Basuto Gun War - Knowledge

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arbitrary power, refusing to pay his share of the hut tax and forbidding the return of the local magistrate. Joseph Orpen, who replaced Griffith, was seen as too sympathetic to the former rebels. His handling of cattle and land compensation led to the alienation of Basuto loyalists and the departure of nearly all pre-war magistrates from Basutoland. In January 1882, Letsie I assembled an army in order to enforce the Award on Masopha, yet the expedition was cancelled as it was judged that Masopha retained considerable popular support. The Colonial Office refused to allow the Cape to abandon Basutoland and cancel the Award. Robinson then set 15 March as the new deadline for the enforcement of the Award, threatening to confiscate land from the chiefs failing to abide to it and to redistribute Quthing District to white volunteers who fought in the war. Following pleas by Letsie I and Orpen, Robinson cancelled the Award on 15 March and pledged not to confiscate land. This was followed by the repeal of the Peace Preservation Act on 6 April.

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Cape Mounted Yeomanry to flank the kop from the left. CMY commander Captain Dalgety ordered his soldiers to dismount and assume an open order formation. Chief Seiso's led an charge of 300 axe-wielding Basuto cavalrymen on Dalgety's unit before the latter was able to reach the crest. The 2nd CMY reinforced Dalgety soon afterwards and captured a nearby village. The Cape army lost 32 killed and seven injured, while the Basuto lost 40 killed. The yeomanry was almost defenseless in hand-to-hand combat, as it was not yet issued bayonets or swords. The battle at Qalabane demoralized the Cape Mounted Yeomanry, which had previously successfully repulsed much larger bodies of enemy troops, but the Basuto hailed the clash as a great victory. Clarke reached Mafeteng, engaging in counter-insurgency operations in its vicinity until the end of the month before returning to the Cape.

825:. Using Letsie as an intermediary, Robinson organized a meeting between Griffith and Lerotholi outside Maseru on 17 April. The two sides signed an armistice, although Lerotholi was unwilling to surrender his weapons, as the motion would be too unpopular among his tribesmen. On 29 April, Robinson announced the peace settlement, known as the Award. Under its terms the Basuto would be allowed to keep their guns, provided they officially register them and pay an annual fee of one pound per weapon. The Cape pledged to provide an amnesty for the rebels and allow for Quthing to remain a part of Basutoland. The Basuto agreed to pay a collective fine of 5,000 cattle and compensate Basuto loyalists and white traders. The Award marked the end of the conflict. The Cape's casualties during the war totaled 94 killed and 112 wounded. 870:

On 16 September, Sauer held a private meeting with Letsie I and Lerotholi, and consented to the Basuto chiefs' proposal to assemble a force against Masopha. On 25 September, Gordon departed for a meeting with Masopha at Thaba Bosiu, at the same time Lerotholi had completed preparations to launch an assault on the stronghold. During his meeting with Masopha, Gordon disobeyed written instructions given to him by Sauer. Furthermore, Masopha intentionally prolonged the negotiations, thus thwarting Lerotholi's assault on the mountain. Gordon departed Thaba Bosiu without having achieved his objective and resigned soon afterwards. Lerotholi felt humiliated by the incident, which developed into a long-lasting rivalry between him and his uncle.

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land from Basuto loyalists and accepting Austen's severed head as a peace offering from Transkeian chief Tlokwa. According to Basuto oral tradition, Letsie I purposefully cultivated the image of a weak and unintelligent leader, while covertly communicating with the rebel leaders and encouraging the continuation of the rebellion. Basuto loyalist leaders like Jonathan Molapo surrendered their weapons on Letsie's orders so as to maintain control of the country in case the rebels were defeated. During the course of the war, Griffith continued to believe in Letsie's loyalty, blaming his inability to control his chiefs for the war.

154: 143: 115: 743: 39: 553:—under Sprigg's new terms the rebel chiefs were to appear in court where they would receive a token fine, pledge to compensate those whose property they had seized, and comply with the gun regulations. Masopha remained defiant and held an assembly of his own, where he and Lerotholi began to prepare for war. Masopha believed that the Cape's troops had proved themselves to be incompetent during the suppression of Morosi's revolt. He was further encouraged by rumors that the British would refuse to reinforce the Cape, and by the British defeat at the 571: 447:

they deemed unacceptable. From that point on, Letsie I and the Governor's Agent in Basutoland, Colonel Griffith, became embroiled in a power struggle. The Cape-appointed magistrates were given autonomy in enforcing colonial legislation as they saw fit. The magistrates interfered with land disputes, when the Basuto previously held exclusive rights on land allocation. Authority over marriage disputes and disputes between the Basuto and white residents were likewise transferred to

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arms and withdraw. Lerotholi refused and rode back to his men, after seeing the CMR appear on the rear of the police force. The Basuto then charged down from the hill, and a short skirmish ensued whereby the Basuto suffered light casualties. Carrington's troops then garrisoned Mafeteng, where they were besieged by Lerotholi. On 17 September, a CMR unit was attacked by 700 Basuto outside Mafeteng. Following this attack Sprigg ordered the mobilization of the Cape's armed forces.

759:, and two 7-pounder guns towards Thaba Tsueu. Brabant sent the burghers ahead to capture the Radiamari village. After burning Radiamari, the burghers disregarded their orders and pushed further into Sepechele village, which was held by 8,000 men under Lerotholi. Chief Maama charged the burghers with 3,000 of his warriors, and the latter began to withdraw towards the rest of the Cape force. The Basuto managed to close in on the burghers but were eventually beaten off with 421: 4664: 834: 549:(CMR) could arrive to assist him. Letsie I replied that this was unrealistic, as most of the Basuto, including his sons, had rallied behind Masopha. Letsie and his armed retinue, returned to their village on 19 August after several days of negotiations, fearing that they would be ambushed if they remained outside Thaba Bosiu any longer. In a last ditch effort to prevent an uprising, Sprigg visited Letsie I in person. Letsie I then held another 2318: 514:

was unnecessary since the Basuto remained loyal to the Cape. The delegation was not allowed to present its case in the parliament. Petitions from the Basuto and their sympathizers from among the Paris Evangelical Society missionaries followed, all of which failed to produce a favorable result. Letsie I, now old and in declining health, was unwilling to lead an armed revolt, believing it to be futile. Cape Governor Sir

