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41:
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981:, the mayor of Tetovo, was jailed for raising the double headed eagle flag of Albania from Tetovo town hall and by 2000 the outbreak of hostilities in Tanuševci had spilled into the towns of Tetovo and Gostivar. With the formation of an insurgency, the National Liberation Front (NLA) began seizing territory in and around the Tetovo area. Skirmishes between the insurgency and government forces became commonplace in other portions of the country.
619:
427:
411:
612:
517:
508:
420:
404:
282:
264:
148:
602:
593:
498:
394:
254:
243:
224:
213:
136:
289:
1179:
On July 30 the
Macedonian government accused the rebels of violating the new ceasefire by staying at the positions they captured during the past week which the NLA denied but was confirmed by international observers who spotted the Rebels in uniform and civilian clothing. This prevented the return of
1103:
helicopter crashed while ferrying police forces to a ski resort on the outskirts of town, killing the pilot and wounding 16 policemen. Most of the rebels held out on
Baltepe Mountain. From the Koltak district, Macedonian forces poured fire onto Albanian positions. This was often returned with machine
1077:
On 21 March, the two sides witnessed a brief cease fire. The day was quiet without a single shot. By this point in time, however, thousands of residents had fled the city. Those whom remained pressed on with life as best as they could while both factions recuperated. It was also on this day that the
1132:
was the first
Macedonian offensive planned and executed to clear out the rebels after weeks of skirmishes with the NLA. It began on March 25 with a combined assault by Macedonian Army and Police forces in the city of Tetovo and the surrounding villages which resulted with the routing of NLA forces
1073:
armored vehicles and more
Leopard II tanks had been deployed to Tetovo. Civilians continued on with their daily business, but the streets became empty. Cafes and shops were deserted and electricity was cut off to part of the town. For the cafes that remained open, it was common to see some people
1175:
On July 25 things in the city calmed down as the rebels were fortifying their positions On July 26 the NLA agreed to pull back to their original positions before the ceasefire amid
Macedonian government threats that refusal would lead to a full scale offensive in a new NATO brokered ceasefire,
1156:
On 24 July the
Macedonian government issued an ultimatum demanding the NLA retreat from their positions in Tetovo and the villages which they took during the ceasefire or face an all out attack. The rebel's abuse of the NATO brokered ceasefire to gain territory and the international observers
1081:
On 22 March, after two months of sporadic violence, two
Albanians were gunned down near the football stadium in the eastern districts. The two men approached a Macedonian checkpoint in a white car, and tossed a device to the policemen. The men were shot immediately. Western and Albanian media
1168:
In the
Drenovac district, rebels and government forces fought heavily for the town's sports stadium. The fall of the stadium and government checkpoint left the rebels within fifty yards of the city center. Residents of the areas were instructed to leave their homes by Macedonian forces.
1164:"The OSCE was in danger of becoming the object of the tensions within the crisis government, particularly as it had no mandate, let alone the power to prevent or even stop the territorial gains that the UCK/ NLA had made in the area north of Tetovo in clear violation of the ceasefire.
996:
tanks. The bulk of their force consisted of reservists at the brink of conflict. These numbers were to rapidly rise in the following months as the military expenditures of
Macedonia quadrupled to almost 7% of GDP, which resulted in major purchases of military hardware mainly from
1016:
The NLA, a mainly guerrilla force, had only an assortment of rockets, assault weapons, and mortars. However, they had the advantage of concealed positions in the mountains ringing the city. Weapons and supplies found their way from Kosovo to the frontlines over the
1046:
During the afternoon of 14 March, ethnic
Albanians held a nationalist rally in town. Around this time, machine gun fire opened up on Macedonian police from the Baltepes hill. The NLA proceeded to engage Macedonian forces with sniper fire and mortar attacks.
1141:
On 6 June another cease-fire was initiated, which lasted eighteen days before being broken by the NLA. Just before noon on 22 July, machine gun and small arms fire shattered the silence once again. As United States and European envoys met with President
1199:
The next day, the rebels attacked Macedonian army barracks in central Tetovo, sending black plumes of smoke above the northern and southwestern suburbs. Part of the barracks and an armored personnel carrier were set on fire in the fighting.
