1245:
1321:. The substance of the charge was that he had withdrawn and kept back, had not done his utmost to damage the enemy and to assist his own and the Dutch ships. Torrington blamed the defeat on the lack of naval preparations and intelligence – he had not been informed that the Brest fleet had been reinforced with the Toulon squadron. He also contended that the Dutch had engaged too early, before they had reached the head of the French line. To the outrage and astonishment of William and his ministers – and the delight of the English seamen who, rightly or wrongly, regarded him as a political sacrifice to the Dutch – the court acquitted him. Torrington took up his seat in the
253:
219:
208:
197:
186:
138:
242:
231:
1143:
46:
1041:
153:
166:
1102:, who were unconvinced that the French were as strong as Torrington reported and considered that only the admiral's pessimism, defeatism or treachery could account for his reports. As the two fleets moved slowly up the channel (with Torrington keeping carefully out of range), Russell drafted the order to fight. Countersigned by Nottingham, the orders reached the admiral on 9 July whilst he was off
1158:, ran down together in line abreast, elongated in order to cover the whole French fleet and prevent doubling at either end. The Dutch squadron bore down on the leading French squadron to engage on a parallel course but left the leading division of Château-Renault's squadron unmarked. This division cut across Evertsen's path and doubling on the Dutch squadron, was able to inflict much loss.
1173:
ahead, placing Ashby between two fires. When
Torrington brought the remainder of the red squadron into action, he found difficulty in getting close enough because of the sag in the French line and came no closer than twice gunshot range. Admiral Tourville, finding himself with few adversaries in the
1272:
In the prevailing atmosphere of panic, no-one attributed the defeat to overwhelming odds. Evertsen said that
Torrington had intentionally deserted the Dutch. Nottingham accused Torrington of treachery, informing William on 13 July "In plain terms ... Torrington deserted the Dutch so shamefully that
1079:. On 5 July, Torrington sighted the French fleet, calculating their strength at almost 80 ships of the line. Unable to proceed to the westward to link up with Shovell and Killigrew (who was on his way home), Torrington announced his intention of retreating before the superior French fleet to the
1177:
Delaval's greatly outnumbered blue squadron fought a desperate battle with d'Estrées in the rear. Evertsen in the van, having lost his second-in-command and many other officers, was forced to withdraw. The Dutch had maintained the unequal contest with very little assistance from the rest of the
1201:
The eight-hour battle was a victory for the French but far from decisive. When the tide changed at 21:00, the Allies weighed anchor. Tourville pursued, but instead of ordering a general chase, he maintained the strict line-of-battle, reducing the speed of the fleet to that of the slower ships.
1449:
p. 146: 1 captured and 2 sunk during the battle; another 8 later burnt by the Allies to avoid capture. Aubrey states 15 in total; Dupuy states 12 ships lost. Warnsinck states 7 Dutch ships lost while Lynn states 6 ships lost with only 1 Dutch ship sunk during the battle. Clodfelter states 12
1296:
as naval minister, had not planned for an invasion and had thought no further than Beachy Head, writing to
Tourville before the engagement – " ... I shall be content if you will let me know as soon as possible after the battle your thoughts on the employment of the fleet for the rest of the
909:. The battle was the most significant French naval victory over their English and Dutch opponents during the war. The Dutch lost seven ships of the line and three fire ships; their English allies also lost one ship of the line, whereas the French did not lose a single vessel. Control of the
1344:
All dates in the article are in the
Gregorian calendar (unless otherwise stated). The Julian calendar as used in England in 1690 differed by ten days. Thus, the battle of Beachy Head was fought on 10 July (Gregorian calendar) or 30 June (Julian calendar). In this article (O.S) is used to
1174:
centre, pushed forward his own leading ships, which
Torrington's dispositions had left without opponents, further strengthening the French attack in the van. The Dutch were now opposed by the whole of Château-Renault's squadron and the van and centre divisions of Tourville's squadron.
1068:, already convinced the French would be stronger – much of the Royal Navy had been diverted to protect their maritime commerce from privateers and the Allied fleet had only 56 English and Dutch ships of the line, with 4,153 guns, against the French fleet of 4,600 guns.
1256:
The defeat of Beachy Head caused panic in
England. Tourville had temporary command of the English Channel; it seemed that the French could at the same time prevent William from returning from Ireland across the Irish Sea and land an invading army in England. Diarist
1106:. Torrington realised that not to give battle was to be guilty of direct disobedience; to give battle was, in his judgment, to incur serious risk of defeat. Torrington called a council of war with his flag-officers, who concluded that they had no option but to obey.
