345:) for their own language. In this script and language they inscribed the characteristic Celtiberian 'hospitality tokens' which are small bronze objects, in two halves, each half being retained by people who stood in hospitality relationship to one another. These would act as a sort of identity card, and were probably used as safe-conducts or other warranties. The two halves have been found in places several hundreds of kilometres apart, which implies that the various Celtic groups maintained a system of communications throughout at least central Spain. The most complete Celtiberian text we have on the bronze 'hospitality tokens' that acted as a sort of identity card is from the Belli and reads
314:
101:
27:
92:. However, there is an overwhelming amount of evidence that the ancestors of the Celtiberian groups were installed in the Meseta area of the peninsula from at least 1000 BC and probably much earlier.
349:
meaning 'Lubos of the Aliso family, son of Aualos, from
Contrebia Belaisca' showing the self-description of this man, by paternity, extended family and territory which is characteristically Celtic.
211:
468:
255:
931:
385:
151:
922:
195:
1651:
1646:
159:
139:
243:
401:
389:
223:
527:
915:
393:
234:– Zaragoza). It is plausible that by the 2nd Century BC they exerted some form of control over the strategic frontier towns of
421:
858:
834:
908:
373:, with whom they developed close political and military ties – in 153 BC the Numantines even elected the Belli General
436:
province though little is known of their history afterwards. The Belli appear to have remained independent until the
1656:
876:
820:
805:
782:
768:
754:
740:
647:
642:. Sydney, Australia: Sydney Series in Celtic Studies 2, Centre for Celtic Studies, University of Sydney. p. 63.
615:
610:. Sydney, Australia: Sydney Series in Celtic Studies 2, Centre for Celtic Studies, University of Sydney. p. 60.
558:
553:. Sydney, Australia: Sydney Series in Celtic Studies 2, Centre for Celtic Studies, University of Sydney. p. 57.
404:, but this did not prevent them from resisting further Roman encroachment of their lands as well as fighting off
800:, Sydney, Australia: Sydney Series in Celtic Studies 2, Centre for Celtic Studies, University of Sydney (1992)
179:
338:
381:
502:
429:
358:
20:
850:
The
Romanization of Central Spain: Complexity, Diversity and Change in a Provincial Hinterland
1179:
1174:
947:
900:
848:
448:
who seized
Beligiom, Belgeda, Damania and Orosis, therefore losing all the lands east of the
733:
Historia de España 2 - colonizaciones y formación de los pueblos prerromanos (1200-218 a.C)
57:
8:
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85:
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1423:
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of the early 1st
Century BC, when they were gradually pushed back from the upper
302:
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1386:
453:
400:. Prior to that, they had been forced in 181 BC to accept Roman suzerainty by
1640:
522:
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397:
330:
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1592:
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441:
326:
125:
109:
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53:
47:
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827:
The Roman Wars in Spain: The
Military Confrontation with Guerrilla Warfare
1464:
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1111:
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317:
Example of a bronze hospitality token in the
Celtiberian Celtic language
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River. Around 72 BC they and their Titii allies merged with the pro-
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81:
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68:
Roman authors for unknown reasons wrote that the Belli were of mixed
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26:
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1184:
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464:
445:
366:
362:
298:
104:
The extent of the Belli people is shown in ochre (darker) yellow.
1610:
1543:
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1391:
1332:
1299:
1289:
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1239:
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777:, Men-at-Arms series 180, Osprey Publishing Ltd, London (1986)
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as leader of the
Celtiberian coalition army that ambushed the
1455:
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1126:
1059:
472:
456:
374:
73:
50:
895:
1621:. The Madeira and Azores islands were unoccupied until the
843:, Author Solutions (2011) ISBNs 1426981821, 9781426981821
890:
321:
The most culturally advanced of the peoples of southern
357:
During the 3rd-2nd centuries BC, the Belli joined the
120:
province with their territories stretching up to the
333:
and to post laws in written form on bronze tablets (
128:
valleys, close to their neighbours and clients, the
841:
The Roman
Barbarian Wars: The Era of Roman Conquest
749:, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Murcia (1997)
871:, ABC-CLIO Inc., Santa Barbara, California (2006)
846:
1638:
329:tribe to adopt coinage in the aftermath of the
1625:in the 15th century; the Canary islands, the
916:
775:Rome's Enemies (4): Spanish Armies 218BC-19BC
428:in 133 BC and the subsequent collapse of the
1629:occupied the territory until the Castilians.
