Battle of Crécy - Knowledge

1622: 1673: 1669:. This was disordered by its impromptu nature, by having to force its way through the fleeing Italians, by the muddy ground, by having to charge uphill, and by the pits dug by the English. The attack was further broken up by the heavy and effective shooting from the English archers, which caused many casualties. It is likely the archers preserved their ammunition until they had a reasonable chance of penetrating the French armour, which would be at a range of about 80 metres (260 ft). The armoured French riders had some protection, but their horses were completely unarmoured and were killed or wounded in large numbers. Disabled horses fell, spilling or trapping their riders and causing following ranks to swerve to avoid them and fall into even further disorder. Wounded horses fled across the hillside in panic. By the time the tight formation of English men-at-arms and spearmen received the French charge it had lost much of its impetus. 1608:, with more than 500 men-at-arms, was marching to join the French and was nearby. (He intercepted some of the French survivors the day after the battle). Despite this advice, the French attacked later the same afternoon; it is unclear from the contemporary sources whether this was a deliberate choice by Philip, or because too many of the French knights kept pressing forward and the battle commenced against his wishes. Philip's plan was to use the long-range missiles of his crossbowmen to soften up the English infantry and disorder, and possibly dishearten, their formations, so as to allow the accompanying mounted men-at-arms to break into their ranks and rout them. Modern historians have generally considered this to have been a practical approach, and one with proven success against other armies. 1726: 1065: 1807: 1473: 1430: 1596:, while Philip commanded the rearguard. As news filtered back that the English had turned to fight, the French contingents sped up, jostling with each other to reach the front of the column. The Italians stayed in the van, while the mounted men-at-arms left their accompanying infantry and wagons behind. Discipline was lost; the French were hampered by the absence of their Constable, who was normally responsible for marshalling and leading their army, but who had been captured at Caen. Once it halted, men, especially infantry, were continually joining Philip's battle as they marched north west from Abbeville. 964: 61: 1355: 358: 1637:, indicating that no prisoners would be taken. As they advanced, a sudden rainstorm broke over the field. The English archers de-strung their bows to avoid the strings becoming slackened. A contemporary account, followed by some modern historians, has the rain weakening the Genoese crossbows' strings, reducing their power and range; other modern historians state that their bowstrings were protected by leather coverings and so the Genoese were as unaffected by the storm as the English archers. 1755: 1161: 1687:

on them. Alençon was among those killed. The French attack was beaten off. English infantry moved forward to knife the French wounded, loot the bodies and recover arrows. Some sources say Edward had given orders that, contrary to custom, no prisoners be taken; outnumbered as he was he did not want to lose fighting men to escorting and guarding captives. In any event, there is no record of any prisoners being taken until the next day, after the battle.

1717:

melting away from the battlefield. The English slept where they had fought. The next morning substantial French forces were still arriving on the battlefield, to be charged by the English men-at-arms, now mounted, routed and pursued for miles. Their losses alone were reported as several thousand, including the Duke of Lorraine. Meanwhile, a few wounded or stunned Frenchmen were pulled from the heaps of dead men and dying horses and taken prisoner.

1691:"long mounds of fallen warhorses and men ... add significantly to the difficulties facing fresh formations ... as they sought to approach the English position." Nevertheless, they charged home, albeit in such a disordered state that they were again unable to break into the English formation. A prolonged mêlée resulted, with a report that at one point the Prince of Wales was beaten to his knees. One account has the Prince's 1157:, 20 miles (30 km) from Paris, having left a 20-mile-wide swathe of destruction down the left bank of the Seine, burning villages to within 2 miles (3 km) of Paris. Philip's army marched parallel to the English on the other bank, and in turn encamped north of Paris, where it was steadily reinforced. Paris was in uproar, swollen with refugees, and preparations were made to defend the capital street by street. 1319: 1747:

lower-born foot soldiers, as their equipment was not worth looting. No reliable figures exist for losses among them, although their casualties were also considered to have been heavy, and a large number were said to have been wounded with arrows. The dead on the second day of battle alone were said to have been exceptionally numerous, with estimates varying from 2,000 to, according to Edward

365: 1181:. Philip sent a challenge on 14 August suggesting that the two armies do battle at a mutually agreed time and place in the area. Edward indicated that he would meet Philip to the south of the Seine, without actually committing himself. On 16 August the French moved into position; Edward promptly burnt down Poissy, destroyed the bridge there, and marched north. 1038:, the formal call to arms for all able-bodied males, was announced for the south of France. French financial, logistical and manpower efforts were focused on this offensive. Derby, now Lancaster, sent an urgent appeal for help to Edward. Edward was not only morally obliged to succour his vassal but contractually required to; his 1739:

has been suggested by some modern historians that this is too few and that English deaths might have numbered around three hundred. To date, only two Englishmen killed at the battle have been identified; two English knights were also taken prisoner, although it is unclear at what stage in the battle this happened.

1292:, going by the carrying capacity of its original transport fleet, believes the force was around 7,000 to 10,000. Up to a thousand men were convicted felons serving on the promise of a pardon at the end of the campaign. Many of the English, including many of the felons, were veterans; perhaps as many as half. 1699:

to prevent its capture. A modern historian has described the fighting as "horrific carnage". Edward sent forward a detachment from his reserve battle to rescue the situation. The French were again repulsed. They came again. The English ranks were thinned, but those in the rear stepped forward to fill

1652:

The knights and nobles following in Alençon's division, hampered by the routed mercenaries, hacked at them as they retreated. By most contemporary accounts the crossbowmen were considered cowards at best and more likely traitors, and many of them were killed by the French. The clash of the retreating

1350:

of 24 arrows as standard. During the morning of the battle, they were each issued two more quivers, for a total of 72 arrows per man. This was sufficient for perhaps fifteen minutes' shooting at the maximum rate, although as the battle wore on the rate would slow. Regular resupply of ammunition would

1193:

and sent large detachments to hold every bridge and ford across the Somme between Amiens and the sea. The English were now trapped in an area which had been stripped of food. The French moved out of Amiens and advanced westwards, towards the English. They were now willing to give battle, knowing they

1738:

The losses in the battle were highly asymmetrical. All contemporary sources agree that English casualties were very low. It was reported that English deaths comprised three or four men-at-arms and a small number of the rank and file, for a total of forty according to a roll-call after the battle. It

1644:

more than three times greater. The crossbowmen were also without their protective pavises, which were still with the French baggage, as were their reserve supplies of ammunition. The mud also impeded their ability to reload, which required them to press the stirrups of their weapons into the ground,

1345:

arrows could penetrate typical plate armour of the time at 225 metres (738 ft). The depth of penetration would be slight at that range; predicted penetration increased as the range closed or against armour of less than the best quality available at the time. Contemporary sources speak of arrows

1045:

Meanwhile, Edward was raising a fresh army, and assembled more than 700 vessels to transport it – the largest English fleet ever to that date. The French were aware of Edward's efforts, and to guard against the possibility of an English landing in northern France, relied on their powerful navy. This

975:

There followed eight years of intermittent but expensive and inconclusive warfare: Edward campaigned three times in northern France to no effect; Gascony was left almost entirely to its own devices and the French made significant inroads in attritional warfare. In early 1345 Edward attempted another

1819:

on 13 September in glowing terms as a sign of divine favour and justification for the huge cost of the war to date. A contemporary chronicler opined "By haste and disorganisation were the French destroyed." Rogers writes that, among other factors, the English "benefitted from superior organisation,

1703:

How many times the French charged is disputed, but they continued late into the night, with the dusk and then dark disorganising the French yet further. All had the same result: fierce fighting followed by a French retreat. In one attack the Count of Blois dismounted his men and had them advance on

1690:

Fresh forces of French cavalry moved into position at the foot of the hill and repeated Alençon's charge. They had the same problems as Alençon's force, with the added disadvantage that the ground they were advancing over was littered with dead and wounded horses and men. Ayton and Preston write of

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which ensued as "murderous, without pity, cruel, and very horrible." Men-at-arms who lost their footing, or who were thrown from wounded horses, were trampled underfoot, crushed by falling horses and bodies and suffocated in the mud. After the battle, many French bodies were recovered with no marks

1459:

Since Philip came to the throne, French armies had included an increasing proportion of crossbowmen. As there were few archers in France, they were usually recruited from abroad, typically Genoa; their foreign origin led to them frequently being labelled mercenaries. They were professional soldiers

1455:

The French men-at-arms were equipped similarly to the English. They were mounted on entirely unarmoured horses and carried wooden lances, usually ash, tipped with iron and approximately 4 metres (13 ft) long. Many of the men-at-arms in the French army were foreigners: many joined individually

1242:

and gave up their expedition on 24 August. Edward received the news that he would not be reinforced by the Flemings shortly after crossing the Somme. The ships which were expected to be waiting off Crotoy were nowhere to be seen. Edward decided to engage Philip's army with the force he had. Having

1716:

was a particular target for the English archers; he was seen to fall but survived, albeit abandoning the sacred banner to be captured. Finally, Philip abandoned the field of battle, although it is unclear why. It was nearly midnight and the battle petered out, with the majority of the French army

1439:

These numbers are described by historians as exaggerated and unrealistic, on the basis of the extant war treasury records for 1340, six years before the battle. Clifford Rogers estimates "the French host was at least twice as large as the , and perhaps as much as three times." According to modern

1648:

The Italians were rapidly defeated and fled; aware of their vulnerability without their pavises, they may have made only a token effort. Modern historians disagree as to how many casualties they suffered; some contemporary sources suggest they may have failed to get off any shots at all, while a

1527:

them. The position had a ready line of retreat in the event that the English were defeated or put under intolerable pressure. While waiting for the French to catch up with them, the English dug pits in front of their positions, intended to disorder attacking cavalry, and set up several primitive

1226:

routed the French. The main French army had followed the English, and their scouts captured some stragglers and several wagons, but Edward had broken free of immediate pursuit. Such was the French confidence that Edward would not ford the Somme that the area beyond had not been denuded, allowing

1172:

Philip sent orders to Duke John of Normandy insisting that he abandon the siege of Aiguillon and march his army north, which after delay and vacillation he did on 20 August – though he would ultimately not arrive in time to change the course of events in the north. The French army outside Paris

1708:

to those of his attendants and galloped into the twilight; all were dragged from their horses and killed. There are accounts of entire English battles advancing on occasion to clear away broken French charges milling in front of them, then withdrawing in good order to their original positions.

1556:, with 800 men-at-arms and 1,200 archers. Behind them, the King commanded the reserve battle, with 700 men-at-arms and 2,000 archers. Each division was composed of men-at-arms in the centre, all on foot, with ranks of spearmen immediately behind them, and with longbowmen on each flank and in a 1188:

policy, carrying away all stores of food and so forcing the English to spread out over a wide area to forage, which greatly slowed them. Bands of French peasants attacked some of the smaller groups of foragers. Philip reached the River Somme a day's march ahead of Edward. He based himself at

1746:

after the battle, the bodies of 1,542 French noble men-at-arms were found (perhaps not including the hundreds who died in the clash of the following day). More than 2,200 heraldic coats were reportedly taken from the field of battle as war booty by the English. No such count was made of the

1653:

Genoese and the advancing French cavalry threw the leading battle into disarray. The longbowmen continued to shoot into the massed troops. The discharge of the English bombards added to the confusion, though contemporary accounts differ as to whether they inflicted significant casualties.

1903:

The number of the Genoese crossbowmen is variously given as two, four, and six thousand. Schnerb questions the higher figure, based on estimates that 2,000 crossbowmen were available in all of France in 1340, and doubts that Genoa alone could have recruited several thousand crossbowmen.

1315:, typically made from thin wood overlaid with leather, were carried. The English men-at-arms were all dismounted. The weapons they used are not recorded, but in similar battles they used their lances as pikes, cut them down to use as short spears, or fought with swords and battle axes. 1532:

and flanked by archers. The army had been in position since dawn, and so was rested and well-fed, giving them an advantage over the French, who did not rest before the battle. Having decisively defeated a large French detachment two days before, the English troops' morale was high.

