449:. Historian Attila Zsoldos rejected Blazovich's critics in his 1997 study. He emphasized the reward of those who took part in the battle appears first since 1283 (excluding non-authentic charters), which makes it more likely that the clash took place not long before, the previous year. He also emphasized Simon of Kéza's reliability with contemporary documents regarding the list of victims, while Zsoldos presented another document, which confirms that John Parasznyai, one of the participants, who was killed in the battle, was still alive in 1281. Zsoldos provided the following reconstruction after separating the events for 1280 and 1282, respectively: Ladislaus gathered an army around October possibly near Várad and chased the outgoing Cumans as far as Szalánkemén in the autumn of 1280 (he issued his charter there on 11 November) and also crossed the border at the Carpathians. Accordingly, there were no clashes in that year in Hungary between the king and the Cumans. Zsoldos argued Ladislaus IV successfully persuaded the Cumans to return to Hungary during the military campaign to Transalpina under unknown circumstances. Zsoldos considered the rebellion broke out around July 1282 among the Cumans who were forced to return two years earlier. They looted and pillaged the region between the rivers Tisza and Maros. This conflict elevated into the Battle of Lake Hód sometime between 17 September and 21 October 1282. Regarding English-language publications, orientalist István Vásáry accepted Zsoldos' interpretation, while
529:), which suggests that the Cumans in Hungary called on their relatives living under Mongol suzerainty for assistance. Although Simon of Kéza does not refer to the Cuman chieftain, but says about they "were plotting treason" against the king. Zsoldos claimed the devastation of the region between the rivers Tisza and Maros took place in the 1282 invasion: for instance, they attacked and burnt the monastery at Egres, where a large amount of royal treasury was kept. It is plausible that they also plundered the estates of Thomas Csanád (although the document which narrates his ordeals is a non-authentic forgery).
355:(Borostyánkő), which occurred in 1284. In another study (1907), Karácsonyi cited another document, which proves that Demetrius Rosd, who also fell in the battle, was still alive in the first months of 1282. In summary, Karácsonyi argued the Cumans' revolt took place in the autumn of 1280; they intended to leave Hungary, and Ladislaus IV was unable to defeat the Cumans and prevent them from doing so. A year and a half later, in the spring of 1282, the Cumans led by a certain Oldamir (also Oldomerus or Oldamur) invaded the kingdom, but the monarch repelled their attack at the Lake Hód.
312:
644:(Banat) ceased to be Cuman-inhabited areas following the battle. György Györffy argued their defeat marked the beginning of the "feudalization" (i.e. social integration) of the Cuman subjects to the political, social and cultural structure of majority society, which lasted throughout the 14th century. At the same time, the Cumans appear less and less in contemporary sources as a separate entity, which indicate their complete social, linguistic and cultural assimilation to the Hungarian nation despite their surviving privileged territory called
249:, to Hungary to help him restore royal power in early 1279. However, the arrival of the papal legate had an overall negative impact on domestic political stability. The bishop sensed angrily that majority of the Cumans has retained their pagan religion and customs in recent decades within a Christian realm. Philip extracted a ceremonious promise from the Cuman chieftains of giving up their pagan customs, and persuaded the Hungarian monarch to swear an oath to enforce the keeping of the Cuman chieftains' promise. During the assembly at
421:, because the chronicler presumably "could not distinguish between warriors who had fallen in battle and those who had recovered from their serious injury". According to Blazovich's interpretation, there was only a single skirmish between the monarch and the Cumans in the summer of 1280. In a response to the adoption of the Cuman laws, they rebelled against the royal power and devastated the region between the area of rivers Tisza, Maros and
545:
572:, including the queen's folk. Ladislaus and his army marched into the area of present-day Hódmezővásárhely, where they defeated the Cumans. Some of them fled the kingdom through the Southern Carpatian border, while others surrendered and swore loyalty to the king and their compliance with the 1279 Cuman law. After his victory, Ladislaus returned to Szeged, where he summoned another general assembly. The king arrived to
492:, went out against him to fight for his people and his realm. A most fierce battle was joined between the two armies, but by divine clemency a sudden and unexpected shower of rain drove in the faces of the pagans, and the downpour was so heavy that they who had put their hope in bows and arrows became, as in the words of the prophet, as dung for the earth. Thus King Ladislas, trusting in divine help, obtained victory.
237:". After Stephen's victory in the civil war, significant number of Cumans intended to leave Hungary amid looting and plunder, however, they were important militarily to the royal authority. Around April 1266, Stephen successfully persuaded them to remain in Hungary, when launched a punitive expedition against them.
