2001:
stern and burned furiously; and all that could be done to maintain a footing on board, was done by the aforesaid captain and the people with him, until the ship was just burnt down and twelve men were killed by the enemy's musquetry, besides as many more burnt...The battle lasted for an hour, the most obstinately contested that was ever seen, and the whole port was illumined by the burning frigate in a manner favourable for the rest, who could thus see to point our artillery and that of the forts, with which, and with the musquetry and stones thrown frown the frigate, they did such effect, that the enemy, after about an hour, during which the combat lasted, as I have said, retreated with the loss of nine or ten boats and more than four hundred men, besides many more wounded; while on our side, the only loss was that of the frigate and forty men killed or burnt, besides a few wounded by the musquetry.
103:
115:
46:
1997:, ranging themselves under the fire of the artillery...Most of the boats attacked the Capitana, the Texeda frigate, setting fire to her at the bow, and throwing into her a quantity of fire-pots and shells while ours succeeded in extinguishing the flames before they had done any damage, the fight being carried on by cannon, musquetry and stones.
1977:
harbour. The
Spanish defence consisted of 1500 men, 800 of whom manned the 5 frigates, with 70 land-based cannon in addition to those on the frigates. Hawkins had died on 12 November from a fever, while Drake arrived offshore Puerto Rico on 22 November, anchoring off the BoquerĂłn Inlet. The Spanish artillery and scored hits upon Drake's ship,
1992:
The same
Thursday, 23rd, San Clement's Day, at ten o'clock at night, when it was quite dark, the enemy commenced an attack on the port with twenty-five boats, each carrying fifty or sixty men well armed, with the view of burning the frigates, as was afterwards seen, and they all entered up close to
2000:
At the same time they set fire to the Sta. Ysabel and
Magdalena frigates, and to the Sancta Clara, which was extinguished; but the third time that the Magdalena frigate, of which Domingo de Ynsaurraga was captain, took fire, it was impossible to extinguish the flames, as the ship took fire at the
1976:
General Sancho took command of the shore defences, Admiral
Gonzalo Mendez de Cauzo commanded the forts, while Tello defended the harbour with his frigates. The Spanish decided to sink two vessels at the harbour entrance, with Tello's frigates just behind, to prevent the English from entering the
1915:
with the intention of sacking the city. Unable to capture the island, following the death of his comrade, John
Hawkins, Drake abandoned San Juan, and set sail for Panama where he died from disease and received a burial at sea after failing to establish an English settlement in America.
2118:
Sir
Francis Drake, His Voyage, 1595, including An Account Of What Took Place At San Juan De Puerto Rico, In The Indies, With The English Fleet Under The Command OF Francis Drake and John Hawkins, On The 23rd November
1883:. This war broke out in 1585 and was fought not only in the European theatre but in Spain's American colonies. After emerging from six years of disgrace following the resounding defeat of the
2257:
2261:
1055:
4615:
1126:
2249:
214:
3745:
1911:
with 27 ships and 2,500 men. After failing to be able to land at the
Ensenada del Escambron on the eastern end of San Juan Islet, he attempted to sail into
1321:
1206:
1048:
2754:
3765:
2680:
1151:
4683:
1949:
1747:
4230:
1041:
3725:
1326:
2048:
248:
4688:
3775:
283:
3380:
2738:
207:
4779:
1635:
1583:
4824:
4727:
4595:
3699:
2377:
1640:
1531:
500:
495:
3679:
1216:
1615:
510:
4799:
1952:
five days later necessitated a trip to Puerto Rico for repairs, which was reached on 9 April. The treasure cargo was placed in
278:
200:
2817:
4453:
2564:
2344:
2325:
1687:
1650:
1526:
463:
3415:
3284:
2911:
2907:
4794:
4548:
4543:
3911:
3317:
2960:
2413:
1774:
1757:
1682:
1241:
1171:
268:
243:
4819:
4814:
4610:
3730:
1598:
1536:
1226:
900:
586:
253:
20:
2599:
2246:
1948:
had sailed from Havana on 10 March with 2,000,000 pesos in gold and silver, bound for Spain. Damage from a storm in the
1316:
4789:
4377:
3694:
3630:
3352:
3332:
2807:
2539:
2502:
2081:. Washington, D.C.: Division of Publications, National Park Service, U.S. Dept. of the Interior. 2018. pp. 31â34.
1764:
711:
641:
564:
520:
4742:
3846:
1116:
4784:
4443:
4352:
3750:
3294:
2847:
2477:
2131:
2086:
1880:
1742:
1670:
1467:
1336:
731:
596:
339:
317:
224:
37:
1121:
1099:
4804:
4643:
3327:
2811:
2589:
1472:
1341:
1181:
1146:
374:
144:
4019:
3954:
4580:
4372:
4159:
3959:
3508:
3443:
3029:
2931:
1578:
1301:
1276:
1261:
1196:
1131:
861:
781:
490:
379:
4498:
4014:
3458:
3342:
1089:
910:
4809:
4600:
4538:
4337:
3755:
3468:
3448:
3420:
3337:
3312:
3172:
2980:
2887:
2827:
2794:
1900:
1752:
1732:
1251:
1084:
955:
726:
505:
401:
391:
302:
263:
4563:
4392:
4149:
1645:
1423:
1211:
4715:
4693:
4648:
4590:
4568:
4382:
4154:
3836:
3625:
3610:
2695:
2559:
2512:
1994:
1697:
1660:
1655:
1506:
1496:
1482:
1477:
1438:
1291:
1191:
1136:
326:
3944:
1960:, was sent to retrieve the treasure. Along the way to Puerto Rico, Tello captured one of Drake's ships, the
4769:
4585:
4553:
4084:
3949:
3385:
2765:
2574:
2370:
2014:
1727:
1717:
1692:
1487:
1221:
1201:
1002:
676:
611:
458:
453:
369:
349:
293:
4573:
3906:
1428:
950:
4558:
4458:
4089:
3541:
3473:
2442:
1737:
1712:
1396:
