353:. Al-Mada'in was in turn around 22 kilometres (14 mi) south of Baghdad. The battle was fought over four days, 16–19 August. At first, the Baridis had the upper hand, and the Hamdanids were routed. Nasir al-Dawla managed to rally them at al-Mada'in, and defeat the Baridis. Several high-ranking Baridi officials and commanders, including their army secretary, were captured; others defected to the Hamdanids, as did the entire Daylamite contingent in the Baridi army. On the other hand, so depleted and exhausted were the Hamdanids that they were unable to pursue the Baridis. Only a week later did they move on Wasit, where they found the Baridis gone for their stronghold of Basra.
403:
418:
Khajkhaj, began showing signs of insubordination. The growing unreliability of his army forced Sayf al-Dawla to abandon the campaign and secretly flee to
Baghdad. Nasir al-Dawla, dismayed at these developments and exposed far from his real power-base, decided to give up the capital, and in June 943, the two brothers returned to Mosul. After Sayf al-Dawla left, Tuzun and Khajkhaj agreed to divide the spoils: Tuzun would become
31:
436:. Tuzun immediately abandoned Wasit and pursued the caliph north, heavily defeated Sayf al-Dawla in two battles near Tikrit, and captured Mosul itself. An agreement was concluded between Tuzun and the Hamdanids on 26 May 944, whereby Nasir al-Dawla renounced his claims on the Caliphate's core lands in central Iraq, receiving in return recognition for his control over Upper Mesopotamia and his claims over
460:, and, their resources exhausted in the long contests for Baghdad, they now turned on one another. The youngest Baridi brother, Abu Yusuf, was assassinated by the eldest, Abu Abdallah, who in turn died in June 944. His son Abu'l-Qasim remained as ruler of Basra until the Buyids, following their capture of Baghdad, expelled him in 947.
176:, that was around 22 kilometres (14 mi) away and then under control of the Hamdanids. In a fiercely contested battle over four days (16–19 August 942) that cost both sides many casualties, the Hamdanid army prevailed. They were too exhausted to pursue, however, which allowed the Baridis to withdraw to
417:
The costly victory at al-Mada'in was soon undone: while Sayf al-Dawla wanted to continue the campaign against the
Baridis, his brother—"whether from jealousy or negligence", according to historian Harold Bowen—did not send him the funds requested. Furthermore, the two Turkish generals, Tuzun and
427:
After becoming the master of
Baghdad, Tuzun pursued a peace with the Baridis of Basra, sealed with a marriage alliance. The alliance between Tuzun and the Baridis was seen as a threat by Caliph al-Muttaqi and his advisors. In September 943, while Tuzun was still in Wasit, the caliph once more
326:
As the
Hamdanids moved on Baghdad, Abu'l-Husayn abandoned the city and fled to Abu Abdallah in Wasit. The Hamdanids entered the city to a triumphal reception in mid-July. The situation was still in the balance, however, as Abu Abdallah gathered his forces at Wasit and began moving against the
271:, gain the support of the Daylamites in the Abbasid army, and briefly capture Baghdad for the first time in June 941. Although chased out of the capital by an uprising of the troops and the populace, in March 942 the Baridis managed to defeat the forces of the
455:
tried to secure
Hamdanid support, but to no avail. On 16 January 946, the Buyids captured Baghdad and inaugurated a century of Buyid rule over Baghdad. The Baridis also faced mounting challenges at the same time: they had to defend Basra against the ruler of
245:
established its own domain, more often than not withholding the tax revenues from
Baghdad to fill their own coffers. These autonomous rulers vied with one another, and with military warlords from what remained of the Abbasid army, over control of
196:
had splintered and shrunk to its core territories. Effective control over the more distant provinces of the empire had long been lost, but now autonomous local dynasties emerged in the territories around the
Abbasids' metropolitan region of
306:("Defender of the Dynasty"). Baridi rule in Baghdad was tyrannical and chaotic, as the new rulers of the capital aimed only at extracting money; the city was rife with famine, disease, and lawlessness. Many of the
912:
The
Eclipse of the 'Abbasid Caliphate. Original Chronicles of the Fourth Islamic Century, Vol. V: The concluding portion of The Experiences of Nations by Miskawaihi, Vol. II: Reigns of Muttaqi, Mustakfi, Muzi and
429:
451:
placed in his stead. Tuzun's ascendancy did not last long, as almost immediately he had to face the attacks of the Buyids. When Tuzun himself died in 945, his secretary
315:
264:, and the figurehead caliphate with it, broke out among the various local rulers and the Turkish military chiefs, which would end in 946 with the victory of the Buyids.
