315:
295:
198:
264:
245:
186:
175:
164:
153:
106:
217:
132:
1020:. About 600 British Indian and Javanese forced laborers were released from Japanese custody after the battle. From their good service on Biak and other Pacific islands, the 41st received another nickname: the Jungleers. The Japanese fought to annihilation, with 4,700 killed and 200 captured; the remainder faced death from disease and starvation in the following months. Biak was a grinding, shot-for-shot battle. The Japanese tactics of allowing the landing and delaying their firing until there were a great many targets were repeated at other battles including the
646:
118:
1032:
972:
828:, 500 vehicles, and 3,000 tons of supplies, including 600 tons aboard vehicles. Several minor Japanese air attacks took place against the US lodgment on the first day; initially these were not pressed too heavily, but in the afternoon two waves of aircraft attacked the LSTs around the western jetty. Several bombs were dropped but failed to explode. Three aircraft were destroyed, and one was badly damaged by anti-aircraft fire from the US ships and guns that had been brought ashore.
41:
980:
scale air attack was undertaken by
Japanese aircraft against Allied vessels around Biak, resulting in minor damage and the loss of 11 aircraft out of 41. In total, three reinforcement efforts were undertaken as part of Operation KON, as well as further barge operations; several large vessels and a number of aircraft were lost by the Japanese during these efforts, although about 1,200 personnel from the 219th, 221st and 222nd Infantry Regiments were landed throughout June.
900:, believed Biak represented the Allies' main effort, and a counterattack at Biak could provoke the US Navy into engaging in a major action. In response to the landing at Biak by US forces, the Japanese launched an operation to reinforce the area. Initially, for air support, the Japanese 23rd Air Flotilla initially only had 18 aircraft but was later reinforced with up to 166 aircraft, which were moved to Sorong, in Dutch New Guinea, arriving from Japan and the Marianas.
832:
885:
948:, commander of the Japanese Mobile Fleet, initially attempted to reinforce Biak to hold the airstrips, but his first reinforcement sent 1 June was turned back when a Japanese scout plane mistakenly reported a US aircraft carrier in the vicinity. A second relief effort on 8 June was intercepted and driven off by American and Australian naval forces. A third attempt, with the support of the super-battleships
642:
beaches to be poorer for landing operations, compared to those further away from the airfields, but they were chosen due to their proximity to the main Allied objectives and because aerial reconnaissance indicated that the beaches were not backed by cliffs or swamps, and that there were two jetties nearby that might facilitate deep-water port access.
1053:
at Biak and Owi. Several other docks and jetties were constructed or improved, while several roads – 12 miles (19 km) on Owi and 30 miles (48 km) on Biak – were constructed around the island to improve internal lines of communication; another 22 miles (35 km) of existing roads on Biak
979:
These efforts were coupled with heavy air attacks. On 2 June, a heavy
Japanese air attack was undertaken against LSTs around Biak in support of the reinforcement efforts; a total of 12 out of 54 attacking aircraft were lost, while one Allied LST suffered a near miss. The following day, another large
864:
assumed command of the
Hurricane Task Force on 15 June, tasked with renewing the attack. The new attack plan was to drive the Japanese from all terrain upon which they could fire on Mokmer Drome. First the West Caves, the Japanese encampment area, was cleared by the 186th Infantry Regiment, who then
839:
After a brief attack on the beachhead by a group of
Japanese light tanks, which was defeated by a group of M4 Shermans in the first tank against tank engagement of the Pacific War, the US regiment moved inland quietly confident and expecting little opposition. This perception changed completely when
791:
on the way to Biak. There a smaller airfield was available, which could be used as an advanced base until the Biak strips were ready. While initial Allied G2 estimates of
Japanese troops was approximately 5,000, an intercepted message at the end of April gave the ration strength as 10,800, though it
782:
light tanks. The western caves were connected by a series of underground tunnels and were largely constructed for fighting purposes. Kuzume also stockpiled these positions with ammunition and other supplies, with several dumps located around the eastern cave area, along with living quarters for the
765:
Due to the size of the coastline he had to defend, and based on an appreciation of the Allied objectives, Kuzume focused his defensive plans away from the water's edge. Instead, he decided to carry out a feint, allowing the
Americans to come ashore unopposed so that they would advance into the trap
1044:
for over 100 aircraft throughout July and into August. Other fields were constructed at
Borokoe and Sorido, although the latter field was not completed due to limited manpower and unsuitable terrain. These fields were not completed in time for use during operations to capture the Marianas in June,
994:
of the 2nd Area Army, was on the island for an inspection tour. He sent messages to command requesting to be evacuated. A float plane was sent in from Korim Bay on the night of 20 June to bring him off. After two more days of intense fighting, Kuzume burned the regimental colors, indicating to his
859:
On 5 June the 186th
Infantry, with the 2nd Battalion of the 162nd Infantry attached, moved to the eastern bases of the ridges dominating Mokmer strip. A coordinated attack was launched on 7 June which resulted in the capture of Mokmer strip and the establishment of a beachhead south of the strip;
1002:
Allied engineers resumed their work on Mokmer airfield on 20 June. The
Americans broke through the Japanese defenses on 22 June, with the coastal strip from Bosnek to Sorido being captured, including the three airfields at Sorido (4500 ft), Borokoe (4500 ft) and Mokmer (8,000 ft).