882:, rebel chief Joel Molapo and loyalist chief Jonathan Molapo continued to clash sporadically over the Leribe chieftaincy. Joel continuously attacked local loyalists in an effort to seize power, complicating the settlement of the Gun War. The fighting resulted in a wave of refugees fleeing towards the Orange Free State. A month later, a number of Basuto chiefs including Masopha, failed to appear at a 665:; employing ambushes and defending fortified positions. Their high mobility allowed them to engage their opponents only when they believed that conditions favored them and to quickly withdraw after firing. While the Basuto remained inferior marksmen in comparison to their opponents, the quality and the quantity of the arms at their disposal had increased considerably since the Boer wars. 910:. The Basuto retained their guns, prevented the alienation of their land to white settlement and thwarted the absorption of their country by the Free State, which would have inevitably occurred had they gained complete independence. The Basuto chiefs retained most of their past authority, while unrest in Masopha's district was only brought to an end after his defeat in the 887:

popular opinion against him. In May, Letsie I officially granted Jonathan the Leribe chieftaincy, but despite Letsie's declaration, violence in Leribe did not subside until the end of the year. Facing continued diplomatic protests from the Free State and unable to enforce the law in Basutoland, the Cape Parliament passed the Disannexation Act in September 1883.

725:'s own purposes. Clifford insisted that no British troops should be committed for the suppression of the rebellion. In October, Clarke arrived at Wepener at the head of a force of 1,000 cavalry, 600 infantry, five artillery pieces, and 40 wagons. Clarke was aiming to relieve Mafeteng, whose garrison was forced to exchange messages written in 813:

a CMR scout reported a massed formation of Basuto horsemen. Brabant ordered his soldiers to form a square; soon afterwards the Basuto commenced an attack on its front and two flanks. A combination of rifle and case shot fire kept the Basuto at bay in the center and the right flank. On the left, the Basuto managed to almost reach

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1883. The Basuto Gun War represents a rare example of an African nation's military victory against a colonial power, whereby the Basuto were able to retain their guns. Under the terms of the Disannexation Act, Basutoland was transformed into a British High Commission Territory, and thus not later incorporated into the

710:. While Basuto incitement did play a role, the causes of those rebellions varied. Some tribes feared disarmament, others opposed the continuous erosion of traditional power structures, while others believed that merely by killing the local white population, colonial rule would disappear. The revolts in 817:

range before being likewise driven off. The artillery continued to fire on the retreating Basuto, who suffered 138 casualties in the engagement. One month later Clarke assumed personal command of the force, moving the camp to Ramibidikwa, 20 miles (32 km) from Morija. On 22 March, Carrington was

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On 14 February Carrington captured Ramakhoatsi, which overlooked the main road to Morija. The following day, a force of 370 cavalry, 100 infantry, 50 native levies, and three artillery pieces under Brabant was sent out in search of a new camping ground. Upon crossing a spruit in the Ramibidikwa area,

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had been incited to revolt by the rebels in Basutoland on 4 October. Brownlee initially attempted to quell the uprising through negotiations, however this plan had to be abandoned when the learnt that the rebels were planning to assassinate him and the members of his administration. He then evacuated

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system, under which the governor's legislative powers were transferred to the Cape Parliament. The Basuto were neither consulted nor formally informed. They were also barred from participating in the parliament unless they accepted to completely abandon their traditional laws and customs, a condition

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announced the peaceful settlement of the conflict. The Cape's subsequent efforts to enforce disarmament and re-establish the rule of law in Basutoland met with stiff resistance from Masopha and his supporters. Unable to control the Basuto, the Cape Parliament passed the Disannexation Act in September

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as unenforceable, citing the absence of unity among the Basuto. Merriman persuaded Gordon to stay in the Cape for an additional year. Sauer and Gordon then traveled to Basutoland in September 1882, Gordon was convinced that he could resolve the conflict if he were to enter negotiations with Masopha.

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For most of the war the Cape's troops and administration remained isolated in the Hlotse, Maseru, and Mafeteng Districts. The lack of offensive action reduced the Cape troops’ morale still further. Letsie I officially remained loyal to the Cape, while tacitly supporting the rebellion by confiscating

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halfway between Wepener and Mafeteng. Lerotholi had positioned 3,000 of his warriors behind a ridge that overlooked a nearby road. The advanced guard of the Cape Mounted Yeomanry came under rifle fire from the kop. Clarke ordered the artillery to fire upon the kop and dispatched 200 men from the 1st

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set off with 20 policemen to scout ahead. Some 2 miles (3.2 km) from the magistracy, he encountered 300 Basuto warriors commanded by Lerotholi on a hill range overlooking the road. The two parleyed, and Barkly informed Lerotholi of the column's imminent approach and advised him to surrender his

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to authorize the forced disarmament of the Baphuthi. Austen ordered Letsie I to assist the Cape in the campaign, threatening to hand over parts of Quthing to white settlers and establish garrisons of colonial troops in Basutoland. Letsie I reluctantly agreed. The fighting lasted for several months,

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called by Orpen's successor Matt Blyth, thus rejecting Scanlen's new proposal for semi-autonomous rule. Aided by Masopha, Joel Molapo continued to massacre and destroy the properties of his opponents. During one of his raids, his warriors burnt the stone house of his deceased father, which shifted

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harvest season neared, the Basuto began to fear that further fighting would lead to starvation in the following year. Under the terms put forward by the Basuto, they would retain their guns and autonomous rule. The deal was rejected by the Cape government, which demanded the surrender of all guns,

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In June 1880, Letsie I dispatched a three-man delegation to the Cape Parliament as it was deliberating the annexation of Quthing and the question of Basuto disarmament. The delegation argued that the annexation was a violation of prior agreements between Moshoeshoe and Wodehouse, while disarmament

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began setting their outposts in Basuto lands following Moshoeshoe's invitation. They promoted a combination of Christianity, Western civilization, and commerce. They saw Basuto customs linked to obligatory labor and the dependence of the population on their chiefs as evil. They sought to undermine

