Ben-Hur: A Case of Manipulative Translation

3150:

Ben-Hur: A Tale of the Christ, with a New Introduction by Tim LaHaye

2439: 2437: 1414:

A 1901 poster for a production of the play at the Illinois Theatre,

420:

In Italy, Greek pirate ships have been looting Roman vessels in the

4347: 4167:

Bibliographical Studies of Seven Authors of Crawfordsville, Indiana

1362:

Popular novels of Christ's life, such as Reverend J. H. Ingraham's

908: 434: 375:

is angry to hear of another king challenging his rule and asks the

356: 325: 320:, an Egyptian, sets up a tent in the desert, where he is joined by 4549: 4275: 4537: 2434: 1937: 1540:

in 2002 that featured a limited cast of 10 and the chariot race.

1525: 1444: 1415: 1217: 1013: 636: 621: 581: 577: 573: 569: 565: 523: 450: 430: 425: 371:

The magi arrive in Jerusalem and inquire for news of the Christ.

260: 236: 235:

and consequently enslaved by the Romans. He becomes a successful

185:

in 1960, after which the book's sales increased and it surpassed

4208:

The Shadow of Shiloh: Major General Lew Wallace in the Civil War

4261: 3120:(1). Chicago: Association of College and Research Libraries: 68 3074:

Boomhower, pp. 11, 110; and Morsberger and Morsberger, p. 294.

1972: 1917:

commercial purposes. In the decades following its publication,

1633:

In 1955, MGM began planning for a new version of the film with

1456: 1452: 1436: 1318: 1115: 1081:, where he served from August 1878 to March 1881. He completed 536: 515: 455: 393: 309: 201: 483:

a large wager, which, if the Roman loses, would bankrupt him.

3497:(2nd ed.). Jefferson, NC: McFarland and Co. p. 33. 1622: 1521: 1221: 903:, recounting his life-changing journey and talk with Colonel 616:. Although originally acquitted, Jesus has been sentenced to 209: 2807:

Wallace and his wife Susan visited the Holy Land, including

1392:

into other languages. This kind of religious support helped

1321:. Wallace served in this diplomatic post from 1881 to 1885. 704:. Judah is falsely accused of attempting to assassinate him. 4129:

Morsberger, Robert E., and Katharine M. Morsberger (1980).

2916:

Boomhower, pp. 98, 101; Ferraro, p. 142; and Morrow, p. 15.

1101: 643: 283: 143:

on November 12, 1880, and considered "the most influential

1725:

debuted on Broadway in New York City on November 29, 1899.

286:, where Christian martyrs are to be buried and venerated. 267:. Their lives continue to intersect as the story unfolds. 4164:

Russo, Dorothy Ritter & Thelma Lois Sullivan (1952).

2423: 2421: 1848:. Other novels adapted Wallace's story: Herman M. Bien's 1665:

and became the top-grossing film of 1960. Heston won the

1430:

to turn his novel into a stage adaptation. The resulting

861:

remained his most significant work and best-known novel.

601:

betraying him. That night, he resolves to go to Esther.

445:

Judah Ben-Hur trains in wrestling for five years in the

4107: 3985:

The Popular Book: A History of America's Literary Taste

3029:

The Popular Book: A History of America's Literary Taste

2971:"Lilly Library Manuscripts Collection: Wallace Mss. II" 2637: 2635: 1971:

honors the character of Judah Ben-Hur with a limestone

1571:, as well as a North American television miniseries in 713:, an Egyptian, is one of the biblical magi, along with 2418: 1713: 1100:

in purple ink as a tribute to the Christian season of

1096:

In March 1880, Wallace copied the final manuscript of

1064: 748:

is the mother of Jesus and wife of Joseph of Nazareth.

688:

slave and former maid in the Ben-Hur household family.

4514: 3947:(2). Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University: 125–52 681:

Malluch, Simonides's servant, becomes Judah's friend.