1186:
1141:
876:
616:
515:
4009:
3916:
134:
4774:
4493:
3856:
3503:
3390:
3302:
3274:
2901:
2871:
2676:
2507:
1722:
1665:
1630:
1563:
1443:
841:
836:
411:
3876:
3831:
4412:
4220:
4119:
3615:
3488:
3453:
3405:
3307:
2919:
2803:
2492:
2462:
2457:
1809:
1779:
1603:
1413:
1391:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1331:
1256:
1176:
1156:
1012:
886:
851:
821:
816:
791:
786:
776:
771:
671:
626:
621:
559:
406:
359:
3037:
4357:
4240:
4200:
4139:
4134:
4074:
3493:
3483:
3269:
2972:
2883:
2584:
1936:, in an attempt to strike a blow against the source of Spain's gold and silver. They set sail from
1836:
1702:
1625:
1573:
1462:
1351:
1346:
1281:
1246:
1231:
766:
746:
636:
312:
288:
4737:
3816:
3049:
2569:
2168:
258:
139:
4407:
4265:
4109:
4049:
3999:
3901:
3498:
3463:
3410:
3045:
2915:
2879:
2609:
2482:
2467:
2363:
1804:
1620:
1546:
1286:
975:
831:
801:
741:
736:
681:
426:
421:
307:
3600:
4698:
4270:
4205:
3709:
3595:
3478:
3438:
3082:
2875:
2534:
2524:
1928:
sent Sir
Francis Drake and Sir John Hawkins on an expedition against the Spanish stronghold of
1925:
1588:
1501:
1452:
1408:
1161:
990:
985:
856:
661:
606:
554:
525:
396:
364:
3841:
1956:
for safekeeping while repairs were undertaken. Admiral Pedro Tello de GuzmĂĄn, commanding five
4144:
3554:
3375:
3264:
3203:
3131:
3041:
2742:
2422:
1904:
1814:
1568:
1022:
945:
915:
905:
826:
811:
761:
721:
701:
696:
416:
273:
4678:
4079:
3866:
3826:
3785:
2759:
2123:
4653:
4322:
4285:
4275:
4215:
4114:
4094:
3989:
3801:
3620:
2497:
2487:
1819:
1769:
1296:
980:
881:
871:
846:
756:
666:
631:
576:
436:
4179:
3969:
3891:
8:
4722:
4478:
4463:
4347:
4327:
4280:
4260:
4064:
4059:
4004:
3974:
3740:
3365:
3322:
3279:
3208:
3177:
2948:
2927:
2893:
2799:
2769:
2700:
2544:
2517:
2417:
1945:
1941:
1784:
1558:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1381:
1166:
1104:
866:
806:
796:
751:
691:
651:
4468:
4169:
2247:
Dislates y
Disparates sobre el RelĂĄmpago del Catatumbo: La expediciĂłn de Drake, de 1595
2162:
1968:, upon which he learned of Drake's mission, and hastened to Puerto Rico ahead of Drake.
535:
4483:
4473:
4448:
4402:
4367:
4225:
3934:
3811:
3684:
3182:
3162:
2822:
2710:
2437:
2291:
2274:
Jameson, A. K. (1938). "Lope de Vega's La
Dragontea: Historical and Literary Sources".
1856:
1457:
1433:
1418:
545:
540:
119:
114:
3806:
3735:
2222:
2019:
The Spanish treasure fleet finally left Puerto Rico on 20 Dec. 1595, bound for Spain.
1981:, killing Sir Nicholas Clifford and Browne. Drake moved his fleet to the vicinity of
4663:
4605:
4438:
4210:
4184:
4174:
4164:
4099:
4054:
3984:
3964:
3939:
3886:
3861:
3126:
2653:
2594:
2549:
2408:
2340:
2321:
2127:
2116:
2082:
2027:
1799:
1794:
1707:
1266:
1007:
960:
716:
530:
2684:
1311:
4295:
4290:
4255:
4235:
3994:
3871:
3770:
3674:
3136:
2976:
2283:
1306:
1094:
1017:
935:
656:
646:
591:
50:
Ship entering the San Juan Bay, in front of Fort San Felipe del Morro - view from
4673:
2705:
4738:
Law of coartaciĂłn (which allowed slaves to buy their freedom, and that of others)
4488:
4428:
4342:
4250:
4124:
4104:
4069:
3851:
3821:
3760:
3370:
3360:
3256:
3141:
3033:
2990:
2750:
2658:
2529:
2253:
2164:
The History of Puerto Rico: From the Spanish Discovery to the American Occupation
1940:
on 28 August 1595, with a fleet of 27 ships and 2,500 men. Previous to that, the
1824:
1610:
1386:
970:
965:
895:
706:
686:
601:
431:
354:
4397:
192:
4332:
4245:
4129:
3881:
3704:
3689:
3590:
3564:
3549:
3430:
3025:
3019:
2923:
2690:
2604:
2554:
2432:
2386:
1982:
1884:
1789:
1065:
940:
581:
481:
472:
441:
107:
75:
51:
2837:
4763:
3896:
2746:
2663:
2472:
2313:
2023:
1899:, suffering several consecutive defeats there. On 22 November 1595 Drake and
1892:
1841:
1593:
1541:
1356:
1033:
149:
4668:
4658:
4387:
3926:
3780:
3605:
3121:
2897:
2579:
2427:
2043:
1953:
1912:
1896:
3979:
3569:
3395:
2964:
2842:
2204:
1929:
1908:
1861:
3559:
4433:
3167:
2447:
1965:
1271:
1236:
2295:
3400:
3157:
3057:
2832:
2734:
2668:
2031:
3574:
2452:
2287:
1937:
1851:
2022:
This defeat ended English hopes of establishing a presence in the
4732:
4703:
3213:
3198:
2355:
1957:
1846:
3669:
3223:
3218:
2995:
1933:
1888:
45:
2005:
On 25 November, Drake's fleet gave up the fight and departed.
4710:
2984:
2648:
2122:(The Hayluyt Society ed.). New York: Routledge. p.
102:
3053:
2968:
2946:
2030:
in January 1596 also ended in defeat, Drake succumbed to
1895:
embarked on a long and disastrous campaign against the
2701:
Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, northernmost France
2161:
Van Middeldyk, R.A. (1903). Brumbaugh, Martin (ed.).
222:
4761:
2190:
2188:
2186:
3245:
1604:Banda Oriental and Rio Grande do Sul (1762â63)
1063:
2890:, a northernmost portion of Brazilian Amazon)
2371:
2334:
2183:
2160:
2115:Maynarde, Thomas (2016). Cooley, W.A. (ed.).
1594:Iberian Peninsula and South America (1762â63)
1049:
208:
2565:Independence of Spanish continental Americas
16:Spanish victory during the AngloâSpanish War
2378:
2364:
1056:
1042:
215:
201:
4684:Colonial universities in Hispanic America
4689:Colonial universities in the Philippines
3680:Free Company of Volunteers of Catalonia
2312:
2273:
2240:
4762:
4633:
4632:
4528:
4527:
3651:
3529:
3244:
3103:
3071:
3008:
2945:
2860:
2783:
2723:
2637:
2626:
2398:
2397:
2359:
2073:
2071:
2069:
2067:
2065:
1589:Caribbean and North America (1739â48)
1037:
196:
2961:Captaincy General of the Philippines
2453:New Laws in favour of the indigenous
2167:. D. Appleton and Company. pp.
