48:
181:
148:
814:
162:
634:
873:
211:
199:
478:), commanded by Midshipman James Moore. The townspeople of Machias disapproved of Jones' intentions and arrested him. They also tried to arrest Moore, but he escaped through the harbor. The townspeople seized one of Jones' ships, armed it alongside a second local ship, and sailed out to meet Moore. After a short confrontation, Moore was fatally wounded, and his vessel and crew were captured.
835:. The battle took place on August 13, 1777, and continued until August 14, 1777. The locals were able to successfully fight off the British forces with the help of Indian allies. The rumors of the assault on Nova Scotia ended up being only partly true since no significant military planning had taken place.
773:
The
Machias community expected retaliation by the British Empire, and immediately petitioned to the Massachusetts Provincial Congress for guidance, supplies, and assistance. The Provincial Congress organized the defense of Machias and remained vigilant. Jeremiah O'Brien immediately outfitted one of
659:
was anchored and attempted to recover her. There was an inconsequential exchange of gunfire with the militia men who were located on the shore, and Moore was able to raise anchor and travel to a safe anchorage. The remaining men armed themselves with muskets, pitchforks, and axes to set out after
589:
On June 2, 1775, Jones' ships arrived in the port at
Machias. However, they were met with resistance from the townspeople when Jones refused to sell his pork and flour unless he was allowed to load lumber for Boston. In a meeting on June 6, 1775, the townspeople voted against doing business with
765:
Since Moore was grievously wounded in the battle, his second-in-command, Midshipman
Richard Stillingfleet, surrendered the crew and the vessel. Moore was taken back to Machias and put into the care of Ichabod Jones's nephew, Stephen Jones. However, Moore's wounds were too severe and he died the
889:
after meeting in the
Burnham Tavern to discuss the battles of Lexington and Concord. This story, which persists in modern history books and travel guides, has been shown to be an 1831 fabrication by Machias resident John O'Brien. There is no mention of the Liberty pole in any earlier accounts,
601:
Following the vote, Jones announced that he would only do business with those who had voted in favor of trade. This angered those who had voted against trade. As a result, Colonel
Benjamin Foster, a local militia leader, conspired with militia from neighboring towns to capture Jones, This was
770:. Reports circulated that as many as 100 British men died in the battle. Machias lost two men, John McNiell and James Coolbroth, and three others were badly wounded: John Berry, who had a musket ball enter his mouth and exit behind his ear, Isaac Taft, and James Cole.
610:
a month earlier. Foster's plan was to seize Jones at church on June 11, but the plan failed when Jones noticed the group of men approaching the building. Moore managed to get back to his ship, while Jones escaped into the woods and did not emerge until two days later.
1674:
1669:
766:
following day. Three other members of Moore's crew were killed, including Robert Avery. The remaining crew members of the
British schooner were held at Machias for a month, then handed over to the
293:
1030:
794:. The ships' officers had been captured when they came ashore near Bucks Harbor. The Provincial Congress formally recognized O'Brien and Foster's efforts by commissioning both
286:
1664:
862:
for their work. O'Brien was captured off the coast of New York in late 1777, but was able to escape from prison in
Britain to continue privateering throughout the war.
850:
were used to intercept merchant ships that were supplying the
British in the Siege of Boston. Jeremiah O'Brien and John Lambert built a twenty-gun ship and began
279:
865:
The
British naval command was continually frustrated by the use of Machias as a staging point for militia actions in Nova Scotia. Samuel Graves ordered Sir
566:, which would be exchanged for Gage's needed lumber. To guarantee that this trade would happen, Graves also sent Midshipman James Moore from his flagship
95:
1646:
1699:
753:
caught up to the attack, it managed to pull along the other side of Moore's ship. With the combination of both crews, they were able to overwhelm
962:, p. 34 indicates that there were 14 casualties, not specifying dead or wounded. Combined with Drisko's report of 5 dead, we arrive at 9 wounded.
1038:
899:
481:
The people of
Machias captured additional British ships, and fought off a large force that tried to take control of the town in the
1694:
594:
within firing distance of the town. The threat prompted the townspeople to meet for a second time, and they voted to permit trade.
