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469:. South Africa was also capable of transporting oil to Beira by having tankers cruise through South African and then Portuguese territorial waters, providing legal immunity from interception. As a result, Rhodesia continued to receive oil shipments. Rhodesia was also able to withstand the blockade by strictly rationing oil. In September 1966, it was estimated that Rhodesia received 220,000 gallons of oil daily, when it needed only 200,000 a day under its rationing policy.
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in the name of its flag state, and fire a shot across the bow if it did not work. The use of force was not authorised, and if the tanker absolutely refused to comply, the shadowing warship could take no more action and only follow it to within
Mozambique's six-mile territorial limit. This meant that the tanker would be allowed to proceed unhindered to port.
407:. However, the resolution confined the blockade to Beira and authorised only the Royal Navy to use force. As a result, the Royal Navy alone had to enforce the blockade without assistance, and tankers with oil for Rhodesia could freely dock at other Mozambican ports. The resolution also empowered the British to seize the
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was feverishly negotiating with the
Portuguese Government to participate in the sanctions, which would effectively impose a total blockade on Rhodesia. By the end of 1966, when it became clear that Portugal was unwilling to cooperate against Rhodesia, the Royal Navy began looking into the possibility
381:
Initially, Royal Navy ships were to shadow and question Beira-bound tankers, and were only allowed to forcibly divert a tanker away after
Britain obtained permission from its flag state. However, in the event that permission was granted, British warships were only allowed to demand it change course
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The rules of engagement were subsequently liberalised, but use of force was limited "to the very minimum", and
Defence Ministry approval was required for the diversion of vessels. British warships also had to remain outside of Portugal's territorial waters. After an embarrassing incident involving
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warned that tankers with oil for
Rhodesia could arrive in the port of Beira, the terminus of a pipeline going to Rhodesia, unnoticed, and began preparing a maritime surveillance plan for submission to the Prime Minister. Later in February, the British government and world press began focusing on
255:, but ruled out invading Rhodesia. The British were initially opposed to military action, instead relying on UN sanctions to pressure the Rhodesians. A majority of UN member states wanted expanded sanctions and military measures. The British initially attempted to block such initiatives.
460:
Britain never managed to obtain UN authority allowing other navies to participate. As well as lacking UN permission, the
British judged it outside their capabilities to blockade other Mozambican ports, at the cost of risking relations with
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The patrol lasted until 1975. At any time, two
British frigates or destroyers, with the support of land and carrier-based surveillance aircraft and auxiliary vessels, were committed to the patrol. Various British warships cruised the
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established the Beira Patrol. As many nations had committed themselves to the policy of sanctions, it was required that the nationalities of any tankers carrying oil to Beira should be known. This was the task of aircraft carrier
488:. After an overall drop in the number of frigates in the fleet, the Royal Navy was allowed to make the patrol intermittent. The patrol was finally eliminated on 25 June 1975, when Mozambique gained independence from
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Following the reports of
Rhodesia defying the oil embargo by sea, the British felt pressure to take action and thus prove their commitment to sanctions. On 1 March, the
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left
Mombasa on 1 March 1966 and was ordered to proceed to the Mozambique Channel to commence a surveillance patrol off Beira. On 6 March, early warning aircraft from
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was not authorised to use force, the tanker freely sailed into Beira, the
British lobbied for UN authority to use force. The UN Security Council subsequently passed
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tankers carrying oil for Rhodesia when on 25 February, the Rhodesian Commerce and Industry Minister announced that a tanker with oil for Rhodesia would soon arrive.
229:
286:, and Prime Minister Wilson was warned that black African states could push for more urgent sanctions and raise the matter at the UN. On 24 February, the
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on 11 November 1965, after rejecting British preconditions for independence that involved racial equality and rule by the black majority.
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allowed the Royal Navy to commit one warship at a time, rather than two. Three months later, the patrol lost its air component when the
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made statements that sanctions were working, predicting that the Rhodesian government would soon fall. At the same time, the
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20–45 miles (32–72 km) from Beira and checking on oil tankers heading for the port. As an example of such deployments,
248:, calling for sanctions on Rhodesia. The resolution was later used by the British as legal justification for the blockade.
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estimated that even a full trade embargo would fail to cripple Rhodesia's economy due to sanctions evasion enabled by
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was authorised to enter Beira, the rules of engagement were further modified, allowing the use of disabling fire.
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flew 1,070 sorties, flying 600,000 miles, surveying 200,000 square miles daily, steaming a total of 30,000 miles.
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had sailed from Singapore on passage to Beira and remained on station until 10 May 1966 (being relieved by
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During the first week of February 1966, it became clear that Rhodesia continued to import oil by land from
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interrupted her passage out to Singapore to carry out a deployment on the Beira Patrol early in 1967.
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upon its departure from Beira if it had discharged its oil cargo there. On 8 April 1967, the frigate
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of a maritime blockade against Mozambique-bound ships carrying oil destined for Rhodesia.
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The patrol was gradually reduced in several stages. In March 1971, new Prime Minister
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and assured Britain that it would not allow transship oil to Rhodesia.
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again set course for Beira, but was intercepted by the frigate
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and a logistical support ship were soon added. On 28 Feb 1966
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and escorted her away from the Mozambique Channel, but when
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Gingell, Basil (24 December 1969). "I saw three ships...".