433:, where Arrius adopts Judah as his son, making him a 3431: 2632: 2189: 2187: 2185: 2183: 2181: 2179: 2177: 2175: 2173: 2171: 2169: 2167: 2165: 2163: 2161: 2159: 2157: 2155: 2153: 947:

within the context of Wallace's own life. Historian

4083:

in America from the Gilded Age to the Culture Wars"

3934: 2747: 2151: 2149: 2147: 2145: 2143: 2141: 2139: 2137: 2135: 2133: 2069: 2067: 1183: 3920:. Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society Press. 3766:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 52 3336: 3334: 3332: 3031:. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. pp. 163–34. 4114:. Indianapolis, Indiana: Guild Press of Indiana. 3397: 4562: 3688: 3651: 3492: 3436:. New York: Carol Publishing Group. p. 29. 2811:and the surrounding area, during his service as 2730: 2728: 2726: 2563: 2130: 2093:, New York: Random House Value Publishing, 1981. 2064: 1543:In 2017, South Korea adapted it into a musical. 847:The Prince of India; or, Why Constantinople Fell 3518: 3516: 3514: 3434:Divine Images: A History of Jesus on the Screen 3371:"Ben Hur Live leaves little to the imagination" 3329: 2315:McKee, "The Early Life of Lew Wallace", p. 206. 3634:, and written for the screen by Keith Clarke ( 3340: 3313:"Ben-Hur Returns to the Stage after 100 Years" 3310: 3258: 3256: 3200:Boomhower, pp. 11, 138; Morrow, pp. 10, 17–18. 2780: 2778: 2671:and was included as part of his autobiography. 2193: 1546: 1475:When the play was produced in London in 1902, 1034: 4631:American novels adapted into television shows 4368: 3852: 3850: 3794: 3530: 3528: 3026: 2822: 2723: 2031: 2029: 2027: 2025: 1879:At least eight translations of the book into 700:is the fourth imperial (Roman) procurator of 614:Jewish priests have tried Jesus before Pilate 4621:Cultural depictions of Mary, mother of Jesus 4244: 4155:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 4093:(2). Bloomington: Indiana University: 153–75 3672: 3542: 3540: 3511: 3479: 3477: 3475: 3473: 3393: 3391: 3306: 3304: 3285: 3283: 3281: 3279: 3277: 3099: 3097: 3095: 3093: 3091: 3089: 3022: 3020: 3018: 3016: 3014: 3012: 2023: 2021: 2019: 2017: 2015: 2013: 2011: 2009: 2007: 2005: 1343:as "simple, straightforward, but eloquent". 4170:. Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society. 3427: 3425: 3253: 3146: 3103: 2943:Morsberger and Morsberger, pp. 292–93, 301. 2868: 2866: 2864: 2775: 2123: 2121: 2119: 2117: 2115: 2113: 1791:, released worldwide after August 17, 2016. 1663:Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences 624:, and Ben-Hur resigns himself to watch the 4375: 4361: 4128: 3859: 3847: 3753: 3654:"Sweet Chariot! MGM is Rebooting 'Ben-Hur" 3554: 3552: 3525: 3183: 3181: 3179: 2989: 2987: 2794: 2792: 2790: 2703: 2701: 2699: 2625: 2623: 2035: 25: 4228: 4196: 3915: 3759: 3675:"Paramount Joins MGM on 'Ben-Hur' Remake" 3537: 3470: 3388: 3301: 3274: 3153:. New York: Signet Classic. p. vii. 3086: 3009: 2103: 2101: 2099: 2002: 1077:after his appointment as governor of the 630:soon after that Jesus utters his last cry 4205: 3422: 2861: 2363:Morsberger and Morsberger, pp. 301, 303. 