2445:
57:
148:) denotes the letters themselves (rather than the phenomenon of spirantization). If a beged-kephat is at the beginning of a word, and is preceded by a word ending in an open syllable, then there is no
152:. Begedkefet spirantization developed sometime during the lifetime of Biblical Hebrew under the influence of Aramaic. Its time of emergence can be found by noting that the Old Aramaic phonemes
1585:
due to loss of consonant gemination in modern Hebrew, which formerly distinguished the stop members of the pairs from the fricatives when intervocalic – e.g. in the
2255:
of foreign language texts or the transliteration of foreign names. Also these modern Hebrew variants have nothing to do with the phenomenon of spirantization.
930:'s غ ġayn, both of which are . Modern Hebrew ר resh can still sporadically be found standing in for this phoneme, for example in the Hebrew rendering of
45:
3247:
2493:
3202:
835:(in which case it is termed "dagesh ẖazaq", a mark for historical gemination in most other consonants of the language as well), and
231: (tav) still exist, these letters' pronunciation always remains acoustically and phonologically indistinguishable.
74:
2531:
2466:
2462:
2451:
278:
2313:, the dagesh qal is marked also in the three begedkefet letters which can no longer denote a fricative variant –
2011:
1740:
977:
700:
27:
3274:
3158:
3153:
2526:
2102:
1848:
2486:
2150:
1535:
as allophonic and determines its manner of articulation according to historical phonological principles; or:
283:
1839:
Even aside from borrowings or lost gemination, common
Israeli pronunciation sometimes violates the original
3163:
2078:
1995:
1932:
1916:
945:
723:
249:
2289:
2273:
2212:
2196:
2180:
2164:
2052:
2044:
2036:
2028:
1977:
1969:
1961:
1953:
1948:, called the Ha'apala which designates the covert Jewish immigration to British Palestine, 1934–1948) and
1898:
1890:
1882:
1873:
1828:
1816:
1804:
1796:
1773:
1750:
1705:
1690:
1663:
1648:
1621:
1606:
1572:
1564:
1556:
1548:
1508:
1488:
1460:
1431:
1423:
1400:
1392:
1365:
1353:
1330:
1322:
1266:
1239:
1212:
1172:
1141:
1114:
1087:
1052:
1021:
145:
41:
37:
3233:
2678:
2086:
1987:
1908:
2937:
3284:
2350:
2242:
2110:
2070:
2003:
1763:
1522:
969:
961:
909:
885:
797:
788:
714:
619:
261:
155:
1843:
principle "stop variant after a consonant; fricative after a vowel", although this principle is still
2348:
2334:
2320:
2240:
2232:
2148:
2108:
2100:
2084:
2076:
2068:
2060:
2009:
2001:
1993:
1985:
1930:
1922:
1914:
1906:
1784:
1761:
1738:
1528:
1520:
983:
975:
967:
959:
951:
943:
935:
919:
907:
899:
883:
875:
867:
795:
786:
721:
712:
698:
642:
640:
631:
617:
559:
550:
485:
476:
413:
411:
402:
293:
281:
269:
The only extant Hebrew pronunciation tradition to preserve and distinguish all begadkefat letters is
259:
247:
161:
153:
3279:
3197:
2875:
2644:
2479:
1480:
3240:
3219:
3182:
3070:
2870:
2652:
2619:
2540:
2336:
2234:
2062:
1924:
1844:
1786:
1530:
1504:
953:
937:
901:
877:
633:
561:
552:
404:
163:
3092:
2969:
2115:, rendering it identical to common Israeli pronunciation of the fricative variant of the letter
2880:
2536:
1472:
995:
487:
23:
2947:
112:. The name is also given to similar cases of spirantization of post-vocalic plosives in other
3105:
2865:
2719:
168:
disappeared in the 7th century BC. During this period all six plosive / fricative pairs were
3065:
2985:
2714:
2322:
1952: (the immigrants of this immigration), whose respective prescribed pronunciation is
921:
869:
828:
at the beginning of a word or after a consonant (in which cases it is termed "dagesh qal"),
478:
295:
8:
3112:
3100:
3018:
2822:
2297:
2145:
1500:
654:
289:
204:
2300:
mark of the preceding word, but the detailed rules are beyond the scope of this article.