1121:
1133:
and their removal from the Tetovo area, the NLA called it a tactical retreat. The offensive ended two days later with the Macedonian security forces taking control of the city, the fortified medieval fortress and the surrounding villages.
1098:
In Tetovo's old town, a sandbag checkpoint near the Church of St. Nicholas suffered frequent shelling from houses in the highlands. Over the next few days, several skirmishes broke out throughout the hills. A Macedonian
1082:
reported that Macedonian forces mistook a cellphone for an explosive device, though it was later established that it was, indeed, a hand grenade. Images of the dead men became famous, marking the insurgency's first
1223:
As a result of the fighting, the Red Cross estimated that 76,000 people fled their homes. Though the major violence ended on the 13th, skirmishes and harassment remained common throughout the Tetovo area.
1201:
657:
1804:
1180:
the Macedonian refugees that had left the villages during the fighting. International observers also witnessed ethnic Macedonian homes being set alight by the NLA in the village of
1575:
1204:, in response, authorized another offensive against the NLA. Macedonian forces concentrated their attack around the suburb of Teqe, of which a graveyard separated both factions.
1172:
Thirteen civilians and five government soldiers were injured. Macedonian government forces also shelled villages surrounding Tetovo, which were under control of Albanian rebels.
2152:
1157:
criticizing of the Macedonian government for using disproportionate force against the rebels prompted the Macedonian government to accuse NATO of siding with the rebels.
650:
1053:
Fifteen Macedonian police and a NATO German soldier were also wounded when joint barracks in the outskirts of the town where hit by mortar fire. The next day, the
2036:
1903:
1065:, in Kosovo, in order to protect the base. Half of the 1,200 German troops were evacuated to another location eight kilometers away. By 20 March, another 400
643:
247:
1518:
1496:
2145:
1216:, ending most of the fighting. Over the next few months, NATO and Macedonian troops worked to disarm the NLA, which ceded power after the thirty-day
937:
816:
275:
2172:
1196:
negotiations finally came into play on 8 August. By then, Tetovo was practically a ghost city, most of its residents having fled the fighting.
1704:
1947:
1748:
933:
337:
332:
984:
The Macedonian forces, numbering more than 3,000, held a limited amount of Armour and artillery. Reportedly, they possessed a number of
2300:
2295:
869:
1777:
1160:
The NLA would continue to abuse ceasefires to gain ground in the north of Tetovo as Harald Schenker in a report for OSCE would state:
1010:
342:
1875:
1290:
1153:
helicopters for the first time in the conflict, responding to Albanian mortar fire that wounded 20 civilians in the Koltuk area.
1021:
through horse caravans. Mounts Baltepe and Kale were major strongpoints, both of which held ancient fortresses left over from the
1830:
1541:
1307:'Two Mi-24 helicopters flown by Ukrainian pilots ... blasted the hillside with rockets' The helicopters a gift from Ukraine'
2305:
1787:
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1607:
1551:
1330:
1300:
1054:
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140:
54:
46:
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1680:
1407:
326:
321:
1373:
1013:. By the height of the conflict, the whole 1st Mechanized Brigade was stationed in and around Tetovo municipality.
2251:
974:
Before 1991 Kosovo and Macedonia formed part of Yugoslavia which meant unrestricted access between the entities.
61:; Macedonian soldiers patrol cars Infront of the city stadium; Macedonian soldiers during the battle; Macedonian
2211:
2061:
2197:
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1734:
1430:
1355:
1474:
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956:
677:
32:
1856:
2222:
1240:
1217:
985:
789:
374:
50:
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1973:
914:
1384:
1292:
The Former Yugoslavia at the Turn of the Twenty-First Century: A Guide to the Economies in Transition
2165:
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1265:
857:
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92:
1227:
On 12 November, three Macedonian police officers were ambushed and killed in the village of
774:
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183:
2227:
1462:
Kriegsgefahr: Ausgangssperre über Tetovo verhängt – Spiegel Online – Nachrichten – Politik
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784:
354:
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881:
205:
1143:
232:
172:
2179:
2153:'My father was a fighter. It is in Albanian blood. I am not afraid. We will fight'
1228:
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217:
2157:
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1991:
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978:
964:
811:
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719:
270:
360:
2284:
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1322:
Western Intervention in the Balkans: The Strategic Use of Emotion in Conflict
1270:
684:
370:
2139:
Georgiev, Marko, "Tetovo, Macedonia, March 20, 2001: Apocalypse Now" (blog).