2309: 2110: 2038:"Ben-Hur: The Book That Shook the World" 1901: 1894:, using prose for 21st-century readers. 1890:which was released to coincide with the 1812:The Gladiators: A Tale of Rome and Judea 1409: 1272:magazine called it an "anachronism" and 982: 839:The Fair God; or, The Last of the 'Tzins 666:for a discussion of the name etymology.) 514:Romans make plans to use funds from the 4174: 3896: 3549: 3368: 3364: 3362: 3176: 2984: 2819:(1881–85). See Boomhower, pp. 119, 125. 2787: 2696: 2620: 2107:Morsberger and Morsberger, p. 298. 1241:(1936) surpassed it. A 1946 edition of 4563: 4076: 4048: 4001: 3958: 3714: 3601:. Family Friendly Audio Drama Database 2654:Morsberger and Morsberger, pp. 298–99. 2617:Morsberger and Morsberger, pp. 544–45. 2096: 1696:as Ben-Hur, with a cast that included 1383:, wrote the author a letter crediting 1277:the character of Judah emerging as a " 1138: 1114:s publication, the idea of presenting 669:Miriam is the mother of Judah Ben-Hur. 4626:Cultural depictions of Pontius Pilate 4356: 3652:Mike Fleming Jr. (January 14, 2013). 3567:BBC Genome Beta Radio Times 1923-2009 2973:. Indiana University. 6 December 2013 1897: 223:is a story of a fictional hero named 196:The story recounts the adventures of 4581:Novels about slavery in ancient Rome 3982: 3404:. New York: Facts on File. pp. 3359: 2720:Morseberger and Morseberger, p. 292. 1969:General Lew Wallace Study and Museum 1936:A character named Ben Gor, a former 1605:later obtained the film rights. The 1435:large venues in U.S. cities such as 1368:"In His Steps": What Would Jesus Do? 1227:Within 20 years of its publication, 802:Wallace only used dialogue from the 316:Three magi have come from the East. 289: 3689:Mike Fleming Jr. (April 25, 2014). 3191:. Barnes and Noble Books, New York. 2711:(2009), New York: Barnes and Noble. 1906:A Ben-Hur chocolate label from 1906 1714:Selected film and stage adaptations 1065:Composition and publication history 13: 4636:Novels adapted into radio programs 4601:American novels adapted into films 4586:American novels adapted into plays 4330:, 1887 printing, scanned book via 4005:Ben Hur and Ancient Jewish Slavery 3890: 3717:"'Ben-Hur' Remake Moved to August" 3187:Russell W. Dalton (Introduction). 2993:Morsberger and Morsberger, p. 293. 2872:Morsberger and Morsberger, p. 297. 2798:Morsberger and Morsberger, p. 300. 2680:Morsberger and Morsberger, p. 299. 2443:Morsberger and Morsberger, p. 303. 2254:Morsberger and Morsberger, p. 302. 2077:. Oxford World's Classics, p. vii. 1613:under director Fred Niblo starred 1451:, and traveled internationally to 899:Wallace cited one inspiration for 14: 4647: 4254: 4181:, and the Popular Art "Property"" 3987:. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. 3935:Ferraro, William M. (June 2008). 