346:
mentions the skirmish under the year 1282, while
Ladislaus Miskolc, one of the participants, who was killed in the battle, is mentioned as a living person in 1281. In that year, the king launched a campaign against Finta Aba, which covered about the entire year. In addition, a royal charter from 1283
240:
After the death of
Stephen V in 1272, the 10-year-old Ladislaus IV (subsequently also known as Ladislaus the Cuman) ascended the Hungarian throne under the regency of his mother Elizabeth the Cuman, but in fact, baronial parties administered the kingdom. Hungary fell into feudal anarchy, when various
219:
The issue of the social integration of the Cumans had marginalized in the following decades. Their military value became a significant portion within the
Hungarian royal army, which also contributed to the formation of the light cavalry structure. Cumans participated in military campaigns abroad, for
327:
In his study published in 1901, historian János Karácsonyi put the date of the battle to late April or early May 1282. He argued the diplomas Pauler had previously put forward as an argument, only refer to domestic rebellion of the Cumans occurred in the autumn of 1280, while other charters suggest
440:
Several historians – e.g. Gyula Kristó, András Pálóczi Horváth and Rózsa Zsótér – accepted
Blazovich's argument and considered the battle took place in the autumn of 1280. Zsótér claimed the battle occurred around 16 or 17 August 1280 or – if the year 1282 is correct – between around September and
410:
narrated the event under the year 1282. In his 1977 study, László Blazovich contested Karácsonyi's arguments regarding the date 1282. He argued the authenticity of all three charters, which suggest that the battle took place in that year, is questionable, while there are other documents, where the
195:
gave rise to many conflicts between them and the local villagers. When the
Mongols reached the border and invaded Hungary in the spring of 1241, several Hungarians accused Köten and their Cumans of cooperating with the enemy. The Cumans left Hungary amid plunder, after an angry mob massacred Köten
457:
dated the battle to the year 1282 too. Romanian historian Tudor Sălăgean also shared
Zsoldos' reconstruction of the events, when narrated it from the perspective of Transylvania. Tamás Kádár, who compiled the itinerary of Ladislaus IV, inserted the supposed date of the Battle of Lake Hód sometime
467:
King
Ladislas was noble, spirited, and ambitious, and when he learnt that the Cumans were plotting treason against him, he set out to make war on them. There was a fierce battle, which ended in utter defeat for the Cumans. A great many were killed; others abandoned their wives, children, and all
262:
shortly thereafter. After mutual imprisonment and political struggles, Ladislaus IV took a new oath to enforce the Cuman laws in the spring of 1280. In response, many Cumans decided to leave
Hungary instead of obeying the legate's demands. This fundamentally endangered the effectiveness of the
639:
András Pálóczi Horváth emphasized the Cumans' defeat at Lake Hód resulted "a reduction in the Cuman population in
Hungary, and with this their economic and military strength was also greatly diminished". According to Jenő Szűcs, the territory between the rivers Maros and Körös, in addition to
253:
in the summer of 1279, the so-called Cuman laws were passed, which prescribed social and cultural assimilation of the Cumans. They, however, did not obey the laws, and
Ladislaus IV, himself being also of half-Cuman descent, failed to force them. As a result, Philip
232:
between King Béla IV and his son Stephen, both sides tried to gain Cuman support. During this conflict, in 1264, Béla sent Cuman troops to fight his son Stephen, despite that the Cumans officially belonged to the suzerainty of the latter, who had taken the title of
340:, a rebellious lord, which occurred in 1281. In addition, Karácsonyi proved that the aforementioned charter (allegedly issued on 21 August 1280) regarding the ennoblement of Denis (ancestor of the Mokcsay family) is non-authentic. The historian emphasized that the
291:
because of his participation – which later proved to be a forgery. Historians István Gyárfás and Károly Szabó considered the place of the battle was a settlement called Hód instead of a lake . Gyula Pauler placed the battle site to a field called Hód near
383:), arguing that the village and the surrounding area lay along the usual military marching area of the Cumans. Czímer's theory has not been embraced by the subsequent historiography, while the area of Hódmezővásárhely was unanimously accepted.
296:. According to Pauler's reconstruction, the Cumans rebelled against Ladislaus IV, when the monarch took his second oath to enforce the Cuman laws after his liberation from captivity. They plundered the region between the area of rivers
623:
and John Parasznyai were killed in the battlefield. Furthermore, Simon of Kéza's chronicle provides a detailed list of that younger nobles who perished in the skirmish. Accordingly, among the fallen soldiers were Oliver Aba (from his
487:
Then in the year of our Lord 1282 Oldamir, leader of the Cumans assembled an army of Cumans near the lake which is called Hód with the intention to invade and make subject the kingdom of the Hungarians. King Ladislas, like the brave
358:
Local historian Károly Czímer – while accepted the date 1282 – refused the identification of the place of the battle with the area of Hódmezővásárhely, arguing that the two sites were first connected in the 18th century by local
283:. Late 19th-century historiography – Károly Szabó and Gyula Pauler – considered the Cuman's incursion and the Battle of Lake Hód took place in early August 1280, based on a royal charter – contains that a certain
367:. This tradition is rooted locally in Hódmezővásárhely, then was integrated into the national historiography too throughout the 19th century. Czímer claimed that the battle took place near the village of Hód in
468:
their possessions and fled to the barbarian peoples. The few who are left are so abjectly subject to the King's authority that their hearts tremble in his presence and they scarcely dare look him in the face.