3269:
3186:
3127:
3122:
3000:
843:
94:
3178:
3075:
3008:
2973:
2922:
2268:
are sometimes written without a dagesh and therefore pronounced as fricatives, e.g. "
1071:
131:
The name of the phenomenon is made up of these six consonants, mixed with haphazard
3226:
2631:
2599:
2566:
2407:
2264:
In Hebrew texts that are not modern, begedkefet letters at the beginning of a word
235:
125:
117:
105:
3173:
3137:
3043:
2979:
2957:
2734:
2636:
2626:
2604:
2578:
2573:
2561:
2521:
2516:
2502:
2281:
1067:
1036:
994:
in which the roots' meaning is retained despite variation of begedkefet letters'
811:
270:
180:
101:
64:
2990:
2709:
2699:
2614:
2609:
2390:
2382:
931:
915:
200:
184:
97:
3263:
2842:
2583:
2428:
1552:
176:
142:
2252:
207:
variant pair; however, in Modern Hebrew these variants are no longer purely
3117:
3033:
2965:
2807:
2767:
2747:
2694:
2310:
2091:), due to the shifting of the original semitic pronunciation of the letter
1868:
1305:
991:
814:
351:
255:
838:
in some modern Hebrew words independently of these conditions (see below).
3192:
3038:
2762:
2704:
2386:
1559:, preserving the fricative manner of articulation in related nouns (e.g.
216:
70:
1581:
This phonemic divergence is due to a number of factors, amongst others:
1945:
1586:
987:
895:
832:
109:
858:, marks in Yiddish (and rarely in Hebrew) the fricative articulation.
3057:
3028:
2356:
1840:
308:
The phenomenon is attributed to the following allophonic consonants:
208:
169:
3227:
Gesenius' Hebrew and
Chaldee Lexicon to the Old Testament Scriptures
3132:
2724:
2545:
2248:
2027: (paintbrush), whose respective prescribed pronunciation is
1729:
113:
90:
33:
2471:
2159:, not connected to the phenomenon of spirantization: compare e.g.
2204:
2156:
239:
3023:
2932:
2927:
2912:
2907:
2857:
2812:
2797:
2359:
2296:, Genesis 1, 11 and 1, 12). This is governed by the stress and
2137:
927:
818:
149:
121:
56:
3168:
3013:
2917:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2827:
2772:
2757:
2752:
2742:
2136:
In modern Hebrew, the letter gimel modified by the diacritic
1860:
499:
425:
274:
132:
2942:
2887:
2837:
2832:
2817:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2220:
2188:
2172:
2096:
1476:
1196:
1005:
847:
573:
135:
for the sake of pronunciation: BeGaDKePaT. The Hebrew term
2343:
2329:
2315:
1300:
1294:
1288:
1286:
however, in Modern Hebrew, stop and fricative variants of
2847:
2802:
735:
246: without dagesh still denotes a fricative variant
2410:, but this is unlikely, c.f. Dolgoposky 1999, pp. 72-73.
1519:, which regards the variation in pronunciation of kaf
817:, a dot in the center of one of these letters, called
258:, aka Yiddish) which diverged from Biblical/Mishnaic
1547: "to gossip", whose prescribed pronunciation
890:
no longer exist in modern Hebrew. (However, Hebrew
32:. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
2247:, however never as sounds in Hebrew words or even
3261:
2231: – respectively do denote the fricatives
1871:), whose respective prescribed pronunciation is
1594:
1449:
1310:
1000:
46:IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters
3248:Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament
2223:"). Conversely, dalet and tav with a geresh –
1459: "to star", whose common pronunciation
866:As mentioned above, the fricative variants of
2487:
1304: are distinct phonemes, and there are
769:
752:
688:
671:
607:
590:
533:
516:
459:
442:
385:
368:
136:
273:; however, in Yemenite Hebrew the sound of
2494:
2480:
2251:, but are rather used exclusively for the
2075:, although following vowels (respectively
831:when the sound is – or was historically –
108:when they are preceded by a vowel and not
1921:), but still preferring the stop variant
292:), which diverged from Biblical/Mishnaic
1128:("he remembered" → "he will remember"),
1783: • non-syllable-initial
1760: • non-syllable-initial
1410:("connected" – "made friends (with)"),
75:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
3262:
2475:
934:'s name.) The three remaining pairs
313:
212:
2385:, "Begadkefat im Berberischen", in:
2155:; this, however, denotes a separate
1441:("got integrated" – "was shocked"),
1340:("applied make up" – "tipped ash"),
770:
753:
689:
672:
608:
591:
534:
517:
460:
443:
386:
369:
36:. For the distinction between ,
2501:
1737: • syllable-initial
906:which is the voiced counterpart of
861:
137:
13:
824:, marks the plosive articulation:
242:borrowings from Ashkenazi Hebrew,
199: (pe) each still denotes a
14:
3296:
2437:
2000:), but still preferring the stop
1984:, again replacing the consonant (
1728:due to the introduction, through
1280:("a thousand" → "a thousandth"),
2443:
1101:("he wrote" → "he will write"),
279:voiced palato-alveolar affricate
55:
2284:1, 29), but not always – e.g. "
2144: – is pronounced as the
77: instead of Hebrew letters.
