27:
323:, which led to Headspace creating music and sound effects for its devices in the RMF format, as well as bundling additional music collections from the Headspace Music Library. With this format being a software solution, Dolby considered this to be saving physical space within the devices, while satisfying the needs of television viewers wanting audio to accompany the internet.
334:. The same year, Headspace released the Beatnik software system, consisting of the Beatnik Plug-In and the Beatnik Editor. The plug-in could be installed to allow for RMF playback, while the editor could be utilized to author RMF files. Companies that utilized the technology on their websites included
448:
Throughout the 2000s, polyphonic ringtones gradually lost popularity in favor of truetone ringtones in streamed formats, as a result of phones having increased memory. Beatnik ended business in
December 2009, and went defunct towards the end of 2011. Steve Hales, who co-developed the Beatnik Audio
361:
was hired as the president and chief executive of
Headspace, although Dolby remained in his CEO position. Shortly after Hariton's appointment, the company was renamed to Beatnik, Inc., as the company had now become solely focused on delivering interactive audio using the Beatnik technology. During
417:
Beatnik built a team of composers to write polyphonic ringtones for Nokia, while Nokia's own Jarkko
Ylikoski also built a sound team based in Finland. While Beatnik had recommended that Nokia utilized the RMF format to give ringtones a richer, more realistic sound, Nokia only intended to support
422:
phones. As a result, the sound quality was considered tinny, and Dolby and his team were privately embarrassed about it; he feared that people would blame him for the "global ringtone plague". Dolby stepped down from his CEO position in 2002, feeling that most of the ringtones being sold were
310:
games, subsequently reworking this engine into the
Headspace Audio Engine. This led to the development of the Rich Music Format (RMF), primarily utilized to play audio over the internet at small file sizes while allowing for the use of custom instrument samples.
423:"cheesy-sounding" and that the business was no longer interesting to him. Don Millers replaced him as the CEO although he remained on the company's board. Later in 2002 he formed another company named Retro Ringtones, which offered ringtones to businesses.
245:, New York named the Virtual String Quartet, which was programmed by Eric Gullichsen. The experience ran on an IBM 386 processor with a Convolvatron 4-channel audio card. Users wore a head-mounted display and found themselves in the midst of a
285:. This led to him assuming the role of Director of Production, while Power of Seven's music libraries were integrated with Headspace's own. In addition to Dolby and Sebastien, Headspace also employed other composers including Brian Salter,
293:. The composers created music in a wide variety of genres for the Headspace Music Library, which could be licensed online by web developers looking to sonify their websites. All of these composers except Salter composed for the game
393:
at the time. After
Beatnik met with Nokia, the Beatnik Audio Engine was reworked into miniBAE, an optimized version designed for portable devices. In addition to Nokia, the engine was licensed to other manufacturers such as
198:
in 1993 along with co-founder Mary Coller. It is best known for its
Beatnik technology, which was used to provide sound in small file sizes on websites and later in billions of phones during the 2000s to play polyphonic
438:'s MA series of sound chips rather than Beatnik's software-based miniBAE. He also created several sound banks used on phones with BAE, aiming for a high-quality output within limited technical specifications.
240:
In 1993, Thomas Dolby co-founded the company with Mary Coller, as he was frustrated that there was a lack of tools available to develop interactive audio. Prior to this, Dolby had created an exhibition at
426:
Brian Salter, who had left
Beatnik in 1998 but continued to have a close working relationship with the company and its clients, converted several Headspace Music Library tracks into the
410:(often falsely attributed as being Dolby's own work), who created several polyphonic arrangements of Nokia's monophonic ringtones. The first phone to ship with the engine was the
1592:
1582:
445:(XMF), as opposed to the proprietary RMF format used in earlier versions. By 2005, the company reported that BAE had been shipped in over 250 million phones.
1577:
1567:
449:
Engine following the acquisition of his company Igor's
Software Laboratories, opensourced miniBAE the same year, with permission from the company.
1572:
1562:
1180:
1587:
389:
were looking to ship polyphonic ringtones on their phones without having to use sound chips, which were increasingly utilized on phones in
1278:
385:
and declining interest in web audio, Beatnik largely shifted its focus towards mobile technology by 2001, as mobile manufacturers such as
983:
1308:
463:
759:
1194:
845:
875:
1385:
789:
509:
366:. The Headspace Music Library was also converted into CD format and released on several compilation CDs by FirstCom Music.