2156:
2154:
2152:
2150:
2110:
2108:
2106:
2104:
2102:
2100:
2098:
4664:Indochristian painting in New Spain
2784:
1090:Santa Cruz de la Mar Pequeña (1478)
13:
3631:Commerce Consulate of Buenos Aires
3104:
2385:
2306:
2062:
2037:
14:
4836:
2861:
2724:
2605:Independence of Equatorial Guinea
2320:. Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing.
2147:
2095:
1879:was a Spanish victory during the
4825:History of San Juan, Puerto Rico
4716:Criollos in the colonial society
4644:Spanish missions in the Americas
3766:Charles Bonaventure de Longueval
2339:. Teddington, UK: Echo Library.
2034:and on 28 January he would die.
2026:. After an attempt to cross the
1988:According to a Spanish account,
113:
101:
44:
4743:Great PotosĂ Mint Fraud of 1649
2627:
1312:Argentine Northwest (1560â1667)
3072:
2795:Captaincy General of Guatemala
2503:Franco-Spanish War (1635â1659)
2267:
2215:
2197:
1:
4800:16th century in the Caribbean
4780:Anglo-Spanish War (1585â1604)
4694:General Archive of the Indies
3955:Francisco VĂĄzquez de Coronado
3626:Camino Real de Tierra Adentro
3611:Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas
2560:Third Treaty of San Ildefonso
2513:War of the Spanish Succession
2478:Anglo-Spanish War (1585â1604)
2335:Van Middeldyk, R. A. (2008).
2262:Centro de Modelado CientĂfico
2209:www.discoveringnovaalbion.org
2055:
1944:under the command of General
1919:
226:Anglo-Spanish War (1585â1604)
131:Admiral Pedro Tello de GuzmĂĄn
38:Anglo-Spanish War (1585â1604)
3652:
2766:Captaincy General of Yucatan
2696:Union with Holy Roman Empire
2675:Southern Italy (Kingdoms of
2590:GermanâSpanish Treaty (1899)
2318:Piracy: the complete history
2008:
1780:Dominican Republic (1863â65)
279:Cavendish's circumnavigation
163:700 soldiers and 800 sailors
7:
4795:16th century in Puerto Rico
3530:
3246:Administrative subdivisions
2443:War of the League of Cognac
2042:The battle is mentioned in
473:Spanish Armada (1st Calais
238:Caribbean and South America
10:
4841:
4820:1595 in the Spanish Empire
4815:1595 in the British Empire
3960:Diego Velåzquez de Cuéllar
3945:Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada
3847:Ălvar NĂșñez Cabeza de Vaca
3009:
2745:), Western United States (
2638:
2508:Portuguese Restoration War
2337:The History of Puerto Rico
2258:Ăngel Vicente Muñoz GarcĂa
2012:
1636:Banda Oriental (1776â1777)
1067:Spanish colonial campaigns
249:Drake's 1572-73 expedition
170:2,500 soldiers and sailors
18:
4790:Old San Juan, Puerto Rico
4728:Slavery in Spanish Empire
4639:
4628:
4534:
4523:
4421:
4315:
4308:
4193:
4042:
4035:
4028:
4015:Pere d'AlbernĂ i Teixidor
3925:
3794:
3756:Ălvaro de BazĂĄn the Elder
3718:
3662:
3658:
3647:
3616:Barcelona Trading Company
3583:
3540:
3536:
3525:
3429:
3381:New Andalusia (1501â1513)
3351:
3293:
3255:
3251:
3240:
3191:
3150:
3114:
3110:
3099:
3078:
3015:
2956:
2888:Venezuela, part of Guyana
2867:
2790:
2741:, Central United States (
2730:
2644:
2633:
2622:
2473:BruneianâSpanish conflict
2458:Expulsion of the Moriscos
2404:
2393:
2264:, Maracaibo, agosto 2016.
2079:The Forts of Old San Juan
2015:Drake's Assault on Panama
1971:
1942:Spanish West Indian Fleet
1877:Battle of San Juan (1595)
1688:Spanish America (1808â33)
1683:RĂo de la Plata (1806â07)
1075:
571:Low Countries and Germany
234:
174:
155:
125:
94:
58:
43:
35:
31:Battle of San Juan (1595)
30:
4785:Battles involving canoes
4669:Quito painting tradition
4659:Cusco painting tradition
4020:GarcĂa LĂłpez de CĂĄrdenas
4010:JerĂłnimo Luis de Cabrera
3917:Felipe GonzĂĄlez de Ahedo
3837:Pedro Menéndez de Avilés
2414:Conquest of the Americas
2205:"Drake Navigators Guild"
1857:Western Sahara (1973â76)
1785:Peru and Chile (1864â66)
1584:Banda Oriental (1735â37)
1085:Canary Islands (1402â96)
482:English Armada (Corunna
254:Drake's circumnavigation
135:Gonzalo MĂ©ndez de Cancio
4805:1595 in Central America
4454:Comuneros (New Granada)
4231:Balearic Islands (1558)
3950:HernĂĄn PĂ©rez de Quesada
3877:Ruy LĂłpez de Villalobos
3832:Miguel LĂłpez de Legazpi
3746:GarcĂa de Toledo Osorio
2610:Western Sahara conflict
2600:Independence of Morocco
2540:Treaty of Madrid (1750)
2483:Piracy in the Caribbean
2468:French Wars of Religion
2252:3 November 2016 at the
2114:
1641:North America (1779â83)
1559:North America (1702â13)
1397:Philippines (1599-1600)
1332:Philippines (1565â1898)
4699:Colonial Spanish Horse
4373:Colonia del Sacramento
3596:Spanish treasure fleet
3173:Royal Decree of Graces
2003:
1926:Elizabeth I of England
126:Commanders and leaders
4810:1595 in the Caribbean
3857:Vasco NĂșñez de Balboa
3817:Juan SebastiĂĄn Elcano
