232:
220:
208:
196:
184:
172:
136:
398:
350:
338:
326:
314:
302:
290:
270:
250:
149:
405:
39:
603:
took command of the
Guatemalan army after Barrios' death and continued to fight. He attempted to keep news of Barrios' death from reaching the soldiers, but as morale fell when news spread of his death, Cruz ordered a retreat. The Salvadorans were only made aware of Barrios' death and the Guatemalan
596:
covered Álvarez's flanks. The town was surrounded by 9am. Barrios himself took charge of a division and attacked the entrenched
Salvadoran positions. Barrios was killed in action by Salvadoran soldiers when he was shot in the heart and fell off his horse. Other reports claim that he was shot by a
541:
approved
Barrios' declaration during a meeting on 5 March. Barrios believed the other Central American nations would join his union, but only Honduras approved of Barrios' declaration which they approved on 7 March. Costa Rica, El Salvador, and Nicaragua all denounced the declaration. Barrios
224:
575:
and awaited the
Guatemalan attack. At around 11am local time, the Guatemalans began an artillery bombardment of the town to weaken the Salvadoran fortifications. The artillery attack lasted until 3pm local time.
188:
593:
306:
538:
495:
892:
550:
on the afternoon of 29 March 1885. Barrios thought that the threat of force would make El
Salvador submit, but he was notified that Salvadoran President
537:
On 28 February 1885, Barrios proclaimed himself
President of Central America and that he had supreme authority over every nation of Central America. The
200:
585:
318:
236:
612:
Zaldívar attempted to make peace with Cruz after the battle but he rejected the peace offer. Peace was agreed upon after Zaldívar was overthrown by
274:
568:
176:
600:
330:
932:
861:
687:
74:
988:
771:
Palmer, Steven (1993). "Central
American Union or Guatemalan Republic? The National Question in Liberal Guatemala, 1871-1885".
993:
491:
397:
907:
467:
418:
547:
30:
669:
515:
978:
354:
826:
Miller, Hubert J. (1991). "Conservative and
Liberal Concordats in Nineteenth-Century Guatemala: Who Won?".
514:
in the process. Barrios later became
President in 1873 after García Granados retired. Barrios believed in
983:
968:
503:
518:
and wanted to recreated a
Central American union with himself as President. He was inspired by the
294:
212:
940:
589:
519:
507:
869:
511:
695:
613:
499:
455:
254:
115:
8:
973:
843:
788:
551:
527:
835:
780:
437:
278:
258:
543:
531:
490:
existed as independent nations that were no longer political entities within the
342:
810:(in Spanish). Vol. 3. Guatemala: Tipografía Sánchez y de Guise. p. 9.
962:
89:
76:
839:
475:
447:
141:
68:
847:
792:
572:
471:
64:
487:
479:
451:
154:
784:
483:
935:[Presidents of El Salvador - General Francisco Menéndez].
523:
38:
554:
was assembling his own army to defend against the Guatemalans.
751:. Durham, NC: University of North Carolina Press. p. 85.
546:
on 10 March in preparation to form his union by force and
933:"Presidentes de El Salvador - General Francisco Menéndez"
692:
Fiestas de Santa Ana El Salvador - El Diario de Hoy
588:moved to capture the road connecting Chalchuapa to
805:
667:
597:Guatemalan soldier who shot Barrios by accident.
960:
749:The Failure of Union: Central America, 1824–1960
663:
661:
659:
657:
655:
653:
651:
649:
446:) was a battle between the military forces of
647:
645:
643:
641:
639:
637:
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633:
631:
629:
441:
534:under Guatemalan with himself as President.
900:Revista del archivo y biblioteca nacionales
727:
725:
723:
721:
719:
717:
715:
713:
890:
779:(4). Cambridge University Press: 513–530.
626:
454:from 1–2 April 1885. Guatemalan President
937:Presidente Elías Antonio Saca El Salvador
821:
819:
817:
799:
766:
764:
762:
760:
758:
710:
834:(1). Oxford University Press: 115–130.
680:
961:
825:
770:
746:
854:
814:
755:
740:
731:
498:of 30 April 1871, Divisional General
925:
891:Barrientos, Alfonso Enrique (1948).
806:Hernández de León, Federico (1930).
571:fortified themselves in the town of
736:. Guatemala: Guate360º. p. 47.
734:El Reformador: Justo Rufino Barrios
492:Federal Republic of Central America
13:
668:Cifuentes, Ismael (2 April 2008).
404:
43:The death of Justo Rufino Barrios.
14:
1005:
468:Second Central American Civil War
694:. 2 October 2002. Archived from
403:
396:
348:
336:
324:
312:
300:
288:
268:
248:
230:
218:
206:
194:
182:
170:
147:
134:
37:
884:
868:. 5 March 2007. Archived from
539:National Assembly of Guatemala
516:Central American reunification
458:was killed during the battle.
1:
989:Battles involving El Salvador
906:(3). Honduras. Archived from
619:
461:
31:Barrios' War of Reunification
939:(in Spanish). Archived from
670:"Battle of Chalchuapa, 1885"
607:
7:
994:Battles involving Guatemala
828:Journal of Church and State
422:Location within El Salvador
10:
1010:
862:"La Batalla de Chalchuapa"
808:El libro de las efemérides
747:Karnes, Thomas L. (1961).
579:
562:
502:helped Divisional General
557:
506:rise to power and become
391:
376:
363:
160:
127:
47:
36:
28:
23:
893:"Ramón Rosa y Guatemala"
567:The Salvadorans under
520:unification of Germany
508:President of Guatemala
504:Miguel García Granados
442:
161:Commanders and leaders
732:Lavarreda, Carlos A.