127:
250:, the administrative centre of Iraq and seat of the Abbasid caliphs. From 936 on, the caliphs were sidelined by a series of military dictators who enjoyed the title of
318:. When this was betrayed, they fled north for Mosul with many of their troops, where they encouraged the Caliph and the Hamdanids to campaign against Baghdad.
1132:
1152:
331:
for safety. Command of the
Hamdanid army was entrusted to Nasir al-Dawla's brother Ali, with the Turks under their own commanders Tuzun and
238:
332:
122:
1142:
165:
98:
356:
On 2 September, Nasir al-Dawla staged a triumphal entry into
Baghdad with the captive Baridi commanders, and al-Muttaqi awarded the
1035:
1044:
1019:
976:
447:
Tuzun's victory was concluded when al-Muttaqi was persuaded to return to the capital, only to be deposed and blinded, and
1089:
954:
1157:
1137:
1147:
233:
became prominent. Even in Iraq itself, the authority of the caliphal government was challenged: in the south, around
1072:
218:
288:, ruled by the Hamdanids. The Hamdanid leader, Hasan, had Ibn Ra'iq murdered and was named by the Caliph
402:
391:
941:
1068:
906:
432:
appeared before Baghdad, and the caliph left the capital and went north, meeting Nasir al-Dawla at
1127:
1011:
The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates: The Islamic Near East from the 6th to the 11th Century
902:
424:, with Khajkhaj as commander-in-chief; but soon Tuzun had his colleague blinded and sidelined.
242:
1030:
311:
118:
452:
8:
910:
327:
capital. Unease spread in Baghdad at the news, and the Caliph sent his harem upstream to
945:
1059:
987:
1099:
1054:
1040:
1015:
993:
972:
968:
917:
193:
192:
By the 930s, after a series of civil wars that enfeebled its central government, the
173:
949:
964:
933:
929:
375:
310:
officers in Ibn Ra'iq's employ who had previously defected to the Baridis, such as
1009:
1005:
328:
1084:
1076:
937:
410:
366:("Sword of the Dynasty") to Ali, by which he was to become famous later as the
307:
303:
202:
267:
In this turmoil, the Baridis managed to advance their positions from Basra to
1116:
1103:
1080:
1064:
437:
363:
350:
253:
206:
198:
157:
153:
114:
57:
921:
1122:
277:
997:
378:. This double award to the Hamdanid brothers marked the first time that a
457:
448:
428:
appealed to the Hamdanids for aid: an army under Nasir al-Dawla's cousin
589:
406:
281:
210:
541:
314:, plotted against the Baridi governor, Abu Abdallah's younger brother
339:
226:
214:
161:
30:
628:
832:
808:
784:
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673:
651:
649:
647:
645:
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601:
386:
89:
72:
565:
247:
169:
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529:
868:
441:
433:
371:
230:
489:
487:
297:
285:
268:
234:
181:
177:
102:
93:
504:
502:
484:
367:
222:
61:
820:
714:
712:
661:
519:
517:
499:
880:
844:
772:
736:
685:
474:
472:
709:
618:
616:
577:
989:
The Life and Times of ʿAlí Ibn ʿÍsà, ‘The Good Vizier’
856:
724:
514:
280:
and enter the capital once more. Ibn Ra'iq and Caliph
469:
258:. A convoluted struggle for control of the office of
796:
748:
613:
419:
379:
357:
295:
289:
272:
259:
251:
553:
440:, in exchange for an annual tribute of 3.6 million
1058:
901:
838:
814:
790:
766:
703:
679:
655:
634:
607:
595:
571:
547:
335:, while the Baridi army was led by Abu'l-Husayn.
1114:
1039:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 436.
338:The two armies met at the village of Gil, two
1098:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 1046–1047.
1028:
667:
1090:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
955:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
1029:Potts, D. T.; Canepa, Matthew P. (2018).
992:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
963:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 103–110.
928:
718:
401:
1133:Battles involving the Abbasid Caliphate
1053:
1036:The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity
1004:
874:
862:
826:
730:
523:
508:
493:
478:
321:
1115:
384:incorporating the prestigious element
374:and the champion of Islam against the
1153:10th century in the Abbasid Caliphate
985:
886:
850:
802:
778:
754:
742:
691:
622:
583:
559:
535:
390:was granted to anyone other than the
1014:(Second ed.). Harlow: Longman.
16:Battle for control of Baghdad in 942
13:
394:, the Caliphate's chief minister.
14:
1169:
409:minted at Baghdad in the name of
1143:Iraq under the Abbasid Caliphate
969:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_1010
347: 12 kilometres (7.5 miles)
29:
1033:. In Nicholson, Oliver (ed.).