1421:

all note it as being extremely large for the period. The two who provide totals estimate its size as 72,000 or 120,000. The numbers of mounted men-at-arms are given as either 12,000 or 20,000. An Italian chronicler claimed 100,000 knights (men-at-arms), 12,000 infantry and 5,000

887:. These were disordered by their impromptu nature, by having to force their way through the fleeing crossbowmen, by the muddy ground, by having to charge uphill, and by the pits dug by the English. The attacks were further broken up by the effective fire from the English 1464: – very large shields with their own bearers, behind each of which three crossbowmen could shelter. A trained crossbowman could shoot his weapon approximately twice a minute to a shorter effective range than a longbowman of about 200 metres (220 yd). 1835:

for two hundred years. The battle established the effectiveness of the longbow as a dominant weapon on the Western European battlefield. English and Welsh archers served as mercenaries in Italy in significant numbers, and some as far afield as Hungary. Modern historian

1814:

The result of the battle is described by Clifford Rogers as "a total victory for the English", and by Ayton as "unprecedented" and "a devastating military humiliation". Sumption considers it "a political catastrophe for the French Crown". The battle was reported to the

1621: 1603:

was held where the senior French officials, who were completely confident of victory, advised an attack, but not until the next day. The army was tired from a 12-mile march, and needed to reorganise so as to be able to attack in strength. It was also known that the

1408: in) in diameter. Contemporary accounts and modern historians differ as to what types of these weapons and how many were present at Crécy, but several iron balls compatible with the bombard ammunition have since been retrieved from the site of the battle. 1519:, at Crécy-en-Ponthieu. This was in an area which Edward had inherited from his mother and well known to several of the English; it has been suggested that the position had long been considered a suitable site for a battle. The left flank was anchored against 1268:

disaffected with Philip VI and a few German mercenaries, the foreigners constituting probably no more than 150 in number. The exact size and composition of the English force is not known. Contemporary estimates vary widely; for example

1649:

recent specialist study of this duel concludes that they hastily shot perhaps two volleys, then withdrew before any real exchange with the English could develop. Italian casualties in this phase of the battle were probably light.

1340:

used by the English and Welsh archers was unique to them; it took up to ten years to master and could discharge up to ten arrows per minute well over 300 metres (980 ft). A computer analysis in 2017 demonstrated that heavy

1456:

out of a spirit of adventure and the attractive rates of pay offered. Others were in contingents contributed by Philip's allies: three kings, a prince-bishop, a duke and three counts led entourages from non-French territories.

1351:

be required from the wagons to the rear; the archers would also venture forward during pauses in the fighting to retrieve arrows. Modern historians suggest that half a million arrows could have been shot during the battle.

1106:. On 29 July Edward sent his fleet back to England, laden with loot, with a letter ordering that reinforcements, supplies and money be collected, embarked and loaded respectively, and sent to rendezvous with his army at 1564:

was positioned to the rear of the whole army, where it was circled and fortified, to serve as a park for the horses, a defence against any possible attack from the rear and a rallying point in the event of defeat.

1205:

before moving west along the river. English supplies were running out and the army was ragged, starving and beginning to suffer from a drop in morale. On the evening of 24 August the English were encamped north of

1552:(the 'constable' and 'marshal' of the army, respectively), commanded the vanguard with 800 men-at-arms, 2,000 archers and 1,000 foot soldiers including Welsh spearmen. To its left, the other battle was led by the 1015:

In March 1346 a French army numbering between 15,000 and 20,000, "enormously superior" to any force the Anglo-Gascons could field, including all the military officers of the royal household, and commanded by

1416:

The exact size of the French army is even less certain, as the financial records from the Crécy campaign are lost, although there is consensus that it was substantially larger than the English. Contemporary

1279:

more than doubles his estimate in the first. Modern historians have estimated its size as from 7,000 to 15,000. Andrew Ayton suggests a figure of around 14,000: 2,500 men-at-arms, 5,000 longbowmen, 3,000

956:

in Paris agreed that the lands held by Edward in France should be taken back into Philip's hands on the grounds that Edward was in breach of his obligations as a vassal. This marked the start of the

1704:

foot; the Count's body was found on the field. The French nobility stubbornly refused to yield. There was no lack of courage on either side. Famously, blind King John of Bohemia tied his horse's

899:

was described as "murderous, without pity, cruel, and very horrible." The French charges continued late into the night, all with the same result: fierce fighting followed by a French retreat.

1820:

cohesion and leadership" and from "the indiscipline of the French". According to Ayton "England's international reputation as a military power was established in an evening's hard fighting."

1877:

This range is given by material scientists and is supported by most modern historians. Some historians argue that the range of a longbow would not have exceeded 200 metres (660 ft).

1311:: open-faced iron or steel helmets, with mail attached to the lower edge of the helmet to protect the throat, neck and shoulders. A moveable visor (face guard) protected the face. 1133:

in the south west. After his surprise landing in Normandy, Edward was devastating some of the richest land in France and flaunting his ability to march at will through France. On 2

1090:, on 12 July 1346. They achieved complete strategic surprise and marched south. Edward's soldiers razed every town in their path and looted whatever they could from the populace. 906:. The battle crippled the French army's ability to relieve the siege; the town fell to the English the following year and remained under English rule for more than two centuries, 1787:

ideals held by knights of the time, since nobles would have preferred to die in battle, rather than dishonourably flee the field, especially in view of their fellow knights.

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Ayton, Andrew & Preston, Sir Philip (2007) . "Topography and Archery: Further Reflections on the Battle of Crécy". In Ayton, Andrew & Preston, Philip (eds.).

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gunpowder weapons. Edward wished to provoke the French into a mounted charge uphill against his solid infantry formations of dismounted men-at-arms, backed by Welsh

1452:

and levies of variable levels of equipment and training, were present is not known with any certainty, except that on their own they outnumbered the English army.

5272: 1890:

When computer modelling from 2006 was matched against the performance of replica bows, these were found to be "in good agreement with experimental measurements".

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invaded France from Flanders; French defences there were completely inadequate. The treasury was all but empty. On 29 July, Philip proclaimed the

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August, the English reached the Seine, 12 miles (19 km) south of Rouen, and turned south-east. By 12 August, Edward's army was encamped at

5378:

Schnerb, Bertrand (2007) . "Vassals, Allies and Mercenaries: the French Army before and after 1346". In Ayton, Andrew; Preston, Philip (eds.).

5348: 984:, it was scattered by a storm. There were further delays and it proved impossible to take any action with this force before winter. Meanwhile, 6057: 6027: 4715:"'Then a Great Misfortune Befell Them': the Laws of War on Surrender and the Killing of Prisoners on the Battlefield in the Hundred Years War" 1827:, which fell after eleven months, the Battle of Crécy having crippled the French army's ability to relieve the town. This secured an English 456: 5932: 622: 6017: 4585: 4182: 4669: 4670:"'According to the Custom used in French and Scottish wars': Prisoners and Casualties on the Scottish Marches in the Fourteenth Century" 4649: 1864:

During the 1345 campaign he was known as the Earl of Derby, but his father died in September 1345 and he became the Earl of Lancaster.

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with Lancaster stated that if Lancaster were attacked by overwhelming numbers, then Edward "shall rescue him in one way or another".

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estimated 15,000–16,000. Froissart writes that the French army suffered a total of 30,000 killed or captured. The modern historian

1712:

Philip himself was caught up in the fighting, had two horses killed under him, and received an arrow in the jaw. The bearer of the

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on 12 July. It had burnt a path of destruction through some of the richest lands in France to within 2 miles (3 km) of Paris,

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No reliable figures exist for losses among the common French soldiery, although they were also considered to have been heavy.

1368:

The English army was also equipped with several types of gunpowder weapons, in unknown numbers: small guns firing lead balls;

1098:

and subsequently looted for five days. More than 5,000 French soldiers and civilians were killed; among the few prisoners was

5881: 5621: 5596: 5577: 5553: 5516: 5478: 5452: 5428: 5406: 5387: 5361: 5337: 5316: 5297: 5258: 5213: 5091: 5069: 5050: 5031: 5000: 4964: 4940: 4921: 4898: 4846: 4791: 4770: 4643: 4559: 4530: 4469: 4450: 4423: 4399: 4366: 4339: 4315: 4283: 4261: 4242: 4223: 4197: 1568:

Around noon on 26 August French scouts, advancing north from Abbeville, came in sight of the English. The crossbowmen, under

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The French military position was difficult. Their main army, commanded by John, Duke of Normandy, the son and heir of Philip

860:

many towns on the way. The English then marched north, hoping to link up with an allied Flemish army which had invaded from

617: 5754: 5749: 5739: 5719: 813: 798: 788: 763: 502: 427: 558: 5811: 5714: 5677: 1515:

Edward deployed his army in a carefully selected position, facing south east on a sloping hillside, broken by copses and

1247:. The French returned to Abbeville, crossed the Somme at the bridge there, and doggedly set off after the English again. 1194:

would have the advantage of standing on the defensive while the English were forced to try to fight their way past them.

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in Flanders until 22 July, while Edward attended to diplomatic affairs. When it sailed, probably intending to land in

5891: 5759: 4522: 4372: 808: 1523:, while the right was protected by Crécy itself and the River Maye beyond. This made it difficult for the French to 6062: 1099: 1640:

The Genoese engaged the English longbowmen in an archery duel. The longbowmen outranged their opponents and had a

3074: 903: 551: 17: 4747: 1725: 1581: 357: 219: 6042: 5670: 5219: 1560:

line to their front. Many of the longbowmen were concealed in small woods, or by lying down in ripe wheat. The

1197:

Edward was determined to break the French blockade of the Somme and probed at several points, vainly attacking

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Rogers, Clifford J. (2008). "The Battle of Agincourt". In Villalon, L. J. Andrew; Donald J., Kagay (eds.).

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estimates, 8,000 mounted men-at-arms formed the core of the French army, supported by two to six thousand

6047: 4722: 4677: 4293: 483: 5957: 393: 6037: 1806: 1763:

A disproportionate number of magnates featured among the slain on the French side, including one king (

1605: 271: 4480: 1742:

The French casualties are considered to have been very high. According to a count made by the English

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of 1066, English monarchs had held titles and lands within France, the possession of which made them

284: 245: 71: 5367: 4233:

Ayton, Andrew (2007c) . "The English Army at Crécy". In Ayton, Andrew & Preston, Philip (eds.).

600: 6032: 6007: 5060:

Prestwich, Michael (2007b) . "The Battle of Crécy". In Ayton, Andrew & Preston, Philip (eds.).

4910:"The Longbow-Crossbow Shootout at Crécy (1346): Has the "Rate of Fire Commonplace" Been Overrated?" 4512: 1593: 992:

at the head of an Anglo-Gascon army. He heavily defeated two large French armies at the battles of

258: 1243:

temporarily shaken off the French pursuit, he used the respite to prepare a defensive position at

6012: 5791: 4986: 1541: 989: 701: 696: 509: 493: 466: 191: 4618: 4387: 4203: 5967: 5744: 1824: 1631:

The French army moved forward late in the afternoon, unfurling their sacred battle banner, the

1448:, and a "large, though indeterminate, number of common infantry". How many common infantrymen, 1423: 1307:

on the body and limbs, more so for wealthier and more experienced men. Heads were protected by

1223: 1046:

reliance was misplaced, and the French were unable to prevent Edward successfully crossing the

907: 865: 793: 541: 31: 5607:

A Brief History of Medieval Warfare: The Rise and Fall of English Supremacy at Arms, 1314–1485

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The Medieval Way of War: Studies in Medieval Military History in Honor of Bernard S. Bachrach

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Ayton, Andrew (2007b) . "The Crécy Campaign". In Ayton, Andrew & Preston, Philip (eds.).

1816: 1516: 1095: 1083: 968: 957: 942: 846: 783: 749: 536: 52: 5614:

Essay on Medieval Military History: Strategy, Military Revolution, and the Hundred Years War

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VI, marched on Gascony. They besieged the strategically and logistically important town of

580: 488: 451: 1426:. Contemporary chroniclers estimated the crossbowmen present as between 2,000 and 20,000. 1244: 869: 803: 95: 8: 5982: 5942: 5906: 5837: 5827: 5734: 3042: 1683: 1441: 1288:

suggests 15,000: 2,500 men-at-arms, 7,000 longbowmen, 3,250 hobelars and 2,300 spearmen.

