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being "like ratholes everywhere, with covered ways and underground chambers" and notes that Rawiri
Puhirake ordered defenders to "not utter a word or fire a shot till the proper time came for the order". Belich claims that by providing only a feeble defence from the garrison during the storming of the pā and keeping his garrison hidden, Rawiri Puhirake employed a "remarkable tactical ploy ... brilliantly implemented as well as brilliantly conceived" to lure the British into a deadly trap.
109:
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attack. He sent back to Te Papa for reinforcements, then deployed his men to fan out and open fire on the pā's outposts and trenches. As the reinforcements—220 men including cavalry and one
Armstrong gun—arrived two hours later, he ordered a charge on Te Ranga. The Māori responded to the ferocity of the advance of British bayonets with double-barrelled shotguns, but had little time to reload and were forced to fight hand-to-hand with
846:
876:
Puhirake, Tikitu, Te Kani, Te
Rangihau, and Te Wharepouri, and Te Urungawera chief Te Kau. Te Moana-nui and Te Ipu were among the wounded, estimated at at least 25-30. To contemporaries Gate Pā was seen as a shattering and humiliating defeat, with one newspaper noting that the "gallant" force had been "trampled in the dust ... by a horde of half-naked, half-armed savages".
924:. Between 83 and 120 Māori were killed or fatally wounded, half of them with bayonets; Gate Pā commander Rawiri Puhirake was among the dead. His death prompted the survivors to flee. Thirteen privates of the 43rd and 68th Regiments were killed in the battle, and six officers and 33 non-commissioned officers and privates wounded.
884:
Kingites were willing to surrender their arms "if they can have full claims over their lands and the
Governor will promise to see that no harm befalls them". By early June several Ngāi Te Rangi warriors had handed in their guns and naval commodore William Wiseman reported to London that hostilities in the area had ceased.
916:, from Rotoiti, as well as a Ngati-Porou war party from the East Cape and commanded by Hoera te Mataatai—decided in June to again challenge the British forces. They selected Te Ranga, a steep but flat-topped ridge about 5 km from Gate Pā, and began working on entrenchments and rifle pits to cut off a bush track.
959:
in western
Waikato and the King Country, was trying to lay claim to the eastern Waikato. Two Arawa hapu also joined Te Kooti's rebels, but Tauranga Māori were anxious not to renew the war in Tauranga and distanced themselves from Te Kooti. Chief Tana Taingakawa, Wiremu Tamihana's son from Ngati Haua,
883:
Three days later, on 15 May, Cameron advised Grey he had decided to cease aggressive operations in
Tauranga; the following day he left for Auckland with 700 men, leaving Greer in command of Te Papa with instructions to remain strictly on the defensive. On 20 May the Māori mediators reported that the
862:
has postulated that the bulk of the Māori garrison remained concealed in camouflaged bunkers as the
British forces stormed the pā, before unleashing waves of heavy volleys from close range on the British, who were almost standing on their hidden foes. Belich cites descriptions of the main redoubt as
828:
At about 4pm, with no sign of life in the pā, Cameron ordered an assault by 300 men—a combined force of Naval
Brigade under Commander Hay and the 43rd Regiment, led by Lieutenant-Colonel H.G. Booth—who ran in four abreast with fixed bayonets. Another 300 men followed at a distance as a reserve. Some
643:
trespassers. The new fortification, which became known as the "Gate Pā", was built just 5 km from imperial troops, who were prohibited by Grey's orders from intervening. Puhirake, finding it increasingly difficult to keep his force together without a battle in prospect, again attempted to goad
552:
British forces suffered a humiliating defeat in the Battle of Gate Pā on 29 April 1864, with 31 killed and 80 wounded despite outnumbering their Māori foe, but saved face seven weeks later by routing their enemy at the Battle of Te Ranga, in which more than 100 Māori were killed or fatally wounded,
875:
Gate Pā was the single most devastating defeat suffered by the
