44:
142:
2460:. The Dutch adopted a crescent-shaped formation. Their strategy was to refuse combat if at all possible, and to concentrate on protecting the valuable merchant ships from capture. They were under orders not to open fire unless attacked. The Dutch were to windward of the Spanish, which gave Toledo the choice of attacking or not. The historian Agustin González has estimated that the six smaller Spanish galleons were barely equivalent in fighting power to the twelve ships of the Dutch escort. The most important ship of the engagement was the Spanish
165:
2349:
113:
2444:
2510:, still capable of fighting but unable to manoeuvre due to the loss of her masts. Don Luis de Noroña (or Noronha), captain general of Ceuta, witnessed the battle and sent a brig with gunpowder, food, medical supplies, and a surgeon. He also sent a message congratulating the squadron leader saying he "did not know that Toledo was at this place he did not think that it could be another who so bravely and with so few ships had disrupted so many". The Spanish returned to
177:
2490:, commanded by Don Carlos Ibarra, did the same with another. Even one of the pataches, commanded by Captain Don Domingo de Hoyos, engaged a Dutch ship, foolhardy given the inequality of force. The Spanish flagship broke entirely through the Dutch formation and turned back towards the convoy. Her close-range fire ignited at least one Dutch ship, and she engaged so closely that at one point the fire spread to the
129:
2420:, capable of scouting and carrying messages. Such a force was smaller than initially planned and it was uncertain if it would be strong enough to risk an attack against the anticipated strength of the Dutch fleet. But Toledo, one of the most renown admirals of the time, was determined to attack. On August 6, he received a message from the major of
2554:
in the service of the
Spanish monarchy. From January 1622 increasing numbers of Dutch ships were captured by these forces. The Dutch were expelled from South America, Guayaquil, and Puerto Rico. At the same time the Spanish all but swept the Barbary pirates from the Mediterranean. The Spanish monarch
2530:
from the Dutch. In the
Spanish court, much was made of the event, and Philip IV rewarded those who had most distinguished themselves in combat with grants and pensions. Toledo was given the rank of captain general of Portugal. The painter Enrique Jácome y Brocas was commissioned to produce a series
2505:
out of the fight and the Dutch fleeing, the remaining
Spanish ships drew off and the battle ended at about 3:00 pm. The balance of loss was favorable to the Spanish: they had sunk or burnt five enemy ships; and two more were captured. The Spanish lost no ships, and by far the most damaged was the
2455:
The Dutch fleet arrived in two groups: one of 24 ships in formation and another, scattered group of about seven. Escorting the convoy were a dozen Dutch warships, all strongly armed, and including two reported as being particularly large, all under the command of
Admiral
2388:
Fleet, commanded by Don
Francisco de Acevedo. However, a lack of supplies and guns, together with the general inefficiency of the Spanish logistic services prevented a number of these ships from being ready in time, despite the sharp and urgent orders issued.
2329:, or corsairs. This resulted in sixteen corsair vessels being captured and brought into Gibraltar. The truce broke down in 1621 after twelve years. The Dutch went on the naval offensive, and a combined Dutch-Danish fleet of thirty-one ships entered the
2278:. The Spanish attempted to concentrate a fleet in the Bay of Gibraltar, but admirals MartĂn de Vallecilla, Juan Fajardo, and Don Francisco de Acevedo, with their respective squadrons, failed to join Toledo's squadron, which left
2467:, a vessel much larger and more powerful than any other on either side. The Spanish sailed down on the Dutch, hoping to break up the Dutch formation and then exploit their ships' greater manoeuvrability.
2372:. The Dutch ships would be well-armed and crewed, and have an appreciable escort, and so the Spanish would need to concentrate their forces in order to effectively oppose it. To achieve this, the Spanish
2435:, and the alarm was given. The Spanish squadron sailed to investigate and sighted the Dutch fleet. For the rest of the day and through the night the Spanish squadron observed the movements of the Dutch.
2282:
on 6 August 1621. Toledo thus faced the Dutch with only nine ships. Four days later, the Dutch trading fleet of more than 50 ships was sighted; 20 were warships and the rest were merchantmen.