829:, Pen & Sword Military, Barnsley (2015)
633:
631:
629:
627:
432:, the Belli territory was incorporated into
30:The Iberian Peninsula in the 3rd century BC.
1067:
396:river valley in the beginning of the first
347:lubos alisokum aualoske kontebias belaiskas
1652:Pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula
923:
909:
528:Pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula
88:around the 4th Century BC and part of the
869:Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia
624:
544:
542:
312:
99:
84:, who were said to have migrated to the
25:
174:). Other Belli urban centers included
80:) origin and probably related with the
56:people who lived in the modern Spanish
1647:Celtic tribes of the Iberian Peninsula
1639:
637:
605:
548:
422:Quintus Caecilius Metellus Macedonicus
150:), subsequently transferred to nearby
904:
539:
13:
789:
773:Rafael Trevino and Angus McBride,
735:, Editorial Gredos, Madrid (1989)
14:
1668:
884:
815:, The Collins Press, Cork (2002)
847:Leonard A Curchin (5 May 2004).
761:Los Celtíberos, etnias y estados
420:Defeated in 143 BC by Proconsul
720:
415:
212:Piquete de la Atalaya de Azuara
108:The Belli inhabited the middle
704:
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583:
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214:– Zaragoza; Celtiberian mint:
16:Ancient Celtic tribe in Iberia
1:
424:, and faced with the fall of
238:(sited somewhere between the
763:, Crítica, Barcelona (1998)
402:Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus
286:– Teruel; Celtiberian mint:
274:– Teruel; Celtiberian mint:
246:' rivers; Celtiberian mint:
7:
853:. Routledge. pp. 37–.
486:
339:Northeastern Iberian script
325:, the Belli were the first
95:
10:
1673:
759:Francisco Burillo Mozota,
352:
308:
132:. Their early capital was
63:
18:
1617:were not occupied by the
1603:
1575:
1542:
1526:
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1308:
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970:
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896:http://www.celtiberia.net
180:La Almunia de Doña Godina
60:from the 3rd Century BC.
1657:Ancient peoples of Spain
533:
479:) of romanized southern
382:Quintus Fulvius Nobilior
638:Cremin, Aedeen (1992).
606:Cremin, Aedeen (1992).
549:Cremin, Aedeen (1992).
503:Celtiberian confederacy
469:Late Celtiberian people
430:Celtiberian confederacy
359:Celtiberian confederacy
284:La Caridad de Caminreal
262:; Iberian designation:
839:Ludwig Heinrich Dyck,
683:Bibliothekes Istorikes
408:raids and the Iberian
318:
301:peoples of the modern
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31:
21:Belli (disambiguation)
1180:Celtici Supertamarici
1175:Celtici Praestamarici
891:http://www.segeda.net
316:
103:
29:
867:John T. Koch (ed.),
813:The Celts: A History
386:battle of Vulcanalia
337:), using a modified
202:; Celtiberian mint:
186:; Celtiberian mint:
170:; Celtiberian mint:
154:and later offset by
146:; Celtiberian mint:
58:province of Zaragoza
46:were an ancient pre-
19:For other uses, see
798:The Celts in Europe
745:Alberto J. Lorrio,
640:The Celts in Europe
608:The Celts in Europe
551:The Celts in Europe
467:tribes to form the
256:El Palau de Alcañiz
196:Zaforas de Botorita
1534:Germani (Oretania)
578:Naturalis Historia
508:Celtiberian script
343:Celtiberian script
319:
272:Hinojosa de Jarque
192:Contrebia Belaisca
106:
38:, also designated
32:
1634:
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1527:Germanic peoples?
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936:Iberian Peninsula
932:Pre-Roman peoples
860:978-1-134-45112-8
835:978-1-47382-781-3
811:Dáithí Ó hÓgáin,
727:Ángel Montenegro
434:Hispania Citerior
152:Durón de Belmonte
116:river valleys in
86:Iberian Peninsula
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1514:Turdetani Proper
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54:Celtiberian
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990:Bergistani
580:, III, 29.
