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isolate the
Frankish rearguard and the baggage train from the rest of the escaping army, and although the Basques were not as well-equipped, they held the upper ground and the knowledge of the terrain that gave them a huge advantage in the skirmish. As Charlemagne tried to regroup and evacuate his army, Roland and the others held for a considerable amount of time before the Basques finally massacred them completely. Though killed to the last man, the rearguard nonetheless succeeded in allowing Charlemagne and his army to continue to safety. The Basques then looted the baggage that was left behind and took advantage of the darkness to flee, leaving no trace for the Franks to follow the following morning. The revised version of the
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position, Husayn became reluctant to yield his new privileged status to the
Frankish monarch and refused to surrender the city to Charlemagne, claiming that he had never promised Charlemagne his allegiance. He seems to have tried to appease Charlemagne by giving him the prisoner General Ibn Obeid and a large tribute of gold, but Charlemagne was not easily satisfied, putting Sulayman al-Arabi in chains. Meanwhile, the force sent by the Baghdad caliphate seems to have been stopped near
1782:. He held the territory of the Pyrenees, making him responsible for the tragedy that happened in his realm. Regions surrounding his kingdom such as Bordeaux were under the control of the Carolingians. While the Duke did pay homage to Charlemagne by offering Hunald II (a rebel leader and a possible heir to Waiofar) and his wife to him, there were disputes over the trans-Pyrenean Basque lands ruled by Lupo and those under Carolingian suzerainty. The authors of the General History of
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1688:, possibly fearing that it could be used for future conflicts. Some primary sources suggest that he destroyed the city altogether, and many towns in the region were also razed. Garrisons and military outposts were placed throughout the territory, and there were accounts of the Franks' harsh treatment of the Basques during their occupation.
56:
1703:, were placed in the rearguard probably to protect the retreat and the baggage train. Unknown to Charlemagne, the enraged Basques sent their warriors in pursuit of him and his army in retaliation for the destruction of their city, and the Basques' knowledge of the region helped them overtake the Franks.
1926:
While the skirmish was a small setback, Charlemagne did lose huge quantities of treasure and good men. It was the only significant defeat that
Charlemagne ever suffered in his otherwise successful military career. Never again would Charlemagne take it upon himself to lead an army to battle in Spain,
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had set up an ambush. They attacked the rearguard, causing confusion which spread to all the army. And, while the Franks were superior to the
Vascones both in armament and in courage, the roughness of the terrain and the difference in the style of combat made them generally weaker. In this battle
1722:
were killed the majority of the paladins that the King had placed in command of his forces. The baggage was sacked, and suddenly the enemy vanished, thanks to their knowledge of the terrain. The memory of the injury so produced overshadowed in the King's heart that of the feats done in
Hispania.
2126:, is a gap thought to have been caused by Roland while fighting. At the summit of the Roncevaux Pass are the remains of an early chapel of San Salvador also known as Charlemagne's Chapel and the Charlemagne Monument built in 1934; both built to commemorate the Emperor's campaign in the region.
1706:
In the evening of August 15, Charlemagne's rearguard was suddenly attacked by the
Basques as they crossed the mountain pass. The Franks were caught off guard by the surprise attack, with their army in confusion and disarray as they tried to escape the ambush. The Basques managed to cut off and
1642:
Abd ar-Rahman of CĂłrdoba sent his most trusted general, Thalaba Ibn Obeid, to take control of the possibly rebellious city and to prevent the
Frankish invasion. Husayn and Ibn Obeid clashed repeatedly; eventually Husayn managed to defeat and to imprison Ibn Obeid. Reinforced in his autonomous
1647:. Though Charlemagne's forces initially held the upper hand, the siege of Zaragoza dragged on for over a month. Eventually a deal was struck between Charlemagne and Husayn. The latter would pay gold and the release of several prisoners, while the Franks in return would withdraw their siege.
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as its first king. Land in the
Pyrenees would be overseen by Carolingian officials, and distributed among colonisers and to the Spanish Church who were allied to Charlemagne. A Christianization program was put in place across the high Pyrenees. The Basques would continue their rebellion to
1881:) followed a route different from the modern one, not crossing at Ibañeta (the traditional location) but heading up eastwards and crossing instead the Lepoeder and Bentartea passes – next to mount Astobizkar – not far from mount
1927:
having to rely instead on his generals for future campaigns in the
Iberian Peninsula. The Franks failed to capture Zaragoza and suffered a significant loss at the hands of the Vascones, but Charlemagne would return to establish the
1975:
was almost identical to the first, with the
Basques again taking advantage of the terrain, but against a much larger Frankish force. Unlike the first battle in which Charlemagne's army managed to escape, the Carolingians led by
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as "if they had been all Rolands and Olivers," which admired their honor and companionship in battle. Memorials have also been erected to commemorate the battle, such as the Roncesvalles Pass Monument in Navarre, Spain.
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Before leaving the Iberian Peninsula, Charlemagne decided to further secure his hold on the Basque territory (Wasconia). He first eliminated any possible opposition from the natives of the region (the
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1919:. The battle caused numerous losses among the Frankish troops, including several of the most important aristocrats and the sack of the baggage, probably with all the gold given by the Muslims at
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The mainstream opinion is that the battle took place somewhere not far from Roncevaux itself, as it is not just on one of the easiest routes but also the traditional one. Indeed, the Roman road
1743:. A typical Basque mountain warrior was armed with two short spears and a knife or short sword as his main weapons, and bows or javelins for missile weapons. He would not normally wear armour.