839:Amedroz & Margoliouth 1921
815:Amedroz & Margoliouth 1921
791:Amedroz & Margoliouth 1921
767:Amedroz & Margoliouth 1921
704:Amedroz & Margoliouth 1921
680:Amedroz & Margoliouth 1921
656:Amedroz & Margoliouth 1921
635:Amedroz & Margoliouth 1921
608:Amedroz & Margoliouth 1921
596:Amedroz & Margoliouth 1921
572:Amedroz & Margoliouth 1921
548:Amedroz & Margoliouth 1921
172:, the capital and seat of the
35:Iraq in the 9th/10th centuries
1:
463:
343:
187:
538:, pp. 366–367, 370–371.
397:
7:
916:. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
420:
380:
358:
296:
290:
273:
260:
252:
209:came under the rule of the
10:
1174:
895:
160:between the armies of the
1158:Military history of Mosul
1138:Hamdanid emirate of Mosul
229:warlords, among whom the
133:
108:
83:
39:
28:
23:
1148:Battles of Sayf al-Dawla
877:, pp. 196, 214–215.
668:Potts & Canepa 2018
302:(honorific epithet) of
294:in his stead, with the
986:Bowen, Harold (1928).
414:
316:Abu'l-Husayn al-Baridi
243:Abu Abdallah al-Baridi
128:Abu'l-Husayn al-Baridi
109:Commanders and leaders
907:Margoliouth, David S.
598:, pp. 26, 29–30.
550:, pp. 10, 12–18.
496:, pp. 1046–1047.
405:
217:secured control over
134:Casualties and losses
453:Muhammad ibn Shirzad
322:Battle of al-Mada'in
150:Battle of al-Mada'in
24:Battle of al-Mada'in
889:, pp. 383–384.
853:, pp. 384–385.
829:, pp. 270–271.
781:, pp. 382–383.
745:, pp. 377–378.
694:, pp. 376–377.
586:, pp. 374–376.
511:, pp. 195–196.
168:, for control over
1073:Lévi-Provençal, E.
1055:Sourdel, Dominique
637:, pp. 28, 30.
415:
1046:978-0-19-866277-8
1021:978-0-582-40525-7
978:978-90-04-10422-8
930:Bianquis, Thierry
903:Amedroz, Henry F.
841:, pp. 54–55.
817:, pp. 52–54.
793:, pp. 49–50.
769:, pp. 43–47.
682:, pp. 31–32.
610:, pp. 27–28.
574:, pp. 25–26.
219:Upper Mesopotamia
194:Abbasid Caliphate
174:Abbasid Caliphate
146:
145:
79:
78:
1165:
1107:
1062:
1050:
1025:
1001:
982:
946:Heinrichs, W. P.
925:
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491:
482:
476:
423:
383:
361:
348:
345:
301:
293:
276:
263:
257:
221:, while most of
152:was fought near
47:16–19 August 942
41:
40:
33:
21:
20:
1173:
1172:
1168:
1167:
1166:
1164:
1163:
1162:
1113:
1112:
1047:
1022:
979:
938:Bosworth, C. E.
934:"Sayf al-Dawla"
909:, eds. (1921).
898:
893:
885:
881:
873:
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861:
857:
849:
845:
837:
833:
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749:
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582:
578:
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566:
558:
554:
546:
542:
534:
530:
526:, p. 1046.
522:
515:
507:
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492:
485:
477:
470:
466:
400:
346:
324:
190:
121:
117:
64:
34:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1171:
1161:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1145:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1128:940s conflicts
1125:
1109:
1108:
1069:Kramers, J. H.
1065:Gibb, H. A. R.
1051:
1045:
1026:
1020:
1002:
983:
977:
942:van Donzel, E.
926:
897:
894:
892:
891:
879:
867:
865:, p. 196.
855:
843:
831:
819:
807:
805:, p. 383.
795:
783:
771:
759:
757:, p. 382.
747:
735:
733:, p. 270.
723:
721:, p. 104.
708:
696:
684:
672:
670:, p. 436.
660:
639:
627:
625:, p. 376.
612:
600:
588:
576:
564:
562:, p. 374.
552:
540:
528:
513:
498:
483:
481:, p. 194.
467:
465:
462:
411:Nasir al-Dawla
399:
396:
323:
320:
304:Nasir al-Dawla
284:fled north to
189:
186:
144:
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136:
135:
131:
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125:
111:
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55:
53:
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37:
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26:
25:
15:
9:
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4:
3:
2:
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1052:
1048:
1042:
1038:
1037:
1032:
1027:
1023:
1017:
1013:
1012:
1007:
1006:Kennedy, Hugh
1003:
999:
995:
991:
990:
984:
980:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
956:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
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908:
904:
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888:
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876:
871:
864:
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840:
835:
828:
823:
816:
811:
804:
799:
792:
787:
780:
775:
768:
763:
756:
751:
744:
739:
732:
727:
720:
719:Bianquis 1997
715:
713:
706:, p. 32.
