717:
dwelt together under one roof and ate at the same board. They were for the most part men of humble origin—like weavers, dyers, and fullers—who were closely connected with the city craft-guilds. For example, no man could be admitted to the
Beghards' community at Brussels unless he were a member of the Weavers' Company. The Beghards were often men to whom fortune had not been kind—men who had outlived their friends, or whose family ties had been broken by some untoward event and who, by reason of failing health or advancing years, or perhaps on account of some accident, were unable to stand alone. If "the medieval towns of the Netherlands found in the Beguinage a solution of their feminine question", the growth of the Beghard communities provided a place for the worn-out working man.
38:
576:
321:
Countries. These women lived in towns, where they attended to the poor. During the 13th century, some of them bought homes that neighbored each other. These small communities of women soon attracted the attention of secular and clerical authorities. Moved or inspired by the women's commitment to prayer, the sacraments, and charitable service in the world, local clergy sought to channel and deploy the women's spiritual fame in response to contemporary problems, especially the institutional church's war on heresy. Several clerics sought to promote these
57:
479:). Some professed religious were offended by the assuming of "religious" status without the commitment to a rule, while the laity resented the implicit disapproval of marriage and other markers of secular life. The women's legal standing in relation to ecclesiastical and lay authorities was unclear. Beguines seemed to enjoy the best of both worlds: holding on to their property and living in the world as laypeople while claiming the privileges and protections of the professed religious.
301:
1968:
2013:
333:, who is sometimes referred to as the prototypical Beguine, in the early 13th century. Marie d'Oignies inspired James. She encouraged and improved his preaching and many of her miracles served to promote the sacramental program of Lateran IV. After Marie's death, James traveled to Rome on behalf of the "religious women" in the
644:
Raber suggests the
Beguines' response to social and economic forces in the 12th century offers a model that can meet current conditions: economic uncertainty or worse, single women comprising a larger section of the population, and loss of wealth in the form of deflated values of housing. She cites a
470:
As the 13th century progressed, some
Beguines came under criticism as a result of their ambiguous social and legal status. As a conscious choice to live in the world but in a way that effectively surpassed (at least in piety) or stood out from most laypeople, Beguines attracted disapprobation as much
356:
Beguines were never recognized as an official, papally approved religious order. They did not follow an approved rule, they did not live in convents, and they did not give up their personal property. In fact, Beguines were free to abandon their religious vocation at any time since it was not enforced
720:
The men had banded together in the first place to build up the inner man. While working out their own salvation, they remained mindful of their neighbors and, thanks to their connection with the craft-guilds, they influenced the religious life. They are credited with shaping the religious opinion of
528:
Also at issue was the manner in which Porete disseminated her teachings, which was evocative of actions and behaviors some clerics were finding increasingly problematic among lay religious women in that era. Indeed, Porete was eventually tried by the
Dominican inquisitor of France and burned at the
394:
Beguine communities varied in terms of the social status of their members; some of them only admitted ladies of high degree; others were reserved exclusively for persons in humble circumstances; others still welcomed women of every condition, and these were the most popular. Several, like the great
716:
The
Beghards were all laymen and, like the Beguines, they were not bound by vows, the rule of life which they observed was not uniform, and the members of each community were subject only to their own local superiors. They held no private property; the brethren of each cloister had a common purse,
320:
lived alone and devoted themselves to prayer and good works without taking vows. At first there were only a few, but in the course of the century, their numbers increased. In the Middle Ages there were more women than men due to the structure of urban demographics and marriage patterns in the Low
729:
Religious authorities believed the
Beguines had heretical tendencies and sometimes tried to bring disciplinary measures against them. The Synods of Fritzlar (1259), Mainz (1261), and Eichstätt (1282) brought measures against them and they were forbidden as "having no approbation" by the Synod of
379:
While some women joined communities of like-minded lay religious women, adopting the label "Beguine" by virtue of entering a beguinage, many women lived alone or with one or two other like-minded women. Beguines engaged in a range of occupations to support themselves. Women in the Low
Countries
524:
and beyond (perhaps dozens of copies circulated throughout late-medieval western Europe) the book provoked controversy, likely because of statements such as "A soul annihilated in the love of the creator can, and should, grant to nature all it desires", which was viewed as meaning some kind of
493:
The power of the
Beguine label is evident in the "watershed" moments of Beguine history, from its first appearance in the sermons of James of Vitry (the Beguine movement's earliest and perhaps most famous promoter), to its reference in the trial of the doomed mystic
587:, credited with having considerably influenced the development of what was the city's southern edge in the late Middle Ages, survived the Protestant Reformation staunchly Catholic. Their parish church was confiscated and given over to exiled English
352:
orders—Beguines pursued a life of contemplative prayer and active service in the world. As women, Beguines were forbidden to preach and teach, yet they actively exhorted their fellow
Christians to live lives of penance, service, and prayer.
1332:
Religious
Movements in the Middle Ages: The Historical Links Between Heresy, the Mendicant Orders, and the Women's Religious Movement in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Century, with the Historical Foundations of German Mysticism, trans. Stevan
471:
as admiration. In some regions, the term Beguine itself denoted an ostentatiously, even obnoxiously religious woman; an image that quickly led to accusations of hypocrisy (consider the Beguine known as "Constrained Abstinence" in the
645:
California-based group, the American Beguines, as an example of the revival of the Beguine Movement, with notable but not necessarily problematic differences. In recent decades, a new Beguine movement has arisen in Germany.