1429:
Churchill, Edwin A (1975). "The Historiography of the Margaretta Affair or How Not to Let the Facts Interfere With a Good Story".
1704:
1637:
William Bartlett Smith's "Historical Sketch of Machias" and "Memorial of the Centennial Anniversary of the Settlement of Machias"
558:
of Machias. Graves authorized Machias merchant Ichabod Jones to carry flour and other food supplies to Machias aboard his ships
1684:
1614:
1595:
1541:
1514:
1493:
1411:
1333:
997:
890:
including the official report sent by the residents of Machias in 1775, and the letters of other participants in the events.
806:
with O'Brien as their commander in August 1775. Retaliation from the British did not occur until October 18, 1775, with the
1372:
Recent histories that recount this story include Harnedy (p. 8), Volo (p. 39), and Benedetto (p. 92). The 1995 edition of
1014:
418:
1570:
1472:
767:
577:
and accompany the two merchant vessels. Moore had additional orders to retrieve what he could from the wreck of HMS
614:
The men of Machias regrouped the next day, and Foster took around 20 men, including his brother, Wooden Foster, to
512:
341:
455:
555:
516:
166:
89:
401:
687:
breaking away, crippling its navigability. Once Moore was in Holmes Bay he captured a sloop and took its
386:
1679:
623:
508:
437:
39:
1534:
The fault lines of empire: political differentiation in Massachusetts and Nova Scotia, ca. 1760–1830
543:
for the additional troops arriving in the besieged city, and Graves wanted to recover the guns from
869:
to destroy Machias in 1777. Graves attempted to subdue Machias multiple times, but had no success.
832:
482:
413:
153:
20:
1689:
462:. Two of his merchant ships arrived in Machias on June 2, 1775, accompanied by the British armed
371:
1587:
1581:
817:
1325:
1319:
381:
247:
745:
crew stormed on board. Both sides exchanged musket shots as Moore tossed hand grenades onto
366:
1643:
Foxhall A. Parker's "The First Sea Fight of the Revolution; the Capture of the Margaretta"
554:
by a local pilot in February 1775. The ship's guns were reported to be of interest to the
8:
807:
703:
396:
203:
1443:
655:
was anchored and demanded surrender. After refusing to surrender, Moore sailed to where
1560:
1483:
803:
786:. In July 1775, O'Brien and Benjamin Foster captured two more British armed schooners,
729:
approaching, Moore opened full sail and cut away his boats in an attempt to escape. As
567:
544:
391:
361:
1620:
1610:
1591:
1566:
1547:
1537:
1520:
1510:
1504:
1489:
1468:
1462:
1449:
1417:
1407:
1329:
993:
607:
524:
356:
978:, pp. 33–34, apparently relying on better source material, reports 10 British dead.
859:
855:
714:
was a much faster sailing vessel, O'Brien's crew quickly caught up to the crippled
603:
520:
329:
186:
590:
Jones. The hostile climate forced Jones to take action by ordering Moore to bring
539:, and both did business with the people of Machias. Gage required lumber to build
641:
528:
502:
459:
351:
346:
303:
866:
688:
680:
448:
85:
61:
53:
1631:
William James Morgan's "Captains to the Northwind", and the "American Theatre"
1658:
1624:
536:
110:
97:
1551:
1524:
1421:
838:
During the war, Machias men refitted and armed a variety of ships—including
831:, a small British fleet carrying 1,000 men attempted to take Machias at the
271:
1675:
Naval battles of the American Revolutionary War involving the United States
1453:
886:
749:
Moore was taken down by Samuel Watts with a musket shot to the chest. Once
615:
463:
324:
872:
1445:
Narrative of the Town of Machias, the Old and the New, the Early and Late
828:
551:
532:
57:
1404:
Sailing Into the Abyss: A True Story of Extreme Heroism on the High Seas
1670:
Naval battles of the American Revolutionary War involving Great Britain
823:, launched in 1914, is one of several ships named for Jeremiah O'Brien.