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although in fact, the Basques of the period were mainly pagans and Charlemagne had been allied to some of the Muslims. In the tradition, the Basques are replaced by a force of 400,000
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until the 11th century. Pamplona itself would remain in the hands of the Muslims until a rebellion in 798â801 expelled them as well. The Vascones would finally consolidate the
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The Spanish March and surrounding regions during the time of Charlemagne. Roncevaux Pass (labeled Roseida Vallis on this map) is to the northeast of Pamplona (Pampilona)
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were also added. Although Roland died in the battle with little information about him, the battle popularized him as a chivalric hero of honor in the Middle Ages.
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or to give as good as one gets, which is referenced directly from the companionship of Roland and Oliver during the battle. One example was said during the
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also believed in the same theory that the Duke was the leader of the attack. Their reasons were that he and the Vascones opposed Carolingian expansion into
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1763:, whose main motivation may have been plunder. The Vascones had a history of resisting Carolingian rule since the incursion of Frankish king
1450:. There are numerous written works about the battle, some of which change and exaggerate events. The battle is recounted in the 11th century
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2091:, chanted the poem to inspire themselves before their fight with the Anglo-Saxons. The English expression, "to give a Roland for an
1931:, to serve as a buffer region between his Christian empire and the Muslims to the south. A decade later the Franks finally captured
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remained largely unscathed and self-governed. However, as of 778 Charlemagne expanded Frankish takeover of Aquitaine to present-day
1980:
were trapped and routed, and a larger number of their men were slaughtered than those of Charlemagne. Frankish vassals Aeblus and
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1838:
The Pyrenees are a mountain range that form a natural border between France and Spain, extending about 490 km (305 m) from
1520:, by appointing trusted Franks, Burgundians, and Church officials in key regional positions and establishing counties, such as
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2057:, which commemorates the battle, was written by an unknown poet of the 11th century. It is the earliest surviving of the
1595:, of which Zaragoza was the capital. Following the sealing of this alliance at Paderborn, Charlemagne marched across the
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After securing the region, Charlemagne marched for the Pyrenees mountain pass to return to France. Many of his notable
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in 824 after the birth of a new resistance to Carolingian rule. In that same year, the Basque army defeated another
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on the Mediterranean Sea. Suggested places where the battle could have taken place, range from Navarre and
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1470:. Modern adaptations of the battle include books, plays, works of fiction, and monuments in the Pyrenees.
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Monument of the Battle of Roncesvalles Pass. Note that Roland's name is spelled in its Spanish version "
1438:, the foremost warriors of Charlemagne's court, into legend, becoming the quintessential role model for
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The Basque attack was in retaliation for Charlemagne's destruction of the city walls of their capital,
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mentions the names of the most important lords killed such as Eggihard, Roland, and Anselmus, the
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2171:. Modern adaptations of the battle drew heavily on the romanticized versions. A 1978 French film
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and features the battle as depicted in the poem. The battle is also featured minimally in the
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The accounts of Einhard and Pierre de Marca suggest that the perpetrator of the attack was
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Zaragoza, however, remained a Muslim city and capital of the Upper March, and later of an
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Having decided to return, entered the mountains of the Pyrenees, in whose summits the
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and his own power, Charlemagne agreed to go to Spain. Al-Arabi induced him to invade
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2145:. The battle and Orlando's sacrifice inspired several composers, amongst whom were
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Winter, Andrew; Moore, Alan (2007). "Northampton's Finest: Alan Moore Interview".
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For the later battle leading to the establishment of the Kingdom of Pamplona, see
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2433:"Charlemagne's Commander Roland Killed by Basques at Battle of Roncevaux Pass"
2194:, an amalgamation of fictional characters that were named Roland and Orlando.
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2846:"Military Courage and Fear in the Late Medieval French Chivalric Imagination"
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in 778 "at the head of all the forces he could muster". Charlemagne led the
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was defeated and the Franks encroached farther into the duchy. The Basques (
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Monument commemorating the 12th centenary of the Battle of Roncevaux Pass,
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author, suggests that the attackers were a reduced number of mostly local
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on the present border between France and Spain, after his invasion of the
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Map of the roads in Hispania. The pass of Roncesvaux is located on the
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stated that the men in the rear were "massacred to the last man." The
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2797:"The Battle of Hastings and the Beginnings of Anglo-Norman England"
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and inspiring many Christian warriors that came after. During the
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in return for military aid. Their Lords had been cornered in the
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The Development of Southern French and Catalan Society, 718â1050
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The Development of Southern French and Catalan Society, 718â1050
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15th-century anonymous painting of the Battle of Roncevaux Pass
3115:"Battle of Roncesvalles" by Thomas Bulfinch (1796â1867), from
3086:
Charlemagneâs Defeat in the Pyrenees: The Battle of Rencesvals
2129:
The song is also commemorated in the Italian literary classic
1684:. He gave orders to tear down the walls of the Basque capital
2162:
2004:
1956:
1756:
1681:
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depicting an idealized vision of the Battle of Roncevaux Pass
3130:
1545:, sent a delegation to Charlemagne, Master of the Franks in
3066:
God's Crucible: Islam and the Making of Europe, 570 to 1215
2135:. The battle is also referenced in the song "Roncevaux" by
1524:, Bordeaux, and Toulouse, on the left bank of the Garonne.