539:, claimed that Beguines "dispute and preach about the highest Trinity and the divine essence and introduce opinions contrary to the Catholic faith concerning the articles of the faith and the sacraments of the church".
562:
of the 16th century or during the stormy years of revolutions and social unrest of the French Revolution. A few béguinages persisted until the early 20th century in parts of Belgium, including those of Bruges,
529:
stake as a relapsed heretic in 1310. In 1311—the year after Porete's death—ecclesiastical officials made several specific connections between Porete's ideas and deeds and the Beguine status in general at the
944:
are described by the allegorical antagonist False-Seeming are described as "to which vermin are no strangers, for in truth from far they're odorous" who wear "foul crumpled hose" and "ugly sandalled shoes".
1172:(1956) (in Dutch) which remarks that no link has been found between Beguines and the Albigensian heresy. An example of an encyclopedia that does not refer at all to a possible link with the Cathars is the
2046:
357:
by any binding monastic vow. In many cases, the term "Beguine" referred to a woman who wore humble garb and stood apart as living a religious life above and beyond the practice of ordinary laypeople.
490:
1274) noted that Beguines exhibited far more devotion to God than even the cloistered, since they voluntarily pursued a religious life without vows and walls, surrounded by the world's temptations.
376:. Beguinages (Begijnhoven in Dutch-speaking areas) tended to be located near or within town centers and were often close to the rivers that provided water for their work in the cloth industry.
633:. His involvement included helping improve the Great Beguines at Mechelen. Raber says there was no clear end to the Second Movement. She suggests that Catholic lay movements, such as those of
629:
Writer Jean Hughes Raber, a student of medieval women's movements, posited a second wave of the Beguine movement, which occurred in the 17th century, when it was supported by Archbishop
2126:
520:, the book describes the annihilation of the soul, specifically its descent into a state of nothingness—of union with God without distinction. While clearly popular throughout the
1982:
1011:
849:
280:, "to beg" or "to pray", have also been discredited. The origin of the movement's name continues to be uncertain, as are the dates for the beginning of the movement itself.
1814:
which they let go loose — By thy description, Trim, said my uncle Toby, I dare say she was a young Beguine, of which there are none to be found anywhere but in the Spanish
708:
A widespread religious revival inspired several societies for men which were kindred to the Beguines. Of these, the Beghards were the most numerous and the most important.
2041:
1931:
Simons, Walter, "Staining the Speech of Things Divine: The Uses of Literacy in Medieval Beguine Communities", Thérèse De Hemptinne & Maria Eugenia Gongora (eds.),
866:(revised and reissued 2022) by Sibyl Dana Reynolds, tells the fictional story and journey of a group of beguines, the sisters of Belle Coeur, set in medieval France.
1696:
1272:'Reality as imitation:The dynamics of imagery among the beguines', in: Maps of flesh and light. New perspectives on the religious experience of late medieval women
387:
created a rule for Beguines in his diocese. However, every community was complete in itself and fixed its own order of living. Later, many adopted the rule of the
656:
of educated Catholic women whose roots are in spiritual community. Their affiliations are good works, quiet contemplation, and living out their spiritual values.
933:
741:
The Beghards were more obstinate; during the 14th century, they were repeatedly condemned by the Holy See, the bishops (notably in Germany) and the Inquisition.
1643:
693:
322:
1554:
1514:"What's in a Name? Clerical Tanya Stabler Miller, Representations of Parisian Beguines (1200-1328)." Journal of Medieval History 33, no. 1 (2007): 60-86.
814:
1810:
border, laid close to her forehead: she was one of those kind of nuns, an' please your honour, of which, your honour knows, there are a good many in
903:
1822:— they differ from nuns in this, that they can quit their cloister if they choose to marry; they visit and take care of the sick by profession...."
862:
1524:
772:
2072:
525:
immorality the Church, its sacraments, or its canons. Porete taught that souls in such a state desired only good and would not be able to sin.
222:, they were free to leave at any time. Beguines were part of a larger spiritual revival movement of the 13th century that stressed imitation of
922:
218:
communities but did not take formal religious vows; although they promised not to marry "as long as they lived as Beguines", to quote an early
384:
2077:
380:
tended to work in the cities' lucrative wool industry. Parisian Beguines were important contributors to the city's burgeoning silk industry.
421:
This semi-monastic institution was adapted to its age and spread rapidly throughout the land. Some Beguines became known as "holy women" (
1403:
Tanya Stabler Miller, The Beguines of Medieval Paris: Gender, Patronage, and Spiritual Authority (University of Pennsylvania Press, 2014)
498:(who was burned at the stake in Paris on charges of heresy in 1310), to its centrality in the condemnation of lay religious women at the
2062:
2003:
1097:
251:
451:
in 1244. By the close of the century, most communes in the Low Countries had a beguinage; several of the great cities had two or more.