775:
774:
the three captured vessels with breastwork, and armed it with guns and
490:
231:
813:
626:
to serve as protection. They also commandeered a local schooner named
851:
486:
1562:
Sea of Glory: The Continental Navy fights for Independence 1775–1783
684:
540:
47:
454:
Following the outbreak of the war, British authorities enlisted
19:
This article is about the 1775 battle. For the 1777 battle, see
1485:
Revolution Downeast: The War for American Independence in Maine
458:
merchant Ichabod Jones to supply the troops who were under the
651:
The other militiamen traveled on land to find the place where
633:
489:
and others operating out of Machias continued to harass the
676:
598:
was docked at the wharf to begin unloading the supplies.
885:
There is a widely told story that Machias men erected a
436:(June 11–12, 1775) was an early naval engagement of the
16:
First naval engagement of the American Revolutionary War
550:
shipwreck, which had been intentionally run aground in
741:. Led by Joseph Getchell and O'Brien's brother, John,
842:—and sailed off looking for battle with the British.
698:. Moore also took its pilot, Robert Avery, captive.
1640:
Stephen Jones' "Historical Account of Machias, Me."
1607:
Blue Water Patriots: The American Revolution Afloat
1665:Battles of the American Revolutionary War in Maine
737:crew managed to avoid damage and pulled alongside
992:. Arcadia Publishing Incorporated. pp. 28–.
1656:
1437:(2, Fall 1975). Maine Historical Society: 60–74.
144:
1634:Drisko's "The Liberty Pole; a Tale of Machias"
1509:. New York: Fodor's Travel Publications, Inc.
706:as their captain and sailed out to chase down
965:
928:
926:
679:into brisk winds, which resulted in the main
301:
287:
1202:
1200:
1198:
1161:
1159:
1157:
1118:
1072:
1070:
1068:
911:
1342:
1277:
1275:
1248:
1212:
1171:
981:
531:. The besieged British were led by General
1506:Fodor's exploring Boston & New England
1374:Fodor's exploring Boston & New England
943:
941:
923:
900:List of American Revolutionary War battles
294:
280:
1700:1775 in the Province of Massachusetts Bay
1354:
1195:
1183:
1154:
1082:
1065:
974:, p. 46, reports 2 killed and 3 wounded.
827:Following rumors of a planned assault on
1609:. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
1299:
1272:
1236:
1224:
1142:
1094:
987:
953:
871:
812:
632:
938:
640:was likely smaller than this schooner,
1657:
1579:
1317:
1016:The Naval History of the United States
1013:Abbot, Willis John (January 1, 1890).
858:. Both men were commissioned into the
1488:. University of Massachusetts Press.
1012:
880:
876:The Burnham Tavern in a 1911 postcard
702:crew of about 30 Machias men elected
584:
275:
1376:(Locke, p. 126) also has the story.
13:
1586:. New York: McGraw-Hill. pp.
1442:Drisko, George Washington (1904).
1431:Maine Historical Society Quarterly
988:Gratwick, Harry (April 10, 2010).
733:pulled closer, Moore opened fire.
573:to command the armed schooner HMS
511:began on April 19, 1775, with the
14:
1716:
1464:Coastal Maine: A Maritime History
1321:Coastal Maine: A Maritime History
1023:
768:Massachusetts Provincial Congress
527:besieged the British army in the
1503:Locke, Tim; Gordon, Sue (2005).
1031:"Early Shots: Battle of Machias"
671:After escaping the Machias men,
602:inspired by the actions of the
513:Battles of Lexington and Concord
209:
197:
179:
160:
146:
46:
1695:Military history of New England
1583:George Washington's Secret Navy
1441:
1379:
1366:
1348:
1311:
1287:
1281:
1260:
1254:
1242:
1230:
1218:
1177:
1130:
1124:
1106:
971:
947:
932:
917:
1705:Battles of the Boston campaign
1428:
1401:
1385:
1293:
1053:
1006:
1:
1685:1775 in the Thirteen Colonies
1402:Benedetto, William R (2006).
1394:
517:Province of Massachusetts Bay
496:
90:Province of Massachusetts Bay
1324:. New York: Norton. p.
905:
760:
447:, fought around the port of
7:
1558:
1531:
1481:
1460:
1448:. Press of the Republican.
1406:. New York: Citadel Press.