2610:(2nd ed.). Oxford, UK: Basil Blackwell. p. 122.
1680:
tribes), believing that many of them were allied with the
1963:
realm and eventually the constitution of the independent
1580:, was preparing an invasion force against Abd ar-Rahman.
1549:, offering his submission, along with the allegiance of
1434:, a Frankish commander. His death elevated him and the
166:
3,000 soldiers who were crossing the pass (modern est.)
49:
Part of Charlemagne's campaign in the Iberian Peninsula
1415:. As the Franks retreated across the Pyrenees back to
2724:"Baskoniako Dukerria â Auñamendi Eusko Entziklopedia"
2560:. Austin: University of Texas Press. pp. 38â50.
2187:
The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen: Black Dossier
1572:. The three rulers also conveyed that the caliph of
2300:
2298:
2296:
1735:army of the Basques. A later source, the anonymous
1731:One of the principal units of the Vascones was the
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2377:
2375:
2373:
2113:. The knights were described by the French author
3009:
2958:"Opera: Handel's 'Orlando' At American Repertory"
1996:, consolidating the independence of both realms.
3374:
2747:
2293:
2031:by oral tradition into a major conflict between
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2370:
1935:. He would also later establish the Kingdom of
3003:
2256:Mercenaries in Medieval and Renaissance Europe
217:
3154:
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2343:
2341:
2339:
2337:
2281:Term Paper Resource Guide to Medieval History
203:
3100:Earliest manuscript of the Chanson de Roland
2905:
2843:
2713:. Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved on 2014-01-17.
2687:Further Studies in Rio Grande Valley History
2391:
2389:
2063:or epic poems of medieval France written in
34:. For the battle in the Peninsular War, see
3106:, Anglo-Norman, 12th century, ?2nd quarter.
2599:
1971:army in the same mountain pass. The second
1695:, such as Roland, military governor of the
3161:
3147:
2850:Journal of Medieval and Humanistic Studies
2754:(in Spanish). Ediciones Rialp. p. 5.
2488:
2486:
2334:
1944:Carolingian rule until the appointment of
1635:by Sulayman al-Arabi. As he moved towards
1591:by promising him an easy surrender of its
210:
196:
2817:The New Shorter Oxford English Dictionary
2778:, New York: Burt Franklin, 1963, p. iii.
2386:
2109:between two groups of knights during the
1623:passed over the Eastern Pyrenees through
1442:and also greatly influencing the code of
179:All the men in the rearguard were killed.
2894:"Parque Nacional Ordesa y Monte Perdido"
2820:, vol. 2, Clarendon Press, p.
2546:
2544:
2426:
2424:
2422:
2420:
2071:in Britain, the story of Roland and the
2014:
2003:
1896:
1829:
1809:
1801:
1660:
3110:The Song of Roland, trans. John O'Hagan
3069:(1st ed.). New York: W.W. Norton.
3014:. Tripwire Publishing. pp. 12â17.
2605:
2495:"Charlemagne: Battle of Roncevaux Pass"
2483:
2471:Orria, o la batall de Roncesvalles. 778
2435:. Skepticism in History. Archived from
14:
3413:Medieval history of the Basque Country
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2629:
2627:
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2463:
2461:
2459:
2457:
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1466:, one of the most celebrated works of
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3059:
3045:. Austin: University of Texas Press.
3037:
2813:
2635:
2550:
2541:
2417:
2349:"This Day In History: August 15, 778"
2275:
2273:
2271:
1984:were captured by the joint forces of
1456:, the oldest surviving major work of
1430:Among those killed in the battle was
191:
2979:"New York Times: The Song of Roland"
2911:"Orlando furioso (Orlando Maddened)"
2581:
2236:Daily Life in the Age of Charlemagne
2124:Ordesa y Monte Perdido National Park
2087:in 1066, knights and soldiers under
2075:have become the archetypal icons of
2795:Gareth Pullen (December 20, 2015).
2636:Baker, Patrick (January 23, 2014).
2624:
2492:
2450:
2395:
2225:
2161:, who composed an Italian-language
24:
3031:
2844:Craig Taylor (December 20, 2015).
2691:University of Texas at Brownsville
2497:. Military History. Archived from
2268:
25:
3449:
3131:Roncesvalles carolingio y jacobeo
3093:
2896:archive.org, retrieved 2013-08-20
2430:
2027:Over the years, this battle was
1583:Seeing an opportunity to extend
54:
3205:Orlando e i Paladini di Francia
3123:Romances de Bernardo del Carpio
2970:
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2887:
2877:"Day 1 St Jean to Roncesvalles"
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2768:
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2679:
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2591:. World Walking. Archived from
2532:
2523:
2512:
2283:. Greenwood (2009). pp. 88â90.
2238:. Greenwood (2002). pp. 40â51.
2079:in Europe; greatly influencing
2043:, and mythical objects such as
1901:The death of Roland and his men
1792:Franco-Aquitanian war (760â769)
1771:, the last independent Duke of
2728:aunamendi.eusko-ikaskuntza.eus
2325:
2316:
2307:
2248:
2177:features an adaptation of the
1889:of the classic Roman sources.
1873:) and went to Benearnum (mod.
1726:
1627:. His troops were welcomed in
1400:, a high mountain pass in the
1388:) in 778 saw a large force of
32:Battle of Roncevaux Pass (824)
13:
1:
3232:Carmen de Prodicione Guenonis
3089:. Amsterdam University Press
2473:. Elkar (1979). pp. 105â114.