3132:Council of the Indies
2493:SpanishâMoro conflict
2463:OttomanâHabsburg wars
2423:Treaty of Tordesillas
2013:Further information:
1990:
1862:Western Sahara (1975)
1815:Philippines (1896â98)
1770:Cochinchina (1858â62)
1671:Caribbean (1796â1802)
1532:Lake Maracaibo (1669)
1468:Philippines (1638-46)
1342:Philippines (1567â72)
1197:El Salvador (1524â39)
1192:Guatemala (1524â1697)
1152:Puerto Rico (1511â29)
175:Casualties and losses
140:Sancho Pardo DonlebĂșn
4654:Mesoamerican Codices
4378:Comuneros (Paraguay)
4216:Siege of Castelnuovo
3802:Christopher Columbus
3621:Consulate of the Sea
3601:Casa de ContrataciĂłn
3192:Titles and positions
2585:SpanishâAmerican War
2575:Liberal constitution
2418:Asia and the Pacific
1993:the platform of the
1542:New Mexico (1680â92)
501:2nd Gibraltar Strait
496:1st Gibraltar Strait
392:Vila Franca do Campo
145:Pedro SuĂĄrez Coronel
19:For other uses, see
4770:Spanish Puerto Rico
4383:Cartagena de Indias
4005:Diego de Mazariegos
3975:Pere Fages i Beleta
3842:SebastiĂĄn de Ocampo
3323:Provincias Internas
3295:Captaincies General
3209:Municipal president
3178:School of Salamanca
2949:Spanish East Indies
2928:Misiones Orientales
2800:Spanish West Indies
2764:, Central America (
2711:Pyrénées-Orientales
2664:Union with Portugal
2555:Napoleonic invasion
2535:War of Jenkins' Ear
2223:"Sir Francis Drake"
2194:Van Middeldyk p. 68
1946:Sancho Pardo Osorio
1775:Morocco (1859â1860)
1765:Balanguingui (1848)
1733:Venezuela (1811â23)
1698:Argentina (1810â18)
1212:YucatĂĄn (1527â1697)
1187:Chiapas (1523â1695)
782:3rd Geertruidenberg
732:2nd Geertruidenberg
597:1st Geertruidenberg
375:2nd Puerto Caballos
303:1st Puerto Caballos
284:Spanish West Indies
4679:Academia AntĂĄrtica
4634:Other civil topics
4000:PĂĄnfilo de NarvĂĄez
3902:SebastiĂĄn VizcaĂno
3867:Andrés de Urdaneta
3827:Juan Ponce de LeĂłn
3812:Ferdinand Magellan
3786:Bernardo de GĂĄlvez
3685:Indian auxiliaries
3183:Trial of residence
3163:Laws of the Indies
2947:Asia and Oceania (
2808:Dominican Republic
1820:Puerto Rico (1898)
1790:Puerto Rico (1868)
1748:Colombia (1819â20)
1743:Colombia (1815â16)
1723:El Salvador (1811)
1708:Paraguay (1810â11)
1651:New Granada (1781)
1621:Philippines (1762)
1527:Porto Bello (1668)
1497:Philippines (1646)
1453:Philippines (1630)
1409:Philippines (1602)
1392:Puerto Rico (1598)
1382:Philippines (1596)
1377:Puerto Rico (1595)
1372:Cambodia (1593â97)
1252:Colombia (1537â40)
1202:Honduras (1524â39)
1167:Mexico (1519â1821)
165:70 land-based guns
21:Battle of San Juan
4775:Conflicts in 1595
4755:
4754:
4751:
4750:
4624:
4623:
4529:Spanish conquests
4519:
4518:
4515:
4514:
4511:
4510:
4507:
4506:
4304:
4303:
3985:Pedro de Alvarado
3970:Gaspar de PortolĂ
3965:Pedro de Valdivia
3940:Francisco Pizarro
3892:NicolĂĄs de Ovando
3887:Alonso de Ercilla
3862:Alonso de Salazar
3695:Ships of the line
3643:
3642:
3639:
3638:
3521:
3520:
3517:
3516:
3236:
3235:
3232:
3231:
3095:
3094:
3091:
3090:
3067:
3066:
3024:Northern Africa (
3020:Equatorial Guinea
3004:
3003:
2941:
2940:
2856:
2855:
2779:
2778:
2770:Spanish Caribbean
2743:Spanish Louisiana
2719:
2718:
2654:Crown of Castille
2618:
2617:
2595:Spanish Civil War
2570:AdamsâOnĂs Treaty
2550:Nootka Convention
2498:Thirty Years' War
2488:Eighty Years' War
2409:Catholic Monarchs
2399:Timelineâimmersed
2346:978-1-4068-7497-6
2327:978-1-84603-240-0
2227:thepirateking.com
2028:Isthmus of Panama
1881:AngloâSpanish War
1870:
1869:
1852:Morocco (1957â58)
1847:Morocco (1920â26)
1842:Morocco (1911â12)
1805:Morocco (1893â94)
1753:Ecuador (1820â22)
1693:Bolivia (1809â25)
1626:Chile (1766â1767)
1574:Chile (1723â1726)
1507:Hispaniola (1655)
1414:Insulindia (1603)
1367:Insulindia (1585)
1362:Insulindia (1582)
1272:Chile (1546â1662)
1162:Algeria (1517â18)
1031:
1030:
191:
190:
90:
89:
4832:
4630:
4629:
4596:Chibchan Nations
4525:
4524:
4494:Santiago de Cuba
4353:Guadalupe Island
4313:
4312:
4040:
4039:
4033:
4032:
3995:Diego de Almagro
3872:Antonio de Ulloa
3776:Ambrosio Spinola
3771:Pedro de Zubiaur
3741:Alfonso d'Avalos
3731:Antonio de Leyva
3675:Army of Flanders
3660:
3659:
3649:
3648:
3538:
3537:
3527:
3526:
3253:
3252:
3242:
3241:
3112:
3111:
3101:
3100:
3069:
3068:
3042:Peñón of Algiers
3006:
3005:
2943:
2942:
2858:
2857:
2781:
2780:
2763:
2721:
2720:
2635:
2634:
2624:
2623:
2545:Seven Years' War
2518:Queen Anne's War
2395:
2394:
2380:
2373:
2366:
2357:
2356:
2350:
2331:
2300:
2299:
2271:
2265:
2244:
2238:
2237:
2235:
2233:
2219:
2213:
2212:
2201:
2195:
2192:
2181:
2180:
2178:
2176:
2158:
2145:
2144:
2142:
2140:
2112:
2093:
2092:
2075:
1985:on 23 November.
