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268:. The largest specimens can grow to a wingspan of 1.8 m (5 ft 11 in) and a mass of 91 kg (201 lb). They more typically range from 9.07–13.61 kg (20.0–30.0 lb). The size of the bat ray is dependent on many factors, such as habitat alterations and different oceanographic and environmental conditions. Some bat rays are solitary, while others form schools numbering in the thousands.
371:. They mate annually, in the spring or summer, and have a gestation period of nine to twelve months. Litter sizes range from two to ten — pups emerge tail first with their pectoral fins wrapped around the body, and the venomous spine is flexible and covered in a sheath which sloughs off within hours of birth. Bat rays live up to 23 years.
625:
Hernandez-Herrera, A., Galvan-Magana, F., Patricia
Ceballos-Vazquez, B., Pelamatti, T., García-Rodríguez, A., Hernández-Herrera, A., Galván-Magaña, F., Ceballos-Vázquez, B., & Tovar-Ávila, J. (2020). Estimation of the size at sexual maturity of the bat ray (Myliobatis californica) in northwestern
307:
to move sand and expose prey animals. They may also use their snout to dig trenches up to 20 cm deep to expose buried prey, such as clams. Bat ray teeth are flat and pavementlike, forming tightly-packed rows that are used for crushing and grinding prey—the crushed shells are ejected and the flesh
346:
Commercial growers have long believed bat rays (which inhabit the same estuarine areas favored for the industry) prey on oysters and trapped them in large numbers. In fact, crabs (which are prey of bat rays) are principally responsible for oyster loss. Bat rays are not considered endangered or
358:
The holes that bat rays leave behind after digging with their snouts allow smaller fish to eat the organisms hidden in the sand that they otherwise would not be able to retrieve themselves. These holes can be as large as 4 meters long and 20 centimeters deep.
324:, has a venomous spine in its tail (near the base), it is not considered dangerous and uses the spine only when attacked or frightened. Humans can avoid these spines by shuffling their feet when traversing shallow sand.
710:
Gobalet, Kenneth W., Peter D. Schulz, Thomas A. Wake and Nelson
Siefkin (2004). "Archaeological perspectives on native American fisheries of California, with emphasis on steelhead and salmon".
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Bat rays are popular in marine parks, and visitors are often allowed to touch or stroke the ray, usually on the wing.
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Bat rays copulate while swimming with synchronized wingbeats—the male under the female. The male inserts a
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into the female's cloaca, channeling semen into the orifice to fertilize her eggs.
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Gill, T.N. (1865). "Note on the family of myliobatoids, and on a new species of
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287:. To keep themselves safe from predators, bat rays camouflage in the sand.
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van Hees, K.; Pien, C.; Ebert, D.A.; Cailliet, G.M.; Smith, W.D. (2015).
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is often greater than the male one. Predators of the bat ray include
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335:. Prehistorically, native tribes on the California coast (probably
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Mexico through a multi-model inference. Fisheries
Research, 231
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area, fished bat rays in large numbers, presumably for food.
753:"The Pelagic Shark Research Foundation - Research - Methods"
249:
312:, these teeth fall out and are replaced continuously.
303:and small fish on the seabed, using their winglike
686:Program, Morro Bay National Estuary (2017-01-27).
636:Program, Morro Bay National Estuary (2017-01-27).
353:
327:Currently, the bat ray is fished commercially in
252:beds and rocky-bottomed shoreline in the eastern
1057:
712:Transactions of the American Fisheries Society
475:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T39416A80677869.en
774:
772:
407:Bat ray in kelp forest, San Clemente Island.
606:"Bat Rays ~ MarineBio Conservation Society"
315:
591:Monterey Bay Aquarium Online Field Guide.
264:. It is also found in the area around the
215:
48:
29:
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688:"Morro Bay Wildlife Spot Light: Bat Rays"
638:"Morro Bay Wildlife Spot Light: Bat Rays"
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587:
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521:Integrated Taxonomic Information System
271:The sexual maturity size of the female
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807:
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431:Bat ray at the Monterey Bay Aquarium.
1081:Western North American coastal fauna
562:
1066:IUCN Red List least concern species
726:
720:
679:
660:
571:Florida Museum of Natural History.