2486:
then cut through the Dutch formation, firing in all directions and receiving numerous discharges in return. The galleon of Don Alonso de Mujica boarded and seized a Dutch man-of-war, while the
2400:, where it was hoped that at least some ships of the other two divisions would be able to join it. In the event that they did not arrive in time for the planned attack. Don Toledo had his
2286:
While Toledo engaged a succession of Dutch ships with his powerful flagship, setting two on fire, the smaller
Spanish galleons captured two ships and torched another. The Spanish flagship
427:
2431:
and decided to attack immediately. They sailed into the Strait and anchored in the Bay of
Algeciras on 8 August. On August 9, two suspicious sails were spotted from the fort of
588:
2531:
of paintings illustrating the different phases of the battle, the first of which is currently held in the Naval Museum of Madrid. The Dutch
Admiralty of Amsterdam commissioned
661:
1860:
700:
613:
603:
598:
956:
1997:
1131:
862:
263:
725:
318:
2290:
was eventually dismasted and had to be taken in tow. The Dutch retreated with most of their valuable merchantmen, having lost seven ships. The
Spanish returned to
1993:
760:
944:
678:
2501:
The
Spanish flagship was fired on by much of the Dutch fleet, and despite her size and strength the damage was severe, with at least two of her masts down. With
852:
730:
872:
2478:
held fire until almost alongside the Dutch ships before firing. The eventual Spanish broadsides caused a "horrible effect to those watching from land and sea
932:
666:
444:
3011:
782:
593:
3021:
3016:
2952:
2337:, in charge of Spain's foreign policy, determined on a naval counter-offensive, the goal of which was to interrupt the important maritime trade of the
993:
822:
792:
432:
690:
509:
2427:
Believing that the smaller Spanish squadrons were on their way to meet them, and fearing that these may be defeated in detail, the Spanish held a
2474:
fired a warning shot demanding that the Dutch surrender. Haultain's fleet immediately returned fire. The Dutch ships fired at medium range, but
2122:
1124:
256:
3001:
2377:
2424:
notifying him that more than 26 Dutch ships were anchoring 2 miles (3 km) from the city, preparing to pass the Strait of Gibraltar.
1159:
2522:
Toledo was slightly wounded by a splinter, but recovered. He went on to further successes in a long career, the climax of which was the
2334:
2219:
961:
1117:
249:
3026:
2538:
The battle forced the Dutch to provide their merchant ships with more and heavier guns, and to escort them more strongly. Based in
1765:
3006:
1098:
2274:
between Spain and the Dutch Republic ended, the Spanish wished to deal a decisive blow against the Dutch trading ships in the
2215:
20:
1985:
1938:
1835:
1783:
1410:
1370:
1270:
1233:
1168:
1155:
937:
1537:
1437:
1950:
361:
2937:
2918:
2899:
2876:
2853:
2834:
2090:
1892:
1584:
1290:
1061:
973:
2151:
1567:
1795:
1760:
1649:
618:
523:
949:
745:
2131:
1955:
1579:
1559:
1487:
1036:
765:
381:
922:
625:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2112:
2413:
2156:
1980:
1482:
1357:
1305:
1210:
1185:
892:
857:
538:
500:
43:
812:
683:
2173:
1810:
1664:
1320:
1225:
630:
608:
1644:
2996:
2868:
2494:, which had to break off to extinguish it. She then returned to engage the burning Dutch ship from the
2203:
2075:
1897:
1724:
1719:
1624:
1422:
1046:
449:
386:
2060:
578:
2778:
2338:
2107:
2003:
1970:
1877:
1825:
1734:
1704:
1699:
1659:
1654:
1639:
1634:
1477:
1387:
1315:
1076:
563:
490:
475:
837:
671:
2457:
2256:
2248:
2141:
1960:
1619:
1599:
1427:
1397:
1347:
1255:
1081:
882:
568:
518:
391:
323:
181:
2991:
2788:
2183:
2136:
2070:
2013:
1975:
1865:
1714:
1674:
1594:
1589:
1492:
1447:
1352:
1041:
1005:
983:
978:
656:
485:
470:
328:
2271:
2161:
1918:
1905:
1882:
1855:
1815:
1739:
1689:
1462:
1432:
1300:
1066:
998:
917:
755:
437:
346:
827:
2178:
2102:
2043:
2038:
2023:
2018:
1989:
1965:
1930:
1887:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1709:
1694:
1614:
1547:
1522:
1517:
1310:
1071:
927:
735:
720:
715:
705:
553:
465:
366:
897:
817:
2495:
2303:
2236:
2080:
1820:
1805:
1729:
1609:
1532:
1467:
1402:
1280:
1250:
1200:
1141:
1051:
912:
877:
847:
797:
695:
401:
356:
351:
313:
273:
35:
2146:
422:
8:
2542:, the twenty galleons of the Spanish Flemish fleet began to attack Dutch shipping in the
2369:
2264:
2085:
2065:
2028:
1800:
1679:
1669:
1604:
1502:
1452:
1265:
1215:
1190:
1056:
1031:
740:
710:
646:
583:
406:
396:
337:
2782:
2684:
Elliott, J. H. The Statecraft of Olivares. in Elliot and Koenisburger (eds) 1970, p. 127
2211:
1770:
902:
376:
2523:
2342:
2260:
2117:
1392:
1337:
1325:
1245:
1220:
887:
807:
787:
558:
169:
147:
573:
2933:
2914:
2895:
2872:
2849:
2830:
2809:
2792:
2532:
2330:
2275:
1629:
1542:
1342:
777:
543:
528:
495:
371:
303:
2397:
2322:
2252:
1512:
1457:
1442:
1285:
1275:
1205:
1195:
968:
907:
867:
842:
832:
772:
533:
480:
308:
85:
2891:
2551:
2326:
2033:
2008:
1830:
1527:
1507:
1497:
1382:
1362:
1295:
1026:
802:
750:
651:
298:
289:
2384:
with four vessels under the command of Don Martin de Vallecilla and nine of the
2428:
2311:
2307:
2244:
2240:
1775:
1751:
1260:
988:
548:
176:
134:
2348:
2985:
2967:
2954:
2796:
2443:
2259:, was intercepted and defeated by nine ships of Spain's Atlantic fleet under
1109:
241:
2813:
1684:
1180:
2376:, then the elite of the Spanish naval forces, had nine ships commanded by
2353:
1472:
2547:
2826:
2556:
2543:
2319:
2482:. These caused such damage and casualties that the Dutch retreated.