641:
began planning its capture. In conceptualizing the operation, Allied planners envisaged a week-long operation; estimating that there were up to 2,000 Japanese troops defending the area. Four landing beaches were chosen near Bosnek, designated Green 1, 2, 3 and 4. Allied planners considered these
1057:
The Battle of Biak triggered the
Japanese to initiate Operation KON which not only planned to use battleships to transport more troops and to fight against the Allied forces at Biak but also entailed the transferring of hundreds of precious naval airplanes from the Marianas and other islands to
1074:
which happened at the same time coincidentally also permanently canceled Operation KON and the battleships that were planning to attack MacArthur's small naval forces consisting of no aircraft carriers or battleships and only a few cruisers and destroyers were ordered north to screen aircraft
896:, that would enable them to win the war. Biak was not far from major Japanese fleet units and there were a number of land airfields nearby that could support the land-based aircraft the Japanese were hoping to concentrate to defeat the US fleet. The Imperial Navy's Chief of Staff, Admiral
1015:
cost the Allied ground forces 438 killed and 2,361 wounded or injured in action, while casualties amongst naval forces amounted to 22 killed, 14 missing and 68 wounded. In addition, US forces suffered 7,234 non battle casualties. The majority of these non-battle casualties were caused by
1039:
The Allies subsequently developed Biak into a logistics base and constructed several airfields in the area. Several runways were constructed by US engineers on nearby Owi, while Mokmer Drome was operational by 22 June, and was further improved and expanded with
1045:
but they were utilized during follow on actions against the Palau Islands in September; Biak was also used to strike targets in Mindanao and in the Netherlands East Indies. The port facilities around Biak were also improved, with eight berths constructed for
860:
however, Japanese resistance continued in the area, particularly in the caves overlooking the area, and prevented engineers from improving the airfield. The engineers recommenced their efforts on 13 June but were once again disrupted by the Japanese. General
596:
inland. The main Allied objective was to capture the island so that they could construct airfields there. The battle resulted in the capture of the island by Allied forces, which were then used to support operations elsewhere in the Pacific.
766:
he had prepared for them utilizing a series of caves that were located west of Mokmer and to the east of Bosnek. This defensive complex was intended to turn the area around the vital airfield into a honeycomb of defended caves and
872:
The US forces had been delayed 10 days. With the delay, the Fifth Air Force Command looked for alternative sites from which they could operate. They arranged the capture of the nearby island of Owi on 2 June and built
1058:
western New Guinea to prepare for a counteroffensive because Biak was considered a crucial island of defense in the Southwest Pacific theater by the Japanese military. About half of the land-based airplanes of the
629:(where the Japanese had begun concentrating supply bases and airfields), made it well suited to airfield construction, particularly in the flatter southeastern area. As a result, as the Allies began their
786:
The Allies knew from an intercepted message dated 5 May 1944 that the IJA 2nd Area intelligence thought the next Allied landing would probably be on Biak, and a preliminary landing was made on 17 May at
941:, and eight destroyers (five as part of the screen and three as part of the transport element). They were scheduled to reach Biak on 3 June; other forces were to be transported from Manokwari by barge.