2219:
2095:", meaning either to offer a
1473:
36:Battle of Roncesvalles (1813)
2875:Leslie (September 3, 2015).
1892:
1657:History of the Basque people
1480:AbbasidâCarolingian alliance
1419:, the rearguard of Frankish
27:8th-century battle in France
7:
3408:Military history of Navarre
2814:Brown, Lesley, ed. (1993),
2801:England and English History
2776:Medieval Romance in England
2711:"William of Aquitaine, St."
2258:. McFarland (2013). p. 32.
2197:
2190:, in which Roland is named
1797:
1279:Post-Reconquista Rebellions
10:
3454:
3383:Battles of the Reconquista
2069:Knights of the Round Table
1863:Via ab Asturica Burdigalam
1767:, which saw the defeat of
1654:
1477:
29:
3388:Battles involving Francia
3262:
3223:
3196:
3178:
2935:. Van der Graaf Generator
2748:Auriga Ediciones (1982).
1999:
1650:
1492:'s war on Aquitaine, the
384:2nd San Esteban de Gormaz
379:1st San Esteban de Gormaz
230:
173:
160:
123:
104:
64:
53:
48:
43:
3187:Battle of Roncevaux Pass
2981:. Movies & TV Dept.
2977:Clarke Fountain (2007).
2665:. Digireads.com (2010).
2663:Two Lives Of Charlemagne
2661:, Notker the Stammerer.
2111:Breton War of Succession
1973:Battle of Roncevaux Pass
1806:Ibaneta (Roncevaux) pass
1368:Battle of Roncevaux Pass
44:Battle of Roncevaux Pass
2640:. Karwasaray Publishers
2606:Collins, Roger (1990).
2403:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
2137:Van der Graaf Generator
1905:Charlemagne biographer
1822:to Benearnum and meets
1668:(c. 1877), painting by
3438:8th century in Francia
3117:Legends of Charlemagne
2159:George Frideric Handel
2024:
2012:
1902:
1835:
1827:
1816:Ab Asturica Burdigalam
1807:
1724:
1673:
1374:and English spelling,
124:Commanders and leaders
18:Battle of Roncesvalles
3239:Historia Caroli Magni
3039:Lewis, Archibald Ross
2956:(December 20, 1981).
2279:Hamm, Jean Shepherd.
2089:William the Conqueror
2018:
2007:
1900:
1833:
1818:road that started in
1813:
1805:
1715:
1664:
1484:With the rise of the
1427:, and was wiped out.
374:Pallars and Ribagorza
174:Casualties and losses
3359:43.02000°N 1.32389°W
3104:La Chanson de Roland
3083:Xabier Irujo. 2021.
3012:Tripwire Annual 2007
2856:on December 22, 2015
2751:La canciĂłn de RoldĂĄn
2667:General Introduction
2398:"Orreaga; Roncevaux"
2396:Vicente, Rodriguez.
2174:La chanson de Roland
2103:Combat of the Thirty
2067:. Together with the
1885:, identified as the
1261:2nd Granada campaign
658:2nd Balearic Islands
633:1st Balearic Islands
3355: /
2552:Lewis, Archibald R.
2383:Lewis (2008) p. 249
2331:Lewis (2008) p. 253
2322:Lewis (2008) p. 246
2313:Lewis (2008) p. 245
2304:Lewis (2008) p. 244
2151:Jean-Baptiste Lully
1965:Kingdom of Pamplona
1957:independent emirate
1701:Mayor of the Palace
940:Las Navas de Tolosa
154:Bernardo del Carpio
3364:43.02000; -1.32389
3213:The Song of Roland
3171:The Song of Roland
2991:on 1 November 2007
2984:The New York Times
2963:The New York Times
2774:Laura A. Hibbard,
2538:Lewis (2008) p. 38
2529:Lewis (1965) p. 30
2493:Hickman, Kennedy.
2469:Narbaitz, Pierre.
2209:Kingdom of Navarre
2147:Claudio Monteverdi
2122:, situated in the
2085:Battle of Hastings
2054:The Song of Roland
2025:
2013:
1946:William of Gellone
1903:
1836:
1828:
1808:
1780:Lupo II of Gascony
1674:
1666:Roland Ă Roncevaux
1555:Abu Taur of Huesca
1551:Husayn of Zaragoza
1494:Duchy of Aquitaine
1468:Italian literature
1453:The Song of Roland
1134:Shepherds' Crusade
945:3rd AlcĂĄcer do Sal
908:2nd AlcĂĄcer do Sal
818:1st AlcĂĄcer do Sal
307:2nd Roncevaux Pass
245:1st Roncevaux Pass
150:Lupo II of Gascony
3338:
3337:
3076:978-0-393-06472-8
3052:978-0-292-72941-4
3021:978-0-9543751-1-9
2881:Camino Adventures
2831:978-0-19-861271-1
2784:978-0-8337-2144-0
2675:978-1-4209-3811-1
2567:978-0-292-72941-4
2519:9th Century Spain
2289:978-0-313-35967-5
2264:978-0-7864-7274-1
2244:978-0-313-31668-5
2204:Duchy of Vasconia
2060:chansons de geste
2023:, Navarre, Spain.