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for attending injured burghers while being wounded himself. Brabant sent 140 riders from the Yeomanry in pursuit of Maama. The initial counter-attack failed after it was outflanked from the right. The Cape troops then dismounted and cleared the plateau and surrounding ridges. The Basuto suffered

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was appointed as the new High Commissioner for Southern Africa. The British had long entertained the idea of incorporating Basutoland into the Cape Colony, and Barkly immediately pushed for annexation on the premise of the financial costs incurred by the colony's policing of Basutoland. The bill

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rifles. As a result, the Basuto became the best-armed tribe in southern Africa. For the Basuto gun confiscation was unacceptable, not only due to their high value, but also due to the necessity to defend their land and cattle in an environment where there was no guarantee of protection from the

493:(formal assembly) attended by some 6,000 to 10,000 Basuto. Soon afterwards he also declared that the Quthing region would be confiscated by the Cape for white settlement. At the time almost half of all Basuto men owned a firearm. Many had worked in railway construction and the diamond mines in 488:

In 1878, the Cape Parliament had passed the Peace Preservation Act, which allowed for the confiscation of the firearms of the African population in exchange for a monetary compensation. Sprigg decided that its implementation should extend to the Basuto, after witnessing 7,000 Basuto cavalrymen

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replaced Sprigg as prime minister, while Basutophile Jacobus Wilhelmus Sauer was appointed as the new Secretary for Native Affairs. Scanlen encountered challenges in fully enforcing the Award, such as the erosion of the colonial administration's prestige. Masopha demanded to be granted almost

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and appointed Hamilton Hope as the magistrate to oversee the Baputhi, a move opposed by Morosi. In April 1878, the colonial authorities dispatched 80 African policemen and 700 Basuto warriors to apprehend Morosi's son Doda; the dispute was resolved peacefully. Hope was replaced by the more

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out of necessity, viewed any kind of colonial administration as “a snake in the house”. While the British, saw it as their responsibility to westernize their new subjects. Wodehouse therefore supported a gradual introduction of colonial laws, so as not to provoke backlash from the Basuto.

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and Quthing were abandoned by the Cape troops. The rebellion continued to spread across Basutoland, with clashes taking place across seven different fronts. The heavy casualties suffered by the Basuto during their frontal assaults caused them to increasingly adopt the tactics of the

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The Basuto vastly outnumbered their adversaries, Lerotholi commanded 23,000 cavalry, of which 9,000 were concentrated in the Mafeteng District where most of the fighting took place. A part of the Basuto army was tasked with guarding Letsie's ancestral village of

407:, who succeeded Moshoeshoe in 1870, viewed the annexation as merely a treaty of alliance and protection. Basuto chiefs therefore actively challenged the efforts of British authorities to enact major reforms without prior consultations. On 31 December 1870, Sir 721:, who had temporarily succeeded him, opposed both the war and Sprigg's policies. Under the terms of the responsible government system, the Cape was responsible for its own internal security, with two British regiments being stationed in the region for the 729:, since some Basuto chiefs spoke both English and French. Clarke's advance was slowed by deep mud, and the Basuto cavalry regularly harried the column with rifle fire before withdrawing. On 19 October, the Cape army reached Qalabane, an isolated 467:

experienced John Austen, who was likewise distrusted by Morosi. Doda was finally imprisoned after being implicated in horse theft, his subsequent escape from captivity and Morosi's refusal to hand him over impelled Cape Colony prime minister Sir

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The Cape government immediately began to undermine the traditional power structures of the Basuto. Under the terms of the Mercantile Law of 1871, trade was restricted to those in possession of a government license. In 1872, it implemented the

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Major W. F. D. Cochrane and Carrington. Carrington was appointed as the Commandant of the Mafeteng Region and entrusted with a force of approximately 2,000 men. Its cavalry included 400 men from the Cape Mounted Riflemen, 600 men from the

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and advanced towards Morija. In early December, he set up camp at Tsita's Nek, engaging in multiple clashes with the Basuto on the road to Morija. On 14 January 1881, Colonel Brabant led a force of 380 cavalry, 180 infantry, 400 armed

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Few Basuto complied with the order and handed over their arms. This catalyzed the Cape Parliament to vote in favor of disarmament. The delegation announced their failure to prevent the enactment of the Peace Preservation Act at a

914:. The Basuto Gun War represents a rare example of an African nation's military victory against a colonial power in the 19th century. Its status as a High Commission Territory meant that Basutoland was not incorporated into the 239:

extended the Peace Preservation Act to Basutoland, with the aim of disarming the Basuto people. The immense significance of guns in Basuto society, compounded with past grievances, resulted in a rebellion led by chiefs

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the submission of the Basuto to Cape laws, and the leaders of the rebellion to stand trial with the guarantee that they would not be sentenced to death. Negotiations broke down, but the seven-day

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The ensuing military stalemate and the high cost of conducting the war in made it increasingly unpopular among Cape politicians. On 29 April 1881, High Commissioner for Southern Africa, Sir

451:. Basuto prophetesses claimed to have communicated in their dreams with the spirit of Moshoeshoe, who had become increasingly angry with the white man's interference in Basuto affairs. 502:

colonial authorities. For the Basuto, guns were a symbol of manhood, and to be disarmed was seen as being reduced to the status of a child. In April 1879, the Cape Colony doubled the

787:, Cape authorities refused to allow new Boer volunteers to join the Basutoland campaign. The same month, the Basuto sued for peace with the assistance of opposition parliamentarian 783:

put further pressure on the Cape's already limited resources. By that time, the Cape war expenditure had reached £3 million. Fearing that Free State burghers might defect to the

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The Basuto’s lack of cooperation gave rise to calls for Basutoland's disannexation within the Cape Parliament. Eager to restore pre-war order, Scanlen invited Major General

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to Basutoland. Gordon had built a reputation as a capable administrator and an expert negotiator. He proposed replacing the magisterial system, granting the Basuto chiefs

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was once a tributary ruler of Moshoeshoe who had reluctantly merged his territory with British Basutoland in 1869. In 1877, the colonial authorities created the

369: 4040: 2082: 652:. He burned Maseru's main buildings in his first assault on the town, but further attacks proved less successful. In the north, Joel Molapo's attack on 3498: 3202: 849:

Basuto chiefs—including Lerotholi—welcomed the Award, and 3,000 heads of cattle were paid almost immediately as a gesture of goodwill. On 9 May 1881,

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granting the queen's support to the Disannexation Act, which came into force on 18 March 1884. Under its terms the newly created High Commission

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became impatient at the deliberations and ordered Letsie I to enact disarmament immediately, even before the Basuto delegation had returned from

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By early April, Sprigg's conduct of the war was being heavily criticized in the Cape Parliament, whose opposition members were pushing for a

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and his nephew chief Joel Molapo openly challenged the order and advocated for armed resistance. Masopha began to fortify the stronghold of

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and a small amount of artillery. The Basuto were forced to rely on smuggled and locally-produced gunpowder, which was of inferior quality.