603:. Károly Czímer considered that Roland Borsa served as general of the vanguard, while Roland Rátót functioned as his deputy. Ladislaus' loyal partisans were also present in large numbers, including brothers
445:. In contrast, other historians continued to support Karácsonyi's interpretation and considered 1282 as the year of the clash, for instance, László Solymosi, András Borosy, György Székely and
587:
refers to him as a "brave warrior", who "hurled himself with his spear upon the Cumans with impetuous courage and to his great renown smote them and struck them down in great numbers" –,
267:(now Stari Slankamen in Serbia), but could not hinder them from crossing the frontier. According to the king's donation letter to Thomas Talpas in 1288, the Hungarian army crossed the
579:
Several young noblemen, who subsequently became powerful and important barons of the realm by the turn of the 13th and 14th centuries, had participated in the battle, for instance
191:(Kötöny) and his people in 1239. The king's decision caused social, economic and political tension and the settlement of masses of nomadic Cumans in the plains along the river
411:
military events of the 1280s are mentioned in a different order. Blazovich also questioned the credibility of the victim list of the battle provided by the contemporary
204:
on 11 April 1241. Following the withdrawal of the Mongols in the next year, Béla invited the Cumans to return and settle in the depopulated plains between the rivers
351:(1278), Siege of Szalánc (1281) and the Battle of Lake Hód, while another royal charter from the next year states that the battle took place before the siege of
364:
1775:
241:
groups fought for supreme power. Between 1277 and 1279, Ladislaus, who was declared to be of age, has temporarily succeeded in domestic and foreign policy.
612:
271:
in order to bring back the "secretly defected Cumans from the borderlands of the Tartars". The Cuman invasion of Hungary occurred following that.
517:
According to Attila Zsoldos, the monarch was informed on the Cuman revolt, when held a general assembly near Patak Castle (today ruins near
568:
counties. With his army, Ladislaus marched into south and camped out at Szeged in order to await for the arrival of reinforcements from
406:
considered the battle took place in the summer of 1280 (although he mentioned the other theory), while his frequent scientific opponent
386:
Despite Karácsonyi's new research in the early 20th century, later scholars were divided on the question of when the battle took place.
429:, Hájszentlőrinc Chapter and Sövényvár Castle). Ladislaus IV gathered his army consisted of nobles from Northeast Hungary and
1785:
1652:
1392:
1353:
304:(Mureș), until they were defeated by Ladislaus IV in the Battle of Lake Hód in August 1280. Thereafter, the king marched to
229:
1780:
279:
Pre-19th century historiography claimed that the battle took place at the Lake Hód that once existed, near present-day
160:
97:
49:
1692:
1673:
1615:
1575:
1477:
1456:
1333:
437:(today Oradea, Romania) to the area, where he defeated them at the Lake Hód in late October or early November 1280.
200:. With their departure Béla lost his most valuable allies and the Mongols decisively defeated his royal army in the
1770:
521:) in July 1282, after capturing the fort from the forces of the rebellious lord Finta Aba. If the narration of the
180:
1346:
The Illuminated Chronicle: Chronicle of the deeds of the Hungarians from the fourteenth-century illuminated codex
399:
259:
1711:
73:
1702:
Zsoldos, Attila (1997). "Téténytől a Hód-tóig. Az 1279 és 1282 közötti évek politikatörténetének vázlata ".
552:
In response to the Cuman attack, Ladislaus IV instantly summoned a royal army joined by nobles, knights and
1328:(Edited and translated by László Veszprémy and Frank Schaer with a study by Jenő Szűcs) (1999). CEU Press.
478:
417:
246:
1466:Érszegi, Géza; Solymosi, László (1981). "Az Árpádok királysága, 1000–1301 ". In Solymosi, László (ed.).