619:
663:
418:
standard file formats and had planned to remove the code to make RMFs playable, but ultimately overlooked this on their
1236:
957:
704:
906:
306:
The company also acquired Igor
Software Laboratories, which developed the SoundMusicSys engine used in several
303:
and attending meetings from the beginning of its development, although the work was done at their own offices.
650:"HEADSPACE - PRESS RELEASE: Headspace Acquires HIP CLIP Music Library, Power of seven Relocates to California"
729:
246:
242:
215:, and various other manufacturers. During its earlier years it also produced music for video games such as
1082:
402:. Most notably, the engine was used on most Nokia phones of the time to play the polyphonic version of the
1498:
1491:
580:
535:
1437:
1409:
1378:
407:
295:
261:
223:
649:
277:. In 1996, Headspace announced its acquisition of music publishing company Power of Seven, founded by
273:
1013:
1536:
1430:
441:
In 2002, Beatnik launched a rewritten version of BAE named mobileBAE. This uses the more standard
1126:
442:
370:
351:
1286:
1505:
1371:
1029:
991:
554:
194:, was a company that specialized in interactive audio technology. It was founded by musician
129:
931:
1104:
331:
300:
267:
217:
1316:
1279:"BEATNIK LAUNCHES mobileBAE™, WORLD'S FIRST XMF-COMPLIANT AUDIO ENGINE FOR MOBILE DEVICES"
8:
1423:
767:
1519:
1455:
1202:
853:
435:
1338:
1253:
1232:
883:
819:
700:
797:
483:
395:
358:
327:
694:
1229:
The Speed of Sound: Breaking the
Barriers Between Music and Technology: A Memoir
1056:
605:
1416:
711:
In the mid-1990s, Cascone became a sound designer for pop producer Thomas Dolby
382:
343:
282:
249:
627:
1556:
1473:
671:
399:
208:
72:
1512:
1394:
195:
85:
354:, where users could select what layers of the track they wanted to hear.
347:
290:
458:
411:
403:
286:
278:
68:
1181:"Composer and Ivor Novello winner Ian Livingstone talks to Time+Space"
1014:"Beatnik Mixman StudioPro 4.0 Remix Software DM 2 Digital Music Mixer"
1358:
1309:"BEATNIK'S AUDIO ENGINE REACHES A QUARTER OF A BILLION MOBILE PHONES"
846:"PRESS RELEASE: SUN MICROSYSTEMS LICENSES THE HEADSPACE AUDIO ENGINE"
390:
307:
200:
510:"Thomas Dolby: Challenging Audio to Take The Next Step at AES 2018"
26:
737:
419:
212:
1363:
363:
335:
253:
484:"Shockwave? GIF Animations? Isn't It Time to Bring the Noise?"
1254:"Thomas Dolby Robertson Quits Post at Music Start-Up Beatnik"
431:
386:
320:
259:
The company worked on the audio for several games, including
204:
427:
339:
430:
format in 2001, to be used as polyphonic ringtones within
173:
1195:"BEATNIK POWERS POLYPHONIC RINGTONES ON THE NOKIA 3510"
1155:
256:, which could be selected to play in different styles.
1183:(Interview). Interviewed by Time+Space. July 4, 2013.
299:
released in 1997, working closely with the developer
350:'s website also featured an RMF version of his song
790:"PRESS RELEASE: HEADSPACE INC. PARTNERS WITH WEBTV"
330:licensed the Headspace Audio Engine for use in its
1127:"Musician Thomas Dolby Blinded Us With Ringtones"
1098:
1096:
958:"NCD EXEC QUITS TO HEAD NET MUSIC FIRM HEADSPACE"
907:"Dolby looks to create the new 'Beat Generation'"
1554:
319:One of the company's first non-game clients was
1593:Defunct software companies of the United States
376:
1583:Defunct computer companies based in California
1093:
373:in 2000, after losing $ 10.5 million in 1999.