28:International Phonetic Alphabet
2422:
2413:
2400:
2375:
2303:
2258:
2130:
1929:to its fricative counterpoint
1849:Academy of the Hebrew Language
1555:rejected, commonly pronounced
1540: •
1453: •
303:
16:Phonological pattern in Hebrew
1:
2369:
187:, three of the six letters,
7:
2397:, London 1975, pp. 315-317.
1905:, replacing the consonant (
1499:"a star" (first stop, then
846:) placed above it, called "
10:
3301:
2537:Transliteration to English
2043:, are commonly pronounced
1968:, are commonly pronounced
1889:, are commonly pronounced
1417:הִשְׁתַּבֵּץ – הִשְׁתַּבֵץ
1226:("evening" → "twilight"),
1190:) judged" → "to judge "),
3211:
3146:
3091:
3056:
2999:
2956:
2856:
2733:
2687:
2671:
2664:
2592:
2554:
2509:
2342:
2328:
2314:
2285:
2269:
2228:
2224:
2208:
2192:
2176:
2160:
2141:
2116:
2092:
2024:
2020:
1949:
1941:
1864:
1856:
1824:
1812:
1792:
1769:
1746:
1683:
1677:("broke" → "shattered"),
1641:
1599:
1568:
1560:
1544:
1484:
1456:
1416:
1385:
1346:
1315:
1299:
1293:
1287:
1259:
1232:
1205:
1194:
1165:
1134:
1107:
1080:
1045:
1014:
1003:
803:
794:
785:
761:
744:
734:
729:
720:
711:
680:
663:
653:
648:
639:
630:
599:
582:
572:
567:
558:
549:
525:
508:
498:
493:
484:
475:
451:
434:
424:
419:
410:
401:
377:
360:
350:
321:
318:
315:
243:
228:
224:
220:
196:
192:
188:
3220:Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar
2453:Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar
2419:Dolgopolsky 1999, p. 72.
2123:
1869:refugee absorption camps
1719:("resided" → "housed"),
1379:("striped" – "missed"),
1159:) turned" → "to turn"),
918:'s fricative variant of
288:(under the influence of
254:(under the influence of
2019:Conversely, words like
1635:("jumped" → "hopped"),
932:Raleb (Ghaleb) Majadele
128:have a similar system.
116:; for instance, in the
89:) is the phenomenon of
24:phonetic transcriptions
2059:, preferring the stop
1803:"fabricated"), ג׳וֹבּ
1473:manner of articulation
1386:הִתְחַבֵּר – הִתְחַבֵר
1039:) → "you will come"),
996:manner of articulation
914:and sounds similar to
63:This article contains
21:This article contains
3275:Linguistic morphology
2270:אֲשֶׁר־בּוֹ פְרִי־עֵץ
2023: (to deny) or
1940:Similarly, the words
1503:), as opposed to the
986:, as demonstrated in
842:A line (similar to a
3241:Strong's Concordance
2532:Ancient inscriptions
1447:and consider, e.g.:
1253:("king" → "queen"),
227: (dalet) and
183:, and most forms of
3234:Brown–Driver–Briggs
2355:) – conserving the
2266:preceded by a vowel
1847:as standard by the
1347:פִּסְפֵּס – פִסְפֵס
815:writing with niqqud
290:Judeo-Yemeni Arabic
3083:Law of attenuation
2593:Reading traditions
2381:See for instance:
1992:) with the vowel (
1730:foreign borrowings
1682: •
1640: •
1598: •
1479:in the word it is
1415: •
1384: •
1345: •
1314: •
1258: •
1231: •
1204: •
1164: •
1133: •
1106: •
1079: •
1044: •
1013: •
195: (kaf) and
93:affecting the non-
3285:Aramaic languages
3257:
3256:
3113:Verbal morphology
3052:
3051:
2570:
2309:In modern Hebrew
2067:to the fricative
2008:to the fricative
1723:
1722:
1579:
1578:
1445:
1444:
1284:
1283:
926:ḡimel as well as
808:
807:
277:with dagesh is a
223: (gimel),
71:rendering support
3292:
3203:Unicode and HTML
2669:
2668:
2657:
2649:
2641:
2622:
2567:northern dialect
2564:
2496:
2489:
2482:
2473:
2472:
2458:
2450:
2447:
2446:
2432:
2426:
2420:
2417:
2411:
2404:
2398:
2379:
2363:
2354:
2346:
2340:
2332:
2326:
2318:
2307:
2301:
2295:
2287:
2279:
2271:
2262:
2256:
2246:
2238:
2230:
2226:
2218:
2210:
2202:
2194:
2186:
2178:
2170:
2162:
2154:
2143:
2134:
2118:
2114:
2106:
2094:
2090:
2082:
2074:
2066:
2058:
2050:
2042:
2034:
2026:
2022:
2015:
2007:
1999:
1991:
1983:
1975:
1967:
1959:
1951:
1943:
1936:
1928:
1920:
1913:) with a vowel (
1912:
1904:
1896:
1888:
1880:
1879:
1866:
1858:
1834:
1826:
1822:
1814:
1810:
1802:
1794:
1790:
1779:
1771:
1767:
1756:
1748:
1744:
1716:
1715:
1702:
1700:
1685:
1674:
1673:
1660:
1658:
1643:
1632:
1631:
1618:
1616:
1601:
1595:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1550:
1546:
1534:
1526:
1518:
1498:
1486:
1470:
1458:
1450:
1438:
1437:
1429:
1418:
1407:
1406:
1398:
1387:
1376:
1375:
1363:
1348:
1337:
1336:
1328:
1317:
1311:
1303:
1297:
1292:,
1291:
1277:
1276:
1261:
1250:
1249:
1234:
1223:
1222:
1207:
1183:
1182:
1167:
1152:
1151:
1136:
1125:
1124:
1109:
1098:
1097:
1082:
1063:
1062:
1047:
1032:
1031:
1016:
1001:
982:still sometimes
981:
973:
965:
957:
949:
941:
925:
913:
905:
889:
881:
873:
862:In Modern Hebrew
857:
823:
801:
792:
773:
772:
763:
756:
755:
746:
727:
718:
704:
692:
691:
682:
675:
674:
665:
646:
637:
623:
611:
610:
601:
594:
593:
584:
565:
556:
537:
536:
527:
520:
519:
510:
491:
482:
463:
462:
453:
446:
445:
436:
417:
408:
389:
388:
379:
372:
371:
362:
311:
310:
299:
287:
265:
253:
245:
236:Ashkenazi Hebrew
230:
226:
222:
198:
194:
190:
167:
159:
147:
140:
139:
126:Celtic languages
59:
43:
39:
3300:
3299:
3295:
3294:
3293:
3291:
3290:
3289:
3280:Hebrew language
3260:
3259:
3258:
3253:
3212:Reference works
3207:
3142:
3138:Vav-consecutive
3087:
3066:Biblical Hebrew
3048:
2995:
2980:Mater lectionis
2952:
2852:
2729:
2683:
2660:
2655:
2647:
2639:
2618:
2588:
2550:
2505:
2503:Hebrew language
2500:
2456:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2435:
2431:, Mechon Mamre.
2427:
2423:
2418:
2414:
2405:
2401:
2395:Hamito-Semitica
2380:
2376:
2372:
2367:
2366:
2308:
2304:
2263:
2259:
2135:
2131:
2126:
1872:
1823:"cubic meter",
1704:
1689:
1662:
1647:
1620:
1605:
1422:
1391:
1352:
1321:
1265:
1238:
1211:
1171:
1140:
1113:
1086:
1051:
1020:
864:
855:
851:
822:( ּ )
821:
774:
765:
757:
748:
693:
684:
676:
667:
612:
603:
595:
586:
538:
529:
521:
512:
464:
455:
447:
438:
390:
381:
373:
364:
345:
340:
306:
271:Yemenite Hebrew
191: (bet),
181:Sephardi Hebrew
138:בֶּגֶ״ד כֶּפֶ״ת
118:Berber language
102:Biblical Hebrew
98:stop consonants
80:
79:
78:
69:Without proper
60:
51:
50:
49:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3298:
3288:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3255:
3254:
3252:
3251:
3244:
3237:
3230:
3223:
3215:
3213:
3209:
3208:
3206:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3187:modern Israeli
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3150:
3148:
3144:
3143:
3141:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3109:
3108:
3103:
3097:
3095:
3089:
3088:
3086:
3085:
3080:
3078:
3076:Philippi's law
3073:
3068:
3062:
3060:
3054:
3053:
3050:
3049:
3047:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3005:
3003:
2997:
2996:
2994:
2993:
2991:Plene scriptum
2988:
2983:
2976:
2962:
2960:
2954:
2953:
2951:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2884:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2862:
2860:
2854:
2853:
2851:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2739:
2737:
2731:
2730:
2728:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2691:
2689:
2685:
2684:
2682:
2681:
2675:
2673:
2666:
2662:
2661:
2659:
2658:
2650:
2642:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2596:
2594:
2590:
2589:
2587:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2558:
2556:
2552:
2551:
2549:
2548:
2543:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2513:
2511:
2507:
2506:
2499:
2498:
2491:
2484:
2476:
2470:
2469:
2439:
2438:External links
2436:
2434:
2433:
2421:
2412:
2399:
2391:Theodora Bynon
2383:Werner Vycichl
2373:
2371:
2368:
2365:
2364:
2302:
2257:
2128:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2121:
2120:
2017:
1938:
1837:
1836:
1781:
1758:
1757:"fabricated"),
1734:
1733:
1725:
1724:
1721:
1720:
1717:
1687:
1679:
1678:
1675:
1645:
1637:
1636:
1633:
1603:
1591:
1590:
1577:
1576:
1541:
1537:
1536:
1507:pronunciation
1471:preserves the