British military in the New Zealand Wars: while British casualties totalled more than a third of the storming party, Māori losses are generally unknown but thought to number at least 25-30, including Ngāi Te Rangi chiefs Te Reweti, Eru
927:
Settlers celebrated the success at Te Ranga, the last serious engagement of the
Tauranga campaign, as "by far the most brilliant achievement obtained throughout the whole war". Coming so soon after the humiliating defeat at Gate Pā, they viewed it as a satisfying act of revenge that reclaimed the
836:
But minutes later, as the rear of the pā was breached by the 68th Regiment, all changed. In a sequence of events that is still unclear, fierce fighting erupted, taking a heavy toll on the invaders and panicked British forces began streaming out of the pā. Historian James Cowan wrote: "More than a
919:
On 21 June Greer, leading a reconnaissance patrol of about 600 men of the 43rd and 68th Regiments and 1st Waikato Militia, came upon the 500-strong Māori force labouring on Te Ranga's defences. Knowing any delay would allow his foe to strengthen their defences, Greer chose to launch an immediate
647:
Meanwhile, fighting had already broken out nearby. A large contingent of East Coast Māori, possibly as many as 700 warriors, were making their way towards the conflict at Waikato. Their route took them through the territory of another tribe which saw themselves as allies of the Pākehā, the Arawa
816:
At first light on 29 April the assembled guns and mortars opened fire again, this time maintaining the bombardment for more than eight hours. They destroyed the palisade and completely suppressed Māori gunfire. An estimated 30 tonnes of shell and shot were dropped on or near the Māori position,
998:
Belich's analysis of initial official reports suggests 68 Maori were found dead in the trenches, 27 wounded were captured and later died, and another 10 prisoners surrendered unhurt. The total number of guns seized was also 68. He says Maori casualties were exaggerated in later accounts of the
620:
was opposed, fearing it would raise rebellion in more Māori tribes, including those that had thus far refrained from supporting the Kingitanga movement. Grey withdrew his initial assent for Whitaker's orders to take an aggressive stance and instead directed the Tauranga expedition's commander,
879:
Grey, horrified by the disaster, began exploring ways to limit the extent of land confiscations and thus reduce Māori resistance. Grey visited Tauranga on 12 May to confer with Cameron and engaged some neutral Māori to act as intermediaries with the Kingites to negotiate a peace agreement.
638:
taunted Carey in a letter, challenging him to fight, then in April 1864 moved closer to the British base to occupy to a new ridge-top position at Pukehinahina, a locality known to Europeans as "The Gate" because of the presence of a post-and-rail fence and gateway used by Māori to block
652:. Forewarned of this, the Arawa chiefs called back their tribesmen, many of whom were working in Auckland or further north. Pausing in Tauranga to borrow guns from the British, they hastened onward to Rotorua. Four hundred warriors of the tribe were mobilised and they met and held the
585:
store was known to be inland of Tauranga and the district was an important source of food for Māori fighting British forces in the Waikato. While Colonel Henry Greer was landed with his force at Te Papa, where they built two redoubts, Captain Robert Jenkins, commander of
833:(short clubs). A lull of about five minutes occurred, during which time Captain G.R. Greaves, who was with the leading files of the assault party, left the pā and reported to Cameron that the redoubt had been captured and that British casualties were light.
749:
On the afternoon of 28 April, Cameron launched an hour-long attack on the front of Gate Pā with four batteries of artillery placed at a range of between 350 and 800 metres. The battery—the heaviest used in the wars of 1863–1864—included a 110-pounder
928:
honour of the troops. But Cameron, who was showing an increasing distaste for the war against a foe among whom he found more courage and chivalry than among the colonists, remained steadfast in his opposition to further aggressive actions.
