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459:(CPI, Indigenous Police Corps); on one estate, twenty people were burned to death. The authorities subjected prisoners to torture using electricity and scores of prisoners died as a result of torture, beatings, and forced labor. The authorities dumped many bodies into the sea. "Throw this shit into the sea to avoid troubles," Gorgulho is quoted as advising.
432:
as laborers. The government responded with on official declaration: "The government has been informed that individuals who are hostile towards the present policy, known as communists, are spreading tendentious rumors to the effect that the creoles are to be obliged to contract themselves for the work
450:
Gorgulho informed colonists and the administration that a communist rebellion was in the offing and he issued a call for all white colonists to take up arms to protect themselves and white women. Militias were quickly formed and some Cape
Verdians responded to the call-to-arms. In addition, planters
441:
The government declares that no creole should give credit to these rumors, but should report such individuals to the police. Thus, the government which has the obligation to protect the creoles, as it has always demonstrated, guarantees them that it will never agree to authorize such contracts."
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Faced with widespread labor shortages, in 1952 the colonial administration proposed settling fifteen thousand people from Cape Verde on São Tomé; then in
January 1953 rumors spread that the government would seize the land of the
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Crowds of protestors gathered on
February 3 and the police killed one of them, Manuel da Conceição Soares. His death precipitated a large protest in Trindade the following day.
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such as prohibiting the sale of palm wine and the locally produced gin and raising the poll tax from 30 to 90 escudos; Gorgulho believed these measures would result in the
335:
and ordered the military to round up such individuals and for civilians to protect themselves. This quickly turned into a bloodbath, resulting in the deaths of hundreds of
479:, ordered Gorgulho to return to Lisbon. He was promoted to the rank of general and praised by the Minister of the Army, General Abranches Pinto, for his actions. Seven
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Gorgulho also faced a shortage of labor to carry out his public works and construction projects. The colonial administration used police raids to kidnap people for
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had always refused manual field work on the estates, since they considered it slave labor. In
Gorgulho's assessment the economic modernization policies of the
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believed the government intended to force them to work as contract laborers, to which they objected. In response, the governor blamed the unrest on
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required breaking São Tomé's dependence on contract laborers from overseas. To accomplish this
Gorgulho implemented policies to make it easier for
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arrived to conduct an investigation into the alleged communist conspiracy. They quickly concluded there was no such conspiracy and, in April,
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to work as contract labor. On
February 2, 1953, hand-written pamphlets appeared in São Tomé threatening to kill anyone who contracted
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604:"Early Limits of Local Decolonization in São Tomé and Príncipe: From Colonial Abuses to Postcolonial Disappointment, 1945—1976"
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mobilized
Angolan and Mozambican workers. Over the next few days the militias and colonial government killed hundreds of
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396:, which he hoped would attract local labor. He also introduced measures targeting the livelihood of the
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Comrades, Clients and
Cousins: Colonialism, Socialism and Democratization in Sao Tome and Principe
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86:
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987:
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252:
232:
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749:"São-Tomé e Príncipe recorda mais um 3 Fevereiro, o 65º aniversário do Massacre de 1953"
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33:
Monument of the massacre, erected in 2015 on the beach of Fernão Dias, São Tomé at
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Le massacre de février 1953 à São Tomé. Raison d'être du nationalisme santoméen
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38:
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455:. Twenty-eight people were suffocated in a cell by the local police, the
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The Batepá massacre marked the rise of the independence movement in
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were tried and convicted for the killing of two police officers.
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to return home while at the same time improving conditions on the
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operated as a quasi-feudal system using contract laborers (
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The Last Empire: Thirty Years of
Portuguese Decolonization
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632:
725:
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Excorcising Devils from the Throne: Sao Tome and
Principe
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688:
686:
656:
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608:
The International Journal of African Historical Studies
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490:, and is commemorated annually as a national holiday (
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to give to newly arrived Cape Verdians and compel the
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132:
Protests repelled; beginning of nationalist sentiment
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644:
16:
1953 killing of native creoles in colonial São Tomé
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530:São Tomé et Principe: Les îles du milieu du monde
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533:(in French). KARTHALA Editions. pp. 61–63.
350:assumed office as governor in 1945. At the time
581:. New York, NY: Algora Publishing. p. 25.
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354:was one of the world's largest producers of
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339:. No communist conspiracy was ever proven.
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504:List of massacres in São Tomé and Príncipe
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279:
27:
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577:Francisco, Alberto da Boa Morte (2011).
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520:
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309:occurred on 3 February 1953 in colonial
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469:International and State Defense Police
411:gangs to carry out much of this work.
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467:On March 4 members of the Portuguese
1323:Wars involving São Tomé and Príncipe
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404:taking up wage labor on the roças.