1454:
1443:
1442:
1439:
1420:
1412:
1411:
1408:
1389:
1381:
1380:
1377:
1350:
1342:
1341:
1338:
1319:
1316:אִפֵּר – אִפֵר
1282:
1281:
1278:
1263:
1255:
1254:
1251:
1236:
1228:
1227:
1224:
1209:
1201:
1200:
1192:
1191:
1184:
1169:
1161:
1160:
1153:
1138:
1130:
1129:
1126:
1111:
1103:
1102:
1099:
1084:
1076:
1075:
1064:
1049:
1041:
1040:
1033:
1018:
1010:
1009:
916:Mizrahi Hebrew
863:
860:
853:
840:
839:
836:
829:
806:
805:
802:
793:
784:
780:
779:
777:
775:
768:
766:
760:
758:
751:
749:
743:
741:
738:
732:
731:
728:
719:
710:
706:
705:
696:
694:
687:
685:
679:
677:
670:
668:
662:
660:
657:
651:
650:
647:
638:
629:
625:
624:
615:
613:
606:
604:
598:
596:
589:
587:
581:
579:
576:
570:
569:
566:
557:
548:
544:
543:
541:
539:
532:
530:
524:
522:
515:
513:
507:
505:
502:
496:
495:
492:
483:
474:
470:
469:
467:
465:
458:
456:
450:
448:
441:
439:
433:
431:
428:
422:
421:
418:
409:
400:
396:
395:
393:
391:
384:
382:
376:
374:
367:
365:
359:
357:
354:
348:
347:
342:
337:
334:
331:
328:
324:
323:
320:
317:
314:
305:
302:
185:Mizrahi Hebrew
146:/ˌbeɡedˈkefet/
73:, you may see
61:
54:
53:
52:
44:⟩, see
20:
19:
18:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3297:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3267:
3265:
3250:
3249:
3245:
3243:
3242:
3238:
3236:
3235:
3231:
3229:
3228:
3224:
3222:
3221:
3217:
3216:
3214:
3210:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3151:
3149:
3145:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3118:Semitic roots
3116:
3114:
3111:
3110:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3098:
3096:
3094:
3090:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3071:Modern Hebrew
3069:
3067:
3064:
3063:
3061:
3059:
3055:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3006:
3004:
3002:
2998:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2986:Abbreviations
2984:
2982:
2981:
2977:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2964:
2963:
2961:
2959:
2955:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2923:Kubutz/shuruk
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2885:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2863:
2861:
2859:
2855:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2740:
2738:
2736:
2732:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2692:
2690:
2686:
2680:
2677:
2676:
2674:
2670:
2667:
2663:
2654:
2651:
2646:
2643:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2621:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2597:
2595:
2591:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2568:
2563:
2560:
2559:
2557:
2553:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2514:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2497:
2492:
2490:
2485:
2483:
2478:
2477:
2474:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2454:
2442:
2441:
2430:
2425:
2416:
2409:
2403:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2378:
2374:
2361:
2358:
2352:
2345:
2338:
2331:
2324:
2317:
2312:
2306:
2299:
2293:
2286:עֹשֶׂה פְּרִי
2283:
2277:
2267:
2261:
2254:
2250:
2244:
2236:
2222:
2216:
2206:
2200:
2190:
2184:
2174:
2168:
2158:
2152:
2147:
2139:
2133:
2129:
2112:
2104:
2098:
2088:
2080:
2072:
2064:
2056:
2048:
2040:
2032:
2018:
2013:
2005:
1997:
1989:
1981:
1973:
1965:
1957:
1947:
1939:
1934:
1926:
1918:
1910:
1902:
1894:
1886:
1877:
1870:
1862:
1854:
1853:
1852:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1832:
1820:
1808:
1800:
1788:
1782:
1780:"hypnotized")
1777:
1765:
1759:
1754:
1742:
1736:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1726:
1718:
1713:
1709:
1703:historically
1698:
1694:
1688:
1681:
1680:
1676:
1671:
1667:
1661:historically
1656:
1652:
1646:
1639:
1638:
1634:
1629:
1625:
1619:historically
1614:
1610:
1604:
1597:
1596:
1593:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1583:
1582:
1575:"gossiper").