383:
Beguinages were not convents. There was no overarching structure such as a mother-house. Each beguinage adopted its own rule. The
344:, but they are sometimes conflated with them. Beguines took personal, informal vows of chastity. Animated by the ideals of the
853:). The title is the name of the street where Tamara, a courtesan, lives apart from the bourgeois society of Gers, a fictional
1574:
1538:
1151:
1121:
2102:
World Religions and Spirituality: History of the beguines from the thirteenth century to the present by Tanya Stabler Miller
1750:
641:
and communities of women initiated by Francisca Hernandez, can be seen as extensions of the Beguines into the 20th century.
771:
Before the close of the Middle Ages, Beghard communities were in decline. Their numbers diminished with the waning of the
325:(or religious women) as saints after their deaths. Probably the most famous instance of this was the relationship between
2073:
Jennifer Kolpacoff Deane, "'Beguines' Reconsidered: Historiographical Problems and New Directions" Monastic Matrix (2008)
1700:
37:
1599:
1499:
1474:
1446:
1044:
621:, in 1941 and moved to the Béguinage of St Elisabeth at Kortrijk in 1960, where she became one of a community of nine.
334:
1209:
1069:
915:
760:
895:
has a character, Genevieve, who is a condemned Beguine heretic rescued by the main character, Thomas of Hookton.
337:, seeking papal permission for the women to live in common and incite one another to live good Christian lives.
2116:
1062:
Excessive Saints: Gender, Narrative, and Theological Invention in Thomas of Cantimpré's Mystical Hagiographies
606:
591:. The last Amsterdam Beguine died in 1971, but the Begijnhof remains one of the city's best-known landmarks.
250:) is of uncertain origin and may have been pejorative. Scholars no longer credit the theory expounded in the
1668:
925:
in her 2019 virtual tour in the Grand Beguinage of Leuven explains the difference between Beguines and nuns.
427:), and their devotions influenced religious life within the region. Beguine religious life was part of the
388:
775:
and, when that industry died, gradually dwindled away. The highest number of such medieval foundations in
664:
Among Beguines who have become well-known representatives of the movement in contemporary literature are:
399:, had thousands of inhabitants. The Beguinage of Paris, founded before 1264, housed as many as 400 women.
954:
2121:
1615:
1530:
The Beguine, the Angel, and the Inquisitor: The Trials of Marguerite Porete and Guiard of Cressonessart
512:
287:
heretical groups. Encyclopedias, when they mention this latter explanation at all, tend to dismiss it.
990:
974:
838:
551:
in 1312, the Beguines declined. By the 14th century, some communities were absorbed by monastic and
1467:
Sisters and Brothers of the Common Life: The Devotio Moderna and the World of the Later Middle Ages
17:
1346:
Miller, Tanya Stabler (2007). "What's in a Name: Clerical Representations of Parisian Beguines".
879:(1983 in English), the Beghards are frequently mentioned among the heretical movements which the
2067:
1427:
Tanya Stabler Miller, The Beguines of Medieval Paris: Gender, Patronage, and Spiritual Authority
1566:
979:
685:
665:
1859:
A World of Independent Women: From the 12th Century to the Present Day: The Flemish Beguinages
1806:
Volume 8, Chapters 20–22. "She was in black down to her toes, with her hair conceal'd under a
1201:
2056:
2024:
1137:
809:
offers a fictionalized account of Beguines based in part on the writing of Marguerite Porete.
747:
721:
the cities and towns of the Netherlands for more than 200 years, especially for the peasant.
638:
575:
1834:"Meet the beguines of the Grand Beguinage of Leuven, sept. 2019 (Virtual tour with E-guide)"
1561:
A Pernicious Sort of Woman: Quasi-religious Women and Canon Lawyers in the Later Middle Ages
1193:
907:
portrays a group of Beguines in the fictional early 14th-century English village of Ulewic.
875:
742:
610:
584:
455:
418:, which was composed by a member of her community, sheds light on the movement in general.
8:
1873:
The Beguines and Beghards in Medieval Culture: With Special Emphasis on the Belgian Scene
1673:
964:
959:
510:
Sometime during the early to mid-1290s, Marguerite Porete wrote a mystical book known as
56:
1993:
1087:
826:
258:
1794:
1559:
1359:
681:
669:
459:
400:
330:
1954:
Jakob von Vitrys Vita Mariae Oigniacensis. Zu Herkunft und Eigenart der ersten Beginen
759:(1394) addressed Bulls to the bishops of Germany and the Netherlands. The doctrine of
372:, local officials established formal communities for these women that became known as
1595:
1570:
1534:
1495:
1470:
1442:
1363:
1257:
Proving Woman: Female Spirituality and Inquisitional Culture in the Later Middle Ages
1205:
1194:
1147:
1117:
1065:
1040:
984:
788:
731:
677:
567:, Mechelen, Leuven and Ghent, which last numbered nearly a thousand members in 1905.
548:
530:
499:
495:
226:' life through voluntary poverty, care of the poor and sick, and religious devotion.