1165: 1103: 997: 931: 896: 868:

the pursuing French, Edward had his army prepare a defensive position on a hillside near

830: 778: 681: 664: 570: 519: 232: 207: 5508:

Edward III and the Triumph of England: The Battle of Crécy and the Company of the Garter

4516: 1429: 691: 5977: 5962: 5937: 5801: 5244: 5175: 5146: 5134: 5118: 4758: 4739: 4694: 4610: 1662: 1537: 1472: 1285: 1130: 993: 880: 861: 853: 642: 526: 514: 168: 155: 5947: 4690: 1094:, the cultural, political, religious and financial centre of north west Normandy, was 895:, who had dismounted for the battle, they had lost much of their impetus. The ensuing 872:. Late on 26 August the French army, which greatly outnumbered the English, attacked. 5952: 5832: 5625: 5617: 5592: 5573: 5557: 5549: 5534: 5512: 5474: 5448: 5424: 5416: 5402: 5383: 5357: 5333: 5312: 5293: 5264: 5254: 5209: 5179: 5138: 5126: 5087: 5065: 5046: 5027: 4996: 4960: 4936: 4917: 4894: 4877: 4857: 4842: 4808: 4787: 4766: 4743: 4698: 4639: 4581: 4555: 4536: 4526: 4465: 4446: 4419: 4395: 4362: 4335: 4311: 4279: 4257: 4238: 4219: 4193: 1524: 1445: 1289: 1198: 1017: 981: 627: 590: 446: 211: 163: 4614: 4586:"Inter-frontal Cooperation in the Fourteenth Century and Edward III's 1346 Campaign" 2562: 1059: 891:, which caused heavy casualties. By the time the French charges reached the English 842: 531: 48: 5236: 5167: 5110: 4869: 4731: 4686: 4602: 4271: 1666: 1561: 1377: 1360: 1328: 829:

took place on 26 August 1346 in northern France between a French army commanded by

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Rogers, Clifford (1993). "Edward III and the Dialectics of Strategy, 1327–1360".

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estimates 10,000 infantry, as "a pure guess", for a total of 12,000 French dead.

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on 14 August. After several setbacks they fell out among themselves, burnt their

1219: 1207: 1047: 1009: 923: 838: 686: 478: 186: 3110: 5502: 5171: 5158: 4606: 4593: 4508: 1832: 1600: 1185: 953: 659: 66: 5662: 4873: 1303:

which covered the body and limbs. This was supplemented by varying amounts of

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The Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology, Volume 1

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campaign in the north; his main army sailed on 29 June and anchored off

883:. The French then launched a series of cavalry charges by their mounted 5538: 5122: 4349: 4301: 1783:. According to Ayton, these heavy losses can also be attributed to the 1776: 1730: 1557: 5250:

The Bergerac Campaign (1345) and the Generalship of Henry of Lancaster

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for northern France, ordering every able-bodied male to assemble at

930:

of the kings of France. Following a series of disagreements between

2931: 2929: 1784: 1580:. Following was a large battle of mounted men-at-arms led by Count 1577: 1308: 1296: 1231: 1138: 1087: 65:

The Battle of Crécy, from a 15th-century illuminated manuscript of

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War Cruel and Sharp: English Strategy under Edward III, 1327–1360

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Pratt, P.L. (2010). "Testing the Bows". In Hardy, Robert (ed.).

4638:(reprint of 4th ed.). Yeovil, Somerset: Haynes Publishing. 4445:. London: Routledge (published 5 March 2015). pp. 309–322. 2953: 2926: 2610: 2294: 2270: 2246: 1380:, an early form of cannon firing metal balls 80–90 millimetres ( 5647:. Edited by Edward Maunde Thompson. London: Rolls Series, 1889. 5151:"The Efficacy of the English Longbow: A Reply to Kelly DeVries" 3558: 3556: 3309: 3307: 2863: 2819: 2499: 2415: 1780: 1743: 1705: 1347: 1230:

Meanwhile, the Flemings, having been rebuffed by the French at

1190: 1154: 927: 4916:. Leiden: Brill (published 29 August 2008). pp. 233–257. 3972: 3363: 3361: 3208: 1160: 875:

During a brief archery duel a large force of French mercenary

4956:

A History of the Art of War in the Middle Ages: 1278–1485 A.D

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and mounted men-at-arms waded into the tidal river and after

1214:. During the night the English marched on a tidal ford named 1146: 977: 4858:"Numerical Analysis of English Bows used in Battle of Crécy" 4298:"The Development of Battle Tactics in the Hundred Years War" 4023: 3738: 3568: 3553: 3529: 3319: 3304: 3268: 3220: 3145: 3135: 3133: 3131: 3129: 2902: 2729: 2528: 2526: 2511: 2357: 1000:, captured more than 100 French towns and fortifications in 4891:

Mercenaries and their Masters: Warfare in Renaissance Italy

3999: 3894: 3892: 3890: 3888: 3786: 3728: 3726: 3580: 3456: 3454: 3439: 3390: 3388: 3358: 3348: 3346: 3280: 3256: 3198: 3196: 2914: 2369: 2347: 2345: 2210: 2186: 2174: 2027: 1772: 1091: 5659:. Edited by J. Strachey et al., 6 vols. London: 1767–1783. 4855: 4361:. Oxford: Osprey Publishing (published 13 November 2002). 3987: 3870: 3694: 3631: 3597: 3595: 3400: 3244: 2840: 2741: 2568: 2128: 2126: 2000: 1318: 1260:

The English army comprised almost exclusively English and

914:

as a dominant weapon on the Western European battlefield.

5026:. Yeovil, Somerset: Haynes Publishing. pp. 205–217. 4912:. In L. J. Andrew Villalon & Donald J. Kagay (eds.). 4134: 3938: 3936: 3923: 3921: 3919: 3519: 3517: 3181: 3126: 2984: 2982: 2980: 2797: 2795: 2780: 2702: 2700: 2687: 2685: 2523: 2487: 2405: 2403: 2401: 2399: 5382:. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell Press. pp. 265–272. 5064:. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell Press. pp. 139–157. 4307:

Arms, Armies and Fortifications in the Hundred Years War

4256:. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell Press. pp. 351–377. 4237:. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell Press. pp. 159–251. 4074: 4064: 4062: 4011: 3960: 3885: 3723: 3670: 3490: 3466: 3451: 3385: 3343: 3193: 2853: 2851: 2849: 2719: 2717: 2715: 2634: 2342: 1284:(light cavalry and mounted archers) and 3,500 spearmen. 1218:. The far bank was defended by a force of 3,500 French. 5568:

Livingston, Michael & DeVries, Kelly, eds. (2016).

4804:

The Low Countries and the Hundred Years' War: 1326–1347

4783:

The Road to Crécy: The English Invasion of France, 1346

4218:. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell Press. pp. 35–108. 4098: 3810: 3750: 3682: 3619: 3592: 3478: 3373: 3331: 3292: 3157: 2807: 2758: 2756: 2646: 2538: 2451: 2386: 2384: 2318: 2123: 2087: 2063: 2051: 1976: 1964: 1916: 1677:

Battle of Crécy, as envisaged 80 years after the battle

864:. Hearing that the Flemish had turned back, and having 30:"Crecy" and "Crécy" redirect here. For other uses, see 5653:. Edited by G. J. Aungier. Camden Series XXVIII, 1844. 4158: 4110: 3933: 3916: 3658: 3514: 3415: 2977: 2880: 2878: 2792: 2697: 2682: 2670: 2396: 2330: 1928: 1536:

The English army was divided in three battalions, or "

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recruited by and hired from the major trading city of

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Henry of Grosmont, First Duke of Lancaster, 1310–1361

4310:. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell Press. pp. 1–20. 4192:. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell Press. pp. 1–34. 4146: 4122: 4086: 4059: 4047: 4035: 3948: 3846: 3834: 3798: 3502: 3427: 3062: 3030: 2941: 2846: 2712: 2574: 2550: 2475: 2439: 2306: 2282: 2234: 2150: 2138: 2099: 2075: 2039: 2017: 2015: 4856:

Magier, Mariusz; Nowak, Adrian; et al. (2017).

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Henry of Lancaster's Expedition to Aquitaine 1345–46