489:
461:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
395:Bat ray adopting a feeding posture.
13:
729:"Myliobatis californica (Bat ray)"
692:Morro Bay National Estuary Program
663:"Myliobatis californica (Bat ray)"
654:
642:Morro Bay National Estuary Program
14:
1117:
1096:Fish of the Western United States
789:
629:
244:found in muddy or sandy sloughs,
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73:
1101:Galápagos Islands coastal fauna
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354:Relationship with other animals
1091:Fish of the Gulf of California
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320:While the bat ray, like other
1:
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16:Species of cartilaginous fish
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573:Bat Ray Biological Profile
501:Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y.
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285:broadnose sevengill sharks
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70:Scientific classification
68:
46:
37:
28:
23:
544:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
517:"Myliobatis californica"
367:Bat ray reproduction is
316:Relationship with humans
861:myliobatis-californicus
595:. Retrieved 2012-06-14.
575:. Retrieved 2006-01-16.
558:. January 2006 version.
454:Myliobatis californicus
290:
1106:Fish described in 1865
847:Myliobatis californica
817:Myliobatis californica
782:. Retrieved 2006-01-16
548:Myliobatis californica
419:Bat ray off Pt. Lobos.
308:consumed. As with all
237:Myliobatis californica
199:Myliobatis californica
799:on Sealife Collection
468:: e.T39416A80677869.
339:), especially in the
273:Myliobatis california
733:Animal Diversity Web
667:Animal Diversity Web
1086:Fauna of California
717:(4), 801–833.
277:California sea lion
181:M. californica
40:Conservation status
1076:Ovoviviparous fish
281:great white sharks
262:Gulf of California
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1025:Open Tree of Life
809:Taxon identifiers
341:San Francisco Bay
295:Bat rays feed on
266:Galápagos Islands
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369:ovoviviparous
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333:United States
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310:elasmobranchs
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305:pectoral fins
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254:Pacific Ocean
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190:Binomial name
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55:Least Concern
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760:. Retrieved
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608:. 2017-05-18
600:
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524:. Retrieved
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479:. Retrieved
465:
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453:
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366:
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349:
347:threatened.
345:
331:but not the
326:
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272:
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180:
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167:
157:Myliobatidae
133:Superorder:
18:
934:iNaturalist
841:Wikispecies
481:20 November
301:crustaceans
1071:Myliobatis
1060:Categories
795:Photos of
762:2022-10-20
738:2022-10-20
697:2022-10-20
672:2022-10-20
647:2022-10-20
612:2022-10-20
437:References
363:Life cycle
248:and bays,
224:Range map
207:T. N. Gill
168:Myliobatis
123:Subclass:
497:Aetobatis
322:stingrays
246:estuaries
242:eagle ray
175:Species:
93:Kingdom:
87:Eukaryota
952:10158497
908:FishBase
900:46561010
832:Q1722247
826:Wikidata
555:FishBase
526:11 March
297:mollusks
240:) is an
153:Family:
137:Batoidea
107:Chordata
103:Phylum:
97:Animalia
83:Domain:
60:IUCN 3.1
24:Bat ray
926:2419300
797:Bat ray
780:Bat Ray
593:Bat Ray
382:Gallery
376:clasper
232:bat ray
209:, 1865)
163:Genus:
143:Order:
113:Class:
58: (
1043:271485
1017:271485
1004:795874
991:319543
965:160981
874:125487
856:ARKive
337:Ohlone
329:Mexico
258:Oregon
1038:WoRMS
1030:47684
978:39416
947:IRMNG
939:51491
887:453CB
1012:OBIS
986:NCBI
973:IUCN
960:ITIS
921:GBIF
913:2582
869:BOLD
528:2006
483:2021
466:2015
291:Diet
283:and
250:kelp
230:The
895:EoL
882:CoL
715:133
499:".
470:doi
1062::
1040::
1027::
1014::
1001::
988::
975::
962::
949::
936::
923::
910::
897::
884::
871::
858::
843::
828::
771:^
755:.
731:.
690:.
665:.
640:.
580:^
564:^
552:.
519:.
464:.
458:.
299:,
279:,
765:.
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546:"
530:.
504:8
485:.
472::
456:"
452:"
234:(
205:(
62:)
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