968:
his army had stalled through the winter of 1689–90, suffering from sickness and desertion. As early as
January 1690, it was clear to William that he would have to sail to Ireland, with substantial reinforcements, to salvage the situation.
1280:
in the Dutch
Republic, "how distressed I am at the disasters of the fleet; I am so much the more deeply affected as I have been informed that my ships did not properly support those of the Estates, and left them in the lurch.
1244:
996:
remained in the Irish Sea but his squadron was much too small to stop the French controlling these waters if they chose to do so. The French decided not to use their fleet as a subsidiary to the Irish campaign;
1301:
to refit and land his sick. The French had failed to exploit their success. To the fury of Louis and
Seignelay, the sum of Tourville's victory was the symbolic and futile burning of the English coastal town of
326:
2087:
1273:
the whole squadron had been lost if some of our ships had not rescued them." Nottingham was anxious to shift blame but no one disputed his interpretation. "I cannot express to you", wrote
William to the
1309:
The English squadrons rallied to the main fleet. By the end of August the Allies had 90 vessels cruising the Channel – temporary French control had come to an end. Torrington had been sent to the
1139:
commanded the rear white and blue squadron. In each fleet the squadron commanders were in the centre of their respective squadrons and the division flag officers in the centre of their divisions.
1665:
p. 145. The minutes of the council no longer exist, and we do not know for sure how Torrington meant to fight. It is also unclear whether Evertsen correctly understood Torrington's intentions.
1261:
wrote – "The whole nation now exceedingly alarmed by the French fleet braving our coast even to the very Thames mouth", a fear compounded by news from the Continent of French victory at the
1198:
and the drop in wind. He ordered his ships to drop their anchors while in full sail, the French – who were not sufficiently alert – were carried off by the current and out of cannon range.
319:
2077:
1325:
but William refused to see him and dismissed him from the service on 12 December (O.S). Torrington was temporarily replaced by a triumvirate of Sir Henry Killigrew, John Ashby and Sir
85:
2082:
1194:
of 68 cannon which was later burnt by the French) and many badly damaged. Outmatched, Torrington ended the battle late in the afternoon. Evertsen prevented further Dutch losses by
1129:
The French admiral divided his force of 70 ships of the line into the customary three squadrons, with white, blue, and white and blue pennants respectively. Tourville, aboard the
874:
400:
805:
864:
429:
312:
551:
793:
783:
778:
1053:
827:
489:
484:
588:
546:
598:
1236:
sank by herself. As soon as Torrington was in the safety of the river, he ordered all the navigation buoys removed, making any attempt to follow him too dangerous.
630:
504:
620:
578:
573:
469:
474:
2016:
De Veertigjarige Oorlog 1672-1712: de strijd van de Nederlanders tegen de Zonnekoning (The 40 Years War 1672-1712: the Dutch struggle against the Sun King)
524:
393:
2097:
201:
985:
386:
1020:
on board 280 transports, escorted by only six men-of-war commanded by Shovell. On 24 June, unmolested by the French fleet, William landed in
1056:) joined Tourville's fleet on 21 June. Tourville, commanding the combined Brest and Mediterranean fleets, with 75 ships of the line and 23
1382:, p.30 (the total of 75 includes 5 ships not in the line of battle, but excludes 18 fireships); also 75 ships according to N.A.M. Rodger,
1289:
1594:
1284:
There was some good news for the Allies. The day after Beachy Head, 11 July, William decisively defeated Louis' ally, James II, at the
961:
1265:
on 1 July. To oppose the threatened invasion, 6,000 regular troops, together with the hastily organised militia, were prepared by the
1586:
2067:
2072:
1618:
1266:
929:
235:
20:
2023:
2008:
1901:
1590:
1025:
1118:, Torrington advanced towards the French in line of battle. He placed the Dutch white squadron with 21 ships – commanded by
1973:
1610:
1606:
1166:
981:
1614:
1598:
1099:
788:
1016:
This French inaction had provided William with the opportunity he desired. On 21 June, William embarked his forces at
1986:
1956:
1942:
1919:
1886:
1872:
1837:
1709:
1602:
1095:
832:
635:
1001:
instead directed his navy against Torrington in the Channel. Although 6,000 French troops under the command of the
2062:
1162:
1131:
1119:
1076:
936:
and her ministers, was court-martialled for his performance during the battle. Although he was acquitted, King
509:
257:
1024:
with 15,000 men for his Irish campaign, much to the consternation of James's chief lieutenant in Ireland, the
1350:
1135:, commanded the centre, white squadron. The blue squadron in the French van was commanded by Châteaurenault;
672:
1146:
The French fleet bearing NNW towards the English coast. The French centre sagged exactly where the Comte de
1122:– in the van. Torrington was in the centre red squadron; the rear blue squadron, commanded by Vice-Admiral
977:
879:
541:
1136:
212:
1044:
Battle of Beachy Head, 10 July 1690. Tourville had won a clear victory but failed to exploit the success.