3822: 3018: 3006: 2994: 2965: 2890: 2753: 2463: 2381: 2222: 2162: 2111: 1952: 2875: 2598: 1940: 1210:while the French were 6 miles (10 km) away at 5309:The Hundred Years' War (Part II): Different Vistas 4786:. London: Routledge (published 19 November 2004). 4780:Livingstone, Marilyn & Witzel, Morgen (2004). 2768: 2427: 2012: 1988: 1584:, Philip's brother, accompanied by the blind King 841:. The French attacked the English while they were 27:1346 English victory during the Hundred Years' War 5567: 4914:The Hundred Years War (Part II): Different Vistas 4779: 4188:. In Ayton, Andrew & Preston, Philip (eds.). 3864: 3780: 3652: 3613: 3547: 3238: 3175: 3120: 3088: 2935: 2828: 2628: 2204: 5999: 5399:The Great Warbow: From Hastings to the Mary Rose 5397:Strickland, Matthew & Hardy, Robert (2011). 4415:Infantry Warfare in the Early Fourteenth Century 4270: 2869: 1346:frequently piercing armour. Archers carried one 1149:, where Philip himself arrived on the 31st. On 7 1137:August, a small English force supported by many 5692: 5396: 4183:"The Battle of Crécy: Context and Significance" 3214: 2592: 1847: 747: 4278:. Abington, Oxfordshire; New York: Routledge. 1460:and in battle were protected from missiles by 1295:The men-at-arms of both armies wore a quilted 5678: 1733:counting the dead on the battlefield of Crécy 910:. Crécy established the effectiveness of the 733: 409: 5103:Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 4334:. Ware, Hertfordshire: Wordsworth Editions. 4251: 3768: 3744: 3717: 3562: 3535: 3313: 3151: 2920: 2616: 1599:After reconnoitring the English position, a 1008:and gave the English possessions in Gascony 5533:. Manchester: Manchester University Press. 5253:. Vol. II. Woodbridge: Boydell Press. 4807:. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. 4459: 2786: 2517: 5685: 5671: 5645:De gestis mirabilibus regis Edwardi Tertii 5589:The Battle of Crecy: A Campaign in Context 5059: 4757: 4488:(PhD thesis). Leeds: University of Leeds. 4394:. Chicago: Nelson-Hall. pp. 168–196. 3879: 3705: 3640: 3409: 3250: 3100: 3080: 3052: 2532: 1227:Edward's army to plunder it and resupply. 740: 726: 416: 402: 5040: 4930: 4507: 4392:Seven Decisive Battles of the Middle Ages 4029: 3187: 1982: 1922: 1842:Seven Decisive Battles of the Middle Ages 1540:", deployed in a column. The King's son, 212: 5586: 5421:The Hundred Years War 1: Trial by Battle 5415: 4907: 3898: 3732: 3574: 3496: 3472: 3460: 3394: 3325: 3226: 3202: 3056: 2735: 2652: 2457: 2375: 2363: 2324: 2300: 2276: 2264: 2252: 2216: 2192: 2180: 2132: 2093: 2069: 2057: 2033: 2006: 1934: 1878: 1865: 1805: 1753: 1724: 1671: 1626:Battle of Crécy (19th-century engraving) 1620: 1471: 1428: 1353: 1317: 1159: 1110:, on the north bank of the mouth of the 1063: 962: 5933:Lancaster's Normandy chevauchée of 1356 5591:. Stroud, Gloucestershire: Spellmount. 5377: 5346: 4888: 4838:Battle: A History of Combat and Culture 4462:Arms & Armor of the Medieval Knight 4432: 4408: 4292: 4276:Warfare in Medieval Europe c.400–c.1453 4104: 4005: 3816: 3792: 3756: 3688: 3625: 3601: 3586: 3508: 3484: 3445: 3421: 3379: 3367: 3337: 3298: 3286: 3274: 3262: 3163: 3116: 3012: 2988: 2971: 2959: 2801: 2747: 2706: 2691: 2676: 2664: 2556: 2421: 2409: 1665:(division of the army) then launched a 1177:, 6,000 crossbowmen, and many infantry 14: 6000: 5501: 5468: 5437: 5325: 5306: 5287: 5234: 5208:. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell Press. 5201: 5145: 5100: 5078: 5024:Longbow: A Social and Military History 4985: 4632:Longbow: A Social and Military History 4580: 4554:. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell Press. 4547: 4478: 4418:. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell Press. 4382: 4232: 4213: 4180: 4164: 4152: 4128: 4116: 4092: 4080: 4068: 4053: 4017: 3993: 3981: 3966: 3954: 3942: 3927: 3910: 3852: 3664: 3523: 3433: 3139: 3104: 3084: 3068: 3048: 3036: 3000: 2947: 2908: 2896: 2857: 2813: 2762: 2723: 2580: 2544: 2505: 2493: 2481: 2469: 2445: 2433: 2390: 2312: 2288: 2240: 2228: 2168: 2156: 2144: 2105: 2081: 2045: 2021: 1994: 1958: 1946: 1467: 1114:. The English marched out towards the 5666: 5548:Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. 5441:Encyclopedia of the Hundred Years War 5332:. New York: Oxford University Press. 5021: 4800: 4628: 4348: 4324: 4140: 4041: 3840: 3804: 3024: 2884: 2640: 2604: 2351: 2336: 2117: 1970: 1891: 1129:VI, was committed to the intractable 721: 397: 5527:The Organization of War under Edward 4995:. New Haven: Yale University Press. 4949: 4831: 4712: 4667: 4655:from the original on 6 December 2018 4495:from the original on 11 October 2018 3913:, pp. 190–191 (+ nn. 151, 152). 3828: 3676: 3352: 2774: 1840:includes the Battle of Crécy in his 1645:and thus slowed their rate of fire. 1482: 384:Location of the battle within France 6018:Military history of Hauts-de-France 5812:John Talbot, 1st Earl of Shrewsbury 5715:Second War of Scottish Independence 5401:. Somerset: J. H. Haynes & Co. 5045:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 4460:Edge, David; Paddock, John (1988). 3087:, pp. 163, 164–165 (note 27); 852:The English army had landed in the 769:Second War of Scottish Independence 24: 5807:John of Lancaster, Duke of Bedford 5637: 5489: 5473:. Poole, Dorset: Blandford Press. 5222:from the original on 15 March 2022 4973:from the original on 3 August 2020 4819:from the original on 3 August 2020 4568:from the original on 3 August 2020 3107:, pp. 163, 164–165 (note 28). 2267:, pp. 512–513, 514, 519, 539. 1656: 1588:. The next battle was led by Duke 1264:soldiers, along with a handful of 1250: 25: 6074: 6028:Battles of the Hundred Years' War 5494: 5447:. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. 5616:. Surrey, UK: Ashgate Variorum. 5350:The Armies of Crécy and Poitiers 5275:from the original on 9 June 2021 5009:from the original on 4 June 2020 4355:The Hundred Years' War 1337–1453 904:laid siege to the port of Calais 638:Black Prince's chevauchée (1356) 613:Black Prince's chevauchée (1355) 363: 356: 59: 5570:The Battle of Crécy: A Casebook 5544:Keen, Maurice (editor) (1999). 5471:Crécy 1346: Anatomy of a Battle 5290:Soldiers' Lives Through History 4841:. Boulder, CO: Westview Press. 4441:. In Gregory I. Halfond (ed.). 4439:Account of the Battle of Crécy" 1897: 1884: 1871: 1858: 1831:into northern France which was 1616: 1255: 960:, which was to last 116 years. 947: 936: 5609:. Philadelphia: Running Press. 5572:. Liverpool University Press. 5326:Rogers, Clifford, ed. (2010). 1411: 1372:firing either metal arrows or 1363:as used at the Battle of Crécy 618:Edward III's chevauchée (1355) 13: 1: 6058:Hundred Years' War, 1337–1360 6053:History of Somme (department) 5423:. London: Faber & Faber. 5356:. London: Osprey Publishing. 5347:Rothero, Christopher (1981). 5043:Plantagenet England 1225–1360 4736:10.1080/03044181.2016.1236502 4691:10.1016/S0048-721X(02)00057-X 4304:& Michael Hughes (eds.). 4274:; Bachrach, David S. (2017). 3865:Livingstone & Witzel 2004 3781:Livingstone & Witzel 2004 3653:Livingstone & Witzel 2004 3614:Livingstone & Witzel 2004 3548:Livingstone & Witzel 2004 3239:Livingstone & Witzel 2004 3176:Livingstone & Witzel 2004 3121:Livingstone & Witzel 2004 3089:Livingstone & Witzel 2004 2936:Livingstone & Witzel 2004 2829:Livingstone & Witzel 2004 2629:Livingstone & Witzel 2004 2205:Livingstone & Witzel 2004 1823:Edward ended the campaign by 1720: 1682:A contemporary described the 1184:The French had carried out a 917: 559:Lancaster's chevauchée (1346) 364: 5902:War of the Breton Succession 5760:Armagnac–Burgundian conflict 5725:War of the Breton Succession 5612:Rogers, Clifford J. (2010). 5546:Medieval Warfare: A History. 5288:Rogers, Clifford J. (2007). 4862:Problemy Techniki Uzbrojenia 4523:John Bourchier, Lord Berners 4464:. New York: Crescent Books. 2870:Bachrach & Bachrach 2017 1910: 1848:Notes, citations and sources 1801: 1020:, the son and heir of Philip 809:Armagnac–Burgundian conflict 774:War of the Breton Succession 220:Charles II, Count of Alençon 7: 5041:Prestwich, Michael (2007). 4959:. London: Greenhill Books. 4763:Crécy: Battle of Five Kings 4723:Journal of Medieval History 4678:Journal of Medieval History 4518:The Chronicles of Froissart 3215:Strickland & Hardy 2011 2593:Strickland & Hardy 2011 1505:– French men-at-arms 952:), on 24 May 1337 Philip's 837:and an English army led by 10: 6079: 5651:French Chronicle of London 5172:10.1177/096834459800500205 4908:Mitchell, Russell (2008). 4607:10.1177/096834459900600401 4173: 2571:, pp. 73, 77, 81, 84. 1494:– other English infantry 1477:Map of the Battle of Crécy 1069:Map of the route of Edward 1057: 1053: 969:Edward III of England 943:Edward III of England 843:traversing northern France 623:Normandy chevauchée (1356) 272:Louis I, Count of Flanders 29: 6023:Battles involving Bohemia 5915: 5892:Armagnacs and Burgundians 5874: 5865: 5820: 5779: 5772: 5707: 5700: 5587:Matthews, Rupert (2007). 5469:Wailly, Henri de (1987). 5380:The Battle of Crécy, 1346 5235:Rogers, Clifford (2004). 5202:Rogers, Clifford (2000). 5062:The Battle of Crécy, 1346 4931:Neillands, Robin (2001). 4889:Mallett, Michael (1974). 4874:10.5604/01.3001.0010.5152 4548:Gribit, Nicholas (2016). 