3110:, and the Popular Art "Property"" 1787:is a film adaptation for MGM and 966:John Swansburg, deputy editor of 849:(1893), a biography of President 672:Tirzah is Judah's younger sister. 4548: 4536: 4524: 4336: 4274: 4260: 4249:. New York: Harper and Brothers. 4108:Morrow, Barbara Olenyik (1994). 4079:"The Charioteer and the Christ: 3877: 3868: 3817: 3787: 3778: 3727: 3715:McNary, Dave (21 October 2015). 3708: 3612: 2757:. New York: Doubleday. pp. 2415:(1880), pp. 135, 160–62, 166–67. 1582:and Frank Oakes Ross directed a 1364:The Prince of the House of David 1184:Sales and subsequent publication 3735:"Ben-Hur (2016) – Release Info" 3673:Justin Kroll (April 23, 2014). 3591: 3570: 3561: 3486: 3450: 3432:Roy Kinnard; Tim Davis (1992). 3292: 3265: 3225: 3212: 3203: 3194: 3167: 3140: 3131: 3077: 3068: 3054: 3045: 2996: 2946: 2937: 2928: 2919: 2910: 2897: 2884: 2875: 2848: 2835: 2801: 2741: 2714: 2683: 2674: 2657: 2648: 2611: 2602: 2589: 2576: 2550: 2537: 2524: 2511: 2498: 2485: 2472: 2459: 2446: 2405: 2392: 2379: 2366: 2357: 2344: 2331: 2318: 2296: 2283: 2270: 2257: 2248: 957:controversial command decisions 764: 355:pass through on their way from 215: 4616:Novelistic portrayals of Jesus 4229:Swansburg, John (2013-03-26). 4132:Lew Wallace: Militant Romantic 2235: 2226: 2213: 2080: 1536:staged a lower-key version of 1400: 20:Ben-Hur: A Tale of the Christ 1: 4596:Novels set in the 1st century 4571:Ben-Hur: A Tale of the Christ 4429:Ben-Hur: A Tale of the Christ 4389:Ben-Hur: A Tale of the Christ 4343:Ben-Hur: A Tale of the Christ 4327:Ben-Hur: A Tale of the Christ 4316:Ben-Hur: A Tale of the Christ 4304:Ben-Hur: A Tale of the Christ 4282:Ben-Hur: A Tale of the Christ 4268:Ben-Hur: A Tale of the Christ 4008:. Brill Academic Publishers. 3341:Samantha Ellis (2003-10-08). 3311:Samantha Ellis (2002-11-23). 2194:John Swansburg (2013-03-26). 1995: 1828:Titus, A Comrade of the Cross 1621:as Messala. Filming began in 1311:Confederate States of America 1145:Ben-Hur: A Tale of the Christ 894: 825: 694:Ishmael – Roman governor 653: 554: 529: 415: 132:Ben-Hur: A Tale of the Christ 118:Ben-Hur: A Tale of the Christ 4591:Novels set in ancient Israel 4231:"The Passion of Lew Wallace" 4077:Miller, Howard (June 2008). 3760:Goodspeed, Edgar J. (1931). 3369:Espiner, Mark (2009-09-14). 2196:"The Passion of Lew Wallace" 2091:Isaac Asimov's Book of Facts 1472:set all of this in motion?" 1260: 1131:in royalties, and published 843:Commodus: An Historical Play 642:In the 10th year of Emperor 469: 440: 7: 4611:Harper & Brothers books 4346:public domain audiobook at 4321:Project Gutenberg Australia 4087:Indiana Magazine of History 3941:Indiana Magazine of History 3242:. New York City. 1905-02-18 2952:The original manuscript of 1982: 1962: 1854:Esther: A Sequel to Ben-Hur 1769:is a 2009 stage adaptation. 1547:Film, radio, and television 1489:The Illustrated London News 1351:review in 1905 referred to 1035:Wallace's religious beliefs 978: 498: 386: 294: 271:redemption for his family. 