1879:Route of Napoleon
1865:which started in
1607:into the Western
1578:Muhammad al-Mahdi
1559:Iberian peninsula
1528:Sulayman al-Arabi
1510:Duchy of Vasconia
1458:French literature
1406:Iberian Peninsula
1392:ambush a part of
1363:
1362:
541:AlmodĂłvar del RĂo
186:
185:
169:Unknown but large
100:
99:
16:(Redirected from
3445:
3398:Matter of France
3370:
3369:
3367:
3366:
3365:
3360:
3356:
3353:
3352:
3351:
3348:
3246:KarlamagnĂșs saga
3163:
3156:
3149:
3140:
3139:
3135:
3127:
3080:
3056:
3026:
3025:
3007:
3001:
3000:
2998:
2996:
2987:. Archived from
2974:
2968:
2967:
2950:
2944:
2943:
2941:
2940:
2929:
2923:
2922:
2917:. Archived from
2907:Lodovico Ariosto
2903:
2897:
2891:
2885:
2884:
2872:
2866:
2865:
2863:
2861:
2852:. Archived from
2841:
2835:
2834:
2811:
2805:
2804:
2792:
2786:
2772:
2766:
2765:
2745:
2739:
2738:
2736:
2735:
2720:
2714:
2708:
2702:
2683:
2677:
2656:
2650:
2649:
2647:
2645:
2638:"A legend grows"
2633:
2622:
2621:
2603:
2597:
2596:
2585:
2579:
2578:
2576:
2574:
2548:
2539:
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2521:
2516:
2510:
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2507:
2506:
2490:
2481:
2467:
2448:
2447:
2445:
2444:
2428:
2415:
2414:
2412:
2410:
2393:
2384:
2381:
2368:
2367:
2365:
2364:
2355:. Archived from
2345:
2332:
2329:
2323:
2320:
2314:
2311:
2305:
2302:
2291:
2277:
2266:
2252:
2246:
2232:
2081:knightly culture
1939:with the son of
1699:, and Eggihard,
1425:stood its ground
225:
212:
205:
198:
189:
188:
142:
66:
65:
58:
41:
40:
21:
3453:
3452:
3448:
3447:
3446:
3444:
3443:
3442:
3373:
3372:
3363:
3361:
3357:
3354:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3342:
3341:
3339:
3334:
3258:
3219:
3192:
3174:
3167:
3133:
3125:
3096:
3077:
3061:Lewis, David L.
3053:
3034:
3032:Further reading
3029:
3022:
3008:
3004:
2994:
2992:
2975:
2971:
2951:
2947:
2938:
2936:
2931:
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2926:
2904:
2900:
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2859:
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2812:
2808:
2793:
2789:
2773:
2769:
2762:
2746:
2742:
2733:
2731:
2722:
2721:
2717:
2709:
2705:
2685:Kearney, Milo.
2684:
2680:
2657:
2653:
2643:
2641:
2634:
2625:
2618:
2604:
2600:
2587:
2586:
2582:
2572:
2570:
2568:
2549:
2542:
2537:
2533:
2528:
2524:
2517:
2513:
2504:
2502:
2491:
2484:
2468:
2451:
2442:
2440:
2431:Cline, Austin.
2429:
2418:
2408:
2406:
2394:
2387:
2382:
2371:
2362:
2360:
2347:
2346:
2335:
2330:
2326:
2321:
2317:
2312:
2308:
2303:
2294:
2278:
2269:
2253:
2249:
2233:
2226:
2222:
2214:Roland's Breach
2200:
2155:Antonio Vivaldi
2132:Orlando Furioso
2120:Roland's Breach
2107:judicial combat
2002:
1941:Louis the Pious
1929:Marca Hispanica
1895:
1887:Summum Pyreneum
1867:Castra Legiones
1820:Castra Legiones
1800:
1765:Pepin the Short
1745:Pierre de Marca
1729:
1659:
1653:
1570:emir of CĂłrdoba
1563:Abd ar-Rahman I
1490:Pepin the Short
1482:
1476:
1463:Orlando Furioso
1364:
1359:
1294:
1246:Los Alporchones
1129:Vega de Granada
226:
219:Battles in the
218:
216:
147:
138:
132:
88:
59:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3451:
3441:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3423:770s conflicts
3420:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3336:
3335:
3333:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3266:
3264:
3260:
3259:
3257:
3256:
3253:The Dark Tower
3249:
3242:
3235:
3227:
3225:
3224:Other versions
3221:
3220:
3218:
3217:
3209:
3200:
3198:
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3182:
3180:
3176:
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3166:
3165:
3158:
3151:
3143:
3137:
3136:
3128:
3120:
3112:
3107:
3095:
3094:External links
3092:
3091:
3090:
3081:
3075:
3057:
3051:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3027:
3020:
3002:
2969:
2945:
2924:
2921:on 2016-02-17.
2898:
2886:
2867:
2836:
2830:
2806:
2787:
2767:
2761:978-8472810761
2760:
2740:
2715:
2703:
2678:
2651:
2623:
2616:
2598:
2595:on 2015-12-22.
2589:"Roncesvalles"
2580:
2566:
2540:
2531:
2522:
2511:
2482:
2449:
2416:
2385:
2369:
2333:
2324:
2315:
2306:
2292:
2267:
2247:
2234:Butt, John J.