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held at Maseru on 29 November resulted in most chiefs voting in favor of remaining British subjects. Masopha did not attend the Maseru

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region. The latter two, which formed the minority of the population, were gradually assimilated by the culturally dominant Sotho. King

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and first encountered horses and guns in a combat setting. They obtained horses and guns of their own, and began stockpiling

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for protection. Although, initially reluctant to intervene, on 12 March 1868 Wodehouse proclaimed Basutoland to be a royal

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united the various Sotho-speaking chieftainships into a single nation during a period of political turbulence known as

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on 12 March 1868, it became the target of rapid westernization efforts by the Cape Colony administration. In 1879, the

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Basutoland's legal status remained unclear, with the Colonial Office at various times calling it a crown colony and a

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them by promoting private property, the commodization of production and closer economic ties with European settlers.

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heavy casualties, while the Cape lost 16 killed and 21 wounded. Brabant then returned to his camp at Tsita's Nek.

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and artillery fire. As Maama retired, Lerotholi's warriors opened heavy fire from the surrounding ridges. Surgeon

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The outbreak of the Gun War (also known as Basutoland Rebellion) prompted other tribes to rise up in revolt. In

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In 1858, hostilities broke out between the Basuto and the Orange Free State. Inferior in both marksmanship and

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allowed the Basuto to harvest their crops. The newly appointed High Commissioner for Southern Africa, Sir

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lasted until February 1881 and forced the already outnumbered Cape army to divert troops to other fronts.

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Sprigg urged Letsie I to negotiate Masopha's unconditional surrender, until a force of

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perform maneuvers during the course of Morosi's uprising. This was announced during a

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Copies of all Correspondence and Telegrams Having Reference to the Recent Rebellion

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The army mustered by the Cape government for the conflict, consisting entirely of

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confirming the annexation was approved by the Cape Parliament on 11 August 1871.

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policy, leading to starvation among the Basuto. The Basuto appealed to British

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Government and Change in Lesotho, 1800–1966: A Study of Political Institutions

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Throwing Down White Man: Cape Rule and Misrule in Colonial Lesotho, 1871–1884

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tribes rose up in the Qumbu and Tsolo Districts. The Qwati and some of the

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Rosenberg, Scott; Weisfelder, Richard; Frisbie-Fulton, Michelle (2004).

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Power in Colonial Africa: Conflict and Discourse in Lesotho, 1870–1960

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Chiefdom Politics and Alien Law: Basutoland under Cape Rule 1871–1884

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was likewise repulsed and he initiated a siege. The magistracies at

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On 13 September 1880, a 212-man unit of Cape Mounted Riflemen under

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with the express purpose of purchasing modern breech-loading and

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was to be indirectly ruled by the Basutoland High Commissioner

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Scientia Militaria: South African Journal of Military Studies

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In November, Carrington destroyed villages adjacent to his

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as the Baphuthi had entrenched themselves in the isolated

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that lasted until 1868. In 1866, the two sides signed the

1765: 1741: 1693: 1669: 1594: 1582: 1546: 1529: 1373: 1319: 1307: 1283: 1259: 1247: 1208: 1206: 1191: 1140: 1519: 1517: 1417: 1415: 1363: 1361: 1359: 1357: 1355: 1353: 1340: 1338: 1336: 1334: 1169: 1167: 1089: 1002: 648:. Masopha blockaded the garrison of 200 CMR soldiers at 1439: 1400: 1237: 1235: 1233: 1077: 1031: 1029: 951: 1657: 1502: 1490: 1478: 1390: 1388: 1203: 990: 2629: 1841:"Sotho Arms and Ammunition in the Nineteenth Century" 1645: 1618: 1514: 1412: 1350: 1331: 1164: 1128: 690:, while the rebels massacred members of the loyalist 454:

The southern corner of Basutoland was settled by the

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In the 1820s, the Basuto faced cattle raids from the