481:Celtiberia
406:Turboletae
392:), at the
323:Celtiberia
176:Nertobriga
124:and upper
1504:Turdetani
1494:Tartessos
1431:Turmodigi
1404:Plentauri
1360:Carpetani
1280:Quaquerni
1087:Cratistii
1035:Indigetes
1030:Ilergetes
1020:Indigetes
1005:Cessetani
985:Bastetani
518:Illyrians
498:Bellovaci
477:Celtiberi
461:Cratistii
390:Ribarroya
264:Usercerte
248:Belaiscom
224:El Forcal
164:Calatayud
122:Guadalope
82:Bellovaci
44:Belaiscos
1627:Guanches
1557:Aeolians
1552:Achaeans
1509:Mastieni
1482:Vettones
1458:peoples?
1419:Oppidani
1355:Caristii
1350:Cantabri
1295:Tamagani
1265:Nemetati
1255:Namarini
1205:Gallaeci
1195:Coelerni
1145:Albiones
1137:Gallaeci
1092:Lobetani
1050:Sedetani
1045:Laietani
1040:Lacetani
1000:Ceretani
980:Ausetani
972:Iberians
962:Vascones
957:Iacetani
944:Aquitani
710:Appian,
487:See also
426:Numantia
412:people.
410:Lobetani
303:Valencia
295:Lobetani
252:Osicerda
232:Belchite
216:Belikiom
208:Beligiom
200:Zaragoza
188:Nertobis
184:Zaragoza
172:Bilbiliz
168:Zaragoza
156:Bilbilis
144:Zaragoza
118:Zaragoza
96:Location
70:Illyrian
1607:Madeira
1567:Ionians
1562:Dorians
1499:Cynetes
1470:Paesuri
1441:Varduli
1436:Vaccaei
1424:Veteres
1414:Bardili
1409:Turduli
1365:Celtici
1345:Berones
1323:Astures
1311:peoples
1275:Poemani
1260:Narbasi
1250:Luanqui
1245:Louguei
1200:Equaesi
1185:Cibarci
1165:Bracari
1155:Artabri
1107:Oretani
1102:Olcades
1097:Lusones
1077:Arevaci
1015:Edetani
934:of the
729:et alii
712:Iberiké
699:Iberiké
685:29, 28.
667:Iberiké
465:Olcades
446:Edetani
444:by the
394:Baldano
384:at the
367:Lusones
363:Arevaci
353:History
335:Tabulae
309:Culture
299:Edetani
292:Iberian
276:Tamaniu
268:Damania
228:Belgeda
162:, near
148:Sekaiza
64:Origins
1619:Romans
1613:, and
1611:Azores
1593:Punics
1544:Greeks
1475:Tapoli
1456:Celtic
1392:Volcae
1333:Belgae
1300:Turodi
1290:Seurri
1285:Seurbi
1240:Limici
1230:Lemavi
1215:Iadovi
1210:Grovii
1190:Cileni
1170:Capori
1150:Arroni
875:
857:
833:
819:
804:
781:
767:
753:
739:
695:Appian
669:44-45.
663:Appian
646:
614:
590:Strabo
557:
493:Belgae
450:Huerva
442:Jiloca
379:Consul
288:Orosiz
280:Orosis
278:) and
260:Teruel
242:' and
240:Huerva
226:) and
220:Lesera
135:Segeda
114:Huerva
110:Jiloca
78:Belgic
74:Celtic
51:Celtic
1454:Para-
1380:Sefes
1270:Nerii
1235:Leuni
1160:Baedi
1127:Uraci
1117:Titii
1082:Belli
1060:Celts
534:Notes
473:Latin
457:Uraci
454:Roman
375:Caros
371:Titii
236:Belia
130:Titii
126:Turia
48:Roman
36:Belli
1605:The
1375:Ophi
873:ISBN
855:ISBN
831:ISBN
817:ISBN
802:ISBN
779:ISBN
765:ISBN
751:ISBN
737:ISBN
644:ISBN
612:ISBN
555:ISBN
463:and
369:and
297:and
112:and
72:and
40:Beli
34:The
714:76.
701:42.
266:),
250:),
218:),
206:),
190:),
42:or
1643::
1609:,
731:,
697:,
681:,
665:,
626:^
592:,
576:,
541:^
483:.
475::
459:,
365:,
258:–
198:–
182:–
166:–
142:–
950:)
946:(
924:e
917:t
910:v
863:.
808:.
652:.
620:.
563:.
471:(
388:(
282:(
270:(
254:(
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222:(
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178:(
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23:.
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