592:'s offensive drive to clear New Guinea in preparation for an invasion of the Philippines. It was the first major effort by the Japanese to allow uncontested landings for the purpose of creating a
750:. Initially, the majority of the combat troops (about 4,000 personnel), were drawn from the veteran 222nd Infantry Regiment which had previously served in China, along with tanks from the IJA
800:
The invasion force assembled largely in the Humboldt Bay area near Hollandia, and after only limited rehearsals departed late on 25 May. After a 45-minute pre-landing naval bombardment, the
892:
Control of Biak nearly became a critical turning point battle in the campaign for the Pacific. The Japanese had been seeking to engage the Americans in a decisive battle, the
848:. (Sorido airstrip was the objective.) The Japanese held firm, delaying its capture. With the slow progress the US command pulled their forces back, relieved Major General
1799:
1066:
and were not able to contribute to the Japanese plans of using land-based airplanes to support the carrier-based airplanes like what Operation A-Go demanded during the
840:
they reached the airfield. From low-lying terrain and surrounding ridges came a storm of heavy weapons fire that pinned the US troops down. It was not until dark that
1623:
463:
1804:
783:
defenders. Water was limited on Biak and had to be strictly rationed by the US troops, and heat and humidity would take a heavy toll during the fighting.
1774:
743:
Allied intelligence greatly under-estimated the number of troops holding the island. The island was held by 11,400 Japanese troops under the command of
1617:
1809:
1544:
1108:
456:
907:) . Planning for this operation began on 29 May. A total of 2,500 troops from the 2nd Amphibious Brigade were assigned for transport from
1661:
877:
comprising two 7,000-ft airstrips there. An advanced echelon was stationed there composed of a bombardment group, two fighter groups, a
1735:
1519:
817:
813:
809:
449:
284:
279:
274:
1784:
853:
801:
759:
751:
319:
299:
268:
255:
249:
1671:
1631:
1597:
1469:
Bleakley, Jack (1991). The Eavesdroppers. Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service. ISBN 0-644-22303-0. Page 154.
630:
1794:
1067:
961:
740:, as well as Australian and Dutch squadrons operating from as far away as Darwin, also provided strategic air support.
1722:
1692:
1580:
1561:
1054:
were also improved. A 400-bed hospital was also constructed, while another was planned but ultimately not completed.
638:
589:
852:
of command of the 41st Division and reinforced the division with the 34th Regimental Combat Team (34th RCT) of the
681:, which were chosen due to concerns about the coral reef opposite the landing beaches. These were protected by two
674:
1684:
June 1944: In France, Italy, Eastern Europe And The Pacific, Allied Armies Fought Battles Which Decided The War
866:
1479:
986:, an Australian radio transmission intercept and monitoring unit, learned that, at the time of the invasion,
1458:
1446:
1063:
965:
1829:
955:
924:
754:, supported by artillery, anti-aircraft, construction and naval guard and base troops under Rear Admiral
561:
473:
912:
1779:
949:
911:; they were to be escorted by a force under Rear Admiral Naomasa Sakonju, consisting of the battleship
1824:
1819:
878:
537:
522:
1814:
1003:
There were about 3,000 Japanese remnants trying to organize a final counterattack up to 17 August.
983:
964:
forced the Imperial Navy to redirect their forces to the Marianas for a major confrontation in the
717:
507:
179:
930:
841:
775:
678:
45:
1642:
861:
845:
666:
569:
168:
1422:
1317:
1278:
1158:
1137:
936:
918:
707:
903:
The Imperial Japanese Navy also began planning to reinforce the island under Operation KON (
1613:
995:
men that the regiment would make the defense of Biak their final battle. He then committed
737:
694:
487:
372:
844:
could be brought up to extricate them from the trap. The next day they reached the end of
8:
1049:
along the southern coast, while two floating docks were constructed to facilitate use by
654:
497:
32:
1714:
An Encyclopedia of Battles: Accounts of Over 1,560 Battles from 1479 B.C. to the Present
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721:
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492:
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was thought this was a figure based upon projected, rather than, current strength.
725:
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157:
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1031:
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185:
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111:
1666:. Newport, Rhode Island: US Naval War College, Government Printing Office.
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78:
812:, and soon followed by the remainder of the division, including the
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884:
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Major Fleet-versus-fleet Operations in the Pacific War, 1941–1945
744:
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Initially 18 aircraft of 23rd Air Flotilla rising to 166 aircraft
1652:
869:, occupied Borokoe and Sorido Dromes almost without opposition.