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1558: 1466: 1385: 1014: 818:heavily wounded in the vicinity of the new camp. 530:convened on 3 July. The heir to the Basuto throne, 2054: 1962:"Counter-Insurgency in the Cape Colony, 1872–1882" 272:During the early 19th century, a diverse group of 2143:The Basutos: The Mountaineers & Their Country 1993: 1576: 1301: 1277: 1185: 1158: 1107: 1071: 1059: 1047: 945: 681:reported that the Basuto clans residing south of 592:in order to reinforce the isolated magistracy at 4680: 717:Frere was recalled to Britain and Major General 3419:Storming of the Kempton Park World Trade Centre 1123:Rosenberg, Weisfelder & Frisbie-Fulton 2004 934:Rosenberg, Weisfelder & Frisbie-Fulton 2004 737: 252:failed to achieve a decisive military victory. 18:Conflict between the Basuto and the Cape Colony 865:autonomous rule. The proposal was rejected by 2615: 2232: 1838: 1460: 1224: 984: 969: 364:, the Basuto suffered a series of defeats in 1994:Machobane, L. B.; Karschay, Stephan (1990). 432:, before the outbreak of the Basuto Gun War. 588:crossed into Basutoland in the vicinity of 2622: 2608: 2239: 2225: 844: 1977: 163: 3492:Reconstruction and Development Programme 1940: 1839:Atmore, Anthony; Sanders, Peter (1971). 1795: 1783: 1759: 1687: 1639: 1588: 1445: 1212: 1008: 832: 741: 569: 484:Opposition to the Peace Preservation Act 424:Map of southern Africa in 1878, showing 419: 3088:1946 African Mine Workers' Union strike 2187:"Basutoland Roll of Honour 1851 – 1881" 2078:"The Basutoland Rebellion of 1880–1881" 2012: 1889: 1735: 1723: 1711: 1663: 1035: 957: 231:'s transformation into a British royal 4681: 3569:2012 Western Cape farm workers' strike 2118:Cape Colony House of Assembly (1881). 2075: 1921: 1771: 1747: 1699: 1675: 1651: 1624: 1612: 1600: 1552: 1540: 1523: 1433: 1421: 1406: 1379: 1367: 1344: 1325: 1313: 1289: 1265: 1253: 1241: 1197: 1173: 1146: 1134: 1095: 1083: 1020: 996: 807: 302:of Sotho into the name of the nascent 2603: 2220: 1959: 1945:. The University of Wisconsin Press. 1564: 1508: 1496: 1484: 1472: 1394: 378:High Commissioner for Southern Africa 2246: 706:clans launched their own revolts in 312:Paris Evangelical Missionary Society 4699:Military history of the Cape Colony 3499:Truth and Reconciliation Commission 3145:Coloured-vote constitutional crisis 686:his district's white population to 394:The Basuto, who became part of the 91:re-established as a separate colony 13: 2111: 698:tribes. Members of the Griqua and 436: 337:. In 1852, the British signed the 14: 4745: 4734:African resistance to colonialism 4651:Pan Africanist Congress of Azania 4286:South African Party (Cape Colony) 565: 298:. He transformed the denigratory 61:13 September 1880 – 29 April 1881 4663: 4662: 2316: 2057:Historical Dictionary of Lesotho 873: 480:, an act that shocked Letsie I. 284:-speaking tribes settled in the 152: 141: 113: 37: 4300:South African Party (1977–1980) 4293:South African Party (1911–1934) 4209:Progressive Party (Cape Colony) 4006:Genootskap van Regte Afrikaners 1801: 779:In January the outbreak of the 668: 3618:2019 service delivery protests 3604:#FeesMustFall student protests 3349:1983 constitutional referendum 1892:"General Gordon in Basutoland" 1846:The Journal of African History 630:Prince Alfred Volunteer Guards 31:South African Wars (1879-1915) 1: 4076:Johannesburg Reform Committee 3305:Israel–South Africa Agreement 2698: 2683: 2660: 2653: 1832: 1577:Machobane & Karschay 1990 1302:Machobane & Karschay 1990 1278:Machobane & Karschay 1990 1186:Machobane & Karschay 1990 1159:Machobane & Karschay 1990 1108:Machobane & Karschay 1990 1072:Machobane & Karschay 1990 1060:Machobane & Karschay 1990 1048:Machobane & Karschay 1990 946:Machobane & Karschay 1990 267: 216:, was a conflict between the 3731:Black Consciousness Movement 3485:Government of National Unity 1941:Eldredge, Elizabeth (2007). 921: 828: 738:November 1880 – January 1881 7: 4694:Wars involving South Africa 3442:Saint James Church massacre 3328:Weapons of mass destruction 634:RML 7-pounder mountain guns 560: 353:was able to procure modern 10: 4750: 4729:19th century in Basutoland 3182:1957 Alexandra bus boycott 3060:South West Africa campaign 2959:Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814 2924:French Huguenot settlement 2146:. Vol. II. Appleton. 