4435:"The Implications of the 4254:The Battle of Crécy, 1346 4235:The Battle of Crécy, 1346 4216:The Battle of Crécy, 1346 4190:The Battle of Crécy, 1346 2962:, pp. 161, 163, 164. 2508:, pp. 203, 207, 217. 1758:The Black Prince at Crécy 1611: 759: 437: 351: 328: 322:• 2,000–6,000 crossbowmen 306: 285:Charles I, Lord of Monaco 246:Rudolph, Duke of Lorraine 177: 149: 78: 58: 46: 41: 5958:Battle of La Brossinière 5438:Wagner, John A. (2006). 5084:The Safeguard of the Sea 4801:Lucas, Henry S. (1929). 4479:Fowler, Kenneth (1961). 4181:Ayton, Andrew (2007a) . 3769:Ayton & Preston 2007 3745:Ayton & Preston 2007 3718:Ayton & Preston 2007 3563:Ayton & Preston 2007 3536:Ayton & Preston 2007 3314:Ayton & Preston 2007 3152:Ayton & Preston 2007 2921:Ayton & Preston 2007 2617:Ayton & Preston 2007 2303:, pp. 520–521, 522. 2279:, pp. 517–519, 520. 2255:, pp. 514–515, 517. 1852: 1544:, aided by the earls of 1359:Depiction of an English 1273:'s third version of his 1173:consisted of some 8,000 990:campaign through Gascony 932:Philip VI of France 879:was routed by Welsh and 866:temporarily outdistanced 343:Infantry losses unknown 337:1,542–4,000 men-at-arms 259:Louis II, Count of Blois 6063:Edward the Black Prince 5792:Edward the Black Prince 5292:. Westport: Greenwood. 4893:. London: Bodley Head. 4629:Hardy, Robert (2010) . 4433:DeVries, Kelly (2015). 3984:, pp. 19–20 n. 79. 2787:Edge & Paddock 1988 2595:, pp. 31, 278–279. 2518:Edge & Paddock 1988 2424:, p. 157 (note 6). 1810:The battlefield in 2018 1542:Edward, Prince of Wales 192:Edward the Black Prince 5968:Battle of the Herrings 5525:Hewitt, H. J. (1966). 5511:. London: Allen Lane. 2911:, pp. 40, 78, 83. 1825:laying siege to Calais 1811: 1759: 1735: 1679: 1628: 1512: 1436: 1365: 1333: 1323:A modern replica of a 1169: 1082:The English landed at 1079: 1018:John, Duke of Normandy 972: 178:Commanders and leaders 32:Crecy (disambiguation) 6043:Edward III of England 5730:War of the Two Peters 5657:Rotuli Parliamentorum 5643:Avesbury, Robert of. 4935:. London: Routledge. 4933:The Hundred Years War 4525:. London: MacMillan. 4388:"The Battle of Crecy" 4378:on 27 September 2018. 3103:, pp. 143, 149; 2667:, p. 164, n. 50. 1809: 1767:), nine princes, ten 1757: 1728: 1675: 1624: 1475: 1442:mercenary crossbowmen 1432: 1357: 1321: 1163: 1084:Saint-Vaast-la-Hougue 1067: 1058:Further information: 966: 784:War of the Two Peters 633:Loire campaign (1356) 329:Casualties and losses 5923:Battle of Saint-Omer 5605:Reid, Peter (2007). 5373:on 27 February 2019. 4272:Bachrach, Bernard S. 3771:, pp. 375, 376. 3720:, pp. 368, 376. 3277:, pp. 269, 271. 3178:, pp. 277, 278. 3055:, pp. 143–144; 2738:, pp. 517, 526. 2619:, pp. 360, 362. 2366:, pp. 512, 524. 1751:III himself, 4,000. 1576:, formed the French 1500:– French crossbowmen 1224:a short, sharp fight 986:Henry, Earl of Derby 381:class=notpageimage| 122:50.25639°N 1.88778°E 5983:Battle of Castillon 5943:Battle of Agincourt 5907:Castilian Civil War 5745:Despenser's Crusade 5735:Castilian Civil War 5237:Bachrach, Bernard S 5086:. London: Penguin. 4759:Livingston, Michael 4753:on 22 October 2019. 4713:King, Andy (2017). 4708:on 22 October 2019. 4668:King, Andy (2002). 4209:on 5 February 2019. 4143:, pp. 207–217. 4008:, pp. 173–174. 3996:, pp. 270–271. 3795:, pp. 172–173. 3679:, pp. 269–270. 3589:, pp. 170–171. 3577:, pp. 528–529. 3448:, pp. 168–169. 3370:, pp. 318–319. 3355:, pp. 109–110. 3328:, pp. 248–249. 3289:, pp. 166–167. 3265:, pp. 270–271. 3241:, pp. 282–283. 3229:, pp. 507–511. 3142:, pp. 438–440. 2750:, pp. 268–269. 2643:, pp. 187–198. 2496:, pp. 234–235. 2378:, pp. 524–525. 2354:, pp. 156–160. 2219:, pp. 515–517. 2195:, pp. 512–513. 2183:, pp. 507–510. 2036:, pp. 485–486. 2009:, pp. 476–478. 1973:, pp. 519–524. 1684:hand-to-hand combat 1590:Rudolph of Lorraine 1468:Initial deployments 1434:Italian crossbowmen 1331:to penetrate armour 1166:Philip VI of France 1104:Constable of France 897:hand-to-hand combat 794:Despenser's Crusade 779:Castilian Civil War 671:Treaties and truces 586:Saint-Jean-d'Angély 484:Tournaisis campaign 233:King John the Blind 197:Earl of Northampton 118: / 6048:History of archery 5978:Battle of Formigny 5963:Battle of Verneuil 5938:Battle of Poitiers 5694:Hundred Years' War 5417:Sumption, Jonathan 5245:Rogers, Clifford J 5189:on 3 February 2019 4765:. Oxford: Osprey. 4032:, pp. 99–107. 3123:, p. 275–277. 2841:Magier et al. 2017 2569:Magier et al. 2017 1817:English parliament 1812: 1760: 1736: 1680: 1629: 1582:Charles of Alençon 1513: 1437: 1366: 1334: 1327:arrowhead used by 1220:English longbowmen 1170: 1131:siege of Aiguillon 1100:Raoul, Count of Eu 1096:stormed on 26 July 1080: 988:, led a whirlwind 973: 958:Hundred Years' War 881:English longbowmen 854:Cotentin Peninsula 847:Hundred Years' War 751:Hundred Years' War 552:Calais (1346–1347) 462:Thiérache campaign 425:Hundred Years' War 345: 339: 324:• Unknown infantry 169:Kingdom of Bohemia 156:Kingdom of England 53:Hundred Years' War 6038:Conflicts in 1346 5995: 5994: 5991: 5990: 5953:Battle of Cravant 5861: 5860: 5768: 5767: 5755:Lancastrian phase 5622:978-0-7546-5996-9 5598:978-1-86227-369-6 5579:978-1-78138-264-6 5554:978-0-19-820639-2 5518:978-0-7139-9838-2 5480:978-0-7137-1930-7 5454:978-0-313-32736-0 5430:978-0-571-13895-1 5408:978-0-85733-090-1 5389:978-1-84383-115-0 5363:978-0-85045-393-5 5339:978-0-85115-804-4 5318:978-90-474-4283-7 5311:. Leiden: Brill. 5299:978-0-313-33350-7 5260:978-1-84383-040-5 5215:978-0-85115-804-4 5093:978-0-14-029724-9 5071:978-1-84383-115-0 5052:978-0-19-922687-0 5033:978-1-85260-620-6 5002:978-0-300-11910-7 4966:978-1-85367-332-0 4942:978-0-415-26131-9 4923:978-90-04-16821-3 4900:978-0-370-10502-4 4848:978-0-8133-3371-7 4793:978-0-582-78420-8 4772:978-1-4728-4706-5 4645:978-1-85260-620-6 4561:978-1-78327-117-7 4532:978-0-585-04908-3 4471:978-0-517-64468-3 4452:978-1-4724-1958-3 4425:978-0-85115-567-8 4401:978-0-8304-1030-9 4368:978-1-84176-269-2 4341:978-1-84022-210-4 4317:978-0-85115-365-0 4285:978-1-138-88765-7 4263:978-1-84383-115-0 4244:978-1-84383-115-0 4225:978-1-84383-115-0 4199:978-1-84383-115-0 4083:, pp. 7, 20. 4020:, pp. 25–26. 3969:, pp. 19–20. 2816:, pp. 18–19. 2631:, pp. 58–59. 2547:, pp. 90–91. 2520:, pp. 68–83. 2339:, pp. 64–65. 2207:, pp. 73–74. 1511: 1509: 1508: 1489:– English archers 1290:Jonathan Sumption 1245:Crécy-en-Ponthieu 902:The English then 870:Crécy-en-Ponthieu 822: 821: 814:Lancastrian phase 804:Glyndŵr rebellion 715: 714: 474:Scheldt campaigns 392: 391: 164:Kingdom of France 145: 144: 127:50.25639; 1.88778 96:Crécy-en-Ponthieu 16:(Redirected from 6070: 5872: 5871: 5777: 5776: 5750:1383–1385 Crisis 5705: 5704: 5687: 5680: 5673: 5664: 5663: 5602: 5583: 5530: 5522: 5484: 5465: 5464:on 16 July 2018. 5463: 5457:. Archived from 5446: 5434: 5412: 5393: 5374: 5372: 5366:. Archived from 5355: 5343: 5322: 5303: 5284: 5282: 5280: 5231: 5229: 5227: 5198: 5196: 5194: 5188: 5182:. Archived from 5155: 5147:Rogers, Clifford 5142: 5097: 5075: 5056: 5037: 5018: 5016: 5014: 4982: 4980: 4978: 4946: 4927: 4904: 4885: 4852: 4828: 4826: 4824: 4797: 4776: 4754: 4752: 4746:. Archived from 4719: 4709: 4707: 4701:. Archived from 4674: 4664: 4662: 4660: 4654: 4637: 4625: 4624:on 22 June 2019. 4623: 4617:. Archived from 4590: 4577: 4575: 4573: 4544: 4521:. Translated by 4504: 4502: 4500: 4494: 4487: 4475: 4456: 4429: 4405: 4379: 4377: 4371:. Archived from 4360: 4345: 4321: 4294:Bennett, Matthew 4289: 4267: 4248: 4229: 4210: 4208: 4202:. Archived from 4187: 4168: 4162: 4156: 4150: 4144: 4138: 4132: 4126: 4120: 4114: 4108: 4102: 4096: 4090: 4084: 4078: 4072: 4066: 4057: 4051: 4045: 4039: 4033: 4027: 4021: 4015: 4009: 4003: 3997: 3991: 3985: 3979: 3970: 3964: 3958: 3952: 3946: 3940: 3931: 3925: 3914: 3908: 3902: 3896: 3883: 3877: 3868: 3862: 3856: 3850: 3844: 3838: 3832: 3826: 3820: 3814: 3808: 3802: 3796: 3790: 3784: 3778: 3772: 3766: 3760: 3754: 3748: 3742: 3736: 3730: 3721: 3715: 3709: 3703: 3692: 3686: 3680: 3674: 3668: 3662: 3656: 3650: 3644: 3638: 3629: 3623: 3617: 3611: 3605: 3599: 3590: 3584: 3578: 3572: 3566: 3560: 3551: 3545: 3539: 3533: 3527: 3521: 3512: 3506: 3500: 3494: 3488: 3482: 3476: 3470: 3464: 3458: 3449: 3443: 3437: 3431: 3425: 3419: 3413: 3407: 3398: 3392: 3383: 3377: 3371: 3365: 3356: 3350: 3341: 3335: 3329: 3323: 3317: 3311: 3302: 3296: 3290: 3284: 3278: 3272: 3266: 3260: 3254: 3248: 3242: 3236: 3230: 3224: 3218: 3212: 3206: 3200: 3191: 3185: 3179: 3173: 3167: 3161: 3155: 3149: 3143: 3137: 3124: 3114: 3108: 3098: 3092: 3078: 3072: 3066: 3060: 3046: 3040: 3034: 3028: 3022: 3016: 3010: 3004: 2998: 2992: 2986: 2975: 2969: 2963: 2957: 2951: 2945: 2939: 2933: 2924: 2918: 2912: 2906: 2900: 2894: 2888: 2882: 2873: 2867: 2861: 2855: 2844: 2838: 2832: 2826: 2817: 2811: 2805: 2799: 2790: 2784: 2778: 2772: 2766: 2760: 2751: 2745: 2739: 2733: 2727: 2721: 2710: 2704: 2695: 2689: 2680: 2674: 2668: 2662: 2656: 2650: 2644: 2638: 2632: 2626: 2620: 2614: 2608: 2602: 2596: 2590: 2584: 2578: 2572: 2566: 2560: 2554: 2548: 2542: 2536: 2530: 2521: 2515: 2509: 2503: 2497: 2491: 2485: 2479: 2473: 2467: 2461: 2455: 2449: 2443: 2437: 2431: 2425: 2419: 2413: 2407: 2394: 2388: 2379: 2373: 2367: 2361: 2355: 2349: 2340: 2334: 2328: 2322: 2316: 2310: 2304: 2298: 2292: 2286: 2280: 2274: 2268: 2262: 