2092:
1147:
1006:
914:
842:
190:
1288:
in Ireland. James fled to France but appeals to Louis for an invasion of England were not heeded. The
1094:
and her advisors – the 'Council of Nine' – hastened to take measures for the defence of the country.
1002:
953:
847:
640:
514:
356:
1929:
1262:
744:
722:
702:
610:
444:
2057:
1585:
was left to govern England in William's absence. She was to be advised by the 'Council of Nine',
1013:
on 1 May and there remained inactive during May and June, whilst the grand fleet was assembling.
756:
692:
667:
361:
1894:
Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492-2015
1029:
965:
937:
917:
failed to pursue the Anglo-Dutch fleet with sufficient vigour, allowing it to fall back to the
869:
854:
1686:
was the largest ship built during the reign of King Louis, rating at 120 guns and 2,400 tons.
1293:
932:, who had advised against engaging the superior French fleet but had been overruled by Queen
583:
556:
499:
464:
459:
366:
924:
Tourville was criticised for not following up his victory and was relieved of his command.
817:
697:
519:
449:
439:
304:
8:
1386:
p. 145: Dupuy also puts the French strength at 75, Lynn states a strength of 77 (with 23
1329:; these were in turn replaced by Admiral Russell as sole commander of the English fleet.
1285:
998:
957:
949:
751:
734:
687:
625:
593:
568:
529:
494:
1582:
1091:
993:
933:
906:
837:
766:
739:
615:
434:
410:
351:
337:
241:
230:
158:
37:
1142:
972:
The main Allied fleet under Admiral Herbert, Earl of Torrington, was stationed in the
45:
2019:
2004:
1982:
1965:
1952:
1938:
1915:
1897:
1882:
1868:
1833:
1705:
1277:
1195:
964:
had been sent from England to bolster the forces loyal to King William but after the
859:
761:
717:
652:
218:
207:
196:
185:
143:
1005:
were ferried across to Ireland to aid James on 17 March, the French fleet under the
51:
1274:
1080:
712:
657:
479:
223:
1847:
1252:
blames Torrington for the loss of the Battle of Beachy Head before a court martial
1326:
1310:
1227:
1075:
and was joined by a Dutch squadron, consisting of 22 ships, under the command of
973:
910:
682:
454:
79:
1322:
1170:
1084:
662:
171:
19:
This article is about the 1690 battle. For other battles off Beachy Head, see
2051:
1991:
1843:
1318:
1314:
1123:
1072:
1040:
1021:
1010:
707:
677:
246:
100:
87:
1249:
1155:
902:
378:
1258:
1103:
75:
956:
as a first step to regain the throne following his deposition after the
1303:
1115:
1061:
1057:
925:
1232:) to avoid their capture before gaining the refuge of the Thames. The
1060:, sailed on 23 June into the Channel; by 30 June, the French were off
2040:
1387:
1353:
for a more detailed explanation of the dating issues and conventions.
1179:
1349:
Julian dates with the year adjusted to 1 January. See the article
1346:
1298:
1028:, who later wrote "The want of a squadron of French men-of-war in
2088:
Naval battles of the Nine Years' War involving the Dutch Republic
1017:
976:; a substantial part of the fleet was in the Mediterranean under
1979:
The Command of the Ocean: A Naval History of Britain 1649–1815,
1447:
The Command of the Ocean: A Naval History of Britain 1649–1815,
1422:
The Command of the Ocean: A Naval History of Britain 1649–1815,
1384:
The Command of the Ocean: A Naval History of Britain 1649–1815,
989:
918:
1702:
The Command of the Ocean: A Naval History of Britain 1649–1815
1696:
1694:
1692:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1098:
thought that it was advisable to fight, as did Nottingham and
1926:
A Popular History of France From The Earliest Times, Volume V
1736:
A Popular History of France From The Earliest Times, Volume V
1723:
A History of the English-Speaking Peoples: Age of Revolution,
1424:
p. 145: Lynn puts Allied strength at 57. Dupuy 59; Aubrey 55.