1379:
723:
721:
719:
314:
1083:"Beatnik Files For Initial Public Offering"
876:"PRESS RELEASE: Headspace Releases Beatnik"
362:1999 the company also acquired the company
1386:
1372:
1149:
1147:
598:
581:"Dream Job: Sound Strategist at Headspace"
25:
1578:Software companies disestablished in 2011
1568:American companies disestablished in 2011
1222:
1220:
820:"Dolby blinds the Net with sonic science"
716:
692:
464:Synthetic music mobile application format
235:
1251:
1144:
1054:
1030:"Beatnik, Mixman make music on the Net"
696:Audio culture: readings in modern music
693:Cox, Christoph; Warner, Daniel (2004).
552:
527:
1573:Software companies established in 1993
1563:American companies established in 1993
1555:
1217:
1124:
1102:
1080:
984:"HEADSPACE, INC. BECOMES BEATNIK, INC"
904:
727:
578:
481:
1367:
1231:. Flatiron Books. pp. 173, 174.
1226:
1017:Johns Hopkins University Project MUSE
533:
507:
1588:Music companies of the United States
905:Bowman, Lisa M. (October 10, 1997).
1315:. February 14, 2005. Archived from
1285:. February 19, 2002. Archived from
13:
1055:Wieners, Brad (February 1, 2000).
728:Salter, Brian (November 1, 2005).
14:
1604:
1352:
1153:
555:"Turning the Internet on its Ear"
1393:
1201:. March 13, 2002. Archived from
990:. April 14, 1999. Archived from
553:Vanscoy, Kayte (March 7, 1997).
534:Karon, Paul (January 27, 1997).
508:Weiss, David (October 1, 2018).
482:Orwall, Bruce (March 20, 1997).
346:jingles played with the engine.
1331:
1301:
1271:
1252:Bransten, Lisa (May 17, 2002).
1245:
1187:
1173:
1118:
1081:Alvear, José (March 22, 2000).
1074:
1048:
1022:
1006:
976:
950:
924:
898:
882:. April 2, 1997. Archived from
868:
852:. April 2, 1997. Archived from
838:
812:
796:. July 10, 1996. Archived from
782:
752:
686:
579:Boutin, Paul (March 25, 1998).
1125:Gordon, Doug (June 16, 2018).
1103:Murray, Noel (March 9, 2005).
932:"'Beatnik' Tweaks David Bowie"
760:"INTERVIEW WITH THE DESIGNERS"
656:
642:
612:
572:
546:
501:
475:
1:
469:
203:, with its key clients being
434:, where phones largely used
377:2001–2011: Mobile technology
7:
1499:She Blinded Me with Science
1492:Europa and the Pirate Twins
452:
103:; 12 years ago
58:; 31 years ago
10:
1609:
1438:A Map of the Floating City
1410:The Golden Age of Wireless
699:. Continuum. p. 392.
230:
1529:
1483:
1465:
1447:
1431:Astronauts & Heretics
1401:
620:"Past Headspace Projects"
342:, both of which featured
315:1996–2001: Internet audio
168:
160:
150:
140:
123:
115:
97:
78:
52:
44:
36:
24:
1105:"Thomas Dolby Robertson"
730:"Background and History"
1258:The Wall Street Journal
488:The Wall Street Journal
443:Extensible Music Format
371:initial public offering
1227:Dolby, Thomas (2016).
1131:Wisconsin Public Radio
236:1993–1996: Early years
16:Internet audio company
1506:One of Our Submarines
369:Beatnik filed for an
332:Java virtual machines
130:San Mateo, California
994:on February 14, 2004
764:Online Gaming Review
652:. September 1, 1996.
608:. Peabody Institute.
559:The Austin Chronicle
414:, released in 2002.