415: 4660: 4637:African National Congress 4626: 4532: 4365: 4097:Liberal Party (1953–1968) 3820: 3811: 3669: 3465: 3435:1992 apartheid referendum 3104: 3049: 2968: 2906: 2879: 2872: 2638: 2566: 2524: 2506: 2497: 2460: 2451: 2370: 2361: 2334: 2325: 2314: 2258: 1859:10.1017/S0021853700011130 1461:Atmore & Sanders 1971 1225:Atmore & Sanders 1971 985:Atmore & Sanders 1971 970:Atmore & Sanders 1971 608:troops, was commanded by 191: 171: 125: 101: 53: 36: 28: 23: 4090:Labour Party (1969–1994) 4083:Labour Party (1910–1958) 3639:2020 Phala Phala Robbery 3597:#RhodesMustFall protests 3196:1960 republic referendum 428:as a constituent of the 70:Cape Colony (modern day 4724:1881 in the Cape Colony 4719:1880 in the Cape Colony 4535:terrorist organisations 3625:2019 Johannesburg riots 3238:Constructive engagement 3203:International isolation 3021:Witwatersrand Gold Rush 2278:Free State–Basotho Wars 2166:Sanders, Peter (2011). 2124:. Saul Solomon & Co 2061:. The Scarecrow Press. 1922:Burman, Sandra (1981). 1814:Encyclopædia Britannica 904:Territory of Basutoland 845:Opposition to the Award 789:Jacobus Wilhelmus Sauer 767:of the 1st CMY won the 624:(CMY), 200 riders from 347:Bloemfontein Convention 4689:Wars involving Lesotho 3548:Attack on Kennedy Road 3159:Congress of the People 2750:South African Republic 2013:Maliehe, Sean (2014). 1998:. Palgrave Macmillan. 1926:. Palgrave Macmillan. 1890:Bradlow, Edna (1970). 851:Thomas Charles Scanlen 841: 785:South African Republic 747: 578: 444:responsible government 433: 126:Commanders and leaders 4118:Natal Indian Congress 3838:Afrikaner Broederbond 3692:Afrikaner nationalism 3478:1994 general election 3449:Bophuthatswana crisis 3342:Church Street bombing 3122:Apartheid legislation 3115:1948 general election 3035:South Africa Act 1909 2830:Union of South Africa 2650:Kingdom of Mapungubwe 2630:Political history of 2308:2014 political crisis 916:Union of South Africa 912:1898 Basuto Civil War 859:Charles George Gordon 836: 823:vote of no confidence 765:John Frederick McCrea 752:line of communication 745: 622:Cape Mounted Yeomanry 573: 547:Cape Mounted Riflemen 506:in Basutoland to one 423: 370:Treaty of Thaba Bosiu 355:breech-loading rifles 339:Sand River Convention 262:Union of South Africa 192:Casualties and losses 3752:Greater South Africa 3590:2014 platinum strike 3456:Shell House massacre 3384:Transkei coup d'état 3189:Sharpeville massacre 2952:Battle of Blaauwberg 2945:Battle of Muizenberg 2897:Battle of Salt River 2680:Mthethwa Paramountcy 1615:, pp. 102, 104. 606:Cape Colonial Forces 586:Frederick Carrington 555:Battle of Isandlwana 458:people. Their chief 381:Sir Philip Wodehouse 250:Cape Colonial Forces 214:Basutoland Rebellion 212:, also known as the 182:three mountain guns 159:Frederick Carrington 4644:Democratic Alliance 3821:Civic and political 3685:Afrikaner Calvinism 3678:African nationalism 3527:African Renaissance 3217:UNSC Resolution 591 3138:Internal resistance 3039:National Convention 3007:Transvaal Civil War 2931:Khoikhoi–Dutch Wars 2814:Orange River Colony 2185:Tylden, G. (1969). 2076:Tylden, G. (1936). 1798:, pp. 116–118. 1786:, pp. 113–116. 1774:, pp. 169–170. 1762:, pp. 111–112. 1750:, pp. 167–168. 1738:, pp. 230–233. 1726:, pp. 229–230. 1714:, pp. 225–226. 1702:, pp. 160–161. 1690:, pp. 109–110. 1678:, pp. 155–157. 1642:, pp. 107–108. 1603:, pp. 150–151. 1555:, pp. 101–102. 1543:, pp. 100–101. 1382:, pp. 145–147. 1328:, pp. 144–145. 1316:, pp. 142–143. 1292:, pp. 139–142. 1268:, pp. 136–139. 1256:, pp. 135–136. 1200:, pp. 134–135. 1149:, pp. 121–124. 1125:, pp. 276–277. 987:, pp. 540–541. 972:, pp. 536–537. 808:February–April 1881 719:Henry Hugh Clifford 478:King William's Town 449:magistrates' courts 3391:Ciskei coup d'état 3210:UN Resolution 1761 3175:Women's March 1956 3028:South African Wars 3014:Mineral Revolution 2475:Telecommunications 1960:Kotze, J. (2012). 1885:– via JSTOR. 1098:, pp. 97–101. 842: 748: 583:Lieutenant Colonel 579: 574:Brigadier General 516:Henry Bartle Frere 434: 4714:Conflicts in 1881 4709:Conflicts in 1880 4676: 4675: 4629:political parties 4622: 4621: 4599:Orde van die Dood 4216:Progressive Party 3922:Congress Alliance 3738:Cape Independence 3670:Political culture 3665: 3664: 3632:COVID-19 pandemic 3562:Marikana massacre 3398:Venda coup d'état 3152:Defiance Campaign 2742:Orange Free State 2672:Dutch Cape Colony 2597: 2596: 2562: 2561: 2493: 2492: 2447: 2446: 2439:Political parties 2432:National Assembly 2385:Foreign relations 2357: 2356: 2303:SADC intervention 2177:978-0-850-36654-9 2005:978-0-333-51570-9 1952:978-0-299-22370-0 1933:978-1-349-04639-3 1591:, pp. 82–86. 1579:, pp. 54–55. 1511:, pp. 52–53. 1499:, pp. 38–39. 1487:, pp. 53–54. 1409:, pp. 98–99. 1304:, pp. 53–54. 1280:, pp. 52–53. 1161:, pp. 51–52. 1086:, pp. 91–92. 1074:, pp. 49–50. 1062:, pp. 47–49. 1050:, pp. 43–44. 1011:, pp. 25–26. 999:, pp. 15–16. 960:, pp. 29–32. 936:, pp. 12–13. 