2223:
2221:
2218:
2217:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2199:
2196:
2179:Song of Roland
2115:Jean Froissart
2001:
1998:
1917:count palatine
1894:
1891:
1799:
1796:
1728:
1725:
1655:Main article:
1652:
1649:
1537:(governor) of
1478:Main article:
1475:
1472:
1398:Roncevaux Pass
1361:
1360:
1358:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1321:
1320:
1315:
1305:
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1293:
1292:
1290:2nd Alpujarras
1287:
1285:1st Alpujarras
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1154:Vega de Pagana
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1100:
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1054:
1052:Mudéjar revolt
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960:Aragonese raid
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865:
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848:Central Iberia
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608:Norwegian raid
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309:
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144:
126:
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121:
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114:
107:
106:
102:
101:
98:
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96:Basque victory
94:
90:
89:
82:Roncevaux Pass
80:
78:
74:
73:
72:August 15, 778
70:
62:
61:
51:
50:
46:
45:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3450:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3418:Lower Navarre
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
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3177:
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3141:
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3023:
3017:
3013:
3006:
2990:
2986:
2985:
2980:
2973:
2965:
2964:
2959:
2955:
2954:John Rockwell
2949:
2934:
2933:"Time Vaults"
2928:
2920:
2916:
2912:
2908:
2902:
2895:
2890:
2882:
2878:
2871:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2840:
2833:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2818:
2810:
2802:
2798:
2791:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2771:
2763:
2757:
2753:
2752:
2744:
2729:
2725:
2719:
2712:
2707:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2682:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2655:
2639:
2632:
2630:
2628:
2619:
2617:0-631-17565-2
2613:
2609:
2602:
2594:
2590:
2584:
2569:
2563:
2559:
2558:
2553:
2547:
2545:
2535:
2526:
2520:
2515:
2501:on 2015-12-24
2500:
2496:
2489:
2487:
2480:
2479:84-400-4926-9
2476:
2472:
2466:
2464:
2462:
2460:
2458:
2456:
2454:
2439:on 2019-12-15
2438:
2434:
2427:
2425:
2423:
2421:
2405:
2404:
2399:
2392:
2390:
2380:
2378:
2376:
2374:
2359:on 2015-12-22
2358:
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2299:
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2257:
2254:Hunt, Janin.
2251:
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2231:
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2224:
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2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
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2201:
2195:
2193:
2189:
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2184:
2183:graphic novel
2180:
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2011:
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1995:
1991:
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1983:
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1951:
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1918:
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1908:
1899:
1890:
1888:
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1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1859:
1857:
1854:to as far as
1853:
1849:
1845:
1844:Bay of Biscay
1841:
1832:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1812:
1804:
1795:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1776:
1774:
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1758:
1754:
1753:Low Navarrese
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1723:
1720:
1714:
1712:
1711:
1710:Annales Regni
1704:
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1423:was cut off,
1422:
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1328:
1326:
1323:
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1311:
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1306:
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1283:
1282:
1278:
1277:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1263:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1256:9th Gibraltar
1254:
1252:
1251:8th Gibraltar
1249:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1241:7th Gibraltar
1239:
1237:
1236:La Higueruela
1234:
1232:
1231:6th Gibraltar
1229:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1218:
1214:
1213:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1204:5th Algeciras
1202:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1184:5th Gibraltar
1182:
1180:
1179:4th Algeciras
1177:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1149:4th Gibraltar
1147:
1145:
1144:3rd Gibraltar
1142:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1124:2nd Gibraltar
1122:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1114:3rd Algeciras
1112:
1110:
1109:1st Gibraltar
1107:
1106:
1102:
1101:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1087:2nd Algeciras
1085:
1083:
1082:1st Algeciras
1080:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1048:
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1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1018:
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1010:
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1005:
1003:
1000:
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995:
993:
990:
988:
985:
983:
980:
978:
975:
971:
968:
967:
966:
963:
961:
958:
956:
953:
951:
948:
946:
943:
941:
938:
936:
933:
932:
928:
927:
924:
921:
919:
916:
914:
911:
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906:
904:
901:
899:
896:
894:
891:
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884:
881:
879:
876:
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871:
869:
866:
864:
861:
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849:
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826:
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527:
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522:
519:
517:
514:
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509:
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504:
502:
499:
497:
496:Piedra Pisada
494:
492:
489:
487:
484:
482:
479:
477:
474:
472:
469:
467:
464:
462:
459:
457:
456:Aqbat al-Bakr
454:
452:
449:
447:
444:
442:
439:
437:
434:
433:
429:
428:
425:
424:3rd Barcelona
422:
420:
417:
415:
412:
410:
407:
405:
402:
400:
397:
395:
392:
390:
389:Valdejunquera
387:
385:
382:
380:
377:
375:
372:
370:
367:
365:
364:Day of Zamora
362:
361:
357:
356:
353:
352:2nd Barcelona
350:
348:
347:2nd Cellorigo
345:
343:
342:1st Cellorigo
340:
338:
335:
333:
330:
328:
327:Monte Laturce
325:
323:
320:
318:
315:
313:
310:
308:
305:
303:
300:
298:
295:
293:
292:1st Barcelona
290:
289:
285:
284:
281:
278:
276:
273:
271:
268:
266:
263:
261:
258:
256:
253:
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208:
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201:
199:
194:
193:
190:
181:
178:
177:
172:
168:
165:
164:
159:
155:
151:
148:(speculated:
145:
143:
141:
135:
131:
128:
127:
122:
118:
115:
112:
109:
108:
103:
95:
92:
91:
87:
83:
79:
76:
75:
71:
68:
67:
63:
57:
52:
47:
42:
37:
33:
19:
3340:
3295:King Marsile
3251:
3244:
3237:
3230:
3211:
3203:
3186:
3185:
3169:
3134:(in Spanish)
3126:(in Spanish)
3116:
3103:
3084:
3065:
3042:
3011:
3005:
2993:. Retrieved
2989:the original
2982:
2972:
2961:
2948:
2937:. Retrieved
2927:
2919:the original
2914:
2901:
2889:
2880:
2870:
2860:December 20,
2858:. Retrieved
2854:the original
2849:
2839:
2816:
2809:
2800:
2790:
2775:
2770:
2750:
2743:
2732:. Retrieved
2727:
2718:
2706:
2686:
2681:
2662:
2654:
2642:. Retrieved
2607:
2601:
2593:the original
2583:
2571:. Retrieved
2556:
2534:
2525:
2514:
2503:. Retrieved
2499:the original
2470:
2441:. Retrieved
2437:the original
2409:December 20,
2407:. Retrieved
2401:
2361:. Retrieved
2357:the original
2327:
2318:
2309:
2280:
2255:
2250:
2235:
2185:
2178:
2172:
2166:
2140:
2130:
2128:
2098:quid pro quo
2096:
2058:
2052:
2029:romanticized
2026:
2021:Roncesvalles
2009:
1986:Iñigo Arista
1978:Count Aeblus
1954:
1925:
1910:
1904:
1886:
1878:
1866:
1862:
1860:
1848:Cap de Creus
1837:
1815:
1777:
1736:
1730:
1716:
1709:
1705:
1697:Breton March
1690:
1675:
1670:Gustave Doré
1665:
1641:
1611:, while the
1582:
1526:
1505:
1501:
1486:Carolingians
1483:
1461:
1451:
1429:
1410:
1381:
1380:in Spanish,
1377:Roncesvalles
1375:
1367:
1365:
1297:North Africa
1215:15th century
1103:14th century
1007:4th Valencia
929:13th century
883:4th Santarém
843:3rd Santarém
783:2nd Santarém
703:3rd Valencia
673:2nd Zaragoza
653:1st Santarém
588:2nd Valencia
582:12th century
546:1st Valencia
511:1st Zaragoza
430:11th century
414:Torrevicente
358:10th century
255:Orbieu River
250:Burbia River
244:
220:
139:
105:Belligerents
3433:Last stands
3393:Charlemagne
3362: /
3285:Charlemagne
3275:Blancandrin
2915:Operapaedia
2730:(in Basque)
2644:November 4,
2608:The Basques
2142:Time Vaults
2105:in 1351; a
1992:and of the
1969:Carolingian
1912:Vita Karoli
1727:Basque army
1621:Burgundians
1613:Austrasians
1593:Upper March
1585:Christendom
1448:Middle Ages
1396:'s army in
1394:Charlemagne
1355:2nd Tangier
1340:1st Tangier
1199:2nd Montiel
1119:3rd AlmerĂa
1037:3rd Seville
965:2nd Majorca
868:2nd Seville
833:2nd Badajoz
813:2nd AlmerĂa
803:2nd Tortosa
773:1st AlmerĂa
758:1st Montiel
713:1st Badajoz
688:1st Granada
441:Calatañazor
369:1st Majorca
322:Guadalacete
297:1st Tortosa
286:9th century
234:8th century
222:Reconquista
130:Charlemagne
113:(Christian)
3377:Categories
3350:01°19âČ26âłW
3347:43°01âČ12âłN
3280:Bramimonde
3263:Characters
2995:26 October
2939:2013-03-27
2734:2023-08-15
2699:B000NLBN3Y
2505:2015-11-04
2443:2015-11-04
2363:2015-11-04
2220:References
2065:Old French
2033:Christians
1840:Cap Higuer
1790:after the
1757:Souletines
1741:almogavars
1737:Saxon Poet
1603:army over
1589:al Andalus
1530:, the pro-
1474:Background
1221:Collejares
1209:2nd Murcia
1174:GuadalmesĂ
1164:RĂo Salado
1062:1st Murcia
1022:2nd XĂ tiva
1017:1st XĂ tiva
913:2nd Silves
898:2nd Silves
893:1st Silves
808:2nd Lleida
793:5th Lisbon
753:4th Lisbon
683:1st Lleida
643:Candespina
638:6th Toledo
623:Formentera
613:3rd Lisbon
593:Mollerussa
576:5th Toledo
571:4th Toledo
551:2nd Lisbon
536:3rd Toledo
506:2nd Toledo
394:1st Toledo
337:Polvoraria
280:1st Lisbon
270:RĂo QuirĂłs
265:Las Babias
2573:March 26,
1994:Banu Qasi
1961:Banu Qasi
1937:Aquitaine
1933:Barcelona
1893:Aftermath
1856:Catalonia
1824:Burdigala
1784:Languedoc
1773:Aquitaine
1761:Baztanese
1733:guerrilla
1645:Barcelona
1629:Barcelona
1625:Catalonia
1601:Neustrian
1547:Paderborn
1539:Barcelona
1508:) of the
1460:, and in
1335:4nd Ceuta
1325:3nd Ceuta
1318:2nd Ceuta
1313:1st Ceuta
1226:Antequera
1077:Andalusia
1057:3rd Jerez
1047:2nd Jerez
982:1st Jerez
955:PenĂscola
923:Talamanca
878:2nd Ăvora
863:Calatrava
853:Tarragona
838:Juromenha
828:1st Ăvora
778:Al-Ludjdj
748:2nd Coria
728:1st Coria
663:Martorell
648:Vatalandi
566:Consuegra
486:Golpejera
471:Barbastro
409:Estercuel
240:Covadonga
3270:Baligant
3063:(2008).