1760:
360:
280:
208:
and Tisza, in return for their military service. He even arranged the engagement of his firstborn son,
54:
615:. Probably both sides suffered significant losses. Contemporary documents say Lawrence Rátót (son of
1765:
348:
315:
255:
168:
115:
1643:. East Central and Eastern Europe in the Middle Ages 450–1450. Vol. 37. Leiden and Boston:
1641:
Transylvania in the Second Half of the Thirteenth Century: The Rise of the Congregational System
308:
and gathered an army in the autumn of 1280 to persuade the outgoing Cumans to stay in Hungary.
305:
600:
184:
72:
End of Ladislaus' domestic consolidation successes and weakening of royal power against the
596:
518:
368:
268:
209:
123:
8:
1487:
441:
October 1282 based on the data of King Ladislaus' itinerary, when the monarch resided in
407:
213:
328:
that the Battle of Lake Hód chronologically took place after the siege of the castle of
616:
288:
225:
152:
311:
1736:
1715:
1688:
1669:
1648:
1611:
1594:
1571:
1552:
1531:
1510:
1473:
1452:
1432:
1411:
1388:
1349:
1329:
387:
242:
530:
525:
is authentic, the rebellion was led by Oldamir, "leader" or "prince of the Cumans" (
1644:
1207:
498:
352:
342:
320:
221:
565:
473:
412:
301:
263:
Hungarian military capability. The king was chasing the outgoing Cumans as far as
446:
391:
264:
592:
557:
458:
between September and October 1282, in accordance with Zsoldos' interpretation.
403:
376:
629:
553:
372:
284:
201:
1754:
1740:
1719:
1598:
1556:
1535:
1514:
1436:
1415:
197:
1377:
At the Gate of Christendom: Jews, Muslims and "Pagans" in Medieval Hungary,
633:
608:
604:
580:
569:
430:
119:
1685:
Cumans and Tatars: Oriental Military in the Pre-Ottoman Balkans, 1185–1365
1444:
454:
1727:
Zsótér, Rózsa (1991). "Megjegyzések IV. László király itineráriumához ".
1372:
625:
611:, in addition to lesser nobles, e.g. Thomas Talpas, Sebastian Vejtei and
588:
548:
Local Cuman autonomies (yellow) following the adoption of the Cuman laws.
450:
426:
1499:
Kádár, Tamás (2016). "IV. László király itineráriuma (1264––1290) –1290)
641:
394:, in addition to the first volume of the 1960s academic history series (
561:
422:
1423:
Czímer, Károly (1929). "Az 1282. évi hódi csata helye és lefolyása ".
620:
396:
Magyarország története 1.: Magyarország története az őskortól 1526-ig
337:
1492:
Tanulmányok a parasztság történetéhez Magyarországon a 14. században
645:
544:
333:
1056:
347:
listed Ladislaus' victories in the following chronological order:
188:
380:
250:
183:, the first Cumans settled in the Kingdom of Hungary, after King
1585:
Nagy, Gyöngyi (2013). "Kun László király és a hód-tavi csata ".
1449:
The Realm of St Stephen: A History of Medieval Hungary, 895–1526
1031:
1029:
819:
390:
put the date to 1280, accepting Gyula Pauler's argument, in the
293:
744:
489:
442:
434:
329:
205:
164:
102:
1608:
Pechenegs, Cumans, Iasians: Steppe Peoples in Medieval Hungary
1543:
Karácsonyi, János (1907). "Új adat a hód-tavi csata évéhez ".
1490:(1953). "A kunok feudalizálódása ". In Székely, György (ed.).
1468:
Magyarország történeti kronológiája, I: a kezdetektől 1526-ig
538:
1402:
Blazovich, László (1977). "IV. László harca a kunok ellen ".
1026:
891:
297:
192:
999:
881:
879:
877:
875:
873:
506:
The battle is mentioned by the contemporary Simon of Kéza's
1735:. MTA-SZTE-MOL Magyar Medievisztikai Kutatócsoport: 37–41.
1340:
Bak, János M.; Veszprémy, László; Kersken, Norbert (2018).
848:
846:
809:
807:
573:
453:
also supported the date 1282, referring to Zsoldos' study.
1509:(1). Szentpétery Imre Történettudományi Alapítvány: 3–64.
1298:
1046:
1044:
1286:
1262:
1134:
927:
903:
870:
768:
628:
Rédei branch), Andrew Igmánd, Ladislaus Miskolc (son of
1627:
A magyar nemzet története az Árpád-házi királyok alatt,
1226:
1112:
1110:
1083:
1016:
1014:
951:
915:
843:
831:
804:
792:
732:
1158:
1073:
1071:
1041:
662:
660:
1342:
Chronica de gestis Hungarorum e codice picto saec. XIV
1175:
1173:
987:
1274:
1238:
1214:
1122:
1107:
1095:
1011:
975:
963:
939:
858:
780:
696:
1587:
A Hódmezővásárhelyi Szeremlei Társaság Évkönyve 2012
1348:]. Budapest: Central European University Press.