802:Hercules Robinson 636:and two 5.5-inch 610:Brigadier General 351:Orange Free State 306:nation. In 1833, 257:Hercules Robinson 206: 205: 97: 96: 4741: 4666: 4665: 4653: 4646: 4639: 4615: 4608: 4601: 4594: 4587: 4580: 4573: 4566: 4559: 4552: 4545: 4533:Paramilitary and 4525: 4523:Umkosi Wezintaba 4518: 4511: 4504: 4497: 4490: 4483: 4476: 4469: 4462: 4455: 4448: 4441: 4434: 4427: 4420: 4413: 4406: 4399: 4392: 4385: 4378: 4368:social movements 4366:Trade unions and 4358: 4351: 4344: 4337: 4330: 4323: 4316: 4309: 4302: 4295: 4288: 4281: 4274: 4267: 4260: 4253: 4246: 4239: 4232: 4225: 4218: 4211: 4204: 4197: 4190: 4183: 4176: 4169: 4162: 4155: 4148: 4141: 4134: 4127: 4120: 4113: 4106: 4099: 4092: 4085: 4078: 4071: 4064: 4057: 4050: 4043: 4036: 4029: 4022: 4015: 4008: 4001: 3994: 3987: 3980: 3973: 3966: 3959: 3952: 3945: 3938: 3931: 3924: 3917: 3910: 3903: 3896: 3889: 3887:Boerestaat Party 3882: 3875: 3868: 3861: 3854: 3847: 3840: 3833: 3818: 3817: 3804: 3795: 3786: 3777: 3770: 3761: 3754: 3747: 3740: 3733: 3726: 3717: 3708: 3701: 3694: 3687: 3680: 3658: 3648: 3641: 3634: 3627: 3620: 3613: 3606: 3599: 3592: 3585: 3578: 3571: 3564: 3557: 3550: 3543: 3536: 3529: 3522: 3515: 3508: 3501: 3494: 3487: 3480: 3458: 3451: 3444: 3437: 3430: 3421: 3414: 3407: 3400: 3393: 3386: 3379: 3377:Dakar Conference 3372: 3365: 3358: 3351: 3344: 3337: 3330: 3323: 3316: 3307: 3300: 3298:Israeli alliance 3293: 3286: 3279: 3268: 3261: 3254: 3252:Sporting boycott 3247: 3240: 3233: 3226: 3224:Academic boycott 3219: 3212: 3205: 3198: 3191: 3184: 3177: 3168: 3161: 3154: 3147: 3140: 3131: 3124: 3117: 3097: 3090: 3083: 3081:Great Depression 3076: 3069: 3067:Maritz rebellion 3062: 3042: 3030: 3023: 3016: 3009: 3002: 2995: 2988: 2981: 2961: 2954: 2947: 2940: 2933: 2926: 2919: 2917:Dutch settlement 2899: 2892: 2890:Bantu migrations 2877: 2876: 2865: 2857: 2849: 2841: 2833: 2825: 2822:Transvaal Colony 2817: 2809: 2801: 2793: 2790:Nieuwe Republiek 2785: 2777: 2769: 2761: 2753: 2745: 2737: 2729: 2726:Natalia Republic 2721: 2713: 2705: 2703: 2700: 2695:Ndwandwe Kingdom 2690: 2688: 2685: 2675: 2667: 2665: 2662: 2658: 2655: 2624: 2617: 2610: 2601: 2600: 2582: 2575: 2504: 2503: 2458: 2457: 2368: 2367: 2332: 2331: 2320: 2298:1991 coup d'état 2293:1986 coup d'état 2288:1970 coup d'état 2241: 2234: 2227: 2218: 2217: 2213: 2211: 2209: 2181: 2170:. Merlin Press. 2162: 2160: 2158: 2133: 2131: 2129: 2107: 2072: 2060: 2049: 2047: 2045: 2009: 1990: 1988: 1986: 1981: 1979:10.5787/31-2-152 1956: 1937: 1918: 1916: 1914: 1886: 1827: 1826: 1824: 1822: 1805: 1799: 1793: 1787: 1781: 1775: 1769: 1763: 1757: 1751: 1745: 1739: 1733: 1727: 1721: 1715: 1709: 1703: 1697: 1691: 1685: 1679: 1673: 1667: 1661: 1655: 1649: 1643: 1637: 1628: 1622: 1616: 1610: 1604: 1598: 1592: 1586: 1580: 1574: 1568: 1562: 1556: 1550: 1544: 1538: 1527: 1521: 1512: 1506: 1500: 1494: 1488: 1482: 1476: 1470: 1464: 1458: 1449: 1443: 1437: 1431: 1425: 1419: 1410: 1404: 1398: 1392: 1383: 1377: 1371: 1365: 1348: 1342: 1329: 1323: 1317: 1311: 1305: 1299: 1293: 1287: 1281: 1275: 1269: 1263: 1257: 1251: 1245: 1239: 1228: 1222: 1216: 1210: 1201: 1195: 1189: 1183: 1177: 1171: 1162: 1156: 1150: 1144: 1138: 1132: 1126: 1120: 1111: 1105: 1099: 1093: 1087: 1081: 1075: 1069: 1063: 1057: 1051: 1045: 1039: 1033: 1024: 1018: 1012: 1006: 1000: 994: 988: 982: 973: 967: 961: 955: 949: 943: 937: 931: 900:Order-in-Council 878:In the northern 867:John X. Merriman 840:in December 1880 679:Charles Brownlee 617:Adjutant General 464:Quthing District 220:and the British 165: 157: 156: 155: 146: 145: 144: 118: 117: 116: 55: 54: 41: 21: 20: 4749: 4748: 4744: 4743: 4742: 4740: 4739: 4738: 4679: 4678: 4677: 4672: 4656: 4649: 4642: 4635: 4628: 4618: 4611: 4604: 4597: 4590: 4583: 4576: 4569: 4562: 4555: 4548: 4541: 4534: 4528: 4521: 4514: 4507: 4500: 4493: 4486: 4479: 4472: 4465: 4458: 4451: 4444: 4437: 4430: 4423: 4416: 4409: 4402: 4395: 4388: 4381: 4374: 4367: 4361: 4354: 4347: 4340: 4333: 4326: 4319: 4312: 4305: 4298: 4291: 4284: 4277: 4270: 4263: 4256: 4249: 4242: 4235: 4228: 4221: 4214: 4207: 4200: 4193: 4186: 4179: 4172: 4165: 4158: 4151: 4144: 4137: 4130: 4123: 4116: 4109: 4102: 4095: 4088: 4081: 4074: 4067: 4060: 4053: 4046: 4039: 4034:HNP (Herstigte) 4032: 4027:HNP (Herenigde) 4025: 4018: 4011: 4004: 3997: 3990: 3983: 3976: 3969: 3962: 3955: 3948: 3941: 3934: 3927: 3920: 3913: 3906: 3899: 3892: 3885: 3878: 3871: 3864: 3857: 3850: 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3463: 3462: 3460: 3459: 3452: 3445: 3438: 3431: 3428:Bisho massacre 3424: 3423: 3422: 3408: 3401: 3394: 3387: 3380: 3373: 3370:Operation Vula 3366: 3363:Rubicon speech 3359: 3356:Langa massacre 3352: 3345: 3338: 3331: 3324: 3317: 3310: 3309: 3308: 3294: 3287: 3280: 3273: 3272: 3271: 3270: 