712:
were included in this task force. The naval forces, designated
621:; its terrain and location about 325 miles (523 km) from
820:. By 5:15 in the afternoon 12,000 troops had landed, with 12
788:
572:
from 27 May to 17 August 1944. Taking place on the island of
1480:"HyperWar: US Army in WWII: The Approach to the Philippines"
724:
for the Allied operation was provided by Lieutenant General
670:
606:
573:
69:
1647:. Washington D.C.: Center of Military History, U.S. Army.
1600:, Series 2, Volume II. Canberra: Australian War Memorial.
649:
A map showing the location of Biak in the Schouten Islands
1624:
History of United States Naval Operations in World War II
1575:. East Roseville, New South Wales: Simon & Schuster.
835:
Map depicting the US landings and seizure of Mokmer Drome
865:
moved up on the ridges. The 34th RCT, supported by the
1556:. Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service.
881:
night fighter group, and a garrison of 15,000 troops.
1619:
New Guinea and the Marianas, March 1944 – August 1944
1111:. United States National Guard, Department of Defense
669:, supported by a myriad of smaller vessels including
1358:
888:
The assault on Biak, infantrymen moving up, May 1944
770:
filled with riflemen, automatic weapons, artillery,
693:; several Australian vessels including the cruisers
1800:
Battles of World War II involving the United States
1508:
1626:. Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois Press.
808:landed on Biak on 27 May 1944, initially with the
758:. These troops were reinforced by elements of the
1573:The Capital Ships: Their Battles and Their Badges
16:Battle in the New Guinea campaign of World War II
1766:
1512:History of the Biak Operation 15 – 27 June 1944
1103:
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1710:
1543:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1441:
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1775:South West Pacific theatre of World War II
1687:. Poole, United Kingdom: Blandford Press.
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999:, showing his men he did not fear death.
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1810:Battles of World War II involving Japan
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762:'s 219th and 221st Infantry Regiments.
128:
1767:
392:1 battleship; 4 cruisers; 8 destroyers
1640:
1525:from the original on 26 November 2020
1062:ended up far out of position for the
960:, was scheduled for 13 June, but the
445:
1659:
1589:
1232:US 41st Infantry Division 1944, p. 3
653:The assault force consisted of five
564:of World War II, fought between the
13:
1703:
14:
1841:
1598:Australia in the War of 1939–1945
962:American invasion of the Marianas
716:, were commanded by Rear Admiral
625:and 180 miles (290 km) from
1717:. New York: Dover Publications.
1711:Eggenberger, David, ed. (1985).
1593:Royal Australian Navy, 1942–1945
1035:A disabled Japanese tank at Biak
613:, and dominates the entrance to
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1644:The Approach to the Philippines
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867:167th Field Artillery Battalion
732:, operating from Hollandia and
631:advance towards the Philippines
1181:
1172:
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1151:
1142:
1085:
1:
1785:1944 in the Dutch East Indies
1501:
1214:Smith 1996, pp. 355 & 359
600:
1590:Gill, George Hermon (1968).
1509:41st Division staff (1944).
1064:Battle of the Philippine Sea
1006:
475:Western New Guinea campaign
418:7,234 non battle casualties
362:Task Group 77.2 Attack Group
7:
1641:Smith, Robert Ross (1996).
736:, although elements of the
562:Western New Guinea campaign
256:34th Regimental Combat Team
10:
1846:
1433:Bleakley 1991, pp. 149–159
1409:Bleakley 1991, pp. 153–154
617:, near the western end of
1795:Indonesia in World War II
795:
774:of mortars, and a single
639:Southwest Pacific command
584:, it was part of General
483:
402:
331:
235:
144:
97:
52:
38:
30:
25:
1078:
1068:Mariana Islands campaign
984:No. 1 Wireless Unit RAAF
818:186th Infantry Regiments
718:William Morrow Fechteler
180:William Morrow Fechteler
1681:Willmott, H.P. (1984).
1660:Vego, Milan N. (2016).
1552:Bleakley, Jack (1991).
1400:Smith 1996, pp. 350–361
1328:Smith 1996, pp. 369–380
1268:Smith 1996, pp. 287–298
1250:Smith 1996, pp. 289–290
1223:Smith 1996, pp. 300–301
1169:Smith 1996, pp. 284–286
1148:Smith 1996, pp. 282–285
810:162nd Infantry Regiment
590:South West Pacific Area
325:222nd Infantry Regiment
308:221st Infantry Regiment
305:219th Infantry Regiment
285:186th Infantry Regiment
280:163rd Infantry Regiment
275:162nd Infantry Regiment
60:27 May – 17 August 1944
1571:Cassells, Vic (2000).