1977:
1355:
1351:
937:
886:
831:
784:
756:
552:
483:
474:
143:
83:
2084:
1725:
1876:
1754:
1528:
1141:
891:
819:
752:
751:
said that men of faith and piety were found among the Beghards. In their behalf,
689:
614:
594:
203:
31:
1462:
898:
854:
735:
630:
326:
243:
235:
207:
41:
Beguine of Ghent. Excerpt from a manuscript of the beguinage of Sint-Aubertus,
1940:
The Wisdom of the Beguines: The Forgotten Story of a Medieval Women's Movement
1926:
Cities of Ladies: Beguine Communities in the Medieval Low Countries, 1200–1565
1751:"Bremer Beginenhof Modell | Beginen in Bremen | Das Beginennetzwerk"
1592:
Cities of Ladies: Beguine Communities in the Medieval Low Countries, 1200–1565
1196:
Cities of Ladies: Beguine Communities in the Medieval Low Countries, 1200–1565
1143:
Holy Feast and Holy Fast: The Religious Significance of Food to Medieval Women
1114:
Cities of Ladies: Beguine Communities in the Medieval Low Countries, 1200–1565
738:(1321), who permitted the Beguines to resume their mode of life after reform.
2110:
2051:
2017:
1998:
1972:
1647:
1174:
1168:
1092:
1035:
Böhringer, Letha (2014). Kolpacoff Deane, Jennifer; van Engen, Hildo (eds.).
602:
564:
317:
305:
211:
63:
2101:
929:
365:
219:
197:
1884:
The Beguines of Medieval Paris: Gender, Patronage, and Spiritual Authority
1492:
The Beguines of Medieval Paris: Gender, Patronage, and Spiritual Authority
1815:
910:
880:
870:
697:
653:
634:
559:
521:
415:
215:
1776:
2007:. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 652.
1101:. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 652.
792:
517:
373:
300:
2068:
Articles exploring Beguines, their spirituality and current relevance.
1437:
De Porcellet, Philippine; Jeay, Madeleine; Garay, Kathleen E. (2001).
835:, Beguines and a beguinage are mentioned in Chapter 17, "La Terrasse".
1866:
Beguines' Reconsidered: Historiographical Problems and New Directions
1819:
969:
673:
649:
428:
411:
349:
309:
270:
1852:
So Great a Light, So Great a Smoke: The Beguin Heretics of Languedoc
1833:
283:
There is likewise no evidence that Beguines ever formed part of the
69:
2016: This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
1971: This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
1857:
De Cant, Geneviève, Majérus Pascal & Verougstraete Christiane,
1811:
941:
780:
776:
598:
588:
436:
432:
369:
262:
2078:
Beguine Communities and Medieval History: An Unexpected Treasure?
1807:
444:
361:
1992:
1594:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 136.
1086:
763:
is believed to resemble the stance of these community members.
555:. Many, however, survived the aftermath of the Vienne decrees.
448:
440:
284:
1377:
Labels and Libels: Naming Beguines in Northern Medieval Europe
1037:
Labels and Libels: Naming Beguines in Northern Medieval Europe
158:
122:
98:
618:
396:
266:
223:
200:
42:
2022:
Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Beguines & Beghards".
182:
1983:
Cyclopædia, or an Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences
1430:
1200:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. pp.
173:
152:
116:
89:
2127:
Christian religious orders established in the 12th century
1956:, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2010 (=VIEG 223).
265:. Other theories, such as derivation from the name of St.
847:(1952; published in 2006 in a new English translation as
597:, the last traditional Beguine, died on 14 April 2013 in
341:
179:
155:
119:
95:
1933:
The Voice of Silence: Women's Literacy in a Men's Church
1875:, New York: Octagon Books, 1969 (1954 edition online at
316:
At the beginning of the 12th century, some women in the
1928:, Philadelphia: University of Philadelphia Press, 2001.
482:
On the other hand, admirers such as the secular cleric
1886:, Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2014
1795:
Mirari Vos: On Liberalism and Religious Indifferentism
783:
was 94, but in 1734 they had been reduced to just 34.
558:
Most of these institutions were suppressed during the
30:"Beguine" redirects here. For the style of music, see
1905:
Body and Soul: Essays on Medieval Women and Mysticism
1891:
Brides in the Desert: The Spirituality of the Beguine
1436:
214:, in the 13th–16th centuries. Their members lived in
188:
164:
128:
125:
104:
101:
1912:
De Begijnhoven: Oorsprong, Geschiedenis, Inrichting
1697:"Laatste begijntje ter wereld overleden in Kortrijk"
185:
170:
161:
149:
113:
86:
1415:
De Begijnhoven. Oorsprong, Geschiedenis, Inrichting
822:
has his character Corporal Trim describe a Beguine.
815:
The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman
176:
146:
110:
92:
1558:
1494:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
1469:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
1439:The Life of Saint Douceline, a Beguine of Provence
1116:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
1012:"Het begijnhof Sint Aubertus (Poortacker) te Gent"
652:, British Columbia, Canada. It is a contemplative
348:—the same ideals that led to the formation of the
2082:
1726:"Simple Lives: A New Beginning for the Beguines?"
919:mentions the life of Beguines in the Netherlands.
2108:
1947:Les béguinages de Flandre. Un patrimoine mondial
648:Recently, the Beguines of Mercy were founded in
465:
1861:, Riverside: Hervé van Caloen Foundation, 2003.
1844:
796:. There were 20 remaining foundations in 1856.
274:
1986:(1st ed.). James and John Knapton, et al.