1049:
1879:
A History of the English-Speaking Peoples: Age of Revolution
988:
and chosen naval advisor, hoped would neutralize the French
334:
1689:
1538:
1065:
913:
temporarily fell into French hands but French Vice-Admiral
1400:
1398:
1396:
1393:
2078:
Naval battles of the Nine Years' War involving England
1896:(4th ed.). Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland.
2083:
Naval battles of the Nine Years' War involving France
1912:
The Collins Encyclopaedia of Military History 4th ed.
1202:
Torrington burnt six more badly-damaged Dutch ships (
1165:
of the red squadron failed to help the Dutch, as the
1427:
1996:
De vloot van den Konig-Stadhouder 1689-1690 (1934).
1361:
1359:
1971:The Influence of Sea Power on History, 1660–1783.
1644:
1642:
1114:The following day, 10 July, off Beachy Head near
2049:
1479:The Influence of Sea Power on History, 1660–1783
1190:), one shattered and dismasted vessel captured (
1935:The French wars 1667–1714: The Sun King at War.
1849:Militär-historisches Kriegs-Lexikon (1618-1905)
1356:
2000:Winfield, Rif, and Roberts, Stephen S (2017).
1639:
1226:) and one English ship (the third rate 70-gun
2002:French Warships in the Age of Sail 1626-1786.
394:
320:
2013:
1549:
1473:
1471:
1469:
1418:French Warships in the Age of Sail 1626-1786
1416:listed in Rif Winfield and Stephen Roberts,
1380:French Warships in the Age of Sail 1626-1786
1378:listed in Rif Winfield and Stephen Roberts,
1306:in July; Tourville was relieved of command.
408:
1628:
1626:
1514:
1512:
1891:
1564:
1562:
1560:
1558:
1404:
401:
387:
327:
313:
1830:The Defeat of James Stuart's Armada 1692.
1813:The Defeat of James Stuart's Armada 1692,
1787:The Defeat of James Stuart's Armada 1692,
1774:The Defeat of James Stuart's Armada 1692,
1634:The Defeat of James Stuart's Armada 1692,
1504:The Defeat of James Stuart's Armada 1692.
1466:
1461:The Defeat of James Stuart's Armada 1692,
1390:): Aubrey states 76 (with 18 fire ships).
149:
1623:
1509:
1243:
1141:
1039:
134:
16:1690 fleet action of the Nine Years' War
2098:Military history of the English Channel
1555:
1154:At about 08:00 the Allies, who had the
2050:
1910:Dupuy, R. E & Dupuy, T. N (1995).
1842:
1433:
930:Arthur Herbert, 1st Earl of Torrington
1126:, comprised English and Dutch ships.
382:
308:
13:
1865:Marlborough as Military Commander.
1297:campaign". Tourville anchored off
905:fought on 10 July 1690 during the
14:
2109:
2034:
1963:The History of England: Volume 3.
1949:The Wars of Louis XIV, 1667–1714.
1748:Marlborough as Military Commander
1676:The Wars of Louis XIV, 1667–1714,
1570:The Wars of Louis XIV, 1667–1714,
1533:The Wars of Louis XIV, 1667–1714,
1491:The Wars of Louis XIV, 1667–1714,
1367:The Wars of Louis XIV, 1667–1714,
1083:, believing that the risk to the
50:An illustration of the battle by
1178:Allied fleet; he left two Dutch
940:dismissed him from the service.
251:
240:
229:
217:
206:
195:
184:
164:
151:
136:
44:
2068:Military history of East Sussex
1805:
1792:
1779:
1766:
1753:
1740:
1728:
1715:
1668:
1655:
1575:
1525:
1496:
1483:
1292:, who had succeeded his father
1071:Torrington's fleet reached the
2073:Military history of Eastbourne
1453:
1439:
1410:
1372:
1338:
289:2,350-4000 killed and wounded
1:
1881:. Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
1821:
1617:and for military advice, the
1351:Old Style and New Style dates
1064:. Torrington sailed from the
943:
295:6 ships of the line scuttled
1832:Leicester University Press.
1420:, p.30; also N.A.M. Rodger,
1239:
1196:taking advantage of the tide
1048:After evading Killigrew off
978:Vice Admiral Henry Killigrew
424:Flanders and the Lower Rhine
291:1 ship of the line captured
7:
2014:Van Nimwegen, Olaf (2020).
1877:Churchill, Winston (2002).
1269:for the country's defence.
10:
2114:
1914:HarperCollins Publishers.
1863:Chandler, David G (2003).