1360:
1305:
1206:
1189:
1165:
1148:
1136:
1112:
1100:
1088:
1076:
1059:
975:
959:
893:
666:
10:
1721:
1532:Mancke, Elizabeth (2005).
1502:
782:, and changed its name to
509:American Revolutionary War
500:
438:American Revolutionary War
40:American Revolutionary War
18:
1604:
1266:
483:Battle of Machias in 1777
315:
253:
219:
172:
138:
68:
45:
37:
32:
1647:Maine historical Society
1482:Leamon, James S (1995).
1461:Duncan, Roger F (1992).
1318:Duncan, Roger F (1992).
1019:. Peter Fenelon Collier.
833:Battle of Machias (1777)
470:(sometimes also spelled
33:Battle of Machias (1775)
21:Battle of Machias (1777)
1565:. David McKay Company.
1559:Miller, Nathan (1974).
1536:. New York: Routledge.
990:Hidden History of Maine
1605:Volo, James M (2008).
1580:Nelson, James (2008).
877:
824:
648:
173:Commanders and leaders
875:
816:
778:that were taken from
636:
622:and constructed deck
523:under the command of
501:Further information:
342:Lexington and Concord
254:Casualties and losses
248:Massachusetts militia
111:44.68444°N 67.38306°W
1467:. New York: Norton.
691:and gaff to replace
493:throughout the war.
440:, also known as the
414:Knox artillery train
1041:on December 1, 2016
1035:About.com Education
808:Burning of Falmouth
116:44.68444; -67.38306
107: /
881:Liberty pole story
878:
854:under an American
825:
804:Massachusetts Navy
649:
618:where they seized
585:Arrival at Machias
519:, after which the
419:Dorchester Heights
185:James Moore
64:is at the very top
1680:Conflicts in 1775
1616:978-0-7425-6120-5
1597:978-0-07-149389-5
1543:978-0-415-95000-8
1516:978-0-679-02818-5
1495:978-0-87023-959-5
1413:978-0-8065-2646-1
1335:978-0-393-03048-8
999:978-1-61423-134-9
525:George Washington
434:Battle of Machias
427:
426:
270:
269:
167:Massachusetts Bay
134:
133:
1712:
1628:
1601:
1576:
1555:
1528:
1499:
1478:
1457:
1438:
1425:
1389:
1383:
1377:
1370:
1364:
1358:
1352:
1346:
1340:
1339:
1315:
1309:
1303:
1297:
1291:
1285:
1279:
1270:
1264:
1258:
1252:
1246:
1240:
1234:
1228:
1222:
1216:
1210:
1204:
1193:
1187:
1181:
1175:
1169:
1163:
1152:
1146:
1140:
1134:
1128:
1122:
1116:
1110:
1104:
1098:
1092:
1086:
1080:
1074:
1063:
1057:
1051:
1050:
1048:
1046:
1037:. Archived from
1027:
1021:
1020:
1010:
1004:
1003:
985:
979:
969:
963:
957:
951:
945:
936:
930:
921:
915:
860:Continental Navy
856:letter of marque
704:Jeremiah O'Brien
697:
521:Continental Army
330:Suffolk Resolves
310:
306:
296:
289:
282:
273:
272:
214:
213:
212:
204:Jeremiah O'Brien
202:
201:
200:
191:
184:
183:
182:
165:
164:
163:
156:
152:
150:
149:
130:American victory
122:
121:
119:
118:
117:
112:
108:
105:
104:
103:
100:
76:June 11–12, 1775
70:
69:
50:
30:
29:
1720:
1719:
1715:
1714:
1713:
1711:
1710:
1709:
1655:
1654:
1651:
1617:
1598:
1573:
1544:
1517:
1496:
1475:
1414:
1397:
1392:
1384:
1380:
1371:
1367:
1359:
1355:
1347:
1343:
1336:
1316:
1312:
1304:
1300:
1292:
1288:
1280:
1273:
1265:
1261:
1253:
1249:
1241:
1237:
1229:
1225:
1217:
1213:
1205:
1196:
1188:
1184:
1176:
1172:
1164:
1155:
1147:
1143:
1135:
1131:
1123:
1119:
1111:
1107:
1099:
1095:
1087:
1083:
1075:
1066:
1058:
1054:
1044:
1042:
1029:
1028:
1024:
1011:
1007:
1000:
986:
982:
970:
966:
958:
954:
946:
939:
931:
924:
916:
912:
908:
896:
883:
844:Machias Liberty
796:Machias Liberty
784:Machias Liberty
763:
751:Falmouth Packet
722:lagged behind.