1146:. University of California Press. p. 17.
1945:Van Aerschot Suzanne & Heirman Michiel,
1547:
1285:Vitry, James of (1987). King, Margot (ed.).
1136:
842:
472:
312:. It was built in 1463 and restored in 1983.
61:
1175:"Catholic Encyclopedia: Beguines, Beghards"
734:(1312), but this sentence was mitigated by
730:Béziers (1299). They were condemned by the
534:
422:
2021:
1461:
1412:
1329:
1039:. Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols Publishers.
1034:
724:
624:
295:
1990:
1976:
1553:
1084:
787:referred to them critically in his 1832
574:
299:
55:
36:
27:Historical Christian lay religious order
1907:, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994
1781:Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Vancouver
1300:Jacques, R. B. C. Huygens, ed. (1960).
1299:
1269:
1254:
14:
2109:
1694:
1589:
1489:
1345:
1191:
1111:
799:
431:of that age. There was a beguinage at
290:
269:and from the purported, reconstructed
2063:Marygrace Peter's article on Beguines
1723:
1523:
1284:
1064:. New York: Columbia UP. p. 39.
1059:
570:
2028:. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
1914:. Antwerp: Ch. and H. Courtin, 1918.
1797:, paragraph 19, accessed 10 May 2023
1314:
703:
542:
505:
659:
605:in 1920, she was accepted into the
579:Béguinage of St Elisabeth, Kortrijk
24:
2083:Jean Hughes Raber (May 18, 2009).
1949:, Brussels: éditions Racine, 2001.
1893:, Maryknoll, NY: Orbis Books, 1998
1831:
1724:Raber, Jean Hughes (22 May 2009).
1533:. University of Notre Dame Press.
1388:
1304:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. p. 74.
1289:. Peregrina Pub. pp. 104–105.
1239:
1224:
410:) founded the Beguine movement in
257:(1911) that the name derived from
25:
2138:
2033:
1854:, Cornell University Press, 2008.
1335:. University of Notre Dame Press.
766:
454:Some influential Beguinages were
2011:
1991:Phillips, Walter Alison (1911).
1966:
1085:Phillips, Walter Alison (1911).
533:. One of the council's decrees,
142:
82:
1919:Das Beginenwesen in Deutschland
1825:
1800:
1787:
1769:
1753:. Beginenhof.de. Archived from
1743:
1717:
1688:
1661:
1636:
1608:
1583:
1517:
1508:
1483:
1455:
1421:
1406:
1397:
1382:
1370:
1339:
1323:
1308:
1293:
1278:
1263:
1248:
1233:
1490:Miller, Tanya Stabler (2014).
1356:10.1016/j.jmedhist.2007.01.005
1218:
1185:
1160:
1130:
1105:
1078:
1053:
1028:
1004:
601:at the age of 92. Born in the
13:
1:
1695:Carton, Wouter (2014-04-14).
1274:. Syracuse. pp. 118–119.
1259:. Princeton University Press.
711:
466:Criticism and social response
404:
46:
1952:Von Der Osten-Sacken, Vera,
1921:, 2nd edition, Berlin, 2017.
1903:Petroff, Elizabeth Alvilda,
1845:General and cited references
1060:Smith, Rachel J. D. (2019).
997:
805:Joyce Hollyday's 2020 novel
389:Third Order of Saint Francis
229:
7:
1917:Reichstein, Frank-Michael,
1898:The Origins of the Beguines
1864:Deane, Jennifer Kolpacoff,
1669:"Obituary: Marcella Pattyn"
1644:"Obituary: Marcella Pattyn"
1623:Alle Begijnen van Amsterdam
1348:Journal of Medieval History
1330:Grundmann, Herbert (1995).
1302:Lettres de Jacques de Vitry
1287:The Life of Marie d'Oignies
955:Brethren of the Common Life
948:
10:
2143:
1980:, ed. (1728). "Beguines".
1935:, Turnhout, Brepols, 2004.
1413:Philippen, L.J.M. (1918).
1319:. Oxford University Press.
812:In his multi-volume novel
688:. Modern Beguines include
637:in the United States, the
513:The Mirror of Simple Souls
487:
29:
2052:"Beguines & Beghards"
991:Sister Catherine Treatise
975:Heresy of the Free Spirit
458:, Begijnhof (Breda), and
1868:, Monastic Matrix, 2008.
1441:. Boydell & Brewer.
1270:Ziegler, Joanna (1993).
2004:Encyclopædia Britannica
1882:Miller, Tanya Stabler,
1590:Simons, Walter (2003).
1192:Simons, Walter (2001).
1112:Simons, Walter (2001).
1098:Encyclopædia Britannica
844:Le rempart des Béguines
276:
253:Encyclopædia Britannica
1871:McDonnell, Ernest W.,
1255:Elliott, Dyan (2004).
1169:Algemene Winkler Prins
1138:Walker Bynum, Caroline
980:Mechthild of Magdeburg
843:
839:Françoise Mallet-Joris
725:Relation to the Church
686:Mechthild of Magdeburg
666:Christina von Stommeln
625:Second and third waves
580:
535:
473:
423:
313:
296:Communities and status
247:
239:
210:, particularly in the
73:
62:
60:Print of a Beguine in
53:
2117:Beguines and Beghards
2057:Catholic Encyclopedia
2025:Catholic Encyclopedia
1910:Philippen, L. J. M.,
1889:Murk-Jansen, Saskia,
1777:"Other Organizations"
1699:. VRT. Archived from
1565:. CUA Press. p.