2421:
2461:
2401:
2511:
2291:
2279:
2417:
2409:
2315:
2539:
2385:
2381:
2365:
2361:
2318:-Spanish admiral Miguel de Vidazabal, commander of the Spanish
415:
Transylvanian invasions of Hungary (1619–1621, 1623–1624, 1626)
2527:
2432:
164:
118:
2412:
in Europe, and six much smaller vessels: three of about 450
2396:
was better prepared and sailed from Cadiz on 31 July toward
2559:"the Great" as a result of this string of successes.
2352:
Portrait of Fadrique de Toledo during the capture of
2498:, so that the flames would be blown away from her.
2761:
2759:
2757:
2747:
2745:
2743:
2741:
2722:
2720:
2710:
2708:
2630:
2628:
2626:
2624:
2622:
2620:
2983:
2808:(in Spanish). Vol. 4. Madrid: Rivadeneyra.
2662:
2660:
2658:
2618:
2616:
2614:
2612:
2610:
2608:
2606:
2604:
2602:
2600:
2581:
2579:
2577:
2575:
2573:
2571:
2416:; and three of about 330 tons. He also had two
2803:
2754:
2738:
2717:
2705:
1139:
271:
2655:
2597:
2568:
2380:. It was arranged for these to rendezvous in
1125:
257:
2360:Spanish maritime intelligence learnt that a
2325:, to cooperate with Dutch ships against the
2675:Sir William Godfrey Fothergill Jackson p.81
2294:having suffered damage, but lost no ships.
3012:Naval battles involving the Dutch Republic
1132:
1118:
264:
250:
16:1621 naval battle of the Eighty Years' War
2888:The Dutch Republic and the Hispanic World
2784:Spain, its Greatness and Decay, 1479–1788
2235:took place on 10 August 1621, during the
2843:
2442:
2347:
2908:
2862:
3022:Naval battles of the Thirty Years' War
3017:Naval battles of the Eighty Years' War
2984:
2885:
2820:
2535:to produce a commemorative painting.
1113:
245:
2927:
2777:
2364:of at least twenty Dutch ships from
21:Battle of Gibraltar (disambiguation)
13:
2846:Victorias por mar de los españoles
14:
3038:
639:Swedish-French Period (1635–1648)
510:Swedish intervention (1630–1635)
175:
163:
140:
127:
111:
42:
3027:Naval battles involving Denmark
2848:(in Spanish). Madrid: Grafite.
2729:
2696:
458:Danish intervention (1625–1629)
338:Palatinate campaign (1620–1623)
2913:. Gibraltar: Gibraltar Books.
2865:Spanish naval power, 1589–1665
2687:
2678:
2669:
2646:
2637:
2588:
51:, by Enrique Jácome y Brocas,
1:
3007:Military history of Gibraltar
3002:Eighty Years' War (1621–1648)
2932:(in Spanish). Madrid: Silex.
2930:La batalla naval de las Dunas
2911:The rock of the Gibraltarians
2562:
2438:
2297:
52:
2517:
2451:, by Enrique Jácome y Brocas
7:
2804:Fernández Duro, C. (1898).
2408:, one of the most powerful
290:Bohemian Revolt (1618–1620)
10:
3043:
2869:Cambridge University Press
2771:
2524:naval expedition to Brazil
18:
2823:Warfare at sea, 1500–1650
2714:Duro, Vol IV, p. 16.
2345:supported this strategy.