13:
1313:Massacres in São Tomé and Príncipe
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747:Neto, Ricardo (February 2, 2018).
14:
1359:
1328:Massacres of protesters in Africa
1308:Protests in São Tomé and Príncipe
781:
755:from the original on May 17, 2023
527:Gallet, Dominique (2008-01-01).
488:Portuguese São Tomé and Príncipe
477:Minister of Overseas Territories
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327:and Portuguese landowners. Many
269:São Tomé and Príncipe portal
262:
211:
1348:Massacres committed by Portugal
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618:from the original on 2023-04-23
547:from the original on 2023-04-23
1333:February 1953 events in Africa
983:Parque Natural Obô de São Tomé
966:Parque Natural Obô do Príncipe
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595:
570:
1:
1318:1953 in São Tomé and Príncipe
675:Lloyd-Jones, Stewart (2003).
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414:
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679:. Intellect. pp. 38–39.
492:Dia de Mártires da Liberdade
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358:. Large plantations, called
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372:) from mainland Africa and
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772:Seibert, Gerhard (2005).
602:Keese, Alexander (2011).
457:Corpo de Polícia Indígena
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69:
26:
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313:when hundreds of native
177:2 police officers killed
325:colonial administration
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323:were massacred by the
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836:São Tomé and Príncipe
253:Manuel Pinto da Costa
205:São Tomé and Príncipe
162:Casualties and losses
152:Portuguese landowners
796:University of Leiden
1210:Beti-Pahuin peoples
248:Liberation Movement
109: /
52:0.41083°N 6.66750°E
48: /
1154:Telecommunications
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737:, pp. 81–825.
473:Sarmento Rodrigues
1343:Massacres in 1953
1338:Mé-Zóchi District
1303:Conflicts in 1953
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1093:Political parties
1088:National Assembly
1049:Foreign relations
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1025:
988:Pico de São Tomé
903:COVID-19 pandemic
710:, pp. 73–74.
665:, pp. 71–72.
641:, pp. 66–67.
588:978-0-87586-846-2
567:, pp. 81–82.
494:) on February 3.
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147:Santomean creoles
87:Mé-Zóchi District
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446:The massacres
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113:0.30°N 6.66°E
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30:
25:
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1200:Demographics
1190:Coat of arms
1134:Central Bank
1054:Human rights
867:
856:Colonial era
773:
757:. Retrieved
742:
735:Seibert 2005
720:Seibert 2005
715:
708:Seibert 2005
693:Seibert 2005
676:
670:
663:Seibert 2005
658:
651:Seibert 2005
646:
639:Seibert 2005
620:. Retrieved
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565:Seibert 2005
560:
549:. Retrieved
529:
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409:forced labor
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228:Pêro Escobar
800:(in French)
384:Estado Novo
382:Portuguese
129:Resulted in
116: /
55: /
1297:Categories
1217:Literature
1148:(currency)
1098:Presidents
990:(mountain)
798:, 1996-97
622:2021-02-11
614:(3): 389.
551:2018-02-01
510:References
439:serviçais.
415:The crisis
374:Cape Verde
343:Background
333:communists
203:History of
118:0.30; 6.66
1205:Languages
1159:Transport
1141:Companies
1083:Ministers
1044:Elections
996:São Tomé
941:Districts
924:Geography
861:governors
463:Aftermath
390:serviçais
370:serviçais
317:known as
40:0°24′39″N
1277:Category
1237:Religion
1066:Military
1032:Politics
1006:Wildlife
961:Príncipe
840:articles
753:Archived
616:Archived
545:Archived
498:See also
311:São Tomé
194:a series
192:Part of
78:Location
43:6°40′3″E
1261:Outline
1195:Culture
1173:Society
1117:Economy
1016:mammals
956:Forests
951:Islands
848:History
759:May 17,
433:on the
315:creoles
137:Parties
1282:Portal
1185:Anthem
1146:Dobra
998:(city)
973:Rivers
838:
585:
537:
481:forros
475:, the
453:forros
430:forros
426:forros
422:forros
402:forros
398:forros
386:regime
378:forros
376:. The
337:forros
329:forros
320:forros
196:on the
104:6°40′E
101:0°18′N
83:Batepá
1268:Index
1242:Sport
1227:Music
1129:Banks
1011:birds
873:MLSTP
437:like
435:roças
394:roças
366:roças
361:roças
356:cocoa
1222:Flag
1059:LGBT
896:2022
891:2003
886:1995
881:1988
761:2023
583:ISBN
535:ISBN
305:The
70:Date
1078:Law
1299::
794:,
751:.
727:^
700:^
685:^
631:^
612:44
610:.
606:.
543:.
517:^
89:,
85:,
828:e
821:t
814:v
763:.
625:.
591:.
554:.
294:e
287:t
280:v
64:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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