1903:tried to invade
1758:Mexico (1821â29)
1713:Mexico (1810â21)
1616:Nicaragua (1762)
1267:Halmahera (1545)
1237:Brazil (1534-36)
1172:Mexico (1519â21)
1070:
1068:
1058:
1051:
1044:
1035:
1034:
1013:Irish West Coast
901:'s-Hertogenbosch
380:Santiago de Cuba
244:San Juan de UlĂșa
229:
227:
217:
210:
203:
194:
193:
118:
117:
106:
105:
66:22 November 1595
60:
59:
48:
28:
27:
4840:
4839:
4835:
4834:
4833:
4831:
4830:
4829:
4760:
4759:
4756:
4747:
4723:Old inquisition
4635:
4620:
4530:
4503:
4459:Trinidad (1797)
4429:La Noche Triste
4417:
4413:San Juan (1797)
4363:San Juan (1595)
4300:
4189:
4029:Notable battles
4024:
3990:MartĂn de UrsĂșa
3921:
3852:Alonso de Ojeda
3822:Juan de la Cosa
3807:PinzĂłn brothers
3790:
3761:John of Austria
3736:MartĂn de Goiti
3714:
3654:
3635:
3579:
3532:
3513:
3425:
3421:Terra Australis
3416:RĂo de la Plata
3361:Castilla de Oro
3347:
3289:
3285:RĂo de la Plata
3247:
3228:
3187:
3146:
3142:Santa Hermandad
3106:
3087:
3083:Terra Australis
3074:
3063:
3030:Spanish Morocco
3011:
3000:
2991:Northern Taiwan
2952:
2937:
2908:RĂo de la Plata
2863:
2852:
2786:
2785:Central America
2775:
2757:
2726:
2715:
2659:Crown of Aragon
2640:
2629:
2614:
2530:Bourbon Reforms
2400:
2389:
2384:
2347:
2328:
2309:
2307:Further reading
2304:
2303:
2276:Hispanic Review
2272:
2268:
2254:Wayback Machine
2245:
2241:
2231:
2229:
2221:
2220:
2216:
2203:
2202:
2198:
2193:
2184:
2174:
2172:
2159:
2148:
2138:
2136:
2134:
2126:-5,9-11,46-63.
2113:
2096:
2089:
2077:
2076:
2063:
2058:
2040:
2038:Popular culture
2017:
2011:
1974:
1950:Bermuda Channel
1922:
1873:
1872:
1871:
1866:
1738:Chile (1812â27)
1599:Portugal (1762)
1492:Valdivia (1643)
1429:PetĂ©n (1618â97)
1071:
1066:
1064:
1062:
1032:
1027:
951:ChĂąteau-Laudran
862:Schenckenschans
541:Cape Finisterre
511:Gulf of AlmerĂa
448:European waters
298:Bay of Honduras
230:
225:
223:
221:
186:
185:8â10 ships sunk
181:
180:1 frigate burnt
169:
164:
162:
142:
137:
132:
112:
100:
86:Spanish victory
78:
49:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4838:
4828:
4827:
4822:
4817:
4812:
4807:
4802:
4797:
4792:
4787:
4782:
4777:
4772:
4753:
4752:
4749:
4748:
4746:
4745:
4740:
4735:
4730:
4725:
4720:
4719:
4718:
4708:
4707:
4706:
4696:
4691:
4686:
4681:
4676:
4671:
4666:
4661:
4656:
4651:
4646:
4640:
4637:
4636:
4626:
4625:
4622:
4621:
4619:
4618:
4613:
4608:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4577:
4576:
4571:
4566:
4561:
4551:
4546:
4541:
4539:Canary Islands
4535:
4532:
4531:
4521:
4520:
4517:
4516:
4513:
4512:
4509:
4508:
4505:
4504:
4502:
4501:
4496:
4491:
4486:
4481:
4476:
4471:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4451:
4446:
4441:
4436:
4431:
4425:
4423:
4419:
4418:
4416:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4393:TĂșpac Amaru II
4390:
4385:
4380:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4345:
4340:
4338:BogotĂĄ savanna
4335:
4330:
4325:
4319:
4317:
4310:
4306:
4305:
4302:
4301:
4299:
4298:
4293:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4258:
4253:
4248:
4246:Spanish Armada
4243:
4238:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4197:
4195:
4191:
4190:
4188:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4142:
4140:White Mountain
4137:
4135:Cape Celidonia
4132:
4130:English Armada
4127:
4122:
4117:
4112:
4107:
4102:
4097:
4092:
4087:
4082:
4077:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4052:
4046:
4044:
4037:
4030:
4026:
4025:
4023:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3931:
3929:
3923:
3922:
3920:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3907:Juan FernĂĄndez
3904:
3899:
3894:
3889:
3884:
3882:Diego Columbus
3879:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3798:
3796:
3792:
3791:
3789:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3722:
3720:
3716:
3715:
3713:
3712:
3710:Army of Africa
3707:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3690:Spanish Armada
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3666:
3664:
3656:
3655:
3645:
3644:
3641:
3640:
3637:
3636:
3634:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3591:Manila galleon
3587:
3585:
3581:
3580:
3578:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3546:
3544:
3534:
3533:
3523:
3522:
3519:
3518:
3515:
3514:
3512:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3435:
3433:
3427:
3426:
3424:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3357:
3355:
3349:
3348:
3346:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3299:
3297:
3291:
3290:
3288:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3261:
3259:
3249:
3248:
3238:
3237:
3234:
3233:
3230:
3229:
3227:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3195:
3193:
3189:
3188:
3186:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3154:
3152:
3148:
3147:
3145:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3118:
3116:
3108:
3107:
3105:Administration
3097:
3096:
3093:
3092:
3089:
3088:
3086:
3085:
3079:
3076:
3075:
3065:
3064:
3062:
3061:
3026:Western Sahara
3022:
3016:
3013:
3012:
3002:
3001:
2999:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2957:
2954:
2953:
2939:
2938:
2936:
2935:
2924:Banda Oriental
2905:
2891:
2868:
2865:
2864:
2854:
2853:
2851:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2797:
2791:
2788:
2787:
2777:
2776:
2774:
2773:
2739:Coastal Alaska
2731:
2728:
2727:
2717:
2716:
2714:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2673:
2672:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2645:
2642:
2641:
2631:
2630:
2620:
2619:
2616:
2615:
2613:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2521:
2520:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2411:
2405:
2402:
2401:
2391:
2390:
2387:Spanish Empire
2383:
2382:
2375:
2368:
2360:
2352:
2351:
2345:
2332:
2326:
2314:Konstam, Angus
2308:
2305:
2302:
2301:
2288:10.2307/469720
2282:(2): 104â119.