10: 4652: 4212:Indiana Historical Society 4002:Hezser, Catherine (2008). 3916:Boomhower, Ray E. (2005). 3398:Cobbett Steinberg (1980). 3051:Boomhower, pp. 9, 91, 110. 2328:(1880), pp. 185, 205, 220. 1309:, former president of the 943:Other writers have viewed 4606:American Christian novels 4478: 4412: 4396: 4135:. New York: McGraw-Hill. 3493:Gary Allen Smith (2004). 3459:Kalem Co. v. Harper Bros. 3377:. Guardian News and Media 3233:"The Author of 'Ben Hur'" 1852:(1891), J. O. A. Clark's 1590:Kalem Co. v. Harper Bros. 929:The Count of Monte Cristo 112: 96: 88: 78: 68: 54: 46: 36: 24: 16:1880 novel by Lew Wallace 3622:, it was co-produced by 2547:(1880), pp. 459, 461–66. 1795: 1405: 1370:(1897) followed it, but 865:editor Amy Lifson named 817:1959 film adaptation of 783: 760:is a disciple of Christ. 589:Christ really had come. 175:1959 MGM film adaptation 4206:Stephens, Gail (2010). 3983:Hart, James D. (1976). 3968:. New York: Doubleday. 3897:Ben-Ari, Nitsa (2002). 3578:"Lew Wallace – Ben Hur" 3343:"Ben-Hur, London, 1902" 2608:Stephens, pp. 234, 236. 1953:children's book trilogy 1824:Florence Morse Kingsley 1734:is a silent film short. 1671:American Film Institute 1087:Palace of the Governors 1071:Crawfordsville, Indiana 855:The Wooing of Malkatoon 280:Catacomb of San Calixto 3795:Nitsa Ben-Ari (2002). 3483:Boomhower, pp. 141–42. 3289:Boomhower, pp. 140–41. 3271:Boomhower, pp. 138–39. 3027:James D. Hart (1950). 1907: 1465:William Jennings Bryan 1418: 1062: 1032: 995: 800: 4245:Wallace, Lew (1906). 4175:Solomon, Jon (2008). 3918:The Sword and the Pen 3904:. Tel Aviv University 3806:. Tel Aviv University 3209:Stephens, pp. 229–30. 2456:(1880), pp. 206, 231. 2431:(1880), pp. 9, 12–17. 2293:(1880), pp. 180, 548. 1905: 1866:J. Breckenridge Ellis 1778:is a 2010 adaptation. 1534:Battersea Arts Centre 1413: 1049: 1027: 986: 934:Alexandre Dumas, père 795: 648:Catacomb of Callixtus 560:Biblical references: 535:Biblical references: 437:and a Roman citizen. 392:Biblical references: 300:Biblical references: 274:After witnessing the 149:Harriet Beecher Stowe 73:Harper & Brothers 4576:1880 American novels 4271:at Wikimedia Commons 4049:Lifson, Amy (2009). 3960:Hanson, Victor Davis 3874:Miller, p. 158, 167. 3677:. Variety Media, LLC 3147:Lew Wallace (2003). 3104:Jon Solomon (2008). 2966:Bloomington, Indiana 2669:The Youths Companion 2482:(1880), pp. 392–403. 2245:(1880), pp. 100, 171 2223:(1880), p. 552. 2127:Miller, p. 155. 2073:Wallace, Lew (1998) 1832:William Dennes Mahan 1808:G. J. Whyte-Melville 1639:1959 film adaptation 1607:1925 film adaptation 1461:Melbourne, Australia 1279:heroic action figure 1247:1959 film adaptation 1079:New Mexico Territory 1075:Santa Fe, New Mexico 626:crucifixion of Jesus 189:. It was blessed by 63:Christian literature 4198:10.5860/rbm.9.1.296 4177:"Fugutive Sources, 3835:on October 30, 2015 3763:Strange New Gospels 3522:Solomon, pp. 68–69. 3465:222 U.S. 55 3262:Miller, pp. 160–01. 