1678:p. 214: Together with the
1035:
960:. In August 1689, Marshal
915:Anne Hilarion de Tourville
18:
2041:Lists of sailing warships
1761:The Command of the Ocean,
1663:The Command of the Ocean,
1520:The Command of the Ocean,
1109:
420:
347:
280:
263:
177:
128:
57:
43:
35:
30:
2018:(in Dutch). Prometheus.
1924:Guizot, Francois P. G.
1332:
1032:has been our ruin ... "
293:1 ship of the line sunk
1977:Rodger, N.A.M. (2006).
1892:Clodfelter, M. (2017).
1828:Aubrey, Philip (1979).
1800:The History of England,
1700:Rodger, N.A.M. (2006).
1650:The History of England,
1052:, the Toulon squadron (
2063:History of East Sussex
1969:Mahan, Alfred Thayer.
1253:
1151:
1137:Victor-Marie d'Estrées
1090:In William's absence,
1045:
966:Siege of Carrickfergus
938:William III of England
178:Commanders and leaders
1947:Lynn, John A (1999).
1933:Lynn, John A (2002).
1247:
1145:
1043:
895:Battle of Beachy Head
833:Barfleur and La Hogue
281:Casualties and losses
31:Battle of Beachy Head
21:Battle of Beachy Head
1802:Volume III, Chpt.XVI
1290:Marquis de Seignelay
1087:would be too great.
897:, also known as the
636:Sant Esteve d'en Bas
299:1 fire ship scuttled
101:50.73743°N 0.24768°E
1937:Osprey Publishing.
1619:Earl of Marlborough
1286:Battle of the Boyne
1267:Earl of Marlborough
1248:Dutch Rear Admiral
1224:Maagd van Enkhuizen
1212:Maagd van Enkhuizen
1167:Marquis de Villette
1030:St George's Channel
962:Frederick Schomberg
958:Glorious Revolution
950:James II of England
899:Battle of Bévéziers
789:Cartagena de Indias
735:Invasion of England
97: /
1961:Macaulay, Thomas.
1254:
1222:and the fire ship
1152:
1046:
1007:Comte de Tourville
994:Cloudesley Shovell
986:Secretary of State
982:Earl of Nottingham
934:Mary II of England
616:Second Brotherhood
297:2 fire ships sunk
236:Earl of Torrington
2093:Conflicts in 1690
2025:978-90-446-3871-4
2009:978-1-4738-9351-1
1903:978-0-7864-7470-7
1704:, Penguin Group.
1652:Volume III, Ch XV
1581:Council of Nine,
1550:Van Nimwegen 2020
1278:Anthonie Heinsius
1263:Battle of Fleurus
1234:Wapen van Utrecht
1120:Cornelis Evertsen
1077:Cornelis Evertsen
1026:Earl of Tyrconnel
888:
887:
375:
374:
303:
302:
258:Cornelis Evertsen
124:
123:
106:50.73743; 0.24768
2105:
2029:
1907:
1867:Spellmount Ltd.
1860:
1858:
1856:
1816:
1809:
1803:
1796:
1790:
1783:
1777:
1770:
1764:
1757:
1751:
1744:
1738:
1732:
1726:
1719:
1713:
1698:
1687:
1672:
1666:
1659:
1653:
1646:
1637:
1630:
1621:
1579:
1573:
1566:
1553:
1547:
1536:
1529:
1523:
1516:
1507:
1500:
1494:
1487:
1481:
1475:
1464:
1457:
1451:
1443:
1437:
1431:
1425:
1414:
1408:
1402:
1391:
1376:
1370:
1363:
1354:
1342:
1275:Grand Pensionary
1081:Straits of Dover
708:Cork and Kinsale
415:
413:
403:
396:
389:
380:
379:
342:
340:
336:Theatres of the
329:
322:
315:
306:
305:
256:
255:
254:
245:
244:
234:
233:
222:
221:
211:
210:
200:
199:
189:
188:
170:
168:
167:
161:
157:
155:
154:
146:
142:
140:
139:
112:
111:
109:
108:
107:
102:
98:
95:
94:
93:
90:
59:
58:
48:
28:
27:
2113:
2112:
2108:
2107:
2106:
2104:
2103:
2102:
2048:
2047:
2037:
2032:
2026:
1981:Penguin Group.