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Britain imposed its own national sanctions, including an
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unilaterally declared the former colony's independence
359:), returning to Singapore on 10 May 1966. In 71 days
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Safeguarding the Nation: The Story of the Royal Navy
1397:
Obdurate to Daring: British Fleet Destroyers 1941–45
1270:"News from the ships: Albion going to the Far East"
805:
A History of the Royal Navy: Empire and Imperialism
453:firing warning shots before the MoD signalled that
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1514:Military operations involving the United Kingdom
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1047:
1045:
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779:United Nations Security Council Resolution 232
774:United Nations Security Council Resolution 221
1378:British Warships Since 1945: Part 5: Frigates
831:Beira Patrol diary from the Line Book 1964-66
495:The operation had cost more than 100 million
443:, which ignored a challenge from the frigate
435:, which kept the tanker from reaching Beira.
1058:. No. 56829. 3 January 1967. p. 1.
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1347:"Oh why .. are we wait .. ing (off Beira)"
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109:Learn how and when to remove this message
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1504:1970s disestablishments in Mozambique
1462:. Barnsley, UK: Seaforth Publishing.
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16:Blockade of oil shipments to Rhodesia
1301:"Minister sees the Beira patrollers"
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47:adding citations to reliable sources
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1399:. Windsor, UK: World Ship Society.
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1499:1960s establishments in Mozambique
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845:"Commander denies 'Tiger' link-up"
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14:
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1544:Rhodesia–United Kingdom relations
1052:"Warship breakdown off Mombasa".
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1418:. Liskeard, UK: Maritime Books.
1380:. Liskeard, UK: Maritime Press.
1208:"Brighton Stage Talent Surprise"
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1433:Mobley, Richard (Winter 2002).
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484:to eliminate its detachment at
340:began search operations in the
242:United Nations Security Council
34:needs additional citations for
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240:, continued in that role. The
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1554:1966 establishments in Africa
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1335:. No. 57751. p. 2.
803:Spence, Daniel Owen (2015).
385:After an incident where the
260:Joint Intelligence Committee
7:
1445:(1). U.S. Naval War College
911:"Hansard, House of Commons"
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134:1 March 1966 – 25 June 1975
10:
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1239:"Ashanti's 70 days at sea"
1176:. February 1971. p. 6
425:broke off for refuelling,
1358:. January 1967. p. 8
1219:. January 1967. p. 9
993:"Caprice's Beira Patrols"
288:Chiefs of Staff Committee
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1439:Naval War College Review
1376:Critchley, Mike (1992).
856:. April 1967. p. 13
236:, the country's elected
1539:International sanctions
1250:. June 1967. p. 10
1004:. April 1967. p. 8
807:. London: I.B. Tauris.
417:intercepted the tanker
395:was intercepted by HMS
1458:Roberts, John (2009).
1395:English, John (2008).
1312:. July 1967. p. 4
1281:. May 1967. p. 10
311:and the escort forces
228:Rhodesia's government
1414:McCart, Neil (2014).
465:, a fellow member of
284:Portuguese Mozambique
264:Portuguese Mozambique
258:In October 1965, the
1168:"Navy News in Brief"
43:improve this article
1534:History of Rhodesia
827:details as per HMS
769:History of Zimbabwe
244:reacted by passing
1524:Royal Navy patrols
1509:Petroleum politics
1484:Beira Patrol units
1435:"The Beira Patrol"
913:. 20 December 1967
439:the French tanker
369:Mozambique Channel
344:. The frigate HMS
342:Mozambique Channel
1529:Beira, Mozambique
1469:978-1-84832-043-7
1406:978-0-9560769-0-8
814:978-1-78076-543-3
511:Aircraft carriers
478:Malagasy Republic
218:Beira, Mozambique
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980:Roberts 2009
961:Roberts 2009
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932:Roberts 2009
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41:Please help
36:verification
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944:Mobley 2002
749:Auxiliaries
644:Londonderry
253:oil embargo
1493:Categories
1093:McCart2014
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1069:McCart2014
785:References
735:Chichester
532:Destroyers
480:asked the
325:and later
301:Royal Navy
224:Background
216:) through
166:Royal Navy
69:newspapers
1549:Blockades
1355:Navy News
1333:The Times
1309:Navy News
1278:Navy News
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1173:Navy News
1055:The Times
1001:Navy News
917:6 January
853:Navy News
693:Salisbury
672:Cleopatra
665:Lowestoft
588:Glamorgan
518:Ark Royal
399:, but as
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308:Ark Royal
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1180:28 April
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763:See also
756:Tidepool
742:Euryalus
707:Brighton
651:Yarmouth
623:Falmouth
609:Plymouth
595:Frigates
553:Cavalier
539:Cambrian
490:Portugal
463:Portugal
427:Manuella
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329:Plymouth
295:Blockade
214:Zimbabwe
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714:Ashanti
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616:Berwick
546:Caprice
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389:tanker
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679:Phoebe
602:Mohawk
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200:was a
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525:Eagle
449:with
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361:Eagle
352:Eagle
212:(now
90:JSTOR
76:books
1464:ISBN
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1364:2021
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809:ISBN
728:Zulu
658:Rhyl
630:Puma
581:Fife
467:NATO
432:Puma
346:Rhyl
320:HMS
315:Rhyl
313:HMS
266:and
196:The
182:Role
172:Type
62:news
206:oil
204:of
45:by
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