857:
Several theories exist to explain the British stampede from the pā. A contemporary report by a seaman in the pā suggested that the flood of soldiers from the 68th Regiment at the rear was mistaken for Māori reinforcements. Historian
841:
and the interior of the pā were strewn with dead or dying. The Maori suffered too, but not severely." Thirty-one of the British force died, including 10 officers, while 80 were wounded. At least 25-30 Māori were killed or missing.
708:
was frail, but the location of the redoubt on a hilltop, and the total span of the palisading gave their enemy the impression of greater strength than it actually possessed. In all, the total garrison of Gate Pā was about 230 men.
781:
across swamps to the east of Gate Pā under cover of darkness and rain to take up a position to the rear of the redoubt to cut off a Māori retreat. Those forces were joined by a detachment of the Naval Brigade from the warships
866:
As night fell, the Gate Pā garrison, assuming the site would be stormed the next morning, evacuated their position, passing through the lines of the 68th Regiment and fleeing across surrounding swamps before dispersing.
692:
Still hoping to provoke an attack, the 250 Ngāi Te Rangi fighters at Pukehinahina enlarged the existing trench and banks and transformed the pā into a system of two redoubts, including a honeycomb of
935:—36 members of Piri Rakau—had followed suit. The tribe gave up some 50,000 acres (200 km) of land and 81 guns, although they still retained a number of firearms in their possession.
829:
in the initial British assault force were shot as they entered the main pā, and inside the redoubt more fell as they engaged in hand-to-hand combat with Māori armed with shotguns and
793:. By daybreak on 29 April Cameron had a total of about 1650 men surrounding the pā: 700 of the 68th Regiment, 420 from the Naval Brigade, 300 of the 43rd Regiment, 50
951:
religious cult who arrived in exile about 1869 and Kuranui became a place of sanctuary for many people of different tribal origins. The community gave support to
422:
634:, on high ground at Te Waoku near the Waimapu Stream overlooking the Bay of Plenty, where they established a garrison of about 100 men. Ngāi Te Rangi chief
947:
that refused to surrender in 1864, fled into the hills behind Tauranga where they lived in hiding at Kuranui. With them were Ngati Porou followers of the
810:
300:
999:
battle. Adding the number of prisoners to those found dead inflated the number of the dead to 120—a number then universally accepted by historians.
931:
One hundred and thirty-three Ngāi Te Rangi warriors surrendered to the British on 24 July. By 29 August the entire tribe with the exception of one
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Alerted to their arrival, Ngāi Te Rangi warriors returned from the Waikato battlefields and built a hilltop fort, or
1124:
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696:, or anti-artillery bunkers. Ngāi Te Rangi garrisoned the main redoubt, and about 30 members of the Ngāti Koheriki
1473:
The People of Many Peaks: The Māori Biographies from the Dictionary of New Zealand Biographies, Vol. 1, 1769–1869
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1186:
613:
546:
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577:, through which he believed his enemy were transporting men and supplies from the East Coast. The local
545:(Kingitanga) Movement that was viewed by the colonial government as a challenge to the supremacy of the
1499:
1467:. Translated by John Crockett. Dunedin: University of Otago Press (Original Italian publication, 1896).
1504:
989:
Belich, citing an 1864 article, "Samuel Mitchell and the Victoria Cross", from an unknown periodical.
1098:
660:. On 27 April fighting broke out again on the coast, with Māori loyal to the Crown supported by the
625:, to remain strictly on the defensive, apart from intercepting armed bands en route to the Waikato.
1380:
1358:
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The New Zealand Wars: A History of the Maori Campaigns and the Pioneering Period, Vol. 1, 1845–1864
1081:
The New Zealand Wars: A History of the Maori Campaigns and the Pioneering Period, Vol. 1, 1845–1864
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that were fought over issues of land ownership and sovereignty. The campaign was a sequel to the
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near Lake Karapiro. Cameron switched his attention to Tauranga, arriving there on 21 April in
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1475:. Wellington: Bridget Williams Books and Department of Internal Affairs, New Zealand. 1990.