3106:"Fugitive Sources, 2907:(1906), pp. 934–45. 2858:(1880), pp. 360–61. 2749:Victor Davis Hanson 2707:Russell W. Dalton, 2586:(1880), pp. 350–54. 2560:(1906), pp. 933–34. 2508:(1880), pp. 64, 76. 2495:(1880), pp. 380–85. 2402:(1880), pp. 118–19. 2389:(1880), pp. 77, 80. 2036:Amu Lifton (2009). 1957:Caius in der Klemme 1708:Focus on the Family 1603:Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer 1337:Paul Hamilton Hayne 1199:The First Christmas 1151:review appeared in 1143:When Lew Wallace's 1139:Initial publication 1058:The Prince of India 1005:Library of Congress 949:Victor Davis Hanson 905:Robert G. Ingersoll 520:Temple in Jerusalem 363:. They stop at the 141:Harper and Brothers 31:First edition, 1880 21: 3695:Deadline Hollywood 3659:Deadline Hollywood 3558:Boomhower, p. 144. 3546:Boomhower, 142–44. 3298:Boomhower, p. 140. 3240:The New York Times 3062:"PersonalWebsites" 2962:Indiana University 2629:Boomhower, p. 111. 2534:(1880), pp. 39–41. 2354:(1880), pp. 81–82. 2341:(1880), pp. 93–94. 2052:on 15 October 2015 1908: 1898:In popular culture 1840:, including Eli's 1789:Paramount Pictures 1619:Francis X. Bushman 1595:U.S. Supreme Court 1587:The landmark case 1511:was staged at the 1419: 1295:American Civil War 1238:Gone with the Wind 1153:The New York Times 996: 752:Joseph of Nazareth 338:province of Judaea 187:Gone with the Wind 170:Gone with the Wind 59:Historical fiction 19: 4512: 4511: 4309:Project Gutenberg 4279:The full text of 4265:Media related to 4233:. The Slate Group 4221:978-0-87195-287-5 4121:978-1-87820-860-6 3620:Timur Bekmambetov 3534:Smith, pp. 34–35. 3083:Boomhower, p. 12. 2784:Stephens, p. 229. 1858:Miles Gerald Keon 1842:Story of the Magi 1837:The Archko Volume 1381:Kewanee, Illinois 1301:, U.S. president 1233:Margaret Mitchell 1214:Uncle Tom's Cabin 1188:Initial sales of 990:, Union general, 880:Uncle Tom's Cabin 851:Benjamin Harrison 758:John the Nazarite 740:Jesus of Nazareth 518:treasury, of the 290:Detailed synopsis 165:Margaret Mitchell 154:Uncle Tom's Cabin 128: 127: 89:Publication place 84:November 12, 1880 4643: 4553: 4552: 4541: 4540: 4529: 4528: 4520: 4377: 4370: 4363: 4354: 4353: 4340: 4339: 4332:Internet Archive 4311: 4278: 4264: 4250: 4247:An Autobiography 4241: 4239: 4238: 4225: 4210:. 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In 1884 1805: 1500: 1428:Abraham Erlanger 1299:Ulysses S. Grant 1203:The Chariot Race 1113: 961:battle of Shiloh 953:Ulysses S. Grant 877:was, along with 836: 804:King James Bible 549:John the Baptist 543:At a meeting in 409:Antonia Fortress 246:, who arrive in 80:Publication date 29: 22: 18: 4651: 4650: 4646: 4645: 4644: 4642: 4641: 4640: 4561: 4560: 4559: 4547: 4535: 4523: 4515: 4513: 4508: 4474: 4408: 4392: 4381: 4337: 4301: 4295:Standard Ebooks 4257: 4236: 4234: 4222: 4148: 4147: 4143: 4122: 4096: 4094: 4068: 4066: 4037: 4036: 4027: 4026: 4020: 4018: 4016: 3995: 3976: 3950: 3948: 3928: 3907: 3905: 3901: 3893: 3891:Further reading 3888: 3887: 3883:Miller, p. 171. 