1315:More, Alison (2018).
934:Old French literature
748:Catholic Encyclopedia
639:Company of St. Ursula
578:
456:Begijnhof (Amsterdam)
435:as early as 1207, at
303:
68:of Matthäus Brandis,
59:
40:
1850:Burnham, Louisa A.,
876:The Name of the Rose
743:Ernest Gilliat-Smith
611:Elizabeth of Hungary
585:Begijnhof, Amsterdam
234:The term "Beguine" (
206:that were active in
2089:Commonweal Magazine
2039:Chambers, Ephraim.
1942:, BlueBridge, 2014.
1674:The Daily Telegraph
1555:Makowski, Elizabeth
1417:. Antwerp: Veritas.
965:Christian mysticism
960:Christian anarchism
932:'s 13th classic of
841:'s first novel was
800:Literary references
694:Marcella Van Hoecke
460:Begijnhof (Utrecht)
323:mulieres religiosae
308:formerly used as a
291:Beguines (laywomen)
1625:. genealogieonline
1166:See for instance,
913:in his 2012 novel
901:in her 2009 novel
889:in his 2003 novel
670:Douceline of Digne
581:
571:Surviving Beguines
401:Douceline of Digne
360:In cities such as
340:Beguines were not
314:
74:
54:
2122:Christian mystics
1978:Chambers, Ephraim
1576:978-0-8132-1392-7
1540:978-0-268-07973-4
1153:978-0-520-90878-9
1123:978-0-8122-1853-4
985:Nicholas of Basel
928:In chapter 53 of
916:World Without End
789:encyclical letter
745:, writing in the
732:Council of Vienne
704:Beghards (laymen)
678:Marguerite Porete
583:The community of
549:Council of Vienne
543:Post-1312 decline
531:Council of Vienne
506:Marguerite Porete
500:Council of Vienne
496:Marguerite Porete
16:(Redirected from
2134:
2098:
2096:
2095:
2029:
2015:
2014:
2008:
1996:
1994:"Beguines"
1987:
1970:
1969:
1924:Simons, Walter,
1838:
1837:
1829:
1823:
1804:
1798:
1791:
1785:
1784:
1773:
1767:
1766:
1764:
1762:
1747:
1741:
1740:
1738:
1737:
1721:
1715:
1714:
1712:
1711:
1705:
1692:
1686:
1685:
1683:
1682:
1665:
1659:
1658:
1656:
1655:
1640:
1634:
1633:
1631:
1630:
1620:
1616:"Agatha Kaptein"
1612:
1606:
1605:
1587:
1581:
1580:
1564:
1551:
1545:
1544:
1521:
1515:
1512:
1506:
1505:
1487:
1481:
1480:
1459:
1453:
1452:
1434:
1428:
1425:
1419:
1418:
1410:
1404:
1401:
1395:
1394:
1391:Cities of Ladies
1389:Simons, Walter.
1386:
1380:
1374:
1368:
1367:
1343:
1337:
1336:
1327:
1321:
1320:
1312:
1306:
1305:
1297:
1291:
1290:
1282:
1276:
1275:
1267:
1261:
1260:
1252:
1246:
1245:
1242:Cities of Ladies
1240:Simons, Walter.
1237:
1231:
1230:
1227:Cities of Ladies
1225:Simons, Walter.
1222:
1216:
1215:
1199:
1189:
1183:
1182:
1164:
1158:
1157:
1134:
1128:
1127:
1109:
1103:
1102:
1090:
1088:"Beguines"
1082:
1076:
1075:
1057:
1051:
1050:
1032:
1026:
1025:
1023:
1022:
1008:
938:Roman de la Rose
887:Bernard Cornwell
846:
827:Charlotte Brontë
785:Pope Gregory XVI
757:Pope Boniface IX
755:(1374–1377) and
660:Notable Beguines
553:mendicant orders
538:
536:Cum de Quibusdam
489:
484:Robert de Sorbon
478:
475:Roman de la Rose
447:in 1234, and at
443:before 1232, at
426:
424:mulieres sanctae
409:
408: 1215–1274
406:
335:Diocese of Liège
279:
259:Lambert le Bègue
255:Eleventh Edition
204:religious orders
195:
194:
191:
190:
187:
184:
181:
178:
175:
172:
167:
166:
163:
160:
157:
154:
151:
148:
135:
134:
131:
130:
127:
124:
121:
118:
115:
112:
107:
106:
103:
100:
97:
94:
91:
88:
67:
51:
48:
21:
2142:
2141:
2137:
2136:
2135:
2133:
2132:
2131:
2107:
2106:
2093:
2091:
2036:
2012:
1967:
1847:
1842:
1841:
1832:Gielen, Helga.