512:Vicente Cerna y Cerna
443:Batalla de Chalchuapa
377:Casualties and losses
16:Battle in El Salvador
979:1880s in El Salvador
840:10.1093/jcs/33.1.115
674:Military Perspective
604:retreat on 3 April.
510:, ousting President
500:Justo Rufino Barrios
456:Justo Rufino Barrios
434:Battle of Chalchuapa
419:class=notpageimage|
116:Justo Rufino Barrios
24:Battle of Chalchuapa
913:on 19 December 2014
584:At 6am local time,
470:from 1838 to 1841,
110:Salvadoran victory
86: /
984:1880s in Guatemala
872:on 3 December 2007
698:on 13 October 2007
688:"Batallas famosas"
614:Francisco Menéndez
496:Liberal Revolution
295:José Víctor Zavala
969:Conflicts in 1885
616:on 22 June 1885.
528:Otto von Bismarck
466:Since the end of
430:
429:
225:Felipe Barrientos
201:Indalecio Miranda
123:
122:
90:13.983°N 89.683°W
1001:
953:
952:
950:
948:
943:on 17 March 2009
929:
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785:10.2307/1007411
769:
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730:
711:
701:
699:
686:
685:
681:
666:
627:
622:
610:
582:
565:
560:
552:Rafael Zaldívar
544:Guatemalan Army
532:Central America
464:
426:
425:
424:
423:
421:
415:
414:
413:
412:
408:
383:
359:
349:
347:
343:Manuel Barillas
337:
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325:
323:
313:
311:
301:
299:
289:
287:
279:
269:
267:
259:
249:
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241:
237:Manuel Montalvo
231:
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135:
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95:13.983; -89.683
94:
92:
88:
85:
80:
77:
75:
73:
72:
71:
42:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1007:
997:
996:
991:
986:
981:
976:
971:
955:
954:
924:
902:(in Spanish).
883:
853:
813:
798:
754:
739:
709:
679:
624:
623:
621:
618:
609:
606:
586:Camilo Álvarez
581:
578:
564:
561:
559:
556:
542:mobilized the
463:
460:
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417:
416:
410:
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401:
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385:
379:
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366:
365:
361:
360:
358:
357:
345:
333:
321:
319:Camilo Álvarez
309:
297:
285:
275:Adolfo V. Hall
265:
244:
242:
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239:
227:
215:
203:
191:
179:
166:
163:
162:
158:
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144:
130:
129:
125:
124:
121:
120:
119:
118:
107:
103:
102:
63:
61:
57:
56:
55:1–2 April 1885
53:
45:
44:
34:
33:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1006:
995:
992:
990:
987:
985:
982:
980:
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975:
972:
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966:
964:
942:
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934:
928:
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857:
849:
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802:
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790:
786:
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728:
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724:
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636:
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632:
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570:
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553:
549:
545:
540:
535:
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521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
494:. During the
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
459:
457:
453:
449:
444:
439:
435:
420:
399:
390:
386:
381:
380:
375:
371:
369:5,000 - 8,000
368:
367:
362:
356:
346:
344:
334:
332:
322:
320:
310:
308:
298:
296:
286:
284:
282:
276:
266:
264:
262:
256:
255:Justo Barrios
246:
245:
243:
238:
228:
226:
216:
214:
213:Pedro Escalón
204:
202:
192:
190:
189:Carlos Molina
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164:
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70:
66:
62:
59:
58:
54:
51:
50:
46:
40:
35:
32:
27:
22:
19:
947:13 September
945:. Retrieved
941:the original
936:
927:
917:13 September
915:. Retrieved
908:the original
903:
899:
886:
876:13 September
874:. Retrieved
870:the original
865:
856:
831:
827:
807:
801:
776:
773:The Americas
772:
748:
742:
733:
702:13 September
700:. Retrieved
696:the original
691:
682:
673:
611:
599:
583:
566:
536:
465:
433:
431:
280:
260:
128:Belligerents
109:
18:
601:Felipe Cruz
594:Luis Molina
476:El Salvador
448:El Salvador
387:1,500+ dead
384:150 injured
382:50–200 dead
331:Felipe Cruz
307:Luis Molina
142:El Salvador
93: /
69:El Salvador
963:Categories
620:References
573:Chalchuapa
472:Costa Rica
462:Background
411:Chalchuapa
355:José Reina
65:Chalchuapa
974:Invasions
866:Geocities
608:Aftermath
590:Santa Ana
569:Adán Mora
548:war began
530:to unify
488:Nicaragua
480:Guatemala
452:Guatemala
177:Adán Mora
155:Guatemala
114:Death of
848:23917163
484:Honduras
364:Strength
60:Location
29:Part of
793:1007411
580:2 April
563:1 April
524:Prussia
438:Spanish
281:†
261:†
81:89°41′W
78:13°59′N
846:
791:
558:Battle
522:under
486:, and
372:14,500
277:
257:
152:
139:
106:Result
911:(PDF)
896:(PDF)
844:JSTOR
789:JSTOR
949:2020
919:2020
878:2020
704:2020
592:and
450:and
432:The
52:Date
836:doi
781:doi
526:by
965::
904:27
898:.
864:.
842:.
832:33
830:.
816:^
787:.
777:49
775:.
757:^
712:^
690:.
672:.
628:^
482:,
478:,
474:,
440::
67:,
951:.
921:.
880:.
850:.
838::
795:.
783::
706:.
676:.
436:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