705:
700:
693:
688:
681:
676:
669:
664:
658:, p. 31.
657:
652:
650:
648:
646:
644:
636:
631:
624:
619:
617:
609:
604:
597:
592:
585:
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475:
473:
468:
461:
459:
454:
450:
445:
443:
439:
435:
431:
425:
422:
421:amir al-umara
412:
408:
404:
395:
393:
389:
388:
382:
377:
373:
369:
365:
364:Sayf al-Dawla
360:
354:
352:
341:
336:
334:
330:
319:
317:
313:
309:
305:
300:
299:
292:
291:amir al-umara
287:
283:
279:
275:
274:amir al-umara
270:
265:
262:
261:amir al-umara
256:
255:
254:amir al-umara
249:
244:
241:family under
240:
236:
232:
228:
225:was ruled by
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
195:
185:
183:
179:
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171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
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141:
138:
137:
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129:
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120:
116:
115:Sayf al-Dawla
113:
112:
107:
104:
100:
97:
95:
91:
88:
87:
82:
74:
71:
68:
67:
63:
60:, modern-day
59:
54:
51:
50:
46:
43:
42:
38:
32:
27:
22:
19:
1110:
1095:
1088:
1034:
1010:
988:
960:
953:
911:
882:
875:Kennedy 2004
870:
863:Kennedy 2004
858:
846:
834:
827:Kennedy 2004
822:
810:
798:
786:
774:
762:
750:
738:
731:Kennedy 2004
726:
699:
687:
675:
663:
630:
603:
591:
579:
567:
555:
543:
531:
524:Sourdel 1960
509:Kennedy 2004
494:Sourdel 1960
479:Kennedy 2004
446:
426:
416:
385:
355:
337:
325:
266:
191:
149:
147:
84:Belligerents
18:
1085:Pellat, Ch.
1077:Schacht, J.
1060:"al-Barīdī"
1031:"Ctesiphon"
950:Lecomte, G.
449:al-Mustakfi
156:in central
92:emirate of
1117:Categories
959:Volume IX:
887:Bowen 1928
851:Bowen 1928
803:Bowen 1928
779:Bowen 1928
755:Bowen 1928
743:Bowen 1928
692:Bowen 1928
623:Bowen 1928
584:Bowen 1928
560:Bowen 1928
536:Bowen 1928
464:References
407:Gold dinar
376:Byzantines
351:al-Mada'in
349:—south of
282:al-Muttaqi
211:Ikhshidids
188:Background
154:al-Mada'in
58:al-Mada'in
1104:495469456
1094:Volume I:
1081:Lewis, B.
430:al-Husayn
398:Aftermath
340:parasangs
278:Ibn Ra'iq
227:Daylamite
215:Hamdanids
180:and then
162:Hamdanids
56:south of
1087:(eds.).
1057:(1960).
1008:(2004).
952:(eds.).
932:(1997).
922:13341177
387:al-Dawla
333:Khajkhaj
201:itself:
164:and the
123:Khajkhaj
90:Hamdanid
73:Hamdanid
52:Location
961:San–Sze
896:Sources
442:dirhams
329:Samarra
308:Turkish
248:Baghdad
170:Baghdad
166:Baridis
99:Baridis
75:victory
1102:
1083:&
1043:
1018:
998:386849
996:
975:
948:&
920:
434:Tikrit
392:vizier
372:Aleppo
239:Baridi
237:, the
231:Buyids
213:, the
69:Result
1063:. In
936:. In
438:Syria
413:, 943
381:laqab
359:laqab
312:Tuzun
298:laqab
286:Mosul
269:Wasit
235:Basra
207:Syria
203:Egypt
182:Basra
178:Wasit
142:Heavy
139:Heavy
119:Tuzun
103:Basra
94:Mosul
1100:OCLC
1041:ISBN
1016:ISBN
994:OCLC
973:ISBN
918:OCLC
913:Ta'i
458:Oman
368:emir
223:Iran
205:and
199:Iraq
158:Iraq
148:The
62:Iraq
44:Date
1123:942
1096:A–B
965:doi
370:of
362:of
101:of
1119::
1092:.
1079:;
1075:;
1071:;
1067:;
971:.
957:.
944:;
940:;
905:;
711:^
642:^
615:^
516:^
501:^
486:^
471:^
444:.
344:c.
184:.
1106:.
1049:.
1024:.
1000:.
981:.
967::
924:.
342:—
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