3882: 3878: 3873: 3869: 3865:Solomon, p. 78. 3864: 3860: 3856:Solomon, p. 74. 3855: 3848: 3838: 3836: 3823: 3822: 3818: 3809: 3807: 3803: 3792: 3788: 3784:Solomon, p. 75. 3783: 3779: 3769: 3767: 3758: 3754: 3744: 3742: 3741:. 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Cohan 1617:as Ben-Hur and 1549: 1498: 1408: 1403: 1307:Jefferson Davis 1263: 1186: 1141: 1111: 1107:At the time of 1085:in 1880 at the 1067: 1037: 981: 907:, a well-known 897: 834: 830:By the time of 828: 786: 767: 717:, a Hindu, and 698:Valerius Gratus 656: 595:Triumphal Entry 557: 532: 501: 472: 443: 418: 405:Valerius Gratus 389: 373:Herod the Great 297: 292: 218: 139:, published by 97:Media type 81: 32: 17: 12: 11: 5: 4649: 4639: 4638: 4633: 4628: 4623: 4618: 4613: 4608: 4603: 4598: 4593: 4588: 4583: 4578: 4573: 4558: 4557: 4545: 4533: 4510: 4509: 4507: 4506: 4498: 4491: 4482: 4480: 4476: 4475: 4473: 4472: 4464: 4456: 4448: 4447: 4446: 4433: 4425: 4416: 4414: 4410: 4409: 4407: 4406: 4400: 4398: 4394: 4393: 4380: 4379: 4372: 4365: 4357: 4351: 4350: 4334: 4323: 4312: 4299: 4297: 4286: 4272: 4256: 4255:External links 4253: 4252: 4251: 4242: 4226: 4220: 4203: 4172: 4161: 4141: 4126: 4120: 4105: 4102: 4074: 4046: 4015:978-9004173552 4014: 3999: 3993: 3980: 3974: 3956: 3932: 3926: 3913: 3892: 3889: 3886: 3885: 3876: 3867: 3858: 3846: 3816: 3786: 3777: 3752: 3726: 3707: 3611: 3590: 3569: 3560: 3548: 3536: 3524: 3510: 3503: 3485: 3469: 3449: 3442: 3421: 3414: 3387: 3375:guardian.co.uk 3358: 3328: 3300: 3291: 3273: 3264: 3252: 3224: 3211: 3202: 3193: 3175: 3173:Morrow, p. 16. 3166: 3159: 3139: 3130: 3085: 3076: 3067: 3053: 3044: 3037: 3008: 2995: 2983: 2945: 2936: 2927: 2918: 2909: 2896: 2883: 2874: 2860: 2847: 2834: 2821: 2817:Ottoman Empire 2800: 2786: 2774: 2767: 2740: 2722: 2713: 2695: 2682: 2673: 2656: 2647: 2631: 2619: 2610: 2601: 2588: 2575: 2562: 2549: 2536: 2523: 2521:(1880), p. 41. 2510: 2497: 2484: 2471: 2458: 2445: 2433: 2417: 2404: 2391: 2378: 2376:(1880), p. 83. 2365: 2356: 2343: 2330: 2317: 2308: 2295: 2282: 2269: 2256: 2247: 2234: 2225: 2212: 2129: 2109: 2095: 2079: 2063: 2000: 1999: 1997: 1994: 1993: 1992: 1984: 1981: 1964: 1961: 1899: 1896: 1797: 1794: 1793: 1792: 1779: 1770: 1762: 1753: 1744: 1735: 1726: 1715: 1712: 1702:Michael Gambon 1659:Academy awards 1548: 1545: 1407: 1404: 1402: 1399: 1349:New York Times 1333:Reconstruction 1315:Constantinople 1303:James Garfield 1291:U.S. president 1262: 1259: 1185: 1182: 1140: 1137: 1066: 1063: 1036: 1033: 980: 977: 896: 893: 871:Carl Van Doren 827: 824: 785: 782: 766: 763: 762: 761: 755: 749: 743: 737: 734: 731:Pontius Pilate 728: 725: 722: 708: 705: 695: 692: 689: 682: 679: 676: 673: 670: 667: 655: 652: 606:Judas Iscariot 556: 553: 531: 528: 505:Pontius Pilate 500: 497: 471: 468: 442: 439: 424:. 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Ben-Hur: A Tale of the Christ

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