1830:
1826:
1805:
1801:
1792:
1788:
1775:
1774:
1770:
1760:
1758:
1749:
1748:
1744:
1735:
1733:
1722:
1718:
1709:
1707:
1703:
1693:
1689:
1680:
1678:
1667:
1666:
1662:
1653:
1651:
1642:
1641:
1637:
1628:
1626:
1618:
1614:
1613:
1609:
1602:
1588:
1584:
1577:
1552:
1548:
1541:
1522:
1518:
1513:
1509:
1502:
1488:
1484:
1477:
1463:Van Engen, John
1460:
1456:
1449:
1435:
1431:
1426:
1422:
1411:
1407:
1402:
1398:
1387:
1383:
1379:(Brepols, 2014)
1375:
1371:
1344:
1340:
1328:
1324:
1313:
1309:
1298:
1294:
1283:
1279:
1268:
1264:
1253:
1249:
1238:
1234:
1223:
1219:
1212:
1190:
1186:
1173:
1165:
1161:
1154:
1135:
1131:
1124:
1110:
1106:
1083:
1079:
1072:
1058:
1054:
1047:
1033:
1029:
1020:
1018:
1010:
1009:
1005:
1000:
951:
904:The Owl Killers
883:is persecuting.
863:Ink & Honey
860:The 2012 novel
850:The Illusionist
820:Laurence Sterne
802:
769:
753:Pope Gregory XI
727:
714:
706:
690:Marcella Pattyn
682:Marie d'Oignies
662:
627:
615:Sint-Amandsberg
595:Marcella Pattyn
573:
545:
508:
468:
407:
385:Bishop of Liège
346:vita apostolica
331:Marie d'Oignies
298:
293:
232:
169:
145:
141:
109:
85:
81:
64:Des dodes dantz
49:
35:
32:Beguine (dance)
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2140:
2130:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2105:
2104:
2099:
2085:"Simple Lives"
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2049:
2047:Beguines p. 95
2035:
2034:External links
2032:
2031:
2030:
2009:
1999:Chisholm, Hugh
1988:
1963:
1962:
1958:
1957:
1950:
1943:
1936:
1929:
1922:
1915:
1908:
1901:
1900:, Signs, 1989.
1894:
1887:
1880:
1869:
1862:
1855:
1846:
1843:
1840:
1839:
1824:
1799:
1786:
1768:
1742:
1716:
1687:
1660:
1635:
1607:
1601:978-0812218534
1600:
1582:
1575:
1546:
1539:
1525:Field, Sean L.
1516:
1507:
1501:978-0812246070
1500:
1482:
1476:978-0812223071
1475:
1454:
1448:978-0859916295
1447:
1429:
1420:
1405:
1396:
1381:
1369:
1338:
1322:
1317:Fictive Orders
1307:
1292:
1277:
1262:
1247:
1232:
1217:
1210:
1184:
1159:
1152:
1129:
1122:
1104:
1093:Chisholm, Hugh
1077:
1070:
1052:
1046:978-2503551357
1045:
1027:
1002:
1001:
999:
996:
995:
994:
987:
982:
977:
972:
967:
962:
957:
950:
947:
946:
945:
926:
920:
908:
899:Karen Maitland
896:
884:
873:'s 1980 novel
867:
858:
836:
829:'s 1853 novel
823:
810:
807:Pillar of Fire
801:
798:
768:
767:Modern decline
765:
736:Pope John XXII
726:
723:
713:
710:
705:
702:
661:
658:
631:Mathias Hovius
626:
623:
572:
569:
544:
541:
507:
504:
502:in 1311–1312.
467:
464:
327:James of Vitry
297:
294:
292:
289:
261:, a priest of
231:
228:
208:Western Europe
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2139:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2114:
2112:
2103:
2100:
2090:
2086:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2058:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2044:
2043:
2038:
2037:
2027:
2026:
2019:
2018:public domain
2010:
2006:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1989:
1985:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1973:public domain
1965:
1964:
1960:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1948:
1944:
1941:
1938:Swan, Laura,
1937:
1934:
1930:
1927:
1923:
1920:
1916:
1913:
1909:
1906:
1902:
1899:
1896:Neel, Carol,
1895:
1892:
1888:
1885:
1881:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1867:
1863:
1860:
1856:
1853:
1849:
1848:
1835:
1828:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1803:
1796:
1793:Gregory XVI,
1790:
1782:
1778:
1772:
1757:on 2013-04-19
1756:
1752:
1746:
1731:
1727:
1720:
1706:on 2013-04-18
1702:
1698:
1691:
1676:
1675:
1670:
1664:
1649:
1648:The Economist
1645:
1639:
1624:
1617:
1611:
1603:
1597:
1593:
1586:
1578:
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1568:
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1520:
1511:
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1497:
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1392:
1385:
1378:
1373:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
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1334:
1326:
1318:
1311:
1303:
1296:
1288:
1281:
1273:
1266:
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1251:
1243:
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1228:
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1213:
1211:0-8122-3604-1
1207:
1203:
1198:
1197:
1188:
1180:
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1170:
1163:
1155:
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1125:
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1100:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1081:
1073:
1071:9780231188609
1067:
1063:
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1007:
1003:
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978:
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872:
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865:
864:
859:
856:
852:
851:
845:
840:
837:
834:
833:
828:
824:
821:
818:(1759–1767),
817:
816:
811:
808:
804:
803:
797:
795:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
773:textile trade
764:
762:
758:
754:
750:
749:
744:
739:
737:
733:
722:
718:
709:
701:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
657:
655:
651:
646:
642:
640:
636:
632:
622:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
603:Belgian Congo
600:
596:
592:
590:
586:
577:
568:
566:
561:
556:
554:
550:
540:
537:
532:
526:
523:
519:
516:. Written in
515:
514:
503:
501:
497:
491:
485:
480:
477:
476:
463:
461:
457:
452:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
425:
419:
417:
413:
402:
398:
395:beguinage of
392:
390:
386:
381:
377:
375:
371:
367:
363:
358:
354:
351:
347:
343:
338:
336:
332:
328:
324:
319:
318:Low Countries
311:
307:
306:Bad Cannstatt
302:
288:
286:
281:
278:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
254:
249:
245:
241:
237:
227:
225:
221:
217:
216:semi-monastic
213:
212:Low Countries
209:
205:
202:
199:
193:
139:
133:
79:
71:
66:
65:
58:
44:
39:
33:
19:
2092:. Retrieved
2088:
2055:
2040:
2023:
2002:
1981:
1953:
1946:
1939:
1932:
1925:
1918:
1911:
1904:
1897:
1890:
1883:
1872:
1865:
1858:
1851:
1827:
1818:— except at
1802:
1789:
1780:
1771:
1759:. Retrieved
1755:the original
1745:
1734:. Retrieved
1729:
1719:
1708:. Retrieved
1701:the original
1690:
1679:. Retrieved
1677:. 2013-05-16
1672:
1663:
1652:. Retrieved
1650:. 2013-04-27
1638:
1627:. Retrieved
1622:
1610:
1591:
1585:
1560:
1549:
1529:
1519:
1510:
1491:
1485:
1466:
1457:
1438:
1432:
1423:
1414:
1408:
1399:
1390:
1384:
1376:
1372:
1347:
1341:
1331:
1325:
1316:
1310:
1301:
1295:
1286:
1280:
1271:
1265:
1256:
1250:
1241:
1235:
1226:
1220:
1195:
1187:
1178:
1167:
1162:
1142:
1132:
1113:
1107:
1096:
1080:
1061:
1055:
1036:
1030:
1019:. Retrieved
1016:lib.ugent.be
1015:
1006:
989:
930:Jean de Meun
923:Helga Gielen
914:
902:
890:
874:
861:
848:
830:
813:
806:
791:
770:
746:
740:
728:
719:
715:
707:
696:and perhaps
663:
647:
643:
628:
593:
582:
557:
546:
527:
511:
509:
492:
481:
469:
453:
439:in 1245, at
420:
393:
382:
378:
366:Valenciennes
359:
355:
345:
339:
315:
282:
252:
233:
220:Rule of Life
137:
77:
75:
1961:Attribution
1816:Netherlands
911:Ken Follett
881:Inquisition
871:Umberto Eco
698:Dorothy Day
654:third order
635:Dorothy Day
607:Holy Corner
560:Reformation
522:Middle Ages
416:hagiography
304:A house in
50: 1840
2111:Categories
2094:2019-06-16
2042:Cyclopædia
1877:HathiTrust
1736:2018-12-30
1730:Commonweal
1710:2014-04-14
1681:2013-05-16
1654:2013-05-16
1629:2009-01-21
1179:New Advent
1021:2020-08-28
793:Mirari vos
712:Membership
547:After the
518:Old French
374:beguinages
136:) and the
1820:Amsterdam
1364:159888471
1350:: 60–86.
998:Citations
970:Hadewijch
674:Hadewijch
650:Vancouver
429:mysticism
412:Marseille
350:mendicant
310:beguinage
271:Old Saxon
230:Etymology
198:Christian
2045:, 1728,
1812:Flanders
1808:cambrick
1761:March 7,
1557:(2005).
1527:(2012).
1465:(2008).
1140:(1988).
949:See also
942:Beguines
832:Villette
781:Wallonia
777:Flanders
761:Quietism
599:Kortrijk
589:Puritans
437:Brussels
433:Mechelen
240:beguinas
138:Beghards
78:Beguines
18:Beguines
2054:at the
2020::
2001:(ed.).
1975::
1704:(Dutch)
1619:(Dutch)
1095:(ed.).
892:Heretic
855:Flemish
445:Antwerp
362:Cambrai
196:) were
1732:: 10–1
1598:
1573:
1537:
1498:
1473:
1445:
1362:
1208:
1150:
1120:
1068:
1043:
940:, the
684:, and
449:Bruges
441:Leuven
414:; her
368:, and
285:Cathar
277:beggen
248:begijn
70:Lübeck
1997:. In
1360:S2CID
1333:Rowan
1204:–12.
1091:. In
857:town.
619:Ghent
397:Ghent
370:Liège
275:*
273:word
267:Begga
263:Liège
244:Dutch
236:Latin
224:Jesus
43:Ghent
1763:2013
1596:ISBN
1571:ISBN
1535:ISBN
1496:ISBN
1471:ISBN
1443:ISBN
1206:ISBN
1148:ISBN
1118:ISBN
1066:ISBN
1041:ISBN
779:and
565:Lier
488:died
342:nuns
329:and
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825:In
613:at
609:of
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