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and British corvettes firing on Kingite Māori as they were pursued through the sand dunes.
622:
593:, was ordered to blockade the harbour to prevent the arrival of more Māori reinforcements.
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when he ventured north to Matamata in early 1870. Te Kooti, having been rebuffed by King
746:. Within days Cameron decided he had sufficient forces to finally march against Gate Pā.
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and established his headquarters at Tauranga. In addition to the reinforcements on
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Gate Pā after its evacuation on 30 April, based on a sketch by Lieutenant
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manned the smaller redoubt. With timber scarce in surrounding swampland,
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1363:
The New Zealand Wars and the Victorian Interpretation of Racial Conflict
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204:
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Despite government hopes of peace, Kingite forces—newly reinforced by
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wrote to Colonel Moule urging him not to fight Te Kooti in his land.
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Though Cameron's strategy gained the enthusiastic support of Premier
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604:, Commander-in-Chief of British forces in New Zealand, 1863–1865.
1182:"Maori Casualties at Pukehinahina (Gate Pa), 29 April 1864""
754:, two 40-pounder and two six-pounder Armstrongs, two 24-pounder
838:
1424:
1423:. Auckland: Auckland War Memorial Museum: 37–52 – via
630:
1413:"Maori Casualties at Pukehinahina (Gate Pa), 29 April 1864"
845:
837:
hundred of the assaulting column were casualties, and the
616:
to open fresh territory for European settlement, Governor
1394:
Frontier: The Battle for the North Island of New Zealand
656:
Māori on 7 April in a two-day battle on the shores of
1154:. Ministry for Culture and Heritage. 20 December 2012
1105:. Ministry for Culture and Heritage. 20 December 2012
770:, the first victims of the British cannon shots were
1027:. Vol. 7, no. 683. 13 May 1864. p. 5.
777:Late in the night Greer moved his 700 men from the
1458:(2 ed.). Wellington: Oxford University Press.
1127:(1922). "41, Arawa defeat of East Coast tribes".
1491:
1179:
712:On 5 April, Cameron abandoned hope of pursuing
612:and his cabinet, who were keen to use the 1863
565:In late January 1864 British commander General
581:Māori were hostile to the government, a major
1456:The Oxford Illustrated History of New Zealand
1245:
976:Belich is citing an account of the battle by
870:
700:and another 10 men from Piri-Rikau and other
416:
27:Armed conflict in New Zealand's bay of Plenty
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1344:, Auckland University Press 1996, p202-203.
1283:Ka Whawhai Tonu Matou: Struggle Without End
573:—despatched by sea an expedition to occupy
1465:History of New Zealand and its Inhabitants
1316:"Battle of Gate Pā remembered in Tauranga"
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824:The attack on the pā (from a British book)
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1436:. Martinborough, NZ: Alister Taylor.
1434:Te Riri Pakeha: The White Man's Anger
1133:. Wellington: RNZ Government Printer.
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1084:. Wellington: RNZ Government Printer.
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887:
720:after his foe evacuated the besieged
404:
395:98 to 123 killed and 12 to 17 wounded
1078:(1922). "42, Gate Pā and Te Ranga".
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430:
1520:History of the Bay of Plenty Region
817:killing about 15 of the defenders.
24:
1351:
1285:. Auckland: Penguin. p. 127.
1049:. Sydney: Sydney University Press.
762:mortars. According to accounts by
758:, two eight-inch mortars, and six
25:
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1417:Records of the Auckland Museum
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1187:Records of the Auckland Museum
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774:ministers conducting prayers.
68:21 January 1864 - 21 June 1864
13:
1:
1463:Vaggioli, Dom Felici (2000).
1396:. Auckland: Celebrity Books.