720:Falmouth Packet
695:
669:
628:Falmouth Packet
587:
529:Siege of Boston
505:
503:Boston campaign
499:
460:Siege of Boston
430:
429:
428:
423:
352:Siege of Boston
347:Lexington Alarm
311:
308:
305:Boston campaign
304:
302:
300:
265:
260:
245:
243:Falmouth Packet
237:Private sloops
229:
215:Benjamin Foster
210:
208:
206:
198:
196:
187:
180:
178:
161:
159:
147:
145:
115:
113:
109:
106:
101:
98:
96:
94:
93:
92:
51:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1718:
1708:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1690:Machias, Maine
1687:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1650:
1649:
1644:
1641:
1638:
1635:
1632:
1629:
1615:
1602:
1596:
1577:
1571:
1556:
1542:
1529:
1515:
1500:
1494:
1479:
1473:
1458:
1439:
1426:
1412:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1390:
1378:
1365:
1353:
1341:
1334:
1310:
1298:
1286:
1271:
1259:
1247:
1235:
1223:
1211:
1194:
1182:
1170:
1153:
1141:
1129:
1117:
1105:
1093:
1081:
1064:
1052:
1022:
1005:
998:
980:
964:
952:
937:
922:
909:
907:
904:
903:
902:
895:
892:
882:
879:
867:George Collier
762:
759:
675:was forced to
668:
665:
608:Thompson's War
606:militiamen in
586:
583:
498:
495:
449:Machias, Maine
442:Battle of the
425:
424:
422:
421:
416:
410:
409:
405:
404:
399:
394:
389:
384:
379:
374:
369:
364:
359:
357:Thompson's War
354:
349:
344:
338:
337:
333:
332:
327:
321:
320:
316:
313:
312:
299:
298:
291:
284:
276:
268:
267:
262:
256:
255:
251:
250:
235:
222:
221:
217:
216:
193:
175:
174:
170:
169:
157:
141:
140:
136:
135:
132:
131:
128:
124:
123:
84:
82:
78:
77:
74:
66:
65:
54:nautical chart
43:
42:
35:
34:
28:
27:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1717:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1662:
1660:
1653:
1648:
1645:
1642:
1639:
1636:
1633:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1612:
1608:
1603:
1599:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1584:
1578:
1574:
1572:0-679-50392-7
1568:
1564:
1563:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1539:
1535:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1512:
1508:
1507:
1501:
1497:
1491:
1487:
1486:
1480:
1476:
1474:0-393-03048-2
1470:
1466:
1465:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1446:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1409:
1405:
1400:
1399:
1387:
1382:
1375:
1369:
1362:
1357:
1350:
1345:
1337:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1322:
1314:
1307:
1302:
1295:
1290:
1283:
1278:
1276:
1268:
1263:
1256:
1251:
1244:
1239:
1232:
1227:
1220:
1215:
1208:
1203:
1201:
1199:
1191:
1186:
1179:
1174:
1167:
1162:
1160:
1158:
1150:
1145:
1138:
1133:
1126:
1121:
1114:
1109:
1102:
1097:
1090:
1085:
1078:
1073:
1071:
1069:
1061:
1056:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1026:
1018:
1017:
1009:
1001:
995:
991:
984:
977:
973:
968:
961:
956:
949:
944:
942:
934:
929:
927:
919:
914:
910:
901:
898:
897:
891:
888:
874:
870:
868:
863:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
836:
834:
830:
822:
821:
815:
811:
809:
805:
801:
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537:Samuel Graves
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154:Great Britain
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1055:
1043:. Retrieved
1039:the original
1034:
1025:
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989:
983:
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913:
887:Liberty pole
884:
864:
852:privateering
847:
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826:
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792:Tatamagouche
791:
787:
783:
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772:
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725:Upon seeing
724:
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619:
616:East Machias
613:
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563:
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546:
535:and Admiral
506:
480:
475:
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467:
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431:
376:
325:Powder Alarm
242:
238:
226:
195:
188:
139:Belligerents
38:Part of the
25:
1388:, pp. 61–63
1351:, pp. 53–56
1257:, pp. 51–52
1221:, pp. 45–46
1180:, pp. 43–45
1062:, pp. 74–76
1045:December 1,
935:, pp. 48–49
920:, pp. 29–30
829:Nova Scotia
662:Margaretta.