1255:
1129:
1116:
1070:
1066:
754:
744:
739:
714:
694:
228:
1091:
The Macedonians proceeded to build up their security forces and deployed
968:
759:
2236:"Macedonian Tortured in Tetovo Village, As Gang War Rages," antiwar.com.
2180:"Albanian rebels take their battle to the streets," (originally in the
2009:
1078:
Macedonian army scaled Kale Hill under cover of artillery and gunfire.
1100:
1092:
1058:
989:
489:
2215:
1002:
960:
1576:"International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies"
2173:"Confronting Ethnic Cleansing in Tetovo, Macedonia," MakNews.com.
1543:
Eastern Europe: An Introduction to the People, Lands, and Culture
1212:
On 13 August, Macedonian and Albanian representatives signed the
1062:
998:
618:
426:
410:
1749:
Deutscher Generalinspekteur Kujat warnt Angreifer in Mazedonien
1181:
1084:
1030:
1026:
948:
88:
58:
1948:"7 Die in Macedonian Clashes as Talks for Cease-Fire Continue"
1636:. Guilford, CT: The Globe Pequot Press Inc. pp. 238–239.
1150:
584:
476:
288:
2122:, by Scott Taylor, Esprit de Corps Books (22 February 2002).
1464:. Spiegel.de (18 March 2001). Retrieved on 19 October 2010.
1369:
1367:
1146:
in Skopje on 23 July, the battle reached Tetovo's suburbs.
993:
611:
516:
507:
419:
403:
281:
263:
153:
62:
1088:
and bringing Macedonia's violence to the world spotlight.
1005:, and the mobilization of special police forces like the
1805:"Albanian Guerrillas Retreat After Macedonian Offensive"
1364:
919:
2166:"Report from Tetovo: The Road to War," NewsInsider.org.
2083:. New York: Nova Science Publishers, Inc. p. 113.
1489:
1387:// Уголок неба : авиационная энциклопедия. — 2004.
1050:
The first civilian death was an Albanian taxi driver.
2203:
Kujundzic, Lidija. Trans. Lazovic, S. (23 March 2001)
1831:"Skopje assault results in fiercest fighting to date"
1602:. London: I.B Tauris & Co Ltd. pp. 225–239.
1449:„Татковино, за што загинавме?“, Македонска книга 2002
492:
helicopters (operated by Ukrainian mercenary pilots)
2128:, by John Phillips, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 2004.
1876:"Village That Rebels Held Is Suddenly Almost Empty"
1703:Cleaver, Hanna; La Guardia, Anton (17 March 2001).
1511:
1402:. London: Europa Publications. 2004. p. 2708.
936:, in which Macedonian security forces battled the
665:
1779:Unembedded: Two Decades of Maverick War Reporting
1702:
2282:
1125:Plan for Operation MH in the Tetevo area in 2001
1149:On 23 July, the Macedonians used ex-Ukrainian
2126:Macedonia: Warlords and Rebels in the Balkans
1727:Macedonia: Warlords and Rebels in the Balkans
1672:Macedonia: Warlords and Rebels in the Balkans
1348:Macedonia: Warlords and Rebels in the Balkans
1345:
963:, took in and sheltered several thousands of
651:
2243:"On the Front Lines in Tetovo," antiwar.com.
1898:
1896:
1599:The Albanian Question: Reshaping the Balkans
1567:
1457:
1455:
934:2001 insurgency in the Republic of Macedonia
1664:
1662:
1660:
2028:
1475:"Macedonian tanks shell Tetovo guerrillas"
658:
644:
16:Battle of the 2001 insurgency in Macedonia
1916:
1914:
1912:
1893:
1857:"Rebels Lose Strongholds in Army Assault"
1854:
1519:"Rebels retreat, still tension in Tetovo"
1452:
1074:taking the risk of watching gun battles.