2339:Dutch East Indies Company
1151:
1094:
283:
218:
187:
156:
104:
61:
41:
33:
28:
2458:Willem Haultain de Zoete
2368:was to pass through the
2257:Willem Haultain de Zoete
2249:Dutch East India Company
182:Willem Haultain de Zoete
69:21 August 1621
2789:Oxford University Press
2449:The Battle of Gibraltar
49:The Battle of Gibraltar
2968:36.138887°N 5.398607°W
2666:Gonzalez, p. 125.
2452:
2378:Don Fadrique de Toledo
2357:
2335:Count-Duke of Olivares
157:Commanders and leaders
2844:González, A. (2006).
2643:San Juan, p. 93.
2446:
2374:Armada del Mar Océano
2351:
2251:fleet, escorted by a
219:Casualties and losses
2973:36.138887; -5.398607
2909:Jackson, G. (2001).
2863:Goodman, D. (2002).
2091:2nd Cape St. Vincent
1981:2nd 's-Hertogenbosch
1893:1st Cape St. Vincent
1836:1st 's-Hertogenbosch
1752:1st English Channel
1568:Ten Years, 1588–1598
481:Lutter am Barenberge
19:For other uses, see
2964: /
2886:Israel, J. (1989).
2652:Irvine, p. 93.
2585:Goodman p. 19.
2370:Strait of Gibraltar
2310:and the rebellious
2272:Twelve Years' Truce
2265:Strait of Gibraltar
2233:Battle of Gibraltar
2081:3rd English Channel
1906:Twelve Years' Truce
1888:2nd English Channel
1796:1st Schenckenschans
1650:3rd Geertruidenberg
1585:2nd Geertruidenberg
1291:1st Geertruidenberg
29:Battle of Gibraltar
2821:Glete, J. (2002).
2594:Glete p. 177.
2546:, assisted by the
2453:
2358:
2343:Philip IV of Spain
2263:while passing the
2261:Fadrique de Toledo
2014:2nd Schenkenschans
1956:2nd Bergen op Zoom
1580:1st Bergen op Zoom
170:Fadrique de Toledo
2997:Conflicts in 1621
2765:Sharp Hume p. 233
2634:Duro, p. 15.
2533:Abraham de Verwer
2526:which recaptured
2394:Armada del Océano
2304:Eighty Years' War
2237:Eighty Years' War
2228:
2227:
1143:Eighty Years' War
1107:
1106:
1089:
1088:
631:Strasbourg Bridge
275:Thirty Years' War
240:
239:
211:30 merchant ships
100:
99:
36:Eighty Years' War
3034:
2979:
2978:
2976:
2975:
2974:
2969:
2965:
2962:
2961:
2960:
2957:
2943:
2924:
2905:
2882:
2859:
2840:
2817:
2800:
2766:
2763:
2752:
2749:
2736:
2733:
2727:
2724:
2715:
2712:
2703:
2700:
2694:
2691:
2685:
2682:
2676:
2673:
2667:
2664:
2653:
2650:
2644:
2641:
2635:
2632:
2595:
2592:
2586:
2583:
2552:commerce raiders
2398:Cape St. Vincent
2194:2nd San Salvador
2189:1st San Salvador
2162:2nd Saint Martin
2132:1st Saint Martin
1146:
1144:
1134:
1127:
1120:
1111:
1110:
1067:2nd Saint Martin
1062:Cape St. Vincent
1037:1st Saint Martin
1002:
965:
953:
941:
769:
687:
675:
622:
501:'s-Hertogenbosch
441:
286:
285:
278:
276:
266:
259:
252:
243:
242:
180:
179:
168:
167:
146:
144:
143:
135:United Provinces
133:
131:
130:
117:
115:
114:
86:Bay of Gibraltar
76:
74:
63:
62:
57:
54:
46:
26:
25:
3042:
3041:
3037:
3036:
3035:
3033:
3032:
3031:
2982:
2981:
2972:
2970:
2966:
2963:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2951:
2950:
2947:
2940:
2921:
2902:
2892:Clarendon Press
2879:
2856:
2837:
2806:Armada española
2774:
2769:
2764:
2755:
2750:
2739:
2734:
2730:
2725:
2718:
2713:
2706:
2701:
2697:
2692:
2688:
2683:
2679:
2674:
2670:
2665:
2656:
2651:
2647:
2642:
2638:
2633:
2598:
2593:
2589:
2584:
2569:
2565:
2520:
2441:
2327:Barbary pirates
2302:A truce in the
2300:
2229:
2224:
2208:
2113:Bay of Matanzas
2050:European waters
1935:
1902:
1872:European waters
1780:
1766:Gulf of AlmerĂa
1746:European waters
1564:
1554:European waters
1407:
1367:
1332:European waters
1230:
1165:
1162:
1160:List of battles
1147:
1142:
1140:
1138:
1108:
1103:
1102:
1090:
1077:Colberger Heide
996:
959:
947:
935:
858:2nd Breitenfeld
763:
736:2nd Rheinfelden
681:
669:
616:
609:1st Rheinfelden
539:1st Breitenfeld
519:Swedish landing
450:Vlach uprisings
435:
279:
274:
272:
270:
236:
233:2 ship captured
214:
202:
174:
162:
152:
141:
139:
128:
126:
112:
110:
96:Spanish victory
88:
72:
70:
55:
47:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3040:
3030:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2992:1621 in Europe
2945:
2944:
2938:
2925:
2919:
2906:
2900:
2883:
2877:
2860:
2854:
2841:
2835:
2818:
2801:
2779:Hume, M. A. S.