1904:
1854:
1852:
1824:
1819:
1810:
1806:
1797:
1793:
1784:
1780:
1771:
1767:
1758:
1754:
1745:
1741:
1733:
1729:
1720:
1716:
1699:
1690:
1673:
1669:
1660:
1656:
1647:
1640:
1631:
1624:
1580:
1576:
1567:
1556:
1548:
1539:
1530:
1526:
1517:
1510:
1501:
1497:
1488:
1484:
1476:
1467:
1458:
1454:
1444:
1440:
1432:
1428:
1415:
1411:
1405:Clodfelter 2017
1403:
1394:
1377:
1373:
1364:
1357:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1327:Richard Haddock
1311:Tower of London
1242:
1204:Noorderkwartier
1112:
1100:Admiral Russell
1054:Château-Renault
1038:
1003:Comte de Lauzun
974:English Channel
946:
911:English Channel
907:Nine Years' War
891:
890:
889:
884:
416:
412:Nine Years' War
411:
409:
407:
377:
376:
371:
352:Mainland Europe
343:
339:Nine Years' War
338:
335:
333:
298:
296:
294:
292:
290:
275:
270:
252:
250:
249:
239:
238:
228:
216:
215:
205:
204:
194:
193:
183:
165:
163:
162:
152:
150:
137:
135:
105:
103:
99:
96:
91:
88:
86:
84:
83:
82:
80:English Channel
49:
38:Nine Years' War
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2111:
2101:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2058:1690 in France
2044:
2043:
2036:
2035:External links
2033:
2031:
2030:
2024:
2011:
1998:
1992:Warnsinck, JCM
1989:
1975:
1967:
1959:
1945:
1931:
1922:
1908:
1902:
1889:
1875:
1861:
1844:Bodart, Gaston
1840:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1817:
1804:
1791:
1778:
1765:
1752:
1739:
1727:
1714:
1688:
1667:
1654:
1638:
1622:
1574:
1554:
1552:, p. 203.
1537:
1524:
1508:
1495:
1482:
1465:
1452:
1438:
1436:, p. 112.
1426:
1409:
1392:
1371:
1355:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1323:House of Lords
1241:
1238:
1208:Gekroonde Burg
1150:was stationed.
1111:
1108:
1085:fleet in being
1037:
1034:
999:King Louis XIV
992:squadron. Sir
945:
942:
886:
885:
883:
882:
877:
872:
867:
862:
857:
852:
851:
850:
845:
840:
830:
825:
820:
814:
813:
809:
808:
802:
801:
797:
796:
791:
786:
781:
775:
774:
770:
769:
764:
759:
754:
749:
748:
747:
742:
731:
730:
726:
725:
720:
715:
710:
705:
700:
695:
690:
685:
680:
675:
670:
665:
660:
655:
649:
648:
644:
643:
638:
633:
628:
623:
618:
613:
607:
606:
602:
601:
596:
591:
586:
581:
576:
571:
565:
564:
560:
559:
554:
549:
544:
538:
537:
533:
532:
527:
522:
517:
512:
507:
502:
497:
492:
487:
482:
477:
472:
467:
462:
457:
452:
447:
442:
437:
432:
426:
425:
421:
418:
417:
406:
405:
398:
391:
383:
373:
372:
370:
369:
364:
359:
354:
348:
345:
344:
332:
331:
324:
317:
309:
301:
300:
287:
283:
282:
278:
277:
276:23,000 crewmen
272:
271:28,000 crewmen
266:
265:
261:
260:
226:
202:Châteaurenault
180:
179:
175:
174:
172:Dutch Republic
147:
131:
130:
126:
125:
122:
121:
120:French victory
118:
114:
113:
73:
71:
67:
66:
63:
55:
54:
52:Théodore Gudin
41:
40:
33:
32:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2110:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2055:
2053:
2046:
2042:
2039:
2038:
2027:
2021:
2017:
2012:
2010:
2006:
2003:
1999:
1997:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1987:0-14-102690-1
1984:
1980:
1976:
1974:
1972:
1968:
1966:
1964:
1960:
1958:
1957:0-582-05629-2
1954:
1950:
1946:
1944:
1943:1-84176-361-6
1940:
1936:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1923:
1921:
1920:0-06-270056-1
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1899:
1895:
1890:
1888:
1887:0-304-36393-6
1884:
1880:
1876:
1874:
1873:1-86227-195-X
1870:
1866:
1862:
1851:
1850:
1845:
1841:
1839:
1838:0-7185-1168-9
1835:
1831:
1827:
1826:
1814:
1808:
1801:
1795:
1788:
1782:
1775:
1769:
1762:
1756:
1749:
1743:
1737:
1731:
1724:
1718:
1711:
1710:0-14-102690-1
1707:
1703:
1697:
1695:
1693:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1671:
1664:
1658:
1651:
1645:
1643:
1635:
1629:
1627:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1578:
1571:
1565:
1563:
1561:
1559:
1551:
1546:
1544:
1542:
1534:
1528:
1521:
1515:
1513:
1505:
1499:
1492:
1486:
1480:
1474:
1472:
1470:
1462:
1456:
1448:
1442:
1435:
1430:
1423:
1419:
1413:
1407:, p. 49.