1554:
1542:
1539:
1538:
1532:
1524:
1516:
1512:
1506:
1502:
1496:
1492:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1468:
1464:
1455:
1452:
1451:
1448:
1440:
1435:
1427:
1421:
1414:
1413:
1409:
1404:
1396:
1390:
1383:
1382:
1378:
1373:
1369:
1361:
1357:
1351:
1344:
1343:
1339:
1334:
1326:
1320:
1313:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1306:minimal pairs
1302:
1296:
1290:
1279:
1274:
1270:
1264:
1257:
1256:
1252:
1247:
1243:
1237:
1230:
1229:
1225:
1220:
1216:
1210:
1203:
1202:
1198:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1180:
1176:
1170:
1163:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1149:
1145:
1139:
1132:
1131:
1127:
1122:
1118:
1112:
1105:
1104:
1100:
1095:
1091:
1085:
1078:
1077:
1073:
1070:) → "broke" (
1069:
1065:
1060:
1056:
1050:
1043:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1029:
1025:
1019:
1012:
1011:
1007:
1002:
999:
997:
993:
989:
985:
979:
971:
963:
955:
947:
939:
933:
929:
923:
917:
911:
903:
897:
893:
887:
879:
871:
859:
849:
845:
837:
834:
830:
827:
826:
825:
820:
816:
813:
799:
790:
782:
781:
778:
776:
767:
759:
750:
742:
739:
737:
733:
725:
716:
708:
707:
702:
697:
695:
686:
678:
669:
661:
658:
656:
652:
644:
635:
627:
626:
621:
616:
614:
605:
597:
588:
580:
577:
575:
571:
563:
554:
546:
545:
542:
540:
531:
523:
514:
506:
503:
501:
497:
489:
480:
472:
471:
468:
466:
457:
449:
440:
432:
429:
427:
423:
415:
406:
398:
397:
394:
392:
383:
375:
366:
358:
355:
353:
349:
343:
338:
335:
332:
329:
326:
325:
322:Hebrew Notes
312:
309:
301:
297:
291:
285:
280:
276:
272:
267:
263:
257:
251:
241:
237:
232:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
186:
182:
178:
177:Modern Hebrew
173:
171:
165:
157:
151:
144:
143:Modern Hebrew
134:
129:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
96:
92:
88:
84:
76:
72:
68:
66:
58:
47:
35:
31:
29:
25:
3246:
3239:
3232:
3225:
3218:
3082:
3034:Inverted nun
3019:Cantillation
2978:
2948:Sin/Shin dot
2720:Paleo-Hebrew
2541:from English
2452:
2424:
2415:
2402:
2394:
2377:
2311:ktiv menuqad
2305:
2298:cantillation
2291:
2275:
2265:
2260:
2253:hebraization
2227: and
2214:
2198:
2182:
2166:
2132:
2054:
2046:
2038:
2030:
1979:
1971:
1963:
1955:
1900:
1892:
1884:
1875:
1841:phonological
1838:
1830:
1818:
1806:
1798:
1775:
1752:
1711:
1707:
1696:
1692:
1669:
1665:
1654:
1650:
1627:
1623:
1612:
1608:
1580:
1553:colloquially
1514:
1510:
1494:
1490:
1466:
1462:
1446:
1433:
1425:
1402:
1394:
1371:
1367:
1359:
1355:
1332:
1324:
1298: and
1285:
1272:
1268:
1245:
1241:
1218:
1214:
1206:ערב ← ערביים
1187:
1178:
1174:
1166:שפטת ← לשפוט
1156:
1147:
1143:
1135:פנית ← לפנות
1120:
1116:
1093:
1089:
1072:intransitive
1058:
1054:
1027:
1023:
891:
865:
841:
809:
307:
268:
256:Judeo-German
233:
219:variants of
217:orthographic
215:). Although
174:
130:
86:
82:
81:
62:
40:and ⟨
22:
3039:Shekel sign
3001:Punctuation
2966:with Niqqud
2876:Palestinian
2665:Orthography
2645:Palestinian
2406:Or perhaps
1587:inflections
1543:similarly,
1260:אלף ← אלפית
1177:atet/→/liʃˈ
1108:זכר ← יזכור
1081:כתב ← יכתוב
988:inflections
304:Orthography
65:Hebrew text
3264:Categories
3189:literature
3009:Diacritics
2871:Babylonian
2653:Babylonian
2370:References
2362:tradition.