2256: 2250: 2244: 2238: 2232: 2226: 2220: 2214: 2208: 2202: 2196: 2190: 2184: 2178: 2172: 2166: 2160: 2154: 2148: 2142: 2136: 2130: 2121: 2115: 2109: 2103: 2097: 2091: 2085: 2079: 2073: 2067: 2061: 2055: 2049: 2043: 2037: 2031: 2025: 2019: 2010: 2004: 1998: 1992: 1986: 1980: 1974: 1968: 1962: 1956: 1950: 1944: 1938: 1932: 1926: 1920: 1905: 1901: 1895: 1888: 1882: 1875: 1869: 1862: 1750: 1695:standing on his 1504: 1499: 1493: 1488: 1483: 1480: 1407: 1406: 1402: 1399: 1393: 1392: 1388: 1385: 1329:English longbows 1152: 1136: 1128: 1121: 1072: 1031: 1023: 951: 950: 1327–1377 949: 940: 939: 1328–1350 938: 834: 799:1383–1385 Crisis 754: 752: 742: 735: 728: 719: 718: 432: 418: 411: 404: 395: 394: 367: 366: 360: 346: 340: 298: 280: 267: 254: 241: 228: 214: 133: 132: 130: 129: 128: 123: 119: 116: 115: 114: 111: 80: 79: 63: 39: 38: 21: 6078: 6077: 6073: 6072: 6071: 6069: 6068: 6067: 6033:Cavalry charges 6008:1346 in England 5998: 5997: 5996: 5987: 5973:Battle of Patay 5948:Battle of Baugé 5928:Battle of Crécy 5911: 5867: 5857: 5816: 5764: 5720:Edwardian phase 5696: 5691: 5640: 5638:Primary sources 5635: 5599: 5580: 5528: 5519: 5503:Barber, Richard 5497: 5492: 5490:Further reading 5487: 5481: 5461: 5455: 5444: 5431: 5409: 5390: 5370: 5364: 5353: 5340: 5319: 5300: 5278: 5276: 5261: 5225: 5223: 5216: 5192: 5190: 5186: 5153: 5115:10.2307/3679216 5094: 5072: 5053: 5034: 5012: 5010: 5003: 4987:Ormrod, W. Mark 4976: 4974: 4967: 4943: 4924: 4901: 4849: 4822: 4820: 4794: 4773: 4750: 4717: 4705: 4672: 4658: 4656: 4652: 4646: 4635: 4621: 4588: 4571: 4569: 4562: 4533: 4509:Froissart, Jean 4498: 4496: 4492: 4485: 4472: 4453: 4426: 4402: 4375: 4369: 4358: 4342: 4318: 4286: 4264: 4245: 4226: 4206: 4200: 4185: 4176: 4171: 4163: 4159: 4151: 4147: 4139: 4135: 4127: 4123: 4115: 4111: 4103: 4099: 4091: 4087: 4079: 4075: 4067: 4060: 4052: 4048: 4040: 4036: 4028: 4024: 4016: 4012: 4004: 4000: 3992: 3988: 3980: 3973: 3965: 3961: 3953: 3949: 3941: 3934: 3926: 3917: 3909: 3905: 3897: 3886: 3880:Prestwich 2007b 3878: 3871: 3863: 3859: 3851: 3847: 3839: 3835: 3827: 3823: 3815: 3811: 3803: 3799: 3791: 3787: 3779: 3775: 3767: 3763: 3755: 3751: 3743: 3739: 3731: 3724: 3716: 3712: 3706:Prestwich 2007b 3704: 3695: 3687: 3683: 3675: 3671: 3663: 3659: 3651: 3647: 3641:Prestwich 2007b 3639: 3632: 3624: 3620: 3612: 3608: 3600: 3593: 3585: 3581: 3573: 3569: 3561: 3554: 3546: 3542: 3534: 3530: 3522: 3515: 3507: 3503: 3495: 3491: 3483: 3479: 3471: 3467: 3459: 3452: 3444: 3440: 3432: 3428: 3420: 3416: 3410:Prestwich 2007b 3408: 3401: 3393: 3386: 3378: 3374: 3366: 3359: 3351: 3344: 3336: 3332: 3324: 3320: 3312: 3305: 3297: 3293: 3285: 3281: 3273: 3269: 3261: 3257: 3251:Prestwich 2007b 3249: 3245: 3237: 3233: 3225: 3221: 3213: 3209: 3201: 3194: 3186: 3182: 3174: 3170: 3162: 3158: 3150: 3146: 3138: 3127: 3115: 3111: 3101:Prestwich 2007b 3099: 3095: 3083:, p. 143; 3081:Prestwich 2007b 3079: 3075: 3067: 3063: 3053:Prestwich 2007b 3051:, p. 266; 3047: 3043: 3035: 3031: 3023: 3019: 3011: 3007: 2999: 2995: 2987: 2978: 2970: 2966: 2958: 2954: 2946: 2942: 2934: 2927: 2919: 2915: 2907: 2903: 2895: 2891: 2883: 2876: 2868: 2864: 2856: 2847: 2839: 2835: 2827: 2820: 2812: 2808: 2800: 2793: 2785: 2781: 2773: 2769: 2761: 2754: 2746: 2742: 2734: 2730: 2722: 2713: 2705: 2698: 2690: 2683: 2675: 2671: 2663: 2659: 2651: 2647: 2639: 2635: 2627: 2623: 2615: 2611: 2603: 2599: 2591: 2587: 2579: 2575: 2567: 2563: 2555: 2551: 2543: 2539: 2533:Prestwich 2007b 2531: 2524: 2516: 2512: 2504: 2500: 2492: 2488: 2480: 2476: 2468: 2464: 2456: 2452: 2444: 2440: 2432: 2428: 2420: 2416: 2408: 2397: 2389: 2382: 2374: 2370: 2362: 2358: 2350: 2343: 2335: 2331: 2323: 2319: 2311: 2307: 2299: 2295: 2287: 2283: 2275: 2271: 2263: 2259: 2251: 2247: 2239: 2235: 2227: 2223: 2215: 2211: 2203: 2199: 2191: 2187: 2179: 2175: 2167: 2163: 2155: 2151: 2143: 2139: 2131: 2124: 2116: 2112: 2104: 2100: 2092: 2088: 2080: 2076: 2068: 2064: 2056: 2052: 2044: 2040: 2032: 2028: 2020: 2013: 2005: 2001: 1993: 1989: 1981: 1977: 1969: 1965: 1957: 1953: 1945: 1941: 1933: 1929: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1908: 1902: 1898: 1889: 1885: 1876: 1872: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1850: 1804: 1765:John of Bohemia 1762: 1748: 1734: 1731:Edward III 1723: 1693:standard-bearer 1678: 1659: 1657:Cavalry charges 1627: 1619: 1614: 1586:John of Bohemia 1554:Earl of Arundel 1510: 1502: 1501: 1497: 1491: 1490: 1486: 1479: 1478: 1470: 1435: 1414: 1404: 1400: 1397: 1395: 1390: 1386: 1383: 1381: 1364: 1332: 1286:Clifford Rogers 1258: 1253: 1251:Opposing forces 1240:siege equipment 1168: 1150: 1134: 1126: 1119: 1078: 1070: 1062: 1056: 1029: 1021: 1010:strategic depth 971: 946: 935: 924:Norman Conquest 920: 839:King Edward III 832: 827:Battle of Crécy 823: 818: 764:Edwardian phase 755: 750: 748: 746: 716: 711: 457:English Channel 433: 429: 428:Edwardian phase 426: 424: 422: 388: 387: 386: 385: 383: 377: 376: 375: 374: 368: 344: 342: 338: 323: 321: 316: 302: 294: 276: 263: 250: 237: 224: 201: 187:King Edward III 173: 141:English victory 126: 124: 120: 117: 112: 109: 107: 105: 104: 103: 64: 42:Battle of Crécy 35: 28: 23: 22: 18:Battle of Crecy 15: 12: 11: 5: 6076: 6066: 6065: 6060: 6055: 6050: 6045: 6040: 6035: 6030: 6025: 6020: 6015: 6013:1346 in France 6010: 5993: 5992: 5989: 5988: 5986: 5985: 5980: 5975: 5970: 5965: 5960: 5955: 5950: 5945: 5940: 5935: 5930: 5925: 5919: 5917: 5913: 5912: 5910: 5909: 5904: 5899: 5894: 5889: 5884: 5878: 5876: 5869: 5863: 5862: 5859: 5858: 5856: 5855: 5850: 5845: 5840: 5835: 5830: 5824: 5822: 5818: 5817: 5815: 5814: 5809: 5804: 5799: 5794: 5789: 5783: 5781: 5774: 5770: 5769: 5766: 5765: 5763: 5762: 5757: 5752: 5747: 5742: 5740:Caroline phase 5737: 5732: 5727: 5722: 5717: 5711: 5709: 5702: 5698: 5697: 5690: 5689: 5682: 5675: 5667: 5661: 5660: 5654: 5648: 5639: 5636: 5634: 5633: 5610: 5603: 5597: 5584: 5578: 5565: 5542: 5523: 5517: 5498: 5496: 5495:Modern sources 5493: 5491: 5488: 5486: 5485: 5479: 5466: 5453: 5435: 5429: 5413: 5407: 5394: 5388: 5375: 5362: 5344: 5338: 5323: 5317: 5304: 5298: 5285: 5259: 5241:DeVries, Kelly 5232: 5214: 5199: 5166:(2): 233–242. 5159:War in History 5143: 5105:. 6th series. 5098: 5092: 5080:Rodger, N.A.M. 5076: 5070: 5057: 5051: 5038: 5032: 5019: 5001: 4983: 4965: 4947: 4941: 4928: 4922: 4905: 4899: 4886: 4853: 4847: 4829: 4798: 4792: 4777: 4771: 4755: 4730:(1): 106–117. 4710: 4685:(3): 263–290. 4665: 4644: 4626: 4601:(4): 379–395. 4594:War in History 4578: 4560: 4545: 4531: 4505: 4476: 4470: 4457: 4451: 4437:Anonimo Romano 4430: 4424: 4410:DeVries, Kelly 4406: 4400: 4384:Dahmus, Joseph 4380: 4367: 4346: 4340: 4322: 4316: 4290: 4284: 4268: 4262: 4249: 4243: 4230: 4224: 4211: 4198: 4177: 4175: 4172: 4170: 4169: 4167:, p. 169. 4157: 4145: 4133: 4121: 4119:, p. 107. 4109: 4107:, p. 271. 4097: 4085: 4073: 4058: 4046: 4044:, p. 184. 4034: 4030:Froissart 1908 4022: 4010: 3998: 3986: 3971: 3959: 3947: 3945:, p. 191. 3932: 3930:, p. 270. 3915: 3903: 3901:, p. 530. 3884: 3882:, p. 151. 3869: 3867:, p. 304. 3857: 3845: 3843:, p. 185. 3833: 3831:, p. 145. 3821: 3819:, p. 173. 3809: 3807:, p. 182. 3797: 3785: 3783:, p. 299. 3773: 3761: 3759:, p. 172. 3749: 3747:, p. 375. 3737: 3735:, p. 529. 3722: 3710: 3708:, p. 157. 3693: 3691:, p. 163. 3681: 3669: 3667:, p. 192. 3657: 3655:, p. 289. 3645: 3643:, p. 150. 3630: 3628:, p. 313. 3618: 3616:, p. 292. 3606: 3604:, p. 171. 3591: 3579: 3567: 3565:, p. 373. 3552: 3550:, p. 290. 3540: 3538:, p. 371. 3528: 3526:, p. 240. 3513: 3501: 3499:, p. 242. 3489: 3487:, p. 319. 3477: 3475:, p. 250. 3465: 3463:, p. 249. 3450: 3438: 3426: 3414: 3412:, p. 148. 3399: 3397:, p. 532. 3384: 3382:, p. 167. 3372: 3357: 3342: 3340:, p. 166. 3330: 3318: 3316:, p. 369. 3303: 3301:, p. 175. 3291: 3279: 3267: 3255: 3253:, p. 147. 3243: 3231: 3219: 3207: 3205:, p. 526. 3192: 3190:, p. 100. 3188:Neillands 2001 3180: 3168: 3166:, p. 317. 3156: 3154:, p. 359. 3144: 3125: 3109: 3093: 3091:, p. 275. 3073: 3071:, p. 163. 3061: 3059:, p. 527. 3041: 3039:, p. 190. 3029: 3027:, p. 162. 3017: 3005: 2993: 2991:, p. 174. 2976: 2964: 2952: 2950:, p. 389. 2940: 2938:, p. 263. 2925: 2923:, p. 364. 2913: 2901: 2889: 2874: 2872:, p. 236. 2862: 2860:, p. 238. 2845: 2833: 2818: 2806: 2804:, p. 267. 2791: 2779: 2767: 2752: 2740: 2728: 2726:, p. 265. 2711: 2709:, p. 269. 2696: 2694:, p. 164. 2681: 2679:, p. 314. 2669: 2657: 2655:, p. 528. 2645: 2633: 2621: 2609: 2597: 2585: 2583:, p. 239. 2573: 2561: 2549: 2537: 2535:, p. 155. 2522: 2510: 2498: 2486: 2484:, p. 195. 2474: 2462: 2460:, p. 497. 2450: 2448:, p. 217. 2438: 2426: 2414: 2412:, p. 161. 2395: 2380: 2368: 2356: 2341: 2329: 2327:, p. 521. 2317: 2315:, p. 277. 2305: 2293: 2291:, p. 385. 2281: 2269: 2257: 2245: 2243:, p. 257. 2233: 2221: 2209: 2197: 2185: 2173: 2161: 2159:, p. 387. 2149: 2147:, p. 103. 2137: 2135:, p. 494. 2122: 2120:, p. 138. 2110: 2108:, p. 102. 2098: 2096:, p. 493. 2086: 2084:, p. 384. 2074: 2072:, p. 484. 2062: 2060:, p. 485. 2050: 2048:, p. 215. 2038: 2026: 2011: 1999: 1987: 1985:, p. 315. 1983:Prestwich 2007 1975: 1963: 1961:, p. 136. 1951: 1939: 1937:, p. 184. 1927: 1925:, p. 394. 