2773:
2770:
2768:
2767:
2753:
2751:Gonzalez p.127
2737:
2728:
2726:Gonzalez p.126
2716:
2704:
2702:Gonzalez p.124
2695:
2686:
2677:
2668:
2654:
2645:
2636:
2596:
2587:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2555:was given the
2519:
2516:
2440:
2437:
2429:council of war
2312:Dutch Republic
2308:Spanish Empire
2299:
2296:
2245:Dutch Republic
2241:Spanish Empire
2226:
2225:
2223:
2222:
2220:Historiography
2207:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2165:
2164:
2159:
2157:Southern Chile
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2094:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2047:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1990:2nd Maastricht
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1945:Western Europe
1942:
1941:
1934:
1933:
1922:
1921:
1913:Western Europe
1910:
1909:
1901:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1874:
1873:
1869:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1790:Western Europe
1787:
1786:
1779:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1761:Bayona Islands
1758:
1748:
1747:
1743:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1574:Western Europe
1571:
1570:
1563:
1562:
1556:
1555:
1551:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1423:1st Maastricht
1417:Western Europe
1414:
1413:
1406:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1377:Western Europe
1374:
1373:
1366:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1348:Haarlemmermeer
1345:
1340:
1334:
1333:
1329:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1283:
1278:
1273:
1268:
1263:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1240:Western Europe
1237:
1236:
1229:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1175:Western Europe
1172:
1171:
1164:
1163:
1152:
1149:
1148:
1137:
1136:
1129:
1122:
1114:
1105:
1104:
1096:
1095:
1092:
1091:
1087:
1086:
1085:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1069:
1064:
1059:
1054:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1029:
1024:
1016:
1015:
1011:
1010:
1009:
1008:
1003:
991:
986:
981:
976:
971:
966:
954:
942:
930:
925:
923:2nd Nördlingen
920:
915:
910:
905:
900:
895:
890:
885:
880:
875:
870:
865:
860:
855:
850:
845:
840:
835:
830:
825:
820:
815:
810:
805:
800:
795:
790:
785:
780:
775:
770:
758:
753:
748:
743:
738:
733:
728:
723:
718:
713:
708:
703:
698:
693:
688:
676:
664:
659:
657:Schenkenschans
654:
649:
641:
640:
636:
635:
634:
633:
628:
626:1st Nördlingen
623:
611:
606:
601:
596:
591:
586:
581:
576:
571:
566:
561:
556:
551:
546:
541:
536:
531:
526:
521:
513:
512:
506:
505:
504:
503:
498:
493:
488:
483:
478:
473:
468:
460:
459:
455:
454:
453:
452:
447:
442:
430:
425:
417:
416:
412:
411:
410:
409:
404:
399:
394:
389:
384:
382:Bergen op Zoom
379:
374:
369:
364:
359:
354:
349:
341:
340:
334:
333:
332:
331:
326:
324:White Mountain
321:
316:
311:
306:
301:
293:
292:
284:
281:
280:
269:
268:
261:
254:
246:
238:
237:
235:
234:
231:
227:
225:
221:
220:
216:
215:
213:
212:
209:
205:
203:
201:
200:
197:
193:
190:
189:
185:
184:
172:
159:
158:
154:
153:
151:
150:
148:Denmark–Norway
137:
123:
121:
107:
106:
102:
101:
98:
97:
94:
90:
89:
84:
82:
78:
77:
67:
59:
58:
39:
38:
31:
30:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3039:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2989:
2987:
2980:
2977:
2948:
2941:
2939:9788477371847
2935:
2931:
2928:San Juan, V.