1146:
1068:
720:
708:
684:
657:
212:, who was crowned king-junior in or before 1246, to
1522:Karácsonyi, János (1901). "A hód-tavi csata éve ".
1339:
1170:
1494:(in Hungarian). Akadémiai Kiadó. pp. 248–275.
1472:(in Hungarian). Akadémiai Kiadó. pp. 79–187.
1250:
672:
756:
1752:
1729:Acta Universitatis Szegediensis. Acta Historica
1605:
1465:
1062:
1035:
825:
750:
1431:(1). Hadtörténeti Intézet és Múzeum: 385–416.
541:successfully defended the fort of Sövényvár.
1776:Battles involving Hungary in the Middle Ages
514:and 19 royal charters of King Ladislaus IV.
1551:(10). Magyar Történelmi Társulat: 948–949.
1542:
1530:(7). Magyar Történelmi Társulat: 626–636.
1521:
1410:(5). Magyar Történelmi Társulat: 941–945.
1326:Simon of Kéza: The Deeds of the Hungarians
1268:
1192:Simon of Kéza: The Deeds of the Hungarians
909:
897:
81:Onset of slow social integration of Cumans
1401:
1005:
957:
921:
318:in traditional Cuman attire, depicted in
1638:
1202:
1200:
1164:
702:
543:
310:
78:Military and political decline of Cumans
1701:
1486:
1304:
1280:
1232:
1116:
1101:
1089:
1020:
993:
969:
852:
837:
798:
220:instance during the fights against the
179:In the midst of imminent danger of the
1753:
1726:
1682:
1624:
1563:
1422:
1371:
1292:
1244:
1220:
1140:
1128:
1050:
981:
945:
933:
885:
864:
786:
738:
726:
714:
690:
666:
1661:
1498:
1443:
1197:
1179:
1152:
1077:
813:
774:
678:
258:the monarch and placed Hungary under
27:Part of the Feudal anarchy in Hungary
1584:
1364:
1256:
762:
510:in its last entry, the 14th-century
274:
171:successfully repelled the invaders.
1208:The Hungarian Illuminated Chronicle
216:, a daughter of a Cuman chieftain.
167:in September or October 1282. King
13:
1318:
556:in Northeast Hungary, mostly from
14:
1797:
1606:Pálóczi Horváth, András (1989).
576:shortly before 2 November 1282.
1185:
1687:. Cambridge University Press.
1668:(in Hungarian). Osiris Kiadó.
1387:. Cambridge University Press.
1:
1712:Hungarian Academy of Sciences
1593:. Szeremlei Társaság: 69–89.
651:
648:until the late 19th century.
632:) and Demetrius Rosd (son of
174:
1786:Battles involving the Cumans
425:(for instance, they stormed
7:
1063:Érszegi & Solymosi 1981
508:The Deeds of the Hungarians
479:The Deeds of the Hungarians
418:The Deeds of the Hungarians
10:
1802:
1634:(in Hungarian). Athenaeum.
1570:(in Hungarian). Gondolat.
1451:. I.B. Tauris Publishers.
1313:
1781:Battles involving Hungary
1566:Az Aranybullák évszázada
1425:Hadtörténelmi Közlemények
461:
159:) was fought between the
132:
108:
91:
31:
26:
21:
16:Battle in 1282 in Hungary
1639:Sălăgean, Tudor (2016).
375:(present-day Seceani in
1771:13th century in Hungary
1683:Vásáry, István (2005).
349:Battle on the Marchfeld
247:Philip, Bishop of Fermo
187:offered refuge to Khan
169:Ladislaus IV of Hungary
1625:Pauler, Gyula (1899).
1564:Kristó, Gyula (1981).
549:
504:
484:
324:
156:
109:Commanders and leaders
39:September/October 1282
619:), Dominic Gutkeled,
585:Illuminated Chronicle
547:
523:Illuminated Chronicle
512:Illuminated Chronicle
499:Illuminated Chronicle
485:
465:
343:Illuminated Chronicle
321:Illuminated Chronicle
314:
1662:Szűcs, Jenő (2002).
1036:Pálóczi Horváth 1989
826:Pálóczi Horváth 1989
777:, pp. 173, 178.
751:Pálóczi Horváth 1989
336:) and the defeat of
269:Southern Carpathians
1307:, pp. 263–266.
1295:, pp. 407–409.
1143:, pp. 146–147.
1065:, pp. 176–177.
1008:, pp. 943–945.
936:, pp. 386–389.
900:, pp. 630–633.
888:, pp. 370–371.
816:, pp. 417–427.
741:, pp. 143–144.