2266:
2239:
2214:
2196:
2182:
2146:
2132:
2094:
2087:
2060:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2039:
2036:
2010:
2007:
1995:Rock (battery)
1983:Isla de Cabras
1973:
1970:
1921:
1918:
1885:English Armada
1868:
1867:
1865:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1837:Morocco (1909)
1833:
1832:
1828:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1810:Cuba (1895â98)
1807:
1802:
1800:Cuba (1879â80)
1797:
1795:Cuba (1868â78)
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1761:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1728:Uruguay (1811)
1725:
1720:
1718:Peru (1811â24)
1715:
1710:
1705:
1703:Florida (1810)
1700:
1695:
1685:
1679:
1678:
1674:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1661:Algiers (1784)
1658:
1656:Algiers (1783)
1653:
1648:
1646:Peru (1780â82)
1643:
1638:
1633:
1631:Algiers (1775)
1628:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1607:
1606:
1601:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1569:Bahamas (1720)
1566:
1561:
1555:
1554:
1550:
1549:
1547:Morocco (1689)
1544:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1522:Jamaica (1658)
1519:
1517:Jamaica (1657)
1514:
1512:Jamaica (1655)
1509:
1504:
1502:Tortuga (1654)
1499:
1494:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1424:Morocco (1614)
1421:
1419:Tunisia (1605)
1416:
1411:
1405:
1404:
1400:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1352:Tunisia (1574)
1349:
1347:Tunisia (1573)
1344:
1339:
1337:Florida (1565)
1334:
1329:
1327:Morocco (1564)
1324:
1322:Morocco (1563)
1319:
1317:Algeria (1563)
1314:
1309:
1307:Tunisia (1560)
1304:
1302:Algeria (1558)
1299:
1297:Algeria (1556)
1294:
1292:Algeria (1555)
1289:
1284:
1282:Tunisia (1550)
1279:
1277:Algeria (1547)
1274:
1269:
1264:
1262:Algeria (1543)
1259:
1257:Algeria (1541)
1254:
1249:
1247:Tunisia (1535)
1244:
1242:Algeria (1535)
1239:
1234:
1232:Tunisia (1534)
1229:
1227:Peru (1532â72)
1224:
1222:Algeria (1531)
1219:
1217:Algeria (1529)
1214:
1209:
1207:Morocco (1525)
1204:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1182:Tunisia (1520)
1179:
1177:Algeria (1519)
1174:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1157:Algeria (1516)
1154:
1149:
1147:Tunisia (1510)
1144:
1142:Tripoli (1510)
1139:
1137:Algeria (1510)
1134:
1132:Algeria (1509)
1129:
1127:Morocco (1508)
1124:
1122:Algeria (1507)
1119:
1117:Algeria (1505)
1113:
1112:
1108:
1107:
1105:Melilla (1497)
1102:
1100:Algeria (1497)
1097:
1092:
1087:
1081:
1080:
1076:
1073:
1072:
1061:
1060:
1053:
1046:
1038:
1029:
1028:
1026:
1025:
1020:
1015:
1010:
1005:
999:
998:
994:
993:
988:
983:
978:
973:
968:
963:
958:
953:
948:
943:
938:
932:
931:
927:
926:
913:
908:
903:
898:
893:
887:3rd Rheinberg
884:
879:
874:
869:
864:
859:
854:
849:
844:
839:
834:
829:
824:
819:
814:
809:
804:
799:
794:
789:
784:
779:
774:
769:
764:
759:
754:
749:
744:
739:
734:
729:
727:Bergen op Zoom
724:
719:
714:
709:
704:
699:
694:
689:
684:
679:
674:
669:
664:
659:
654:
649:
644:
639:
634:
629:
624:
619:
614:
609:
604:
599:
594:
589:
584:
579:
573:
572:
568:
567:
562:
557:
552:
543:
538:
533:
528:
523:
518:
513:
508:
503:
498:
493:
488:
479:
470:
461:
456:
450:
449:
445:
444:
439:
434:
429:
424:
419:
414:
409:
404:
399:
394:
388:
387:
383:
382:
377:
372:
367:
362:
357:
352:
347:
342:
337:
324:
315:
310:
305:
300:
291:
286:
281:
276:
271:
266:
261:
256:
251:
246:
240:
239:
235:
232:
231:
220:
219:
212:
205:
197:
189:
188:
183:
177:
176:
172:
171:
166:
158:
157:
153:
152:
147:
128:
127:
123:
122:
110:
97:
96:
92:
91:
88:
87:
84:
80:
79:
76:Viejo San Juan
74:
72:
68:
67:
64:
56:
55:
52:Isla de Cabras
41:
40:
33:
32:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4837:
4826:
4823:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4767:
4765:
4758:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4717:
4714:
4713:
4712:
4709:
4705:
4702:
4701:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4674:Tapada limeña
4672:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4650:
4647:
4645:
4642:
4641:
4638:
4631:
4627:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4556:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4536:
4533:
4526:
4522:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4426:
4424:
4420:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4320:
4318:
4314:
4311:
4307:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4266:Montes Claros
4264:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4206:Vienna (1529)
4204:
4202:
4199:
4198:
4196:
4192:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4047:
4045:
4041:
4038:
4034:
4031:
4027:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3935:Hernån Cortés
3933:
3932:
3930:
3928:
3927:Conquistadors
3924:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3897:Juan de Ayala
3895:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3799:
3797:
3793:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3751:Duke of Savoy
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3723:
3721:
3717:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3667:
3665:
3661:
3657:
3650:
3646:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3588:
3586:
3582:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3550:Dollar (Peso)
3548:
3547:
3545:
3543:
3539:
3535:
3528:
3524:
3510:
3509:Santo Domingo
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3436:
3434:
3432:
3428:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3386:New Andalusia
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3358:
3356:
3354:
3350:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3333:Santo Domingo
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3300:
3298:
3296:
3292:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3262:
3260:
3258:
3257:Viceroyalties
3254:
3250:
3243:
3239:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3196:
3194:
3190:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3155:
3153:
3149:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3119:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3102:
3098:
3084:
3081:
3080:
3077:
3070:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3047:
3043:
3039:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3017:
3014:
3007:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2959:
2958:
2955:
2950:
2944:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2906:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2892:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2870:
2869:
2866:
2862:South America
2859:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2792:
2789:
2782:
2771:
2767:
2761:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2747:Spanish Texas
2744:
2740:
2736:
2733:
2732:
2729:
2725:North America
2722:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2706:Franche-Comté
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2651:
2650:
2647:
2646:
2643:
2636:
2632:
2625:
2621:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2519:
2516:
2515:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2406:
2403:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2381:
2376:
2374:
2369:
2367:
2362:
2361:
2358:
2354:
2348:
2342:
2338:
2333:
2329:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2310:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2270:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2248:
2243:
2228:
2224:
2218:
2210:
2206:
2200:
2191:
2189:
2187:
2170:
2166:
2165:
2157:
2155:
2153:
2151:
2135:
2133:9781409412700
2129:
2125:
2121:
2120:
2111:
2109:
2107:
2105:
2103:
2101:
2099:
2090:
2088:9780912627625
2084:
2080:
2074:
2072:
2070:
2068:
2066:
2061:
2053:
2051:
2050:
2045:
2035:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2024:Caribbean Sea
2020:
2016:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1996:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1980:
1969:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1917:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1893:Francis Drake
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1834:
1830:
1829:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1690:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1680:
1676:
1675:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1596:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1564:Chiloé (1712)
1562:
1560:
1557:
1556:
1552:
1551:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1537:Panama (1671)
1535:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1491:
1486:
1484:
1483:Taiwan (1642)
1481:
1479:
1478:Taiwan (1641)
1476:
1474:
1473:Brazil (1640)
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1463:Brazil (1638)
1461:
1459:
1458:Brazil (1631)
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1447:
1442:
1440:
1439:Taiwan (1626)
1437:
1435:
1434:Brazil (1625)
1432:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1406:
1402:
1401:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1357:Brunei (1578)
1355:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1114:
1110:
1109:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1095:Guinea (1478)
1093:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1082:
1078:
1077:
1074:
1069:
1059:
1054:
1052:
1047:
1045:
1040:
1039:
1036:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
1000:
996:
995:
992:
989:
987:
984:
982:
979:
977:
974:
972:
969:
967:
964:
962:
959:
957:
954:
952:
949:
947:
944:
942:
939:
937:
934:
933:
929:
928:
925:
923:
919:
914:
912:
909:
907:
904:
902:
899:
897:
894:
892:
890:
885:
883:
880:
878:
875:
873:
870:
868:
865:
863:
860:
858:
855:
853:
850:
848:
845:
843:
840:
838:
835:
833:
830:
828:
825:
823:
822:2nd Rheinberg
820:
818:
815:
813:
810:
808:
805:
803:
800:
798:
795:
793:
790:
788:
787:2nd Coevorden
785:
783:
780:
778:
777:1st Coevorden
775:
773:
772:2nd Steenwijk
770:
768:
765:
763:
760:
758:
755:
753:
750:
748:
745:
743:
740:
738:
735:
733:
730:
728:
725:
723:
720:
718:
715:
713:
712:1st Rheinberg
710:
708:
705:
703:
700:
698:
695:
693:
690:
688:
685:
683:
680:
678:
675:
673:
670:
668:
665:
663:
660:
658:
655:
653:
650:
648:
645:
643:
642:1st Steenwijk
640:
638:
635:
633:
630:
628:
625:
623:
620:
618:
615:
613:
610:
608:
605:
603:
600:
598:
595:
593:
590:
588:
585:
583:
580:
578:
575:
574:
570:
569:
566:
565:Gulf of CĂĄdiz
563:
561:
558:
556:
553:
551:
549:
544:
542:
539:
537:
534:
532:
529:
527:
524:
522:
521:Bay of Biscay
519:
517:
516:Barbary Coast
514:
512:
509:
507:
504:
502:
499:
497:
494:
492:
489:
487:
485:
480:
478:
476:
471:
469:
467:
462:
460:
457:
455:
452:
451:
447:
446:
443:
440:
438:
435:
433:
430:
428:
425:
423:
420:
418:
415:
413:
410:
408:
405:
403:
400:
398:
395:
393:
390:
389:
385:
384:
381:
378:
376:
373:
371:
368:
366:
363:
361:
358:
356:
353:
351:
348:
346:
343:
341:
338:
336:
334:
330:
325:
323:
321:
316:
314:
311:
309:
306:
304:
301:
299:
297:
292:
290:
287:
285:
282:
280:
277:
275:
274:St. Augustine
272:
270:
267:
265:
264:Santo Domingo
262:
260:
257:
255:
252:
250:
247:
245:
242:
241:
237:
236:
233:
228:
218:
213:
211:
206:
204:
199:
198:
195:
184:
179:
178:
173:
167:
160:
159:
154:
151:
150:Francis Drake
148:
146:
141:
136:
130:
129:
124:
121:
116:
111:
109:
104:
99:
98:
93:
85:
82:
81:
77:
73:
70:
69:
65:
62:
61:
57:
53:
47:
42:
39:
34:
29:
22:
4757:
4649:Architecture
4544:The Americas
4408:Newfoundland
4398:TĂșpac Katari
4388:Cuerno Verde
4362:
4323:Tenochtitlan
4155:Valenciennes
3912:Luis Fajardo
3781:Blas de Lezo
3726:Duke of Alba
3606:Spanish Road
3444:Buenos Aires
3353:Governorates
3122:Ayuntamiento
3115:Organization
2580:Carlist Wars
2428:Italian Wars
2353:
2336:
2317:
2279:
2275:
2269:
2242:
2230:. Retrieved
2226:
2217:
2208:
2199:
2173:. Retrieved
2163:
2137:. Retrieved
2117:
2078:
2049:La Dragontea
2047:
2044:Lope de Vega
2041:
2021:
2018:
2004:
1999:
1991:
1987:
1978:
1975:
1961:
1954:La Fortaleza
1923:
1913:San Juan Bay
1901:John Hawkins
1897:Spanish Main
1876:
1874:
1831:20th century
1677:19th century
1666:Chile (1792)
1553:18th century
1489:
1448:Nevis (1629)
1445:
1403:17th century
1376:
1287:Libya (1551)
1111:16th century
1079:15th century
1003:Carrigafoyle
921:
917:
888:
560:Dover Strait
547:
483:
474:
465:
402:Newfoundland
360:2nd San Juan
345:1st San Juan
344:
332:
328:
319:
295:
95:Belligerents
36:Part of the
4616:Philippines
4581:El Salvador
4201:Capo d'Orso
4085:St. Quentin
4060:Rome (1527)
3719:Strategists
3469:Guadalajara
3396:New Navarre
3391:New Castile
3376:La Luisiana
3328:Puerto Rico
3318:Philippines
3275:New Granada
2965:Philippines
2926:(Uruguay),
2922:(Bolivia),
2872:New Granada
2812:Puerto Rico
2758: [
2628:Territories
2448:Encomiendas
1930:Puerto Rico
1909:Puerto Rico
1825:Guam (1898)
1611:Cuba (1762)
1579:Oran (1732)
1387:Cuba (1596)
1023:Castlehaven
911:Hoogstraten
877:San Andreas
832:2nd Groenlo
802:1st Groenlo
757:Knodsenburg
742:2nd Zutphen
717:1st Zutphen
677:Steenbergen
617:Schoonhoven
526:Mount's Bay
477:Gravelines)
459:Pantelleria
294:Hispaniola
259:SĂŁo Vicente
4764:Categories
4286:Somosierra
4276:Manila Bay
4150:Nördlingen
4090:Gravelines
3570:Columnario
3542:Currencies
3459:ConcepciĂłn
3431:Audiencias
3406:New Toledo
3371:La Florida
3204:Corregidor
3168:Papal bull
3073:Antarctica
2981:Micronesia
2438:Golden Age
2056:References
1966:Guadeloupe
1920:Background
1444:St. Kitts
986:2nd Calais
916:Ardenburg
882:Nieuwpoort
867:Zaltbommel
837:Bredevoort
632:Borgerhout
612:Valkenburg
587:Middelburg
550:West Wales
464:1st CĂĄdiz
442:2nd Azores
437:Las Palmas
427:2nd Flores
422:1st Flores
417:1st Azores
370:Portobello
327:La Guaira
187:400 killed
161:5 frigates
4591:Nicaragua
4569:Guatemala
4479:Pichincha
4464:Chacabuco
4403:Pensacola
4348:Mataquito
4328:Cajamarca
4309:New World
4281:Trafalgar
4185:Alhucemas
4065:Landriano
4050:Comuneros
4036:Old World
3980:Joan OrpĂ
3700:Royalists
3474:Guatemala
3401:New Spain
3338:Venezuela
3313:Guatemala
3270:New Spain
3265:Columbian
3158:Exequatur
3058:Cape Juby
2912:Argentina
2735:New Spain
2669:Gibraltar
2433:Habsburgs
2046:'s poem
2032:dysentery
2009:Aftermath
1891:in 1589,
924:2nd Sluis
920:Oostberg
906:2nd Grave
891:2nd Meurs
852:Oldenzaal
847:Ootmarsum
812:2nd Hulst
792:Groningen
762:1st Hulst
722:1st Sluis
697:1st Grave
672:Eindhoven
652:Noordhorn
546:Cornwall
536:2nd CĂĄdiz
506:Berlengas
340:Guadalupe
318:Trinidad
308:San Mateo
269:Cartagena
182:40 killed
143:Governor
4601:Colombia
4586:Honduras
4499:Asomante
4484:Ayacucho
4474:Carabobo
4449:Curalaba
4226:Ceresole
4120:Gembloux
4080:MĂŒhlberg
3795:Mariners
3653:Military
3575:Doubloon
3560:MaravedĂ
3504:Santiago
3411:Paraguay
3137:Germania
2977:Caroline
2932:Malvinas
2916:Paraguay
2876:Colombia
2818:Trinidad
2685:Sardinia
2525:Bourbons
2316:(2008).