2288:" (
2272:" (
1946:Aliyah Bet
1855:The words
1845:prescribed
1684:שכן ← שיכן
1642:שבר ← שיבר
1600:קפץ ← קיפץ
1567:"gossip",
1565:/ʁeχiˈlut/
1557:/leʁaˈχel/
1549:/leʁaˈkel/
1505:prescribed
1233:מלך ← מלכה
1146:aˈnit/→/li
1092:aˈtav/→/ji
1068:transitive
1066:("broke" (
1046:שבר ← נשבר
1037:imperative
1015:בוא ← תבוא
898:consonant
896:guttural R
209:allophonic
170:allophonic
87:begedkefet
83:Begadkefat
3270:Phonology
3058:Phonology
3029:Gershayim
2881:Samaritan
2656:(extinct)
2648:(extinct)
2640:(extinct)
2632:Samaritan
2600:Ashkenazi
2510:Overviews
2357:masoretic
2347: (
2333: (
2319: (
2249:loanwords
2146:affricate
2095: (
1944: (
1867: (
1859: (
1611:ats/→/kiˈ
1573:/ʁaχˈlan/
1501:fricative
1119:aʁ/→/jizˈ
1057:aʁ/→/niʃˈ
1035:("come" (
984:alternate
894:have the
833:geminated
341:Mishnaic
339:Biblical,
319:Spirants
316:Plosives
205:fricative
114:languages
110:geminated
3198:Surnames
3174:Keyboard
3147:Academic
3133:Segolate
3128:Suffixes
3123:Prefixes
3101:Biblical
3044:Numerals
2958:Spelling
2866:Tiberian
2735:Alphabet
2725:Solitreo
2715:Crowning
2679:Biblical
2637:Tiberian
2627:Yemenite
2605:Sephardi
2579:Medieval
2574:Mishnaic
2562:Biblical
2546:Gematria
2522:Alphabet
2517:Language
2393:(eds.),
2211:
2195:
2179:
2163:
2119:.
1851:, e.g.:
1827:
1815:
1795:
1772:
1749:
1695:an/→/ʃiˈ
1653:ar/→/ʃiˈ
1571:
1563:
1487:
1475:of each
998:, e.g.,
990:of many
346:Israeli
344:Standard
95:emphatic
91:lenition
38:/ /
34:Help:IPA
3183:ancient
3159:Academy
3154:Revival
3093:Grammar
2970:missing
2710:Cursive
2700:Braille
2688:Scripts
2615:Mizrahi
2610:Italian
2527:History
2408:Hurrian
2282:Genesis
2278:riʕets/
2274:/aʃerbo
2205:holiday
2157:phoneme
2099:) from
1950:מעפילים
1835:"pub").
1811:"job",
1755:ibˈʁek/
1686:
1644:
1602:
1485:כּוֹכָב
1481:derived
1432:/hiʃtaˈ
1424:/hiʃtaˈ
1419:
1401:/hitχaˈ
1393:/hitχaˈ
1388:
1349:
1318:
1262:
1244:/→/malˈ
1235:
1208:
1186:("you (
1168:
1155:("you (
1137:
1110:
1083:
1048:
1026:o/→/taˈ
1017:
856: )
852:(
764:
747:
740:Letter
683:
666:
659:Letter
602:
585:
578:Letter
528:
511:
504:Letter
454:
437:
430:Letter
380:
363:
356:Letter
336:Syriac
333:Hebrew
330:Syriac
327:Hebrew
240:Yiddish
238:and in
106:Aramaic
26:in the
3179:Hebrew
3106:Modern
3024:Geresh
2933:Mappiq
2928:Dagesh
2913:Kamatz
2858:Niqqud
2813:Samech
2705:Ashuri
2620:Syrian
2584:Modern
2457:
2449:
2360:niqqud
2341:) and
2219:("the
2207:") ←→
2175:") ←→
2173:fleece
2138:geresh
2021:להכחיש
1982:iˈlim/
1966:iˈlim/
1903:aˈʁot/
1891:/ma.aˈ
1887:aˈʁot/
1865:מעברות
1863:) and
1857:מעבורת
1825:פָּאבּ
1791:(e.g.
1768:(e.g.
1745:(e.g.