433:, and marched from
363:pastor and scholar
196:and his retinue in
1664:Az utolsó Árpádok
1211:(ch. 180), p. 333.
550:
325:
226:Kingdom of Bohemia
185:Béla IV of Hungary
161:Kingdom of Hungary
149:Battle of Lake Hód
98:Kingdom of Hungary
53:(near present-day
50:Kingdom of Hungary
22:Battle of Lake Hód
1761:Conflicts in 1282
1704:Történelmi Szemle
1654:978-90-04-24362-0
1394:978-0-521-02720-5
1365:Secondary sources
1355:978-9-6338-6264-3
1235:, pp. 96–97.
1194:(ch. 75), p. 157.
1092:, pp. 77–79.
1053:, pp. 38–39.
855:, pp. 86–88.
840:, pp. 83–86.
828:, pp. 78–79.
801:, pp. 80–81.
753:, pp. 68–73.
613:Rophoin Debreceni
287:Denis is granted
275:Date and location
243:Pope Nicholas III
235:Dominus Cumanorum
145:
144:
87:
86:
67:Hungarian victory
1793:
1744:
1731:(in Hungarian).
1723:
1706:(in Hungarian).
1698:
1679:
1658:
1635:
1621:
1602:
1589:(in Hungarian).
1581:
1560:
1547:(in Hungarian).
1539:
1526:(in Hungarian).
1518:
1495:
1483:
1462:
1440:
1427:(in Hungarian).
1419:
1406:(in Hungarian).
1398:
1359:
1308:
1302:
1296:
1290:
1284:
1278:
1272:
1266:
1260:
1254:
1248:
1242:
1236:
1230:
1224:
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1195:
1189:
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1177:
1168:
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1120:
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1105:
1099:
1093:
1087:
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1075:
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1018:
1009:
1003:
997:
991:
985:
979:
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967:
961:
955:
949:
943:
937:
931:
925:
919:
913:
907:
901:
895:
889:
883:
868:
862:
856:
850:
841:
835:
829:
823:
817:
811:
802:
796:
790:
784:
778:
772:
766:
760:
754:
748:
742:
736:
730:
724:
718:
712:
706:
700:
694:
688:
682:
676:
670:
664:
502:
482:
400:Communist regime
353:Bernstein Castle
281:Hódmezővásárhely
222:Duchy of Austria
55:Hódmezővásárhely
33:
32:
19:
18:
1801:
1800:
1796:
1795:
1794:
1792:
1791:
1790:
1751:
1750:
1747:
1695:
1676:
1655:
1618:
1578:
1488:Györffy, György
1480:
1459:
1395:
1367:
1362:
1356:
1321:
1319:Primary sources
1316:
1311:
1303:
1299:
1291:
1287:
1279:
1275:
1269:Karácsonyi 1901
1267:
1263:
1255:
1251:
1243:
1239:
1231:
1227:
1219:
1215:
1205:
1198:
1190:
1186:
1178:
1171:
1163:
1159:
1151:
1147:
1139:
1135:
1127:
1123:
1115:
1108:
1100:
1096:
1088:
1084:
1076:
1069:
1061:
1057:
1049:
1042:
1034:
1027:
1019:
1012:
1004:
1000:
992:
988:
980:
976:
968:
964:
956:
952:
944:
940:
932:
928:
920:
916:
910:Karácsonyi 1907
908:
904:
898:Karácsonyi 1901
896:
892:
884:
871:
863:
859:
851:
844:
836:
832:
824:
820:
812:
805:
797:
793:
785:
781:
773:
769:
761:
757:
749:
745:
737:
733:
725:
721:
713:
709:
701:
697:
689:
685:
677:
673:
665:
658:
654:
554:castle warriors
519:Sátoraljaújhely
503:
496:
483:
472:
464:
392:interwar period
371:, later called
365:Benjámin Szőnyi
332:(today Slanec,
277:
181:Mongol invasion
177:
122:
118:
74:baronial groups
68:
58:
52:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1799:
1789:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1766:1282 in Europe
1763:
1746:
1745:
1724:
1699:
1693:
1680:
1674:
1659:
1653:
1636:
1622:
1616:
1603:
1582:
1576:
1561:
1540:
1519:
1496:
1484:
1478:
1463:
1457:
1441:
1420:
1399:
1393:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1360:
1354:
1337:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1309:
1297:
1285:
1273:
1271:, p. 634.
1261:
1249:
1247:, p. 412.
1237:
1225:
1223:, p. 385.
1213:
1196:
1184:
1169:
1167:, p. 133.
1157:
1155:, p. 109.
1145:
1133:
1131:, p. 106.
1121:
1106:
1094:
1082:
1080:, p. 428.