1036:
976:
889:
862:Robert L. Eichelberger
854:24th Infantry Division
836:
802:41st Infantry Division
650:
320:36th Infantry Division
300:35th Infantry Division
269:41st Infantry Division
250:24th Infantry Division
169:Robert L. Eichelberger
145:Commanders and leaders
48:being unloaded at Biak
1614:Morison, Samuel Eliot
1373:Bleakley 1991, p. 154
1346:Willmott 1984, p. 186
1337:Bleakley 1991, p. 155
1298:Bleakley 1991, p. 153
1241:Bleakley 1991, p. 150
1178:Cassells 2000, p. 121
1034:
974:
917:, the heavy cruisers
887:
834:
648:
403:Casualties and losses
1382:Morison 2001, p. 119
1364:Morison 2001, p. 118
935:, the light cruiser
738:Thirteenth Air Force
655:destroyer transports
1751:1.0000°S 136.0000°E
1747: /
1205:Smith 1996, p. 300.
1109:"Jungleers on Biak"
990:Takuzo Numata, the
975:US infantry on Biak
842:amphibious tractors
33:New Guinea campaign
1830:August 1944 events
1307:Smith 1996, p. 343
1289:Smith 1996, p. 310
1259:Smith 1996, p. 287
1196:Smith 1996, p. 284
1091:Smith 1996, p. 206
1037:
988:Lieutenant General
977:
890:
837:
806:United States Army
706:and the destroyer
651:
609:forms part of the
566:United States Army
1780:Conflicts in 1944
1756:-1.0000; 136.0000
1673:978-1-93535-244-0
1633:978-0-25207-038-9
1554:The Eavesdroppers
1391:Vego 2016, p. 229
1355:Vego 2016, p. 227
1187:Gill 1968, p. 422
1026:Battle of Okinawa
1022:Battle of Peleliu
722:Close air support
689:, and twenty-one
635:Douglas MacArthur
633:in 1944, General
586:Douglas MacArthur
580:, in present-day
551:
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381:11,400 personnel
93:
92:
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1825:July 1944 events
1820:June 1944 events
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898:Ryūnosuke Kusaka
879:P-61 Black Widow
726:George C. Kenney
611:Schouten Islands
560:was part of the
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1086:
1081:
1011:The capture of
1009:
846:Mokmer airstrip
798:
756:Sadatoshi Senda
730:Fifth Air Force
714:Task Group 77.2
603:
554:
553:
552:
547:
479:
474:
472:
470:
435:
434:Unknown wounded
433:
428:
426:
424:
417:
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397:
393:
391:
387:
382:
380:
373:13th Air Forces
367:
363:
361:
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340:
312:
292:
261:
242:
226:
222:Sadatoshi Senda
214:
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117:
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1462:
1450:
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1421:Morison 2001,
1411:
1402:
1393:
1384:
1375:
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1357:
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1316:Morison 2001,
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1277:Morison 2001,
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1216:
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1157:Morison 2001,
1150:
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1136:Morison 2001,
1122:
1093:
1083:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1008:
1005:
992:Chief of Staff
966:Philippine Sea
946:Teijirō Toyoda
797:
794:
748:Kuzume Naoyuki
687:light cruisers
683:heavy cruisers
665:, and fifteen
605:The island of
602:
599:
558:Battle of Biak
549:
548:
546:
545:
540:
535:
530:
525:
520:
515:
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508:Lone Tree Hill
505:
500:
495:
490:
488:Hollandia Raid
484:
481:
480:
469:
468:
461:
454:
446:
438:
437:
430:
416:2,361 wounded
405:
404:
400:
399:
375:
334:
333:
329:
328:
327:
326:
310:
309:
306:
289:
288:
287:
282:
277:
259:
258:
238:
237:
236:Units involved
233:
232:
203:Kuzume Naoyuki
193:
147:
146:
142:
141:
126:
100:
99:
95:
94:
91:
90:
89:Allied victory
87:
83:
82:
68:
66:
62:
61:
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36:
35:
28:
27:
26:Battle of Biak
21:
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1724:0-486-24913-1
1720:
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1694:0-7137-1446-8