3041:(1965).
2693:(2006).
2554:(1965).
2198:See also
2077:chivalry
2073:paladins
2049:Oliphant
2045:Durendal
2041:Saracens
2010:Roldan".
1990:Pamplona
1952:in 790.
1921:Zaragoza
1869:(modern
1798:Location
1788:Vasconia
1749:BĂ©arnese
1719:Vascones
1637:Zaragoza
1617:Lombards
1609:Pyrenees
1605:Vasconia
1597:Pyrenees
1522:Fezensac
1506:Wascones
1502:Vascones
1444:chivalry
1436:paladins
1413:Pamplona
1402:Pyrenees
1169:Estepona
1097:Iznalloz
1032:3rd Jaén
992:Burriana
977:2nd Jaén
950:1st Jaén
935:Al-DÄmĆ«s
873:Abrantes
768:Albacete
743:Trancoso
618:Talavera
598:Balaguer
516:Sagrajas
481:Llantada
404:Simancas
399:Alhandic
332:Morcuera
302:Pancorbo
161:Strength
86:Pyrenees
77:Location
3330:Pinabel
3290:Ganelon
2659:Einhard
2353:History
2192:Orlando
2168:Orlando
2037:Muslims
1950:Adalric
1907:Einhard
1842:on the
1769:Waiofar
1713:reads:
1574:Baghdad
1567:Umayyad
1532:Abbasid
1518:Gascony
1514:Garonne
1496:led by
1446:in the
1440:knights
1417:Francia
1390:Basques
1382:Orreaga
1350:Melilla
1330:TĂ©touan
1189:Linuesa
1159:Getares
1012:Algarve
1002:El Puig
997:CĂłrdoba
970:PortopĂ
918:Alarcos
823:Palmela
798:Sacavém
788:Sacavém
733:Ourique
693:Corbins
678:Cutanda
668:Coimbra
556:Alcoraz
501:Morella
476:Paterna
466:Coimbra
436:Cervera
317:Albelda
312:Clavijo
182:Unknown
146:Unknown
140:†
119:(pagan)
117:Basques
84:in the
3403:Roland
3315:Turpin
3310:Roland
3305:Oliver
3300:Naimon
3216:(1978)
3208:(1959)
3179:Source
3073:
3049:
3018:
2828:
2782:
2758:
2697:
2673:
2614:
2564:
2477:
2287:
2262:
2242:
2093:Oliver
2000:Legacy
1883:Urkulu
1875:Lescar
1852:Aragon
1759:, and
1678:Basque
1651:Battle
1633:Girona
1619:, and
1565:, the
1543:Girona
1498:Waifer
1432:Roland
1386:Basque
1372:French
1345:Asilah
1308:Strait
1271:MĂĄlaga
1266:Lucena
1194:Guadix
1092:MoclĂn
1072:Martos
858:Cuenca
723:Leiria
698:AlcalĂĄ
561:Bairén
521:Tudela
451:Albesa
275:Oviedo
136:
134:Roland
111:Franks
93:Result
3325:Ogier
3197:Films
2165:with
2163:opera
1982:Aznar
1846:, to
1693:lords
1686:Iruña
1682:Moors
1421:lords
1067:Ăcija
903:Tomar
888:Alvor
763:Soure
738:Oreja
718:Fraga
708:Aceca
628:Ibiza
603:Uclés
531:Aledo
526:TĂ©var
491:Cabra
461:Graus
419:Rueda
260:Lutos
3320:Aude
3071:ISBN
3047:ISBN
3016:ISBN
2997:2008
2862:2015
2826:ISBN
2822:2618
2780:ISBN
2756:ISBN
2695:ASIN
2671:ISBN
2646:2015
2612:ISBN
2575:2013
2562:ISBN
2475:ISBN
2411:2015
2285:ISBN
2260:ISBN
2240:ISBN
2157:and
2047:and
2035:and
1871:LeĂłn
1747:, a
1631:and
1553:and
1541:and
1535:Wali
1488:and
1366:The
1303:Salé
1139:Teba
1042:Faro
1027:Biar
987:Ares
446:TorĂ
69:Date
3428:778
1988:'s
1561:by
1384:in
152:or
3379::
2960:.
2913:.
2909:.
2879:.
2848:.
2824:,
2799:.
2726:.
2689:.
2669:.
2626:^
2543:^
2485:^
2452:^
2419:^
2400:.
2388:^
2372:^
2351:.
2336:^
2295:^
2270:^
2227:^
2153:,
2149:,
1923:.
1858:.
1794:.
1775:.
1755:,
1615:,
1576:,
1504:,
1408:.
3162:e
3155:t
3148:v
3079:.
3055:.
3024:.
2999:.
2966:.
2942:.
2883:.
2864:.
2803:.
2764:.
2737:.
2701:.
2648:.
2620:.
2577:.
2508:.
2446:.
2413:.
2366:.
1826:.
1370:(
211:e
204:t
197:v
156:)
38:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