932:), was the largest engagement during the
2010:"Macedonia: NATO Brokers New Cease-Fire"
1668:
1657:
1595:
1589:
1573:
1499:. Sarasota Herald-Tribune. 20 March 2001
1467:
1319:Petersen, Roger D. (30 September 2011).
1318:
1288:
1202:The Macedonian National Security Council
1120:
967:refugees from 1992 until the end of the
2221:Martin, Susan Taylor (22 March 2001). "
2078:
2283:
2223:Tetovo's residents watch, wait for war
2212:Attack choppers join Macedonian battle
1909:
1828:
1775:
1539:
1533:
2171:Seraphinoff, Michael (21 July 2002).
1744:
1742:
1629:
1623:
1431:"Macedonian policeman shot by sniper"
1350:. Yale University Press. p. 86.
1025:. The rebels constructed a series of
955:, the majority of whose citizens are
639:
2234:Deliso, Christopher (18 April 2002)
2164:Phillips, James T. (9 August 2001).
2034:
1989:
1971:
1945:
1873:
1855:Boudreaux, Richard (26 March 2001).
1705:"Germany sends tanks into Macedonia"
1521:. Kingman Daily Miner. 21 March 2001
1385:Воздушная война в Югославии. Часть 3
2097:
2072:
1675:. London: I.B.Tauris & Co Ltd.
1477:. New Zealand Herald. 21 March 2001
1069:German combat troops equipped with
49:insurgents getting disarmed during
13:
2151:Huggler, Justin (19 March 2001). "
1739:
14:
2322:
2301:2001 in the Republic of Macedonia
2296:Modern history of North Macedonia
2132:
2105:Macedonia police killed in ambush
2062:"NATO launches Macedonia mission"
959:. Tetovo, along with the city of
2037:"Macedonian Cease-Fire Violated"
1904:Macedonia issues rebel ultimatum
1874:Gall, Carlotta (27 March 2001).
1802:
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79:(4 months and 4 weeks)
39:
2113:
2107:", BBC News (12 November 2001).
2054:
2014:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
2002:
1990:Wood, Nicholas (25 July 2001).
1983:
1965:
1946:Gall, Carlotta (24 July 2001).
1939:
1922:"Macedonia rebels to pull back"
1867:
1848:
1822:
1796:
1769:
1757:
1719:
1696:
1497:"Battle tanks move into Tetovo"
1136:
1110:
940:(NLA) for control of the city.
1764:Nato raises Macedonian profile
1443:
1423:
1390:
1378:
1339:
1325:. Cambridge University Press.
1312:
1282:
1187:
1104:gun, sniper, and mortar fire.
988:, 105 mm and 122 mm
104:
57:insurgents in the hills above
1:
1776:Taylor, Scott (1 July 2009).
1289:Jeffries, Ian (16 May 2002).
1276:
556:1 armoured vehicle destroyed
2306:2001 insurgency in Macedonia
2198:Mountain battle in Macedonia
1992:"Tetovo calm after fighting"
1974:"The OSCE Mission to Skopje"
1207:
1107:The NLA stood their ground.
386:2 Ukrainian mercenary pilots
33:2001 insurgency in Macedonia
7:
2146:Rebel army on the hillsides
1540:Frucht, Richard C. (2005).
1241:Operation Essential Harvest
1234:
1218:Operation Essential Harvest
986:armoured personnel carriers
951:is the 5th largest city in
920:
398:112th Brigade "Mujdin Aliu"
51:Operation Essential Harvest
10:
2327:
2245:Accessed 14 December 2010.
2238:Accessed 14 December 2010.
2207:Accessed 14 December 2010.
2175:Accessed 14 December 2010.
2168:Accessed 14 December 2010.
2141:Accessed 14 December 2010.