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1563:0-644-22303-0
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1060:1st Air Fleet
1055:
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1051:Liberty Ships
1048:
1043:
1042:hardstandings
1033:
1029:
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894:Kantai Kessen
886:
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850:Horace Fuller
847:
843:
833:
829:
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784:
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780:Type 95 Ha-Go
777:
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760:35th Division
757:
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752:36th Division
749:
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657:(APD), eight
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583:
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570:Japanese Army
567:
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531:
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436:~200 captured
432:~4,700 killed
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112:United States
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29:
24:
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1683:
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1618:
1592:
1572:
1553:
1527:. Retrieved
1511:
1487:. Retrieved
1483:
1474:
1465:
1457:Smith 1996,
1453:
1445:Smith 1996,
1429:
1405:
1396:
1387:
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1201:
1192:
1183:
1174:
1165:
1153:
1144:
1113:. Retrieved
1087:
1056:
1038:
1018:scrub typhus
1010:
1001:
982:
978:
956:
950:
943:
937:
931:
925:
919:
913:
902:
891:
875:Owi Airfield
871:
858:
838:
799:
785:
764:
742:
734:Wakde Island
708:
702:
696:
652:
615:Geelvink Bay
604:
578:Geelvink Bay
557:
555:
538:Aitape-Wewak
512:
420:
409:
408:
394:
388:
377:
364:
358:
337:
311:
291:
260:
241:
227:
208:
98:Belligerents
77:Present-day
74:Geelvink Bay
31:Part of the
18:
1754: /
1742:136°00′00″E
1518:. US Army.
1459:pp. 393–394
1447:pp. 392–393
1159:pp. 105–106
1013:Biak Island
427:14 missing
385:light tanks
383:Company of
1769:Categories
1529:18 January
1502:References
1489:8 February
1115:18 January
1075:carriers.
826:field guns
824:tanks, 29
822:M4 Sherman
709:Warramunga
703:Shropshire
691:destroyers
619:New Guinea
601:Background
429:68 wounded
425:22 killed
414:438 killed
1739:1°00′00″S
1539:cite book
1007:Aftermath
997:hara kiri
772:batteries
768:pillboxes
697:Australia
623:Hollandia
594:kill zone
582:Indonesia
523:Driniumor
498:Hollandia
124:Australia
79:Indonesia
1653:53060474
1616:(2001).
1520:Archived
1024:and the
944:Admiral
909:Mindanao
685:, three
568:and the
543:Takenaga
528:Sansapor
518:Noemfoor
343:infantry
332:Strength
65:Location
957:Musashi
804:of the
776:company
745:Colonel
533:Morotai
341:12,000
228:†
209:†
1721:
1691:
1670:
1651:
1630:
1604:
1579:
1560:
1423:p. 133
1318:p. 132
1279:p. 113
1138:p. 107
1070:. The
951:Yamato
932:Haguro
796:Battle
661:eight
493:Aitape
410:Ground
224:
205:
135:
121:
109:
86:Result
1606:65475
1523:(PDF)
1516:(PDF)
1079:Notes
926:Myoko
814:163rd
789:Wakde
695:HMAS
675:LCVPs
671:DUKWs
627:Sarmi
576:, in
503:Wakde
421:Naval
378:Land:
355:tanks
338:Land:
138:Japan
1790:Biak
1719:ISBN
1689:ISBN
1668:ISBN
1649:LCCN
1628:ISBN
1602:OCLC
1577:ISBN
1558:ISBN
1545:link
1531:2020
1491:2024
1117:2020
1047:LSTs
954:and
938:Kinu
929:and
920:Aoba
914:Fuso
816:and
700:and
679:LVTs
677:and
667:LCIs
663:LCTs
659:LSTs
607:Biak
574:Biak
556:The
513:Biak
395:Air:
389:Sea:
371:and
365:Air:
359:Sea:
70:Biak
57:Date
46:LVTs
905:渾作戦
778:of
728:'s
637:'s
588:'s
369:5th
353:12
347:29
1771::
1622:.
1596:.
1541:}}
1537:{{
1482:.
1438:^
1414:^
1125:^
1096:^
1028:.
968:.
923:,
856:.
720:.
673:,
72:,
1727:.
1697:.
1676:.
1655:.
1636:.
1608:.
1585:.
1566:.
1547:)
1533:.
1493:.
1119:.
465:e
458:t
451:v
423::
412::
351:,
345:,
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