2926:
2922:
2920:9780838632376
2916:
2912:
2907:
2903:
2901:9780198219989
2897:
2893:
2889:
2884:
2880:
2878:9780521522571
2874:
2870:
2866:
2861:
2857:
2855:9788496281387
2851:
2847:
2842:
2838:
2836:9780203024560
2832:
2828:
2824:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2785:
2780:
2776:
2775:
2762:
2760:
2758:
2748:
2746:
2744:
2742:
2732:
2723:
2721:
2711:
2709:
2699:
2693:San Juan p.93
2690:
2681:
2672:
2663:
2661:
2659:
2649:
2640:
2631:
2629:
2627:
2625:
2623:
2621:
2619:
2617:
2615:
2613:
2611:
2609:
2607:
2605:
2603:
2601:
2591:
2582:
2580:
2578:
2576:
2574:
2572:
2567:
2560:
2558:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2536:
2534:
2529:
2525:
2515:
2513:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2459:
2450:
2445:
2436:
2434:
2430:
2425:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2390:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2355:
2350:
2346:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2331:Mediterranean
2328:
2324:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2295:
2293:
2289:
2284:
2281:
2277:
2276:Mediterranean
2273:
2268:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2210:
2209:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2171:
2170:
2169:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2126:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2100:
2099:
2098:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2056:2nd Gibraltar
2054:
2053:
2052:
2051:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2004:5th Rheinberg
2002:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1971:2nd Oldenzaal
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1948:
1947:
1946:
1940:
1937:
1936:
1932:
1929:
1928:
1927:
1926:
1920:
1917:
1916:
1915:
1914:
1907:
1904:
1903:
1899:
1898:1st Gibraltar
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1875:
1871:
1870:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1861:4th Rheinberg
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1826:3rd Rheinberg
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1793:
1792:
1791:
1785:
1782:
1781:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1755:
1750:
1749:
1745:
1744:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1735:1st Oldenzaal
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1705:2nd Rheinberg
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1665:2nd Luxemburg
1663:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1655:2nd Coevorden
1653:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1645:1st Luxemburg
1643:
1641:
1640:1st Coevorden
1638:
1636:
1635:2nd Steenwijk
1633:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1577:
1576:
1575:
1569:
1566:
1565:
1561:
1560:Ponta Delgada
1558:
1557:
1553:
1552:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1538:1st Rheinberg
1536:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1438:1st Steenwijk
1436:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1420:
1419:
1418:
1412:
1409:
1408:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1380:
1379:
1378:
1372:
1369:
1368:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1335:
1331:
1330:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1243:
1242:
1241:
1235:
1232:
1231:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1178:
1177:
1176:
1170:
1167:
1166:
1161:
1157:
1154:
1153:
1150:
1145:
1135:
1130:
1128:
1123:
1121:
1116:
1115:
1112:
1101:
1100:
1093:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1019:
1018:
1017:
1014:Naval battles
1013:
1012:
1007:
1004:
1000:
995:
992:
990:
987:
985:
984:Wevelinghoven
982:
980:
979:Zusmarshausen
977:
975:
972:
970:
967:
963:
958:
957:HohentĂĽbingen
955:
951:
946:
943:
939:
934:
931:
929:
926:
924:
921:
919:
916:
914:
911:
909:
906:
904:
901:
899:
896:
894:
891:
889:
886:
884:
881:
879:
876:
874:
871:
869:
866:
864:
861:
859:
856:
854:
851:
849:
846:
844:
841:
839:
836:
834:
831:
829:
826:
824:
821:
819:
816:
814:
811:
809:
806:
804:
801:
799:
796:
794:
791:
789:
786:
784:
781:
779:
776:
774:
771:
767:
762:
759:
757:
754:
752:
749:
747:
744:
742:
739:
737:
734:
732:
729:
727:
724:
722:
719:
717:
714:
712:
709:
707:
704:
702:
701:2nd Magdeburg
699:
697:
694:
692:
689:
685:
680:
677:
673:
668:
665:
663:
662:Ray-sur-SaĂ´ne
660:
658:
655:
653:
650:
648:
645:
644:
643:
642:
638:
637:
632:
629:
627:
624:
620:
615:
612:
610:
607:
605:
602:
600:
597:
595:
592:
590:
587:
585:
582:
580:
577:
575:
572:
570:
567:
565:
562:
560:
557:
555:
552:
550:
547:
545:
542:
540:
537:
535:
532:
530:
527:
525:
522:
520:
517:
516:
515:
514:
511:
508:
507:
502:
499:
497:
494:
492:
489:
487:
484:
482:
479:
477:
474:
472:
471:Dessau Bridge
469:
467:
464:
463:
462:
461:
457:
456:
451:
448:
446:
443:
439:
434:
431:
429:
426:
424:
421:
420:
419:
418:
414:
413:
408:
405:
403:
400:
398:
395:
393:
390:
388:
385:
383:
380:
378:
375:
373:
370:
368:
365:
363:
360:
358:
355:
353:
350:
348:
347:Bad Kreuznach
345:
344:
343:
342:
339:
336:
335:
330:
329:Neu Titschein
327:
325:
322:
320:
317:
315:
312:
310:
307:
305:
302:
300:
297:
296:
295:
294:
291:
288:
287:
282:
277:
267:
262:
260:
255:
253:
248:
247:
244:
232:
229:
228:
226:
223:
222:
217:
210:
207:
206:
204:
198:
195:
194:
192:
191:
186:
183:
178:
173:
171:
166:
161:
160:
155:
149:
138:
136:
125:
124:
122:
120:
109:
108:
103:
95:
92:
91:
87:
83:
80:
79:
68:
65:
64:
60:
50:
45:
40:
37:
32:
27:
22:
2949:
2946:
2929:
2910:
2887:
2864:
2845:
2822:
2805:
2783:
2735:Israel p.115
2731:
2698:
2689:
2680:
2671:
2648:
2639:
2590:
2537:
2521:
2508:Santa Teresa
2507:
2503:Santa Teresa
2502:
2500:
2496:weather side
2492:Santa Teresa
2491:
2487:
2484:Santa Teresa
2483:
2479:
2476:Santa Teresa
2475:
2472:Santa Teresa
2471:
2469:
2465:Santa Teresa
2464:
2454:
2448:
2447:Detail from
2426:
2406:Santa Teresa
2405:
2393:
2391:
2373:
2359:
2314:allowed the
2306:between the
2301:
2288:Santa Teresa
2287:
2285:
2269:
2239:between the
2232:
2230:
2167:
2166:
2142:2nd Salvador
2124:
2103:1st Salvador
2096:
2095:
2071:Lizard Point
2055:
2049:
2048:
2029:2nd Roermond
1998:1st Roermond
1944:
1943:
1924:
1923:
1912:
1911:
1878:Dover Strait
1846:Hoogstraaten
1816:Lekkerbeetje
1789:
1788:
1753:
1600:2nd Deventer
1573:
1572:
1428:2nd Mechelen
1416:
1415:
1398:1st Deventer
1376:
1375:
1256:1st Mechelen
1239:
1238:
1186:Valenciennes
1181:Beeldenstorm
1174:
1173:
1097:
1042:Lizard Point
1021:
893:Philippsburg
863:2nd Freiberg
838:WolfenbĂĽttel
783:1st Freiberg
778:2nd Breisach
756:Wittenweiher
746:FuenterrabĂa
604:1st Breisach
589:Pfaffenhofen
230:5 ships sunk
105:Belligerents
48:
34:Part of the
2971: /
2470:Initially,
2354:Saint Kitts
2168:East Indies
2108:Puerto Rico
1976:4th Groenlo
1931:Playa Honda
1925:East Indies
1908:, 1609–1621
1866:3rd Groenlo
1811:San Andreas
1715:2nd Groenlo
1675:1st Groenlo
1610:Knodsenburg
1595:2nd Zutphen
1543:1st Zutphen
1498:3rd Antwerp
1483:Steenbergen
1473:2nd Antwerp
1383:1st Antwerp
1358:Reimerswaal
1321:Schoonhoven
1311:Mookerheyde
1211:Heiligerlee
997: [
960: [
948: [
936: [
918:Mergentheim
853:Schweidnitz
764: [
682: [
670: [
617: [
436: [
402:Frankenthal
367:Mingolsheim
208:20 warships
56: 1630
2986:Categories
2956:36°08′20″N
2890:. Oxford:
2825:. London:
2563:References
2548:Dunkirkers
2439:Engagement
2298:Background
1856:2nd Lingen
1821:Nieuwpoort
1801:Zaltbommel
1740:1st Lingen
1720:Bredevoort
1403:Borgerhout
1306:Valkenburg
1281:IJsselmeer
1271:Middelburg
1226:Le Quesnoy
1201:Oosterweel
1072:Lister Dyb
933:Korneuburg
878:Tuttlingen
848:Honnecourt
798:Thionville
741:Saint Omer
696:Tornavento
569:Alte Veste
554:Maastricht
428:Érsekújvár
387:Heidelberg
314:Wisternitz
199:3 warships
196:6 galleons
73:1621-08-21
2959:5°23′55″W
2827:Routledge
2797:457309379
2557:sobriquet
2544:North Sea
2518:Aftermath
2488:Santa Ana
2320:Gibraltar
2270:When the
2216:Aftermath
2152:Itamaracá
2137:1st Unare
2123:Trujillo
2086:The Downs
2061:2nd Cádiz
2044:4th Hulst
2039:3rd Hulst
2024:3rd Venlo
2019:4th Breda
1994:2nd Venlo
1966:3rd Breda
1939:1621–1648
1883:2nd Sluis
1851:3rd Sluis
1841:2nd Grave
1784:1599–1609
1771:1st Cádiz
1730:Ootmarsum
1710:1st Meurs
1695:2nd Hulst
1660:Groningen
1615:1st Hulst
1590:2nd Breda
1548:1st Sluis
1523:1st Venlo
1518:1st Grave
1478:Eindhoven
1453:Noordhorn
1448:1st Breda
1411:1579–1588
1371:1576–1579
1353:Zuiderzee
1326:Zierikzee
1316:Oudewater
1234:1572–1576
1216:Jemmingen
1191:Wattrelos
1169:1566–1572
1057:The Downs
1032:The Slaak
1022:Gibraltar
945:Totenhöhe
928:3rd Hulst
828:La Marfée
716:2nd Breda
711:Wittstock
679:HaselĂĽnne
647:Les Avins
584:Oldendorf
559:Nuremberg
529:Magdeburg
524:Frankfurt
491:Stralsund
476:Oldenzaal
407:Stadtlohn
357:Bacharach
352:Oppenheim
2781:(1898).