1399:The Europa World Year Book
1114:
1055:German Ministry of Defence
943:
53:in the end of the battle;
2311:Battles involving Germany
2241:Deliso (25 January 2002)
2184:) Peacelink.it listserve.
2178:Huggler (16 March 2001).
2079:Watkins, Clem S. (2003).
1374:Issues: The 2001 Conflict
1194:Ohrid Framework Agreement
1036:
909:
675:
627:
525:
435:
299:
159:
114:
69:
38:
30:
25:
1782:. D & M Publishers.
1596:Pettifer, James (2007).
938:National Liberation Army
141:National Liberation Army
2193:", CNN (9 August 2001).
2191:Battle for Tetovo rages
2148:", CNN (21 March 2001).
2120:Diary of an Uncivil War
1766:BBC news, 20 March 2001
1669:Phillips, John (2004).
1266:Prizren incident (1999)
630:20+ civilians kidnapped
77:16 March–13 August 2001
65:tank during the battle.
1906:", CNN (24 July 2001).
1725:Phillips, John (2004)
1630:Evans, Thammy (2012).
1346:John Phillips (2004).
1166:
1126:
929:
160:Commanders and leaders
2200:", CNN (22 May 2001).
2186:Accessed 14 Dec 2010.
2035:Anderson, John Ward.
1829:De Breadun, Deaglan.
1729:. I.B.Tauris, p. 92.
1162:
1124:
526:Casualties and losses
2228:St. Petersburg Times
2205:"Battle for Tetovo."
628:25+ civilians killed
375:Macedonian Air Force
45:Clockwise from top:
2263: /
2041:The Washington Post
1809:The Washington Post
415:2 armored companies
1972:Schenker, Harald.
1952:The New York Times
1880:The New York Times
1251:Operation Vaksince
1127:
1095:tanks in support.
587:helicopter crashed
574:1 truck destroyed
184:Ljubčo Georgievski
2291:Conflicts in 2001
2267:42.000°N 20.967°E
2068:. 22 August 2001.
1861:Los Angeles Times
1789:978-1-926685-88-5
1643:978-1-84162-395-5
1609:978-1-86064-974-5
1553:978-1-57607-800-6
1332:978-1-139-50330-3
1302:978-1-134-46050-2
918:
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841:Blace bunker raid
790:Essential Harvest
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338:Macedonian Police
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1144:Boris Trajkovski
957:ethnic Albanians
930:Beteja e Tetovës
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902:Battle of Tetovo
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26:Battle of Tetovo
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2218:(24 March 2001)
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992:, ex-Bulgarian
946:
921:Bitka za Tetovo
910:Битка за Тетово
898:
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846:Raduša shootout
817:Vratnica attack
795:Ohrid Agreement
679:2001 insurgency
671:
669:North Macedonia
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667:Insurgencies in
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2133:External links
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2182:Independent,
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2114:Bibliography
2099:
2080:
2074:
2056:
2044:. Retrieved
2040:
2030:
2018:. Retrieved
2013:
2004:
1995:
1985:
1979:. p. 4.
1967:
1955:. Retrieved
1951:
1941:
1929:. Retrieved
1925:
1883:. Retrieved
1879:
1869:
1860:
1850:
1838:. Retrieved
1834:
1824:
1812:. Retrieved
1808:
1798:
1778:
1771:
1759:
1726:
1721:
1709:. Retrieved
1698:
1688:29 September
1686:. Retrieved
1671:
1647:. Retrieved
1632:
1625:
1615:12 September
1613:. Retrieved
1598:
1591:
1579:. Retrieved
1569:
1557:. Retrieved
1546:. ABC-CLIO.
1542:
1535:
1523:. Retrieved
1513:
1501:. Retrieved
1491:
1479:. Retrieved
1469:
1445:
1434:
1425:
1413:. Retrieved
1398:
1392:
1380:
1347:
1341:
1321:
1314:
1306:
1291:
1284:
1256:Vejce ambush
1226:
1222:
1211:
1198:
1191:
1178:
1174:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1148:
1140:
1137:Second phase
1130:Operation MH
1128:
1117:Operation MH
1111:Operation MH
1106:
1097:
1090:
1083:
1080:
1076:
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1033:in defence.