1006:
716:leader and prominent Kingite
676:Plan of the attack on Gate Pā
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722:Te Tiki o te Ihingarangi pā
553:including their commander,
541:, which aimed to crush the
56:Monument to Rāwiri Puhirake
10:
1536:
1152:New Zealand History Online
1103:New Zealand History Online
871:Reaction to British defeat
1021:"March on the Enemy's Pa"
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614:confiscations legislation
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392:44 killed and 119 wounded
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1411:Prickett, Nigel (2004).
1180:Prickett, Nigel (2004).
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943:Piri Rakau, the Waikato
1392:Maxwell, Peter (2000).
477:Invasion of the Waikato
1432:Simpson, Tony (1979).
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904:Te Ranga battleground.
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260:Royal Marine Artillery
133:Commanders and leaders
1365:. Auckland: Penguin.
1257:. Auckland: Penguin.
1045:Dalton, B.J. (1967).
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1255:The New Zealand Wars
459:Hutt Valley campaign
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1099:"Invitation to war"
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648:tribe based around
600:Lieutenant-General
539:invasion of Waikato
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1324:. Retrieved
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1156:. Retrieved
1151:
1129:
1125:Cowan, James
1119:
1107:. Retrieved
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1076:Cowan, James
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101:Belligerents
42:Part of the
29:
1340:J. Binney,
1158:10 December
978:Hōri Ngātai
813:Regiments.
784:Esk, Falcon
768:Hōri Ngātai
739:arrived on
618:George Grey
527:New Zealand
509:(1868–1872)
503:(1868–1869)
497:(1865–1866)
491:(1863–1866)
479:(1863–1864)
473:(1860–1861)
361:Ngāti Porou
82:New Zealand
1494:Categories
1482:0908912196
1387:. Penguin.
1109:6 December
1007:References
949:Pai Mārire
714:Ngāti Hauā
706:palisading
654:East Coast
621:Brigadier
561:Background
543:Māori King
205:Royal Navy
1216:Q58623340
1200:1174-9202
1194:: 37–52.
1148:"Gate Pā"
964:Footnotes
939:Aftermath
788:HMS
756:howitzers
741:HMS
726:HMS
583:gunpowder
1515:Tauranga
1383:(1996).
1361:(1986).
1320:TV3 News
1281:(1990).
1253:(1986).
1212:Wikidata
1208:42905869
953:Te Kooti
737:Auckland
575:Tauranga
374:Strength
342:Tauranga
73:Location
957:Tāwhiao
790:Miranda
760:Coehorn
650:Rotorua
590:Miranda
325:Militia
254:Eclipse
246:Harrier
230:Curacoa
214:Miranda
173:†
1479:
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1369:
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1214:
1206:
1198:
839:glacis
743:Falcon
641:Pākehā
485:(1864)
467:(1847)
461:(1846)
455:(1845)
449:(1843)
322:
238:Falcon
169:
112:
89:Result
1425:JSTOR
1326:5 May
1204:JSTOR
1477:ISBN
1438:ISBN
1398:ISBN
1367:ISBN
1328:2014
1287:ISBN
1259:ISBN
1196:ISSN
1160:2013
1111:2013
945:hapu
933:hapu
922:mere
910:hapu
831:mere
811:65th
809:and
807:40th
803:14th
799:12th
786:and
766:and
702:hapu
698:hapu
588:HMS
521:The
379:1700
252:HMS
244:HMS
236:HMS
228:HMS
220:HMS
212:HMS
65:Date
912:of
733:Esk
728:Esk
694:rua
529:'s
382:500
222:Esk
1496::
1421:41
1419:.
1415:.
1318:.
1224:^
1210:.
1202:.
1192:41
1190:.
1184:.
1168:^
1150:.
1139:^
1101:.
1090:^
1055:^
1033:^
1023:.
805:,
801:,
631:pā
557:.
549:.
117::
80:,
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1446:.
1427:.
1406:.
1375:.
1330:.
1295:.
1267:.
1218:.
1162:.
1113:.
853:.
688:.
424:e
417:t
410:v
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