1406:
1401:
1399:
1397:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1375:
1368:
1362:
1360:
1352:
1348:
1341:
1337:
1330:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1315:court martial
1312:
1307:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1282:
1279:
1276:
1270:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1251:
1246:
1237:
1235:
1231:
1230:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1199:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1175:
1172:
1169:succeeded in
1168:
1164:
1161:Vice Admiral
1159:
1157:
1149:
1144:
1140:
1138:
1134:
1133:
1127:
1125:
1124:Ralph Delaval
1121:
1117:
1107:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1088:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1073:Isle of Wight
1069:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1042:
1033:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1022:Carrickfergus
1019:
1014:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
970:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
941:
939:
935:
931:
927:
922:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
881:
878:
876:
873:
871:
868:
866:
863:
861:
858:
856:
853:
849:
846:
844:
841:
839:
836:
835:
834:
831:
829:
826:
824:
821:
819:
816:
815:
812:Naval battles
811:
810:
807:
804:
803:
799:
798:
795:
792:
790:
787:
785:
782:
780:
777:
776:
772:
771:
768:
765:
763:
760:
758:
757:Killiecrankie
755:
753:
750:
746:
743:
741:
738:
737:
736:
733:
732:
729:Great Britain
728:
727:
724:
721:
719:
716:
714:
711:
709:
706:
704:
701:
699:
696:
694:
691:
689:
686:
684:
681:
679:
676:
674:
673:Carrickfergus
671:
669:
668:Newtownbutler
666:
664:
661:
659:
656:
654:
651:
650:
646:
645:
642:
639:
637:
634:
632:
629:
627:
624:
622:
619:
617:
614:
612:
609:
608:
604:
603:
600:
597:
595:
592:
590:
587:
585:
582:
580:
577:
575:
572:
570:
567:
566:
562:
561:
558:
555:
553:
550:
548:
545:
543:
540:
539:
535:
534:
531:
528:
526:
523:
521:
518:
516:
515:2nd Diksmuide
513:
511:
508:
506:
503:
501:
498:
496:
493:
491:
490:1st Diksmuide
488:
486:
483:
481:
478:
476:
473:
471:
468:
466:
463:
461:
458:
456:
453:
451:
448:
446:
443:
441:
438:
436:
433:
431:
428:
427:
423:
422:
419:
414:
404:
399:
397:
392:
390:
385:
384:
381:
368:
367:North America
365:
363:
360:
358:
355:
353:
350:
349:
346:
341:
330:
325:
323:
318:
316:
311:
310:
307:
288:
286:No ships lost
285:
284:
279:
273:
268:
267:
262:
259:
248:
247:Ralph Delaval
243:
237:
232:
227:
225:
220:
214:
209:
203:
198:
192:
187:
182:
181:
176:
173:
160:
148:
145:
133:
132:
127:
119:
116:
115:
110:
81:
77:
72:
69:
68:
64:
61:
60:
56:
53:
47:
42:
39:
34:
29:
22:
2045:
2015:
2001:
1995:
1978:
1970:
1962:
1948:
1934:
1925:
1911:
1893:
1878:
1864:
1853:. Retrieved
1848:
1829:
1812:
1807:
1799:
1794:
1786:
1781:
1773:
1768:
1760:
1755:
1747:
1742:
1735:
1730:
1722:
1717:
1701:
1684:Soleil Royal
1683:
1679:
1675:
1670:
1662:
1657:
1649:
1633:
1615:John Lowther
1577:
1569:
1532:
1527:
1519:
1503:
1498:
1490:
1485:
1478:
1460:
1455:
1446:
1441:
1429:
1421:
1417:
1412:
1383:
1379:
1374:
1366:
1340:
1308:
1283:
1271:
1255:
1250:Gilles Schey
1233:
1228:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1200:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1176:
1160:
1156:weather gage
1153:
1132:Soleil Royal
1130:
1128:
1113:
1089:
1070:
1047:
1015:
1009:returned to
984:, William's
980:, which the
971:
948:The deposed
947:
923:
903:fleet action
898:
894:
892:
822:
723:2nd Limerick
703:1st Limerick
542:Philippsburg
430:Kaiserswerth
129:Belligerents
65:10 July 1690
36:Part of the
1721:Churchill:
1680:Royal Louis
1434:Bodart 1908
1313:to await a
1259:John Evelyn
1184:Suikermolen
1104:Beachy Head
880:Dogger Bank
823:Beachy Head
794:3rd Guárico
784:2nd Guárico
779:1st Guárico
713:2nd Athlone
693:1st Athlone
552:Frankenthal
536:Upper Rhine
465:Steenkerque
104: /
76:Beachy Head
2052:Categories
1822:References
1798:Macaulay:
1746:Chandler:
1648:Macaulay:
1607:Nottingham
1603:Carmarthen
1587:Devonshire
1583:Queen Mary
1388:fire ships
1304:Teignmouth
1188:Kroonvogel
1180:fire ships
1116:Eastbourne
1096:Carmarthen
1092:Queen Mary
1062:the Lizard
1058:fire ships
954:to Ireland
944:Background
926:Royal Navy
818:Bantry Bay
806:Pondichéry
611:Barretinas
525:2nd Deinze
505:1st Deinze
470:Dottignies
89:50°44′15″N
1951:Longman.