301:Rocket Science Games
1424:Aliens Ate My Buick
1359:miniBAE source code
1319:on October 26, 2006
536:"Music to His Ears"
381:As a result of the
21:
1520:I Love You Goodbye
1456:Blinded by Science
1036:. November 2, 1999
964:. February 2, 1999
247:computer-generated
101:December 2011
19:
1550:
1549:
1289:on April 14, 2003
1057:"Beatnik's Remix"
540:Los Angeles Times
243:Guggenheim Museum
185:
184:
1600:
1388:
1381:
1374:
1365:
1364:
1347:
1346:
1335:
1329:
1328:
1326:
1324:
1305:
1299:
1298:
1296:
1294:
1275:
1269:
1268:
1266:
1264:
1249:
1243:
1242:
1224:
1215:
1214:
1212:
1210:
1191:
1185:
1184:
1177:
1171:
1170:
1168:
1166:
1151:
1142:
1141:
1139:
1137:
1122:
1116:
1115:
1113:
1111:
1100:
1091:
1090:
1078:
1072:
1071:
1069:
1067:
1052:
1046:
1045:
1043:
1041:
1026:
1020:
1010:
1004:
1003:
1001:
999:
980:
974:
973:
971:
969:
954:
948:
947:
945:
943:
928:
922:
921:
919:
917:
902:
896:
895:
893:
891:
872:
866:
865:
863:
861:
842:
836:
835:
833:
831:
816:
810:
809:
807:
805:
786:
780:
779:
777:
775:
770:on June 19, 1997
766:. Archived from
756:
750:
749:
747:
745:
740:on July 15, 2007
736:. Archived from
725:
714:
713:
690:
684:
683:
681:
679:
670:. Archived from
660:
654:
653:
646:
640:
639:
637:
635:
626:. Archived from
616:
610:
609:
602:
596:
595:
593:
591:
576:
570:
569:
567:
565:
550:
544:
543:
531:
525:
524:
522:
520:
505:
499:
498:
496:
494:
479:
359:Lorraine Hariton
328:Sun Microsystems
180:
177:
175:
111:
109:
104:
66:
64:
59:
48:Audio technology
31:Web logo in 2000
29:
22:
18:
1608:
1607:
1603:
1602:
1601:
1599:
1598:
1597:
1553:
1552:
1551:
1546:
1525:
1479:
1461:
1443:
1397:
1392:
1355:
1350:
1337:
1336:
1332:
1322:
1320:
1307:
1306:
1302:
1292:
1290:
1277:
1276:
1272:
1262:
1260:
1250:
1246:
1239:
1225:
1218:
1208:
1206:
1205:on June 3, 2004
1193:
1192:
1188:
1179:
1178:
1174:
1164:
1162:
1152:
1145:
1135:
1133:
1123:
1119:
1109:
1107:
1101:
1094:
1087:Streaming Media
1079:
1075:
1065:
1063:
1053:
1049:
1039:
1037:
1028:
1027:
1023:
1012:Eric Strother,
1011:
1007:
997:
995:
982:
981:
977:
967:
965:
956:
955:
951:
941:
939:
938:. April 1, 1999
930:
929:
925:
915:
913:
903:
899:
889:
887:
886:on June 5, 1997
874:
873:
869:
859:
857:
856:on June 5, 1997
844:
843:
839:
829:
827:
818:
817:
813:
803:
801:
800:on June 5, 1997
788:
787:
783:
773:
771:
758:
757:
753:
743:
741:
726:
717:
707:
691:
687:
677:
675:
674:on June 5, 1997
662:
661:
657:
648:
647:
643:
633:
631:
630:on June 5, 1997
618:
617:
613:
604:
603:
599:
589:
587:
577:
573:
563:
561:
551:
547:
532:
528:
518:
516:
506:
502:
492:
490:
480:
476:
472:
455:
408:Ian Livingstone
379:
317:
238:
233:
192:Headspace, Inc.
172:
153:
143:
136:
132:
107:
105:
102:
93:
62:
60:
57:
32:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1606:
1596:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1548:
1547:
1545:
1544:
1539:
1533:
1531:
1527:
1526:
1524:
1523:
1516:
1509:
1502:
1495:
1487:
1485:
1481:
1480:
1478:
1477:
1469:
1467:
1463:
1462:
1460:
1459:
1451:
1449:
1445:
1444:
1442:
1441:
1434:
1427:
1420:
1417:The Flat Earth
1413:
1405:
1403:
1399:
1398:
1391:
1390:
1383:
1376:
1368:
1362:
1361:
1354:
1353:External links
1351:
1349:
1348:
1343:OpenCorporates
1339:"BEATNIK, INC"
1330:
1300:
1270:
1244:
1238:978-1250071842
1237:
1216:
1186:
1172:
1154:Hales, Steve.