624:breastworks
552:Machias Bay
533:Thomas Gage
472:Margueritta
382:Bunker Hill
114: /
58:Machias Bay
1659:Categories
1395:References
840:Margaretta
780:Margaretta
755:Margaretta
739:Margaretta
716:Margaretta
708:Margaretta
693:Margaretta
673:Margaretta
653:Margaretta
638:Margaretta
592:Margaretta
575:Margaretta
497:Background
491:Royal Navy
487:Privateers
476:Marguerite
468:Margaretta
444:Margaretta
392:Saint John
387:Gloucester
232:Royal Navy
227:Margaretta
102:67°22′59″W
99:44°41′04″N
1625:209652239
1386:Churchill
1294:Benedetto
906:Footnotes
818:USS
802:into the
761:Aftermath
642:USS
604:Brunswick
568:HMS
545:HMS
367:Fairhaven
309:1774–1776
266:3 wounded
264:10 killed
261:9 wounded
230:about 40
1552:56368582
1525:32270505
1422:70683882
1363:, p. 213
1209:, p. 212
1192:, p. 211
1168:, p. 210
1091:, p. 208
1079:, p. 209
894:See also
848:Diligent
800:Diligent
788:Diligent
718:, while
710:. Since
667:Conflict
556:Patriots
541:barracks
456:Loyalist
397:Falmouth
362:Menotomy
259:5 killed
220:Strength
81:Location
1454:6479739
1308:, p. 35
1296:, p. 94
1284:, p. 50
1269:, p. 41
1245:, p. 46
1233:, p. 57
1151:, p. 68
1139:, p. 97
1127:, p. 30
1115:, p. 96
1103:, p. 67
950:, p. 47
820:O'Brien
776:swivels
579:Halifax
570:Preston
547:Halifax
515:in the
377:Machias
189:†
86:Machias
62:Machias
52:A 1776
1623:
1613:
1594:
1569:
1550:
1540:
1523:
1513:
1492:
1471:
1452:
1420:
1410:
1361:Duncan
1349:Drisko
1332:
1306:Miller
1282:Drisko
1255:Drisko
1243:Drisko
1231:Drisko
1219:Drisko
1207:Duncan
1190:Duncan
1178:Drisko
1166:Duncan
1149:Leamon
1137:Mancke
1125:Drisko
1113:Mancke
1101:Leamon
1089:Duncan
1077:Duncan
1060:Leamon
996:
976:Miller
972:Drisko
960:Miller
948:Drisko
933:Drisko
918:Drisko
747:Unity.
696:'s
234:seamen
151:
127:Result
1588:26–35
743:Unity
735:Unity
731:Unity
727:Unity
712:Unity
700:Unity
657:Polly
620:Unity
596:Unity
564:Polly
560:Unity
464:sloop
239:Unity
1621:OCLC
1611:ISBN
1592:ISBN
1567:ISBN
1548:OCLC
1538:ISBN
1521:OCLC
1511:ISBN
1490:ISBN
1469:ISBN
1450:OCLC
1418:OCLC
1408:ISBN
1330:ISBN
1267:Volo
1047:2016
994:ISBN
846:and
798:and
790:and
689:spar
685:gaff
683:and
681:boom
677:jibe
644:Wasp
562:and
507:The
466:HMS
432:The
408:1776
336:1775
319:1774
241:and
73:Date
1326:216
474:or
246:55
56:of
1661::
1619:.
1590:.
1546:.
1519:.
1435:15
1433:.
1416:.
1328:.
1274:^
1197:^
1156:^
1067:^
1033:.
940:^
925:^
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88:,
60:;
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1002:.
647:.
295:e
288:t
281:v
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