2462:flagship
2418:pataches
2410:galleons
2402:flagship
2323:squadron
2253:squadron
2243:and the
2174:MormugĂŁo
2127:Campeche
2118:Abrolhos
2097:Americas
1756:Flanders
1725:Enschede
1700:Turnhout
1685:2nd Lier
1630:Caudebec
1620:Nijmegen
1605:Delfzijl
1468:1st Lier
1393:Rijmenam
1388:Gembloux
1338:Flushing
1221:Jodoigne
1099:Treaties
913:2nd Brno
898:JĂĽterbog
888:Freiburg
873:1st Brno
818:PreĂźnitz
813:MontjuĂŻc
808:Cambrils
788:Chemnitz
614:Liegnitz
599:Konstanz
564:Wiesloch
397:Mannheim
188:Strength
81:Location
2814:4413652
2772:Sources
2341:(VOC).
2184:Malacca
2147:Cabañas
2076:Dunkirk
1961:Fleurus
1458:Niezijl
1343:Borsele
1286:Alkmaar
1276:Haarlem
1266:Naarden
1246:Brielle
1156:Origins
1082:Fehmarn
1052:Channel
1047:Dunkirk
883:Kolding
833:Dorsten
726:Leipzig
594:Steinau
544:Bamberg
496:Wolgast
486:Groenlo
445:HodonĂn
423:Humenné
392:Fleurus
372:Wimpfen
319:Bautzen
304:Lomnice
71: (
2936:
2917:
2898:
2875:
2852:
2833:
2812:
2795:
2540:Ostend
2422:Málaga
2404:, the
2386:Biscay
2382:Lisbon
2366:Venice
2362:convoy
2333:. The
2316:Basque
2255:under
2204:Cavite
2199:Manila
2009:Leuven
1951:JĂĽlich
1919:Aachen
1831:Ostend
1776:Azores
1690:Calais
1513:Boksum
1503:Arnhem
1463:Lochem
1443:Kollum
1296:Leiden
1206:Dahlen
1196:Lannoy
1006:Prague
994:Dachau
974:Naples
969:Triebl
908:Jankau
903:Bysjön
868:Rocroi
843:Kempen
823:Plauen
803:Salses
793:Melnik
773:Vlotho
667:Dömitz
652:Leuven
579:LĂĽtzen
534:Werben
433:Tyrnau
377:Höchst
362:JĂĽlich
309:Sablat
299:Pilsen
145:
132:
116:
93:Result
2528:Bahia
2512:Cádiz
2433:Ceuta
2292:Cádiz
2280:Cádiz
2212:Peace
2179:Galle
2066:Slaak
2034:Kallo
1986:Meuse
1680:Lippe
1625:Rouen
1533:Neuss
1508:Empel
1493:Aalst
1488:Ghent
1433:Diest
1363:Lillo
1301:Delft
1027:Genoa
1001:]
964:]
952:]
940:]
768:]
761:Thann
751:Kallo
731:Hanau
721:Venlo
706:Somme
686:]
674:]
621:]
574:FĂĽrth
466:Breda
440:]
119:Spain
2934:ISBN
2915:ISBN
2896:ISBN
2873:ISBN
2850:ISBN
2831:ISBN
2810:OCLC
2793:OCLC
2414:tons
2392:The
2247:. A
2231:The
1806:Rees
1528:Axel
1261:Goes
1251:Mons
989:Lens
691:Raon
549:Rain
224:None
66:Date
1670:Huy
2988::
2894:.
2871:.
2867:.
2829:.
2791:.
2787:.
2756:^
2740:^
2719:^
2707:^
2657:^
2599:^
2570:^
2550:,
2514:.
2267:.
2218:–
2214:–
1996:,
1992:,
1158:–
999:de
962:de
950:de
938:de
766:de
684:de
672:de
619:de
438:de
53:c.
2942:.
2923:.
2904:.
2881:.
2858:.
2839:.
2816:.
2799:.
2480:"
2356:.
2125:·
2000:)
1988:(
1754:·
1133:e
1126:t
1119:v
265:e
258:t
251:v
75:)
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