1561:רכילות
1483:from:
1271:/→/alˈ
1240:/ˈmele
1217:/→/aʁˈ
1195:or in
966:, and
928:Arabic
844:macron
819:dagesh
812:Hebrew
150:dagesh
133:vowels
122:Djerba
85:(also
42:
3193:Names
3169:Ulpan
3164:Study
3014:Meteg
2938:Maqaf
2918:Holam
2908:Pataḥ
2903:Segol
2898:Tzere
2893:Hiriq
2828:Tsadi
2798:Lamed
2773:Zayin
2758:Dalet
2753:Gimel
2695:Rashi
2429:Gen 1
2387:James
2353:]
2349:[
2339:]
2335:[
2325:]
2321:[
2290:/ʕose
2245:]
2241:[
2237:]
2233:[
2153:]
2149:[
2124:Notes
2057:ˈχol/
2049:ˈχiʃ/
2045:/leha
2041:ˈħol/
2033:ˈħiʃ/
2029:/leha
2025:מכחול
1978:/ma.a
1974:aˈla/
1970:/ha.a
1958:aˈla/
1942:העפלה
1899:/ma.a
1895:oʁet/
1878:oʁet/
1874:/maʕˈ
1861:ferry
1813:קוּבּ
1801:ˈʁek/
1778:ˈnet/
1732:, of:
1267:/ˈele
1221:ajim/
1213:/ˈeʁe
1197:nouns
1150:ˈnot/
1096:ˈtov/
1006:verbs
992:roots
924:]
920:[
888:]
884:[
880:]
876:[
872:]
868:[
800:]
796:[
791:]
787:[
726:]
722:[
717:]
713:[
703:]
699:[
645:]
641:[
636:]
632:[
622:]
618:[
564:]
560:[
555:]
551:[
500:Dalet
490:]
486:[
481:]
477:[
426:Gimel
416:]
412:[
407:]
403:[
298:]
294:[
286:]
282:[
275:gimel
264:]
260:[
252:]
248:[
213:below
211:(see
30:(IPA)
2974:full
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1615:ets/
1607:/kaˈ
1569:רכלן
1545:לרכל
1457:לככב
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1428:ets/
1173:/ʃaˈ
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1053:/ʃaˈ
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882:and
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783:IPA
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628:IPA
574:Kaph
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2327:),
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1461:/le
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1358:isˈ
1335:eʁ/
1331:/iˈ
1327:eʁ/
1323:/iˈ
1275:it/
1181:ot/
1123:oʁ/
1074:),
1061:aʁ/
1004:in
810:In
736:Taw
352:Bet
284:d͡ʒ
234:In
175:In
120:of
100:of
3266::
3185:/
3181:/
2972:/
2968:/
2539:/
2465:,
2461:,
2280:,
2229:ת׳
2225:ד׳
2215:dʒ
2203:("
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1364:–
1329:–
1308::
1248:a/
1199::
1188:f.
1157:f.
1030:o/
1008::
950:,
874:,
850:"
804:-
771:ܬ݂
754:ܬ݁
745:תּ
730:-
690:ܦ݂
673:ܦ݁
664:פּ
655:Pe
649:-
609:ܟ݂
592:ܟ݁
583:כּ
568:-
535:ܕ݂
518:ܕ݁
509:דּ
494:-
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444:ܓ݁
435:גּ
420:-
387:ܒ݂
370:ܒ݁
361:בּ
300:.
266:.
179:,
172:.
160:,
124:.
2623:)
2617:(
2569:)
2565:(
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2201:/
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2181:/
2167:ɡ
2165:/
2117:כ
2113:/
2111:χ
2109:/
2105:/
2103:ħ
2101:/
2093:ח
2089:/
2087:i
2085:/
2081:/
2079:a
2077:/
2073:/
2071:χ
2069:/
2065:/
2063:k
2061:/
2055:k
2047:k
2039:χ
2031:χ
2016:.
2014:/
2012:f
2010:/
2006:/
2004:p
2002:/
1998:/
1996:a
1994:/
1990:/
1988:ʕ
1986:/
1980:p
1972:p
1964:p
1956:p
1937:.
1935:/
1933:v
1931:/
1927:/
1925:b
1923:/
1919:/
1917:a
1915:/
1911:/
1909:ʕ
1907:/
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1893:b
1885:b
1876:b
1833:/
1831:b
1821:/
1819:b
1809:/
1807:b
1799:b
1789:/
1787:b
1785:/
1776:p
1766:/
1764:p
1762:/
1753:f
1751:/
1743:/
1741:f
1739:/
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1708:k
1701:,
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1589::
1533:/
1531:k
1529:/
1525:/
1523:χ
1521:/
1515:k
1511:χ
1495:χ
1491:k
1489:/
1467:χ
1463:k
1434:v
1426:b
1403:v
1395:b
1372:f
1368:f
1366:/
1360:p
1356:p
1354:/
1333:f
1325:p
1301:פ
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1273:p
1269:f
1246:k
1242:χ
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1144:p
1142:/
1121:k
1117:χ
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1090:k
1088:/
1059:b
1055:v
1028:v
1024:b
1022:/
980:/
978:f
976:/
974:~
972:/
970:p
968:/
964:/
962:χ
960:/
958:~
956:/
954:k
952:/
948:/
946:v
944:/
942:~
940:/
938:b
936:/
922:ɡ
912:/
910:χ
908:/
904:/
902:ʁ
900:/
886:t
878:d
870:ɡ
854:ֿ
798:θ
789:t
762:ת
724:ɸ
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225:ד
221:ג
203:–
197:פ
193:כ
189:ב
166:/
164:ð
162:/
158:/
156:θ
154:/
141:(
67:.
48:.
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