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305:
234:
229:Rahim Beqiri
115:Belligerents
31:Part of the
18:
2270: /
2081:The Balkans
1753:(in German)
1649:26 February
1188:Final phase
1061:tanks from
969:Bosnian war
806:2004 - 2005
705:Tanuševci 3
700:Tanuševci 2
690:Tanuševci 1
547:24 wounded
502:2,500–3,000
457:20-30 tanks
2285:Categories
2090:1590335252
1735:186064841X
1711:7 December
1559:29 October
1415:19 October
1357:0300102682
1277:References
906:Macedonian
538:34 killed
479:helicopter
1633:Macedonia
1208:Aftermath
1059:Leopard 2
990:Howitzers
977:In 1997,
953:Macedonia
915:romanized
858:Smilkovci
770:Aračinovo
623:1 wounded
606:7 wounded
315:Macedonia
129:Macedonia
105:aftermath
93:Macedonia
2216:CBC News
1996:BBC News
1885:30 April
1581:10 March
1525:22 April
1503:22 April
1481:22 April
1235:See also
1027:trenches
1003:Bulgaria
961:Gostivar
926:Albanian
887:Kumanovo
785:Ljuboten
775:Nikuštak
765:Karpalak
750:Vaksince
735:Slupčane
597:1 killed
521:2+ tanks
436:Strength
84:Location
2258:20°58′E
1085:martyrs
1063:Prizren
1031:bunkers
999:Ukraine
944:Prelude
917::
882:Gošince
730:Matejče
466:8+ APCs
448:10,000+
235:†
2255:42°0′N
2087:
1786:
1733:
1679:
1640:
1606:
1550:
1406:
1354:
1329:
1299:
1229:Treboš
1182:Tearce
1071:Marder
1037:Battle
1011:Tigers
949:Tetovo
870:Skopje
800:Treboš
780:Raduša
760:Skopje
710:Tetovo
685:Tearce
512:4,800+
355:Wolves
343:Tigers
336:
325:
312:
231:
151:
126:
100:Result
89:Tetovo
59:Tetovo
2046:2 May
2020:2 May
1977:(PDF)
1957:2 May
1931:2 May
1840:1 May
1814:1 May
1151:Mi-24
1101:Mi-17
1007:Lions
755:Gajre
745:Lisec
740:Vejce
695:Brest
585:Mi-17
490:Mi-24
477:Mi-17
365:Lions
2085:ISBN
2048:2022
2022:2022
1959:2022
1933:2022
1887:2022
1842:2022
1816:2022
1784:ISBN
1731:ISBN
1713:2014
1690:2014
1677:ISBN
1651:2013
1638:ISBN
1617:2014
1604:ISBN
1583:2011
1561:2008
1548:ISBN
1527:2012
1505:2012
1483:2012
1417:2014
1404:ISBN
1352:ISBN
1327:ISBN
1297:ISBN
1192:The
1093:T-55
1067:KFOR
1029:and
1009:and
1001:and
994:T-55
900:The
876:2015
864:2014
852:2012
835:2010
823:2007
725:MH-2
720:MH-1
154:NATO
103:See
74:Date
63:T-55
2225:",
2214:",
2155:",
1926:CNN
475:1+
55:NLA
47:NLA
2287::
2064:.
2039:.
2012:.
1994:.
1950:.
1924:.
1911:^
1895:^
1878:.
1859:.
1833:.
1807:.
1741:^
1659:^
1454:^
1433:.
1366:^
1305:.
1231:.
1220:.
1184:.
971:.
928::
924:,
912:,
908::
715:MH
583:1
488:2
91:,
2231:.
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2196:"
2189:"
2161:.
2144:"
2103:"
2093:.
2050:.
2024:.
1998:.
1961:.
1935:.
1902:"
1889:.
1863:.
1844:.
1818:.
1792:.
1715:.
1692:.
1653:.
1619:.
1585:.
1563:.
1529:.
1507:.
1485:.
1439:.
1419:.
1360:.
1335:.
904:(
659:e
652:t
645:v
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