1923:Prestwich 2007 1914: 1912: 1909: 1907: 1906: 1896: 1883: 1870: 1856: 1854: 1851: 1849: 1846: 1803: 1800: 1729: 1722: 1719: 1676: 1667:cavalry charge 1658: 1655: 1625: 1618: 1615: 1613: 1610: 1606:Count of Savoy 1601:council of war 1594:Louis of Blois 1574:Carlo Grimaldi 1507: 1506: 1503:Red rectangles 1495: 1481: 1476: 1469: 1466: 1433: 1413: 1410: 1358: 1322: 1313:Heater shields 1257: 1254: 1252: 1249: 1186:scorched earth 1164: 1068: 1060:Crécy campaign 1055: 1052: 967: 919: 916: 820: 819: 817: 816: 811: 806: 801: 796: 791: 789:Caroline phase 786: 781: 776: 771: 766: 760: 757: 756: 745: 744: 737: 730: 722: 713: 712: 710: 709: 704: 699: 694: 689: 684: 679: 673: 672: 668: 667: 662: 660:Reims campaign 657: 651: 650: 646: 645: 640: 635: 630: 625: 620: 615: 609: 608: 604: 603: 598: 593: 588: 583: 578: 573: 567: 566: 562: 561: 556: 555: 554: 549: 544: 539: 532:Crécy campaign 529: 524: 523: 522: 517: 506: 505: 499: 498: 497: 496: 491: 481: 476: 471: 470: 469: 459: 454: 449: 443: 442: 438: 435: 434: 421: 420: 413: 406: 398: 390: 389: 379: 378: 370: 369: 362: 361: 355: 354: 353: 352: 349: 348: 335: 334:100–300 killed 331: 330: 326: 325: 313: 309: 308: 304: 303: 301: 300: 287: 282: 269: 256: 243: 230: 217: 208:King Philip VI 204: 202: 200: 199: 194: 189: 183: 180: 179: 175: 174: 172: 171: 166: 160: 158: 152: 151: 147: 146: 143: 142: 139: 135: 134: 94: 92: 88: 87: 86:26 August 1346 84: 76: 75: 67:Jean Froissart 56: 55: 49:Crécy campaign 44: 43: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6075: 6064: 6061: 6059: 6056: 6054: 6051: 6049: 6046: 6044: 6041: 6039: 6036: 6034: 6031: 6029: 6026: 6024: 6021: 6019: 6016: 6014: 6011: 6009: 6006: 6005: 6003: 5984: 5981: 5979: 5976: 5974: 5971: 5969: 5966: 5964: 5961: 5959: 5956: 5954: 5951: 5949: 5946: 5944: 5941: 5939: 5936: 5934: 5931: 5929: 5926: 5924: 5921: 5920: 5918: 5914: 5908: 5905: 5903: 5900: 5898: 5895: 5893: 5890: 5888: 5885: 5883: 5880: 5879: 5877: 5873: 5870: 5864: 5854: 5851: 5849: 5846: 5844: 5841: 5839: 5836: 5834: 5831: 5829: 5826: 5825: 5823: 5819: 5813: 5810: 5808: 5805: 5803: 5800: 5798: 5797:John of Gaunt 5795: 5793: 5790: 5788: 5785: 5784: 5782: 5778: 5775: 5771: 5761: 5758: 5756: 5753: 5751: 5748: 5746: 5743: 5741: 5738: 5736: 5733: 5731: 5728: 5726: 5723: 5721: 5718: 5716: 5713: 5712: 5710: 5706: 5703: 5699: 5695: 5688: 5683: 5681: 5676: 5674: 5669: 5668: 5665: 5658: 5655: 5652: 5649: 5646: 5642: 5641: 5631: 5627: 5623: 5619: 5615: 5611: 5608: 5604: 5600: 5594: 5590: 5585: 5581: 5575: 5571: 5566: 5563: 5559: 5555: 5551: 5547: 5543: 5540: 5536: 5532: 5524: 5520: 5514: 5510: 5509: 5504: 5500: 5499: 5482: 5476: 5472: 5467: 5460: 5456: 5450: 5443: 5442: 5436: 5432: 5426: 5422: 5418: 5414: 5410: 5404: 5400: 5395: 5391: 5385: 5381: 5376: 5369: 5365: 5359: 5352: 5351: 5345: 5341: 5335: 5331: 5330: 5324: 5320: 5314: 5310: 5305: 5301: 5295: 5291: 5286: 5274: 5270: 5266: 5262: 5256: 5252: 5251: 5246: 5242: 5238: 5233: 5221: 5217: 5211: 5207: 5206: 5200: 5185: 5181: 5177: 5173: 5169: 5165: 5161: 5160: 5152: 5148: 5144: 5140: 5136: 5132: 5128: 5124: 5120: 5116: 5112: 5108: 5104: 5099: 5095: 5089: 5085: 5081: 5077: 5073: 5067: 5063: 5058: 5054: 5048: 5044: 5039: 5035: 5029: 5025: 5020: 5008: 5004: 4998: 4994: 4993: 4988: 4984: 4972: 4968: 4962: 4958: 4957: 4952: 4951:Oman, Charles 4948: 4944: 4938: 4934: 4929: 4925: 4919: 4915: 4911: 4906: 4902: 4896: 4892: 4887: 4883: 4879: 4875: 4871: 4867: 4863: 4859: 4854: 4850: 4844: 4840: 4839: 4834: 4830: 4818: 4814: 4810: 4806: 4805: 4799: 4795: 4789: 4785: 4784: 4778: 4774: 4768: 4764: 4760: 4756: 4749: 4745: 4741: 4737: 4733: 4729: 4725: 4724: 4716: 4711: 4704: 4700: 4696: 4692: 4688: 4684: 4680: 4679: 4671: 4666: 4651: 4647: 4641: 4634: 4633: 4627: 4620: 4616: 4612: 4608: 4604: 4600: 4596: 4595: 4587: 4583: 4582:Harari, Yuval 4579: 4567: 4563: 4557: 4553: 4552: 4546: 4542: 4538: 4534: 4528: 4524: 4520: 4519: 4514: 4513:G.C. Macaulay 4510: 4506: 4491: 4484: 4483: 4477: 4473: 4467: 4463: 4458: 4454: 4448: 4444: 4440: 4438: 4431: 4427: 4421: 4417: 4416: 4411: 4407: 4403: 4397: 4393: 4389: 4385: 4381: 4374: 4370: 4364: 4357: 4356: 4351: 4347: 4343: 4337: 4333: 4332: 4331:The Crécy War 4327: 4326:Burne, Alfred 4323: 4319: 4313: 4309: 4308: 4303: 4299: 4295: 4291: 4287: 4281: 4277: 4273: 4269: 4265: 4259: 4255: 4250: 4246: 4240: 4236: 4231: 4227: 4221: 4217: 4212: 4205: 4201: 4195: 4191: 4184: 4179: 4178: 4166: 4161: 4155:, p. 30. 4154: 4149: 4142: 4137: 4131:, p. 73. 4130: 4125: 4118: 4113: 4106: 4101: 4095:, p. 33. 4094: 4089: 4082: 4077: 4071:, p. 99. 4070: 4065: 4063: 4056:, p. 80. 4055: 4050: 4043: 4038: 4031: 4026: 4019: 4014: 4007: 4002: 3995: 3990: 3983: 3978: 3976: 3968: 3963: 3957:, p. 28. 3956: 3951: 3944: 3939: 3937: 3929: 3924: 3922: 3920: 3912: 3907: 3900: 3899:Sumption 1990 3895: 3893: 3891: 3889: 3881: 3876: 3874: 3866: 3861: 3855:, p. 20. 3854: 3849: 3842: 3837: 3830: 3825: 3818: 3813: 3806: 3801: 3794: 3789: 3782: 3777: 3770: 3765: 3758: 3753: 3746: 3741: 3734: 3733:Sumption 1990 3729: 3727: 3719: 3714: 3707: 3702: 3700: 3698: 3690: 3685: 3678: 3673: 3666: 3661: 3654: 3649: 3642: 3637: 3635: 3627: 3622: 3615: 3610: 3603: 3598: 3596: 3588: 3583: 3576: 3575:Sumption 1990 3571: 3564: 3559: 3557: 3549: 3544: 3537: 3532: 3525: 3520: 3518: 3510: 3505: 3498: 3497:Mitchell 2008 3493: 3486: 3481: 3474: 3473:Mitchell 2008 3469: 3462: 3461:Mitchell 2008 3457: 3455: 3447: 3442: 3436:, p. 66. 3435: 3430: 3424:, p. 10. 3423: 3418: 3411: 3406: 3404: 3396: 3395:Sumption 1990 3391: 3389: 3381: 3376: 3369: 3364: 3362: 3354: 3349: 3347: 3339: 3334: 3327: 3326:Mitchell 2008 3322: 3315: 3310: 3308: 3300: 3295: 3288: 3283: 3276: 3271: 3264: 3259: 3252: 3247: 3240: 3235: 3228: 3227:Sumption 1990 3223: 3217:, p. 31. 3216: 3211: 3204: 3203:Sumption 1990 3199: 3197: 3189: 3184: 3177: 3172: 3165: 3160: 3153: 3148: 3141: 3136: 3134: 3132: 3130: 3122: 3119:, p. 7; 3118: 3113: 3106: 3102: 3097: 3090: 3086: 3082: 3077: 3070: 3065: 3058: 3057:Sumption 1990 3054: 3050: 3045: 3038: 3033: 3026: 3021: 3014: 3009: 3003:, p. 89. 3002: 2997: 2990: 2985: 2983: 2981: 2973: 2968: 2961: 2956: 2949: 2944: 2937: 2932: 2930: 2922: 2917: 2910: 2905: 2899:, p. 77. 2898: 2893: 2887:, p. 40. 2886: 2881: 2879: 2871: 2866: 2859: 2854: 2852: 2850: 2843:, p. 70. 2842: 2837: 2831:, p. 61. 2830: 2825: 2823: 2815: 2810: 2803: 2798: 2796: 2789:, p. 88. 2788: 2783: 2777:, p. 74. 2776: 2771: 2765:, p. 18. 2764: 2759: 2757: 2749: 2744: 2737: 2736:Sumption 1990 2732: 2725: 2720: 2718: 2716: 2708: 2703: 2701: 2693: 2688: 2686: 2678: 2673: 2666: 2661: 2654: 2653:Sumption 1990 2649: 2642: 2637: 2630: 2625: 2618: 2613: 2607:, p. 69. 2606: 2601: 2594: 2589: 2582: 2577: 2570: 2565: 2559:, p. 37. 2558: 2553: 2546: 2541: 2534: 2529: 2527: 2519: 2514: 2507: 2502: 2495: 2490: 2483: 2478: 2472:, p. 69. 2471: 2466: 2459: 2458:Sumption 1990 2454: 2447: 2442: 2435: 2430: 2423: 2418: 2411: 2406: 2404: 2402: 2400: 2393:, p. 19. 2392: 2387: 2385: 2377: 2376:Sumption 1990 2372: 2365: 2364:Sumption 1990 2360: 2353: 2348: 2346: 2338: 2333: 2326: 2325:Sumption 1990 2321: 2314: 2309: 2302: 2301:Sumption 1990 2297: 2290: 2285: 2278: 2277:Sumption 1990 2273: 2266: 2265:Sumption 1990 2261: 2254: 2253:Sumption 1990 2249: 2242: 2237: 2231:, p. 71. 2230: 2225: 2218: 2217:Sumption 1990 2213: 2206: 2201: 2194: 2193:Sumption 1990 2189: 2182: 2181:Sumption 1990 2177: 2171:, p. 75. 2170: 2165: 2158: 2153: 2146: 2141: 2134: 2133:Sumption 1990 2129: 2127: 2119: 2114: 2107: 2102: 2095: 2094:Sumption 1990 2090: 2083: 2078: 2071: 2070:Sumption 1990 2066: 2059: 2058:Sumption 1990 2054: 2047: 2042: 2035: 2034:Sumption 1990 2030: 2023: 2018: 2016: 2008: 2007:Sumption 1990 2003: 1996: 1991: 1984: 1979: 1972: 1967: 1960: 1955: 1949:, p. 95. 1948: 1943: 1936: 1935:Sumption 1990 1931: 1924: 1919: 1915: 1900: 1894:, p. 216 1893: 1887: 1881:, p. 242 1880: 1879:Mitchell 2008 1874: 1868:, p. 476 1867: 1866:Sumption 1990 1861: 1857: 1845: 1843: 1839: 1838:Joseph Dahmus 1834: 1830: 1826: 1821: 1818: 1808: 1799: 1797: 1793: 1788: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1756: 1752: 1745: 1740: 1732: 1727: 1718: 1715: 1710: 1707: 1701: 1698: 1694: 1688: 1685: 1674: 1670: 1668: 1664: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1643: 1638: 1636: 1635: 1623: 1609: 1607: 1602: 1597: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1570:Antonio Doria 1566: 1563: 1562:baggage train 1559: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1534: 1531: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1496: 1485: 1484: 1474: 1465: 1463: 1457: 1453: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1431: 1427: 1425: 1420: 1409: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1370:ribauldequins 1362: 1356: 1352: 1349: 1344: 1339: 1330: 1326: 1320: 1316: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1293: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1278: 1277: 1272: 1267: 1263: 1248: 1246: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1228: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1204: 1200: 1195: 1192: 1187: 1182: 1180: 1176: 1167: 1162: 1158: 1156: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1132: 1123: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1076: 1066: 1061: 1051: 1049: 1043: 1041: 1037: 1036: 1027: 1019: 1013: 1011: 1007: 1003: 999: 995: 991: 987: 983: 979: 970: 965: 961: 959: 955: 954:Great Council 944: 933: 929: 925: 915: 913: 