1067:
1055:
1040:
1025:
1010:
1006:Blazovich 1977
998:
996:, p. 259.
986:
984:, p. 174.
974:
962:
960:, p. 941.
958:Blazovich 1977
950:
948:, p. 397.
938:
926:
924:, p. 942.
922:Blazovich 1977
914:
912:, p. 948.
902:
890:
869:
867:, p. 561.
857:
842:
830:
818:
803:
791:
789:, p. 145.
779:
767:
755:
743:
731:
729:, p. 398.
719:
717:, p. 261.
707:
695:
693:, p. 196.
683:
671:
669:, p. 411.
655:
653:
650:
630:Panyit Miskolc
599:and plausibly
531:Rubinus Hermán
494:
470:
463:
460:
408:György Györffy
306:Székesfehérvár
285:castle warrior
276:
273:
256:excommunicated
202:Battle of Mohi
176:
173:
157:Hód-tavi csata
143:
142:
139:
135:
134:
130:
129:
126:
111:
110:
106:
105:
100:
94:
93:
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82:
79:
76:
64:
60:
59:
47:
45:
41:
40:
37:
29:
28:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1798:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1758:
1756:
1749:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1700:
1696:
1694:0-521-83756-1
1690:
1686:
1681:
1677:
1675:963-389-271-6
1671:
1667:
1665:
1660:
1656:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1637:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1623:
1619:
1617:963-13-2740-X
1613:
1609:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1583:
1579:
1577:963-280-641-7
1573:
1569:
1567:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1479:963-05-2661-1
1475:
1471:
1469:
1464:
1460:
1458:1-86064-061-3
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
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1405:
1400:
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1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1369:
1357:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1338:
1335:
1334:963-9116-31-9
1331:
1327:
1324:
1323:
1306:
1301:
1294:
1289:
1283:, p. 79.
1282:
1277:
1270:
1265:
1259:, p. 84.
1258:
1253:
1246:
1241:
1234:
1229:
1222:
1217:
1210:
1209:
1203:
1201:
1193:
1188:
1182:, p. 34.
1181:
1176:
1174:
1166:
1165:Sălăgean 2016
1161:
1154:
1149:
1142:
1137:
1130:
1125:
1119:, p. 95.
1118:
1113:
1111:
1104:, p. 89.
1103:
1098:
1091:
1086:
1079:
1074:
1072:
1064:
1059:
1052:
1047:
1045:
1038:, p. 80.
1037:
1032:
1030:
1023:, p. 76.
1022:
1017:
1015:
1007:
1002:
995:
990:
983:
978:
972:, p. 75.
971:
966:
959:
954:
947:
942:
935:
930:
923:
918:
911:
906:
899:
894:
887:
882:
880:
878:
876:
874:
866:
861:
854:
849:
847:
839:
834:
827:
822:
815:
810:
808:
800:
795:
788:
783:
776:
771:
765:, p. 74.
764:
759:
752:
747:
740:
735:
728:
723:
716:
711:
705:, p. 65.
704:
703:Sălăgean 2016
699:
692:
687:
681:, p. 99.
680:
675:
668:
663:
661:
656:
649:
647:
643:
637:
635:
631:
627:
622:
618:
617:Stephen Rátót
614:
610:
606:
602:
601:Dominic Rátót
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
577:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
546:
542:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
515:
513:
509:
501:
500:
493:
491:
481:
480:
475:
474:Simon of Kéza
469:
459:
456:
452:
448:
444:
438:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
419:
414:
413:Simon of Kéza
409:
405:
401:
398:) during the
397:
393:
389:
384:
382:
378:
374:
373:Temesszécsény
370:
366:
362:
356:
354:
350:
345:
344:
339:
335:
331:
323:
322:
317:
313:
309:
307:
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299:
295:
290:
286:
282:
272:
270:
266:
261:
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252:
248:
244:
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236:
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227:
223:
217:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
194:
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186:
182:
172:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
140:
137:
136:
131:
127:
125:
121:
117:
113:
112:
107:
104:
101:
99:
96:
95:
90:
80:
77:
75:
71:
70:
69:
65:
62:
61:
56:
51:
46:
43:
42:
38:
35:
34:
30:
25:
20:
1748:
1732:
1728:
1707:
1703:
1684:
1666:
1663:
1640:
1632:
1630:
1626:
1607:
1590:
1586:
1568:
1565:
1548:
1544:
1527:
1523:
1506:
1502:
1491:
1470:
1467:
1448:
1428:
1424:
1407:
1403:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1373:Berend, Nora
1345:
1341:
1325:
1305:Györffy 1953
1300:
1288:
1281:Zsoldos 1997
1276:
1264:
1252:
1240:
1233:Zsoldos 1997
1228:
1216:
1206:
1191:
1187:
1160:
1148:
1136:
1124:
1117:Zsoldos 1997
1102:Zsoldos 1997
1097:
1090:Zsoldos 1997
1085:
1058:
1021:Zsoldos 1997
1001:
994:Györffy 1953
989:
977:
970:Zsoldos 1997
965:
953:
941:
929:
917:
905:
893:
860:
853:Zsoldos 1997
838:Zsoldos 1997
833:
821:
799:Zsoldos 1997
794:
782:
770:
758:
746:
734:
722:
710:
698:
686:
674:
638:
634:Michael Rosd
609:George Baksa
605:Thomas Baksa
597:Roland Rátót
593:Stephen Ákos
584:
581:Roland Borsa
578:
570:Transdanubia
551:
534:
526:
522:
516:
511:
507:
505:
497:
486:
477:
466:
439:
431:Transylvania
416:
404:Gyula Kristó
402:. Historian
395:
388:Bálint Hóman
385:
377:Timiș County
357:
341:
326:
319:
316:Ladislaus IV
278:
239:
234:
218:
178:
148:
146:
124:Roland Rátót
120:Roland Borsa
116:Ladislaus IV
92:Belligerents
66:
1610:. Corvina.