2250:Archived
1979:Defiance
1958:frigates
1938:Plymouth
1905:San Juan
1008:Smerwick
961:Caudebec
842:Enschede
817:Turnhout
767:Nijmegen
752:Delfzijl
747:Deventer
637:Mechelen
627:Rijmenam
622:Gembloux
555:Sesimbra
412:Santiago
397:Terceira
386:Atlantic
331:Caracas
168:25 ships
156:Strength
133:Admiral
71:Location
4733:Asiento
4704:Mustang
4564:YucatĂĄn
4559:Chiapas
4439:Tucapel
4271:Passaro
4221:Algiers
4211:Preveza
4180:Tetouan
4175:Vitoria
4165:Bitonto
4105:Antwerp
4100:Lepanto
4055:Bicocca
3531:Economy
3454:Charcas
3449:Caracas
3343:YucatĂĄn
3214:Regidor
3199:Alcalde
3127:Cabildo
3034:Tripoli
2973:Mariana
2920:Charcas
2896:(Peru,
2880:Ecuador
2843:Bonaire
2838:Curazao
2823:Jamaica
2751:Florida
2232:28 July
2175:6 March
2139:8 March
1964:, near
1962:Francis
1488:Chiloé
1018:Kinsale
997:Ireland
976:Morlaix
687:Antwerp
657:Niezijl
592:Haarlem
531:Cawsand
486:Lisbon)
468:Algarve
454:Scheldt
407:Bermuda
365:Tabasco
322:Orinoco
120:England
4711:Castas
4469:BoyacĂĄ
4444:Guiana
4434:Iguape
4358:Recife
4296:Mactan
4291:Annual
4256:Rocroi
4251:Leiden
4236:Djerba
4170:Bailén
4125:Ostend
4110:Azores
3705:LegiĂłn
3670:Tercio
3663:Armies
3565:Escudo
3494:PanamĂĄ
3489:Mexico
3484:Manila
3439:BogotĂĄ
3224:Vecino
3219:Syndic
3050:BĂ©jaĂŻa
3010:Africa
2996:Tidore
2884:Panama
2848:Belize
2755:Mexico
2681:Sicily
2677:Naples
2639:Europe
2343:
2324:
2296:469720
2294:
2130:
2085:
1972:Battle
1934:Panama
1924:Queen
1889:Lisbon
991:Amiens
981:Crozon
936:Arques
930:France
896:Ostend
857:Lingen
692:Arnhem
662:Lochem
647:Kollum
602:Leiden
491:Bayona
350:Panama
313:Recife
289:Havana
138:Capt.
83:Result
4606:Chile
4574:Petén
4549:Aztec
4368:Bahia
4343:Penco
4333:Cusco
4261:Downs
4241:Tunis
4160:Ceuta
4145:Breda
4095:Malta
4075:Tunis
4070:Pavia
3584:Trade
3499:Quito
3464:Cusco
3303:Chile
3038:Tunis
2985:Palau
2902:Chile
2833:Aruba
2828:Haiti
2762:]
2691:Milan
2649:Spain
2292:JSTOR
971:Blaye
966:Craon
956:Rouen
946:Paris
827:Meurs
807:Lippe
737:Breda
702:Venlo
682:Aalst
607:Delft
432:Faial
355:Pinos
108:Spain
4611:Inca
4554:Maya
4489:Guam
4422:Lost
4194:Lost
4115:Mons
3555:Real
3479:Lima
3366:Cuba
3308:Cuba
3280:PerĂș
3056:and
3054:Ifni
3046:Oran
2969:Guam
2898:Acre
2894:Peru
2804:Cuba
2683:and
2341:ISBN
2322:ISBN
2234:2017
2177:2019
2171:-119
2141:2019
2128:ISBN
2119:1595
2083:ISBN
1932:and
1875:The
941:Ivry
872:Rees
707:Axel
667:Lier
582:Goes
577:Mons
335:Coro
63:Date
4316:Won
4043:Won
3151:Law
3048:,
2768:),
2749:),
2284:doi
2169:114
1887:at
797:Huy
4766::
3052:,
3044:,
3040:,
3036:,
3032:,
3028:,
2983:,
2979:,
2975:,
2971:,
2967:,
2930:,
2918:,
2914:,
2900:,
2886:,
2882:,
2878:,
2810:,
2806:,
2760:es
2753:,
2679:,
2416:,
2290:.
2278:.
2260:,
2256:,
2225:.
2207:.
2185:^
2149:^
2097:^
2064:^
2052:.
1907:,
3060:)
2987:)
2963:(
2951:)
2934:)
2910:(
2904:)
2874:(
2814:)
2802:(
2772:)
2737:(
2687:)
2379:e
2372:t
2365:v
2349:.
2330:.
2298:.
2286::
2280:6
2236:.
2211:.
2179:.
2143:.
2124:4
2091:.
1490:·
1446:·
1057:e
1050:t
1043:v
922:·
918:·
889:·
548:·
484:·
475:·
466:·
333:·
329:·
320:·
296:·
216:e
209:t
202:v
54:.
23:.
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