909: 905: 900: 898: 894: 890: 886: 882: 878: 873: 871: 867: 863: 859: 855: 850: 848: 844: 840: 836: 828: 815: 812: 810: 807: 805: 802: 800: 797: 795: 792: 790: 787: 785: 782: 780: 777: 775: 772: 770: 767: 765: 762: 761: 758: 753: 743: 738: 736: 731: 729: 724: 723: 720: 708: 705: 703: 702:Second London 700: 698: 695: 693: 690: 688: 685: 683: 680: 678: 675: 674: 670: 669: 666: 663: 661: 658: 656: 653: 652: 648: 647: 644: 641: 639: 636: 634: 631: 629: 626: 624: 621: 619: 616: 614: 611: 610: 606: 605: 602: 599: 597: 594: 592: 589: 587: 584: 582: 579: 577: 576:Calais (1350) 574: 572: 569: 568: 564: 563: 560: 557: 553: 550: 548: 545: 543: 540: 538: 535: 534: 533: 530: 528: 525: 521: 518: 516: 513: 512: 511: 508: 507: 504: 501: 500: 495: 492: 490: 487: 486: 485: 482: 480: 477: 475: 472: 468: 465: 464: 463: 460: 458: 455: 453: 450: 448: 445: 444: 440: 439: 436: 431: 419: 414: 412: 407: 405: 400: 399: 396: 382: 373: 359: 350: 336: 333: 332: 327: 320: 315:20,000–30,000 314: 311: 310: 305: 299: 297: 291: 290:Antonio Doria 288: 286: 283: 281: 279: 273: 270: 268: 266: 260: 257: 255: 253: 247: 244: 242: 240: 234: 231: 229: 227: 221: 218: 215: 209: 206: 205: 203: 198: 195: 193: 190: 188: 185: 184: 182: 181: 176: 170: 167: 165: 162: 161: 159: 157: 154: 153: 148: 140: 137: 136: 131: 101: 97: 93: 90: 89: 85: 82: 81: 77: 74: 73: 68: 62: 57: 54: 50: 45: 40: 37: 33: 19: 5927: 5656: 5650: 5644: 5613: 5606: 5588: 5569: 5545: 5526: 5507: 5470: 5459:the original 5440: 5420: 5398: 5379: 5368:the original 5349: 5328: 5308: 5289: 5277:. Retrieved 5249: 5224:. Retrieved 5204: 5191:. Retrieved 5184:the original 5163: 5157: 5106: 5102: 5083: 5061: 5042: 5023: 5011:. Retrieved 4991: 4975:. Retrieved 4955: 4932: 4913: 4890: 4868:(2): 69–85. 4865: 4861: 4837: 4821:. Retrieved 4803: 4782: 4762: 4748:the original 4727: 4721: 4703:the original 4682: 4676: 4657:. Retrieved 4631: 4619:the original 4598: 4592: 4570:. Retrieved 4550: 4517: 4497:. Retrieved 4481: 4461: 4442: 4436: 4414: 4391: 4373:the original 4354: 4330: 4306: 4275: 4253: 4234: 4215: 4204:the original 4189: 4160: 4148: 4136: 4124: 4112: 4105:Schnerb 2007 4100: 4088: 4076: 4049: 4037: 4025: 4013: 4006:DeVries 1998 4001: 3989: 3962: 3950: 3906: 3860: 3848: 3836: 3824: 3817:DeVries 1998 3812: 3800: 3793:DeVries 1998 3788: 3776: 3764: 3757:DeVries 1998 3752: 3740: 3713: 3689:DeVries 1998 3684: 3672: 3660: 3648: 3626:DeVries 2015 3621: 3609: 3602:DeVries 1998 3587:DeVries 1998 3582: 3570: 3543: 3531: 3511:, p. 7. 3509:Bennett 1994 3504: 3492: 3485:DeVries 2015 3480: 3468: 3446:DeVries 1998 3441: 3429: 3422:Bennett 1994 3417: 3380:DeVries 1998 3375: 3368:DeVries 2015 3338:DeVries 1998 3333: 3321: 3299:DeVries 1998 3294: 3287:DeVries 1998 3282: 3275:Schnerb 2007 3270: 3263:Schnerb 2007 3258: 3246: 3234: 3222: 3210: 3183: 3171: 3164:DeVries 2015 3159: 3147: 3117:Rothero 1981 3112: 3096: 3076: 3064: 3044: 3032: 3020: 3015:, p. 6. 3013:Rothero 1981 3008: 2996: 2989:DeVries 1998 2974:, p. 8. 2972:Bennett 1994 2967: 2960:DeVries 1998 2955: 2943: 2916: 2904: 2892: 2865: 2836: 2809: 2802:Schnerb 2007 2782: 2770: 2748:Schnerb 2007 2743: 2731: 2707:Schnerb 2007 2692:DeVries 1998 2677:DeVries 2015 2672: 2665:DeVries 1998 2660: 2648: 2636: 2624: 2612: 2600: 2588: 2576: 2564: 2557:Mallett 1974 2552: 2540: 2513: 2501: 2489: 2477: 2465: 2453: 2441: 2429: 2422:DeVries 1998 2417: 2410:DeVries 1998 2371: 2359: 2332: 2320: 2308: 2296: 2284: 2272: 2260: 2248: 2236: 2224: 2212: 2200: 2188: 2176: 2164: 2152: 2140: 2113: 2101: 2089: 2077: 2065: 2053: 2041: 2029: 2024:, p. 3. 2002: 1997:, p. 1. 1990: 1978: 1966: 1954: 1942: 1930: 1918: 1899: 1886: 1873: 1860: 1841: 1822: 1813: 1796:Alfred Burne 1789: 1761: 1741: 1737: 1713: 1711: 1702: 1689: 1681: 1660: 1651: 1647: 1642:rate of fire 1639: 1632: 1630: 1617:Archery duel 1598: 1567: 1535: 1514: 1458: 1454: 1438: 1415: 1367: 1343:bodkin point 1335: 1325:bodkin point 1305:plate armour 1294: 1275: 1259: 1256:English army 1229: 1216:Blanchetaque 1196: 1183: 1171: 1142: 1124: 1081: 1044: 1033: 1014: 974: 921: 901: 874: 851: 826: 824: 697:First London 546: 542:Blanchetaque 371: 312:7,000–15,000 295: 277: 264: 251: 238: 225: 150:Belligerents 70: 47:Part of the 36: 5887:Chevauchées 5853:Joan of Arc 5848:Charles VII 4350:Curry, Anne 4165:Dahmus 1983 4153:Ayton 2007a 4129:Wagner 2006 4117:Ayton 2007b 4093:Ayton 2007a 4081:Ayton 2007a 4069:Rogers 1993 4054:Wagner 2006 4018:Ayton 2007a 3994:Rogers 2000 3982:Ayton 2007a 3967:Ayton 2007a 3955:Ayton 2007a 3943:Ayton 2007c 3928:Rogers 2000 3911:Ayton 2007c 3853:Ayton 2007a 3665:Ayton 2007c 3524:Rogers 1998 3434:Wailly 1987 3140:Rogers 2010 3105:Ayton 2007c 3085:Ayton 2007c 3069:Ayton 2007c 3049:Rogers 2000 3037:Ayton 2007c 3001:Rogers 1993 2948:Harari 1999 2909:Ayton 2007b 2897:Ayton 2007b 2858:Rogers 1998 2814:Ayton 2007a 2763:Ayton 2007a 2724:Rogers 2000 2581:Rogers 1998 2545:Rogers 2008 2506:Ayton 2007c 2494:Rogers 2000 2482:Ayton 2007c 2470:Ayton 2007b 2446:Rogers 2000 2434:Ayton 2007c 2391:Ayton 2007a 2313:Ormrod 2012 2289:Harari 1999 2241:Rogers 2000 2229:Ayton 2007b 2169:Ayton 2007b 2157:Harari 1999 2145:Rodger 2004 2106:Rodger 2004 2082:Harari 1999 2046:Fowler 1961 2022:Wagner 2006 1995:Gribit 2016 1959:Fowler 1961 1947:Rogers 2004 1792:Jean Le Bel 1546:Northampton 1492:Blue blocks 1424:crossbowmen 1419:chroniclers 1412:French army 1301:mail armour 1234:, besieged 1175:men-at-arms 1143:arrière-ban 1116:River Seine 1112:River Somme 1035:arrière-ban 893:men-at-arms 877:crossbowmen 845:during the 831:King Philip 430:(1337–1360) 319:men-at-arms 125: / 51:during the 6002:Categories 5843:Charles VI 5787:Edward III 5279:8 November 5193:22 October 5109:: 83–102. 5013:8 November 4992:Edward III 4977:8 November 4833:Lynn, John 4823:8 November 4572:8 November 4302:Anne Curry 4141:Burne 1999 4042:Burne 1999 3841:Burne 1999 3805:Burne 1999 3025:Burne 1999 2885:Curry 2002 2641:Burne 1999 2605:Hardy 2010 2352:Burne 1999 2337:Hardy 2010 2118:Burne 1999 1971:Lucas 1929 1892:Pratt 2010 1777:archbishop 1721:Casualties 1700:the gaps. 1661:Alençon's 1592:and Count 1276:Chronicles 1075:chevauchée 1032:April the 922:Since the 918:Background 908:until 1558 682:Malestroit 581:Winchelsea 489:Saint-Omer 452:Arnemuiden 113:01°53′16″E 110:50°15′23″N 72:Chronicles 5897:Jacquerie 5838:Charles V 5828:Philip VI 5630:461272357 5269:0961-7582 5180:161286935 5139:163041276 5131:931311378 4953:(1998) . 4882:1230-3801 4813:960872598 4744:159619516 4699:159873083 4412:(1998) . 4328:(1999) . 3829:Oman 1998 3677:King 2002 3353:King 2017 2775:Lynn 2003 1911:Citations 1802:Aftermath 1785:chivalric 1714:oriflamme 1634:oriflamme 1521:Wadicourt 1517:terracing 1487:Blue dots 1374:grapeshot 1309:bascinets 1271:Froissart 1212:Abbeville 1203:Pont-Remy 1040:indenture 1026:Aiguillon 998:Auberoche 677:Espléchin 655:Jacquerie 649:1358–1360 607:1355–1356 571:Lunalonge 565:1349–1352 527:Aiguillon 520:Auberoche 503:1345–1347 441:1337–1340 347:but heavy 5562:41581804 5505:(2013). 5419:(1990). 5273:Archived 5247:(eds.). 5220:Archived 5149:(1998). 5082:(2004). 5007:Archived 4989:(2012). 4971:Archived 4835:(2003). 4817:Archived 4761:(2022). 4650:Archived 4615:59055741 4584:(1999). 4566:Archived 4511:(1908). 4490:Archived 4386:(1983). 4352:(2002). 4296:(1994). 1829:entrepôt 1578:vanguard 1558:skirmish 1530:spearmen 1525:outflank 1498:Red dots 1378:bombards 1297:gambeson 1282:hobelars 1232:Estaires 1139:Flemings 1122:August. 1088:Normandy 1002:Périgord 994:Bergerac 982:Normandy 862:Flanders 707:Brétigny 665:Chartres 643:Poitiers 628:Breteuil 515:Bergerac 317:• 8,000 307:Strength 102:, France 91:Location 5916:Battles 5882:Battles 5875:General 5833:John II 5802:Henry V 5780:English 5773:Leaders 5708:General 5226:9 April 5123:3679216 4541:2925301 4515:(ed.). 4174:Sources 1744:heralds 1550:Warwick 1538:battles 1462:pavises 1450:militia 1403:⁄ 1389:⁄ 1361:bombard 1338:longbow 1266:Normans 1236:Béthune 1199:Hangest 1077:of 1346 1054:Prelude 1048:Channel 1006:Agenais 928:vassals 912:longbow 889:archers 885:knights 858:sacking 591:Saintes 510:Gascony 494:Tournai 467:Cambrai 447:Cadzand 296:† 278:† 265:† 252:† 239:† 226:† 210: ( 100:Picardy 5868:events 5821:French 5701:Phases 5628: 5620: 5595: 5576: 5560: 5552: 5539:398232 5537: 5529: 5515: 5477: 5451: 5427: 5405: 5386: 5360: 5336: 5315: 5296: 5267: 5257: 5212: 5178: 5137: 5129: 5121: 5090: 5068: 5049: 5030: 4999: 4963: 4939: 4920: 4897: 4880: 4845: 4811: 4790: 4769: 4742: 4697: 4642: 4613: 4558: 4539: 4529: 4468: 4449: 4422: 4398: 4365: 4338: 4314: 4282: 4260: 4241: 4222: 4196: 1781:bishop 1779:and a 1769:counts 1749: 1706:bridle 1697:banner 1663:battle 1612:Battle 1376:; and 1348:quiver 1299:under 1208:Acheux 1191:Amiens 1179:levies 1155:Poissy 1151: 1135: 1127: 1120: 1108:Crotoy 1102:, the 1073:III's 1071: 1030: 1028:. On 2 1022: 941:) and 833: 692:Guînes 687:Calais 601:Guînes 596:Ardres 341:killed 292: 274: 261: 248: 235: 222: 138:Result 5866:Major 5462:(PDF) 5445:(PDF) 5371:(PDF) 5354:(PDF) 5187:(PDF) 5176:S2CID 5154:(PDF) 5135:S2CID 5119:JSTOR 4751:(PDF) 4740:S2CID 4718:(PDF) 4706:(PDF) 4695:S2CID 4673:(PDF) 4659:7 May 4653:(PDF) 4636:(PDF) 4622:(PDF) 4611:S2CID 4589:(PDF) 4499:7 May 4493:(PDF) 4486:(PDF) 4376:(PDF) 4359:(PDF) 4300:. 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