1143:
1117:
1092:
1073:
1047:
1021:
1019:. Spring 2003.
1005:
975:
949:
923:
897:
867:
837:
826:. May 27, 1998
811:
781:
751:
715:
705:
685:
655:
641:
611:
606:"Thomas Dolby"
597:
571:
545:
526:
500:
473:
471:
468:
467:
466:
461:
454:
451:
383:dot-com bubble
378:
375:
344:sonic branding
316:
313:
283:Paul Sebastien
250:string quartet
237:
234:
232:
229:
183:
182:
170:
166:
165:
162:
158:
157:
154:
151:
148:
147:
144:
141:
138:
137:
134:
128:
127:60 E 3rd Ave,
125:
121:
120:
117:
113:
112:
99:
95:
94:
92:
91:
88:
82:
80:
76:
75:
54:
50:
49:
46:
42:
41:
38:
34:
33:
30:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1605:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1560:
1558:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1534:
1532:
1528:
1521:
1517:
1514:
1510:
1507:
1503:
1500:
1496:
1493:
1489:
1488:
1486:
1482:
1476:
1475:
1471:
1470:
1468:
1464:
1458:
1457:
1453:
1452:
1450:
1446:
1440:
1439:
1435:
1433:
1432:
1428:
1426:
1425:
1421:
1419:
1418:
1414:
1412:
1411:
1407:
1406:
1404:
1402:Studio albums
1400:
1396:
1389:
1384:
1382:
1377:
1375:
1370:
1369:
1366:
1360:
1357:
1356:
1344:
1340:
1334:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1304:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1274:
1259:
1255:
1248:
1240:
1234:
1230:
1223:
1221:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1190:
1182:
1176:
1161:
1157:
1150:
1148:
1132:
1128:
1121:
1106:
1099:
1097:
1088:
1084:
1077:
1062:
1058:
1051:
1035:
1031:
1025:
1018:
1015:
1009:
993:
989:
985:
979:
963:
959:
953:
937:
933:
927:
912:
908:
901:
885:
881:
877:
871:
855:
851:
847:
841:
825:
821:
815:
799:
795:
791:
785:
769:
765:
761:
755:
739:
735:
731:
724:
722:
720:
712:
708:
706:9780826416148
702:
698:
697:
689:
673:
669:
665:
664:"Who are we?"
659:
651:
645:
629:
625:
621:
615:
607:
601:
586:
582:
575:
560:
556:
549:
541:
537:
530:
515:
511:
504:
489:
485:
478:
474:
465:
462:
460:
457:
456:
450:
446:
444:
439:
437:
433:
429:
424:
421:
415:
413:
409:
405:
401:
400:Sony Ericsson
397:
392:
388:
384:
374:
372:
367:
365:
360:
355:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
324:
322:
312:
309:
304:
302:
298:
297:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
275:
270:
269:
264:
263:
262:Double Switch
257:
255:
251:
248:
244:
228:
226:
225:
220:
219:
214:
210:
209:Sony Ericsson
206:
202:
197:
193:
190:, founded as
189:
188:Beatnik, Inc.
179:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
149:
145:
139:
135:United States
131:
126:
122:
118:
114:
100:
96:
89:
87:
84:
83:
81:
77:
74:
73:United States
70:
55:
51:
47:
43:
39:
35:
28:
23:
1541:
1513:Hyperactive!