1240:Aftermath
1192:Friesland
1148:Tourville
843:Cherbourg
773:Caribbean
752:Loup Hill
740:Wincanton
698:Waterford
641:Barcelona
626:Torroella
605:Catalonia
594:Marsaglia
569:Staffarda
500:2nd Namur
485:Charleroi
460:1st Namur
213:D'Estrées
191:Tourville
92:0°14′52″E
1846:(1908).
1811:Aubrey:
1785:Aubrey:
1772:Aubrey:
1759:Rodger:
1734:Guizot:
1661:Rodger:
1632:Aubrey:
1611:Pembroke
1595:Mordaunt
1518:Rodger:
1502:Aubrey:
1459:Aubrey:
1445:Rodger,
1347:annotate
1299:Le Havre
928:Admiral
901:, was a
848:La Hogue
838:Barfleur
828:Alicante
767:Cromdale
589:Pinerolo
563:Piedmont
547:Mannheim
510:Brussels
435:Walcourt
362:Scotland
274:56 ships
269:75 ships
264:Strength
70:Location
1855:15 June
1712:, p.146
1599:Russell
1522:p. 145.
1493:p. 215.
1477:Mahan:
1319:Chatham
1294:Colbert
1216:Elswout
1171:tacking
1036:Prelude
1018:Chester
875:Dunkirk
860:Camaret
762:Dunkeld
745:Reading
718:Aughrim
658:Dromore
647:Ireland
599:Valenza
495:2nd Huy
475:1st Huy
445:Fleurus
357:Ireland
159:England
2022:
2007:
1985:
1955:
1941:
1918:
1900:
1885:
1871:
1836:
1763:p. 147
1708:
1682:, the
1674:Lynn:
1613:, Sir
1591:Dorset
1572:p. 215
1568:Lynn:
1535:p. 214
1531:Lynn:
1489:Lynn:
1365:Lynn:
1220:Tholen
1182:sunk (
1110:Battle
990:Toulon
919:Thames
865:Dieppe
653:Bandon
631:Girona
480:Landen
224:Forbin
169:
156:
144:France
141:
117:Result
1815:p. 58
1789:p. 52
1776:p. 55
1750:p. 35
1636:p. 49
1506:p. 48
1463:p. 41
1450:ships
1369:p. 83
1333:Notes
1163:Ashby
1050:Cadiz
1011:Brest
952:fled
870:Texel
855:Lagos
688:Boyne
683:Cavan
678:Newry
663:Derry
621:Roses
584:Cuneo
557:Mainz
520:Givet
455:Leuze
2020:ISBN
2005:ISBN
1983:ISBN
1953:ISBN
1939:ISBN
1916:ISBN
1898:ISBN
1883:ISBN
1869:ISBN
1857:2023
1834:ISBN
1725:p. 9
1706:ISBN
1229:Anne
1186:and
1066:Nore
893:The
800:Asia
579:Nice
574:Susa
450:Mons
440:Bonn
74:Off
62:Date
1317:at
530:Ath
2054::
1994:.
1928:.
1691:^
1641:^
1625:^
1609:,
1605:,
1601:,
1597:,
1593:,
1589:,
1557:^
1540:^
1511:^
1468:^
1395:^
1358:^
1218:,
1214:,
1210:,
1206:,
921:.
78:,
2028:.
1906:.
1859:.
402:e
395:t
388:v
328:e
321:t
314:v
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