1293:Czímer 1929
1245:Czímer 1929
1221:Czímer 1929
1141:Berend 2001
1129:Vásáry 2005
1051:Zsótér 1991
982:Kristó 1981
946:Czímer 1929
934:Czímer 1929
886:Pauler 1899
865:Pauler 1899
787:Berend 2001
739:Berend 2001
727:Czímer 1929
715:Berend 2001
691:Berend 2001
667:Czímer 1929
589:Amadeus Aba
527:dux Cumanie
451:Nora Berend
427:Egres Abbey
369:Arad County
265:Szalánkemén
1755:Categories
1445:Engel, Pál
1180:Kádár 2016
1153:Engel 2001
1078:Szűcs 2002
814:Szűcs 2002
775:Szűcs 2002
679:Engel 2001
652:References
447:Jenő Szűcs
175:Background
48:Lake Hód,
1741:0324-6965
1720:0040-9634
1714:: 69–98.
1599:1219-7084
1557:0039-8098
1536:0039-8098
1515:1217-8020
1437:0017-6540
1416:0039-8098
1383:–c.
1257:Nagy 2013
763:Nagy 2013
535:udvornici
455:Pál Engel
361:Calvinist
338:Finta Aba
260:interdict
230:civil war
228:. In the
214:Elizabeth
153:Hungarian
1545:Századok
1524:Századok
1447:(2001).
1404:Századok
1375:(2001).
642:Temesköz
533:and his
495:—
471:—
334:Slovakia
289:nobility
224:and the
163:and the
133:Strength
44:Location
1314:Sources
621:John Bő
381:Romania
330:Szalánc
210:Stephen
128:Oldamir
1739:
1718:
1691:
1672:
1651:
1614:
1597:
1574:
1555:
1534:
1513:
1476:
1455:
1435:
1414:
1391:
1352:
1332:
646:Kunság
626:clan's
583:– the
566:Zólyom
490:Joshua
462:Battle
443:Szeged
251:Tétény
206:Danube
165:Cumans
103:Cumans
63:Result
1710:(1).
1645:Brill
1344:[
558:Sáros
537:from
435:Várad
423:Körös
302:Maros
298:Tisza
245:sent
193:Tisza
189:Köten
141:2,500
138:3,000
114:King
1737:ISSN
1716:ISSN
1689:ISBN
1670:ISBN
1649:ISBN
1612:ISBN
1595:ISSN
1572:ISBN
1553:ISSN
1532:ISSN
1511:ISSN
1503:Fons
1501:]".
1474:ISBN
1453:ISBN
1433:ISSN
1412:ISSN
1389:ISBN
1385:1300
1381:1000
1350:ISBN
1330:ISBN
607:and
574:Buda
564:and
300:and
294:Makó
198:Pest
147:The
36:Date
1629:II.
1408:111
1379:c.
636:).
562:Ung
539:Vép
415:'s
1757::
1733:92
1708:39
1647:.
1591:16
1549:41
1528:35
1507:23
1505:.
1429:30
1199:^
1172:^
1109:^
1070:^
1043:^
1028:^
1013:^
872:^
845:^
806:^
659:^
595:,
591:,
560:,
476::
379:,
155::
1743:.
1722:.
1697:.
1678:.
1657:.
1620:.
1601:.
1580:.
1559:.
1538:.
1517:.
1482:.
1461:.
1439:.
1418:.
1397:.
1358:.
1336:.
233:"
151:(
57:)
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