1472:
1454:
1436:
1429:
1422:
1415:
1408:
1395:Thomas Dolby
1342:
1333:
1321:. Retrieved
1317:the original
1313:Beatnik, Inc
1312:
1303:
1291:. Retrieved
1287:the original
1283:Beatnik, Inc
1282:
1273:
1261:. Retrieved
1257:
1247:
1228:
1207:. Retrieved
1203:the original
1199:Beatnik, Inc
1198:
1189:
1175:
1163:. Retrieved
1159:
1134:. Retrieved
1130:
1120:
1108:. Retrieved
1086:
1076:
1064:. Retrieved
1060:
1050:
1038:. Retrieved
1033:
1024:
1016:
1008:
996:. Retrieved
992:the original
988:Beatnik, Inc
987:
978:
966:. Retrieved
962:Tech Monitor
961:
952:
940:. Retrieved
935:
926:
914:. Retrieved
910:
900:
888:. Retrieved
884:the original
879:
870:
858:. Retrieved
854:the original
849:
840:
828:. Retrieved
823:
814:
802:. Retrieved
798:the original
793:
784:
772:. Retrieved
768:the original
763:
754:
742:. Retrieved
738:the original
734:Brian Salter
733:
710:
695:
688:
676:. Retrieved
672:the original
667:
658:
644:
632:. Retrieved
628:the original
623:
614:
600:
588:. Retrieved
584:
574:
562:. Retrieved
558:
548:
539:
529:
517:. Retrieved
513:
503:
491:. Retrieved
487:
477:
447:
440:
425:
416:
406:arranged by
380:
368:
356:
325:
318:
305:
294:
274:The Dark Eye
272:
266:
260:
258:
239:
222:
216:
196:Thomas Dolby
191:
187:
186:
124:Headquarters
86:Thomas Dolby
37:Company type
1537:Discography
1466:Live albums
1323:December 4,
1293:December 4,
1263:December 4,
1209:December 4,
1165:December 4,
1136:December 4,
1110:December 4,
1066:December 4,
1040:December 4,
998:December 4,
968:December 4,
942:December 4,
916:December 4,
890:December 4,
860:December 4,
830:December 5,
804:December 4,
774:December 4,
744:December 4,
678:December 4,
634:December 4,
590:December 4,
564:December 4,
519:December 4,
493:December 4,
348:David Bowie
291:Kim Cascone
156:Don Millers
142:Area served
90:Mary Coller
1557:Categories
514:SonicScoop
470:References
459:Nokia tune
412:Nokia 3510
404:Nokia tune
287:Blake Leyh
279:Psykosonik
152:Key people
69:California
880:Headspace
850:Headspace
794:Headspace
668:Headspace
624:Headspace
391:East Asia
357:In 1999,
326:In 1997,
281:frontman
201:ringtones
181:(defunct)
146:Worldwide
119:Dissolved
1156:"Twang!"
824:BBC News
453:See also
296:Obsidian
252:playing
224:Obsidian
176:.beatnik
161:Products
79:Founders
45:Industry
1542:Beatnik
1530:Related
1484:Singles
1160:miniBAE
420:Symbian
268:Cyberia
231:History
218:Cyberia
213:Samsung
169:Website
164:Beatnik
108:2011-12
106: (
98:Defunct
61: (
53:Founded
40:Private
20:Beatnik
1235:
1034:Forbes
703:
436:Yamaha
396:Danger
364:Mixman
352:"Fame"
336:Yahoo!
289:, and
271:, and
254:Mozart
1474:Forty
1061:WIRED
936:WIRED
911:ZDNet
585:WIRED
432:Japan
387:Nokia
321:WebTV
205:Nokia
1325:2021
1295:2021
1265:2021
1233:ISBN
1211:2021
1167:2021
1138:2021
1112:2021
1068:2021
1042:2021
1000:2021
970:2021
944:2021
918:2021
892:2021
862:2021
832:2021
806:2021
776:2021
746:2007
701:ISBN
680:2021
636:2021
592:2021
566:2021
521:2021
495:2021
428:SMAF
398:and
340:7 Up
338:and
221:and
178:.com
116:Fate
63:1993
56:1993
1448:EPs
308:Mac
174:www
67:in
1559::
1341:.
1311:.
1281:.
1256:.
1219:^
1197:.
1158:.
1146:^
1129:.
1095:^
1085:.
1059:.
1032:.
986:.
960:.
934:.
909:.
878:.
848:.
822:.
792:.
762:.
732:.
718:^
709:.
666:.
622:.
583:.
557:.
538:.
512:.
486:.
265:,
227:.
211:,
207:,
133:,
71:,
1522:"
1518:"
1515:"
1511:"
1508:"
1504:"
1501:"
1497:"
1494:"
1490:"
1387:e
1380:t
1373:v
1345:.
1327:.
1297:.
1267:.
1241:.
1213:.
1169:.
1140:.
1114:.
1089:.
1070:.
1044:.
1002:.
972:.
946:.
920:.
894:.
864:.
834:.
808:.
778:.
748:.
682:.
638:.
594:.
568:.
542:.
523:.
497:.
110:)
65:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