3269: 3262: 3248: 3241: 3234: 3227: 3220: 3213: 3199: 3192: 3185: 3178: 3171: 3170: 3169: 3155: 3148: 3141: 3134: 3133: 3132: 3118: 3110: 3108: 3102: 3101: 3099: 3098: 3091: 3084: 3077: 3074:Rand Rebellion 3070: 3063: 3055: 3053: 3047: 3046: 3044: 3043: 3031: 3024: 3017: 3010: 3003: 3000:Boer Republics 2996: 2989: 2982: 2974: 2972: 2966: 2965: 2963: 2962: 2955: 2948: 2941: 2934: 2927: 2920: 2912: 2910: 2904: 2903: 2901: 2900: 2893: 2885: 2883: 2874: 2870: 2869: 2867: 2866: 2858: 2850: 2846:Bophuthatswana 2842: 2834: 2826: 2818: 2810: 2806:Klein Vrystaat 2802: 2794: 2786: 2778: 2770: 2762: 2754: 2746: 2738: 2730: 2722: 2714: 2706: 2691: 2676: 2668: 2645: 2643: 2636: 2635: 2627: 2626: 2619: 2612: 2604: 2595: 2594: 2592: 2591: 2584: 2583: 2576: 2568: 2567: 2564: 2563: 2560: 2559: 2557: 2556: 2551: 2546: 2541: 2536: 2530: 2528: 2522: 2521: 2519: 2518: 2513: 2507: 2501: 2495: 2494: 2491: 2490: 2488: 2487: 2482: 2477: 2472: 2467: 2461: 2455: 2449: 2448: 2445: 2444: 2442: 2441: 2436: 2435: 2434: 2429: 2419: 2414: 2413: 2412: 2402: 2400:Prime Minister 2397: 2387: 2382: 2377: 2371: 2365: 2359: 2358: 2355: 2354: 2352: 2351: 2346: 2341: 2335: 2329: 2323: 2322: 2315: 2313: 2311: 2310: 2305: 2300: 2295: 2290: 2285: 2283:Basuto Gun War 2280: 2275: 2270: 2264: 2262: 2256: 2255: 2244: 2243: 2236: 2229: 2221: 2215: 2214: 2182: 2176: 2163: 2134: 2113: 2110: 2109: 2108: 2090:(58): 98–107. 2073: 2067: 2050: 2010: 2004: 1991: 1957: 1951: 1938: 1932: 1919: 1902:(4): 223–242. 1887: 1853:(4): 535–544. 1834: 1831: 1829: 1828: 1800: 1788: 1776: 1764: 1752: 1740: 1728: 1716: 1704: 1692: 1680: 1668: 1666:, p. 224. 1656: 1654:, p. 154. 1644: 1629: 1627:, p. 151. 1617: 1605: 1593: 1581: 1569: 1557: 1545: 1528: 1526:, p. 149. 1513: 1501: 1489: 1477: 1465: 1463:, p. 543. 1450: 1448:, p. 106. 1438: 1426: 1424:, p. 104. 1411: 1399: 1384: 1372: 1370:, p. 148. 1349: 1347:, p. 100. 1330: 1318: 1306: 1294: 1282: 1270: 1258: 1246: 1229: 1227:, p. 541. 1217: 1202: 1190: 1178: 1176:, p. 133. 1163: 1151: 1139: 1137:, p. 110. 1127: 1112: 1100: 1088: 1076: 1064: 1052: 1040: 1025: 1013: 1001: 989: 974: 962: 950: 938: 925: 923: 920: 908:Marshal Clarke 875: 872: 846: 843: 830: 827: 809: 806: 781:First Boer War 769:Victoria Cross 746:Map of the war 739: 736: 670: 667: 613:Charles Clarke 576:Charles Clarke 567: 566:September 1880 564: 562: 559: 557:a year prior. 485: 482: 438: 435: 417: 414: 396:British Empire 374:scorched earth 269: 266: 210:Basuto Gun War 204: 203: 198: 194: 193: 189: 188: 178: 174: 173: 169: 168: 148:Charles Clarke 138: 128: 127: 123: 122: 110: 104: 103: 99: 98: 95: 94: 93: 92: 86: 85:Basuto victory 81: 77: 76: 69: 67: 63: 62: 59: 51: 50: 34: 33: 26: 25: 24:Basuto Gun War 17: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4746: 4735: 4732: 4730: 4727: 4725: 4722: 4720: 4717: 4715: 4712: 4710: 4707: 4705: 4702: 4700: 4697: 4695: 4692: 4690: 4687: 4686: 4684: 4671: 4670: 4659: 4652: 4648: 4645: 4641: 4638: 4634: 4633: 4631: 4625: 4614: 4610: 4607: 4603: 4600: 4596: 4593: 4589: 4586: 4582: 4579: 4575: 4572: 4568: 4565: 4561: 4558: 4554: 4551: 4547: 4544: 4540: 4539: 4537: 4531: 4524: 4520: 4517: 4513: 4510: 4509:Die Spoorbund 4506: 4503: 4499: 4496: 4492: 4489: 4485: 4482: 4478: 4475: 4471: 4468: 4464: 4461: 4457: 4454: 4450: 4447: 4443: 4440: 4436: 4433: 4429: 4426: 4422: 4419: 4415: 4412: 4408: 4405: 4401: 4398: 4394: 4391: 4387: 4384: 4380: 4377: 4373: 4372: 4370: 4364: 4357: 4353: 4350: 4349:Workers Party 4346: 4343: 4339: 4336: 4332: 4329: 4325: 4322: 4318: 4315: 4311: 4308: 4304: 4301: 4297: 4294: 4290: 4287: 4283: 4280: 4276: 4273: 4269: 4266: 4262: 4259: 4255: 4252: 4248: 4245: 4241: 4238: 4234: 4231: 4230:Radio Freedom 4227: 4224: 4220: 4217: 4213: 4210: 4206: 4203: 4199: 4196: 4192: 4189: 4185: 4182: 4181:Oranjewerkers 4178: 4175: 4171: 4168: 4164: 4161: 4157: 4154: 4150: 4147: 4143: 4140: 4136: 4133: 4129: 4126: 4122: 4119: 4115: 4112: 4108: 4105: 4101: 4098: 4094: 4091: 4087: 4084: 4080: 4077: 4073: 4070: 4066: 4063: 4059: 4056: 4052: 4049: 4045: 4042: 4038: 4035: 4031: 4028: 4024: 4021: 4017: 4014: 4010: 4007: 4003: 4000: 3996: 3993: 3989: 3986: 3982: 3979: 3975: 3972: 3968: 3965: 3961: 3958: 3954: 3951: 3947: 3944: 3940: 3937: 3933: 3930: 3926: 3923: 3919: 3916: 3912: 3909: 3905: 3902: 3898: 3895: 3891: 3888: 3884: 3881: 3877: 3874: 3870: 3867: 3863: 3860: 3856: 3853: 3849: 3846: 3842: 3839: 3835: 3832: 3828: 3827: 3825: 3823:organisations 3819: 3816: 3814:organisations 3810: 3803: 3802: 3797: 3794: 3793: 3788: 3785: 3784: 3779: 3776: 3772: 3769: 3768: 3763: 3760: 3756: 3753: 3749: 3746: 3742: 3739: 3735: 3732: 3728: 3725: 3724: 3719: 3716: 3715: 3710: 3707: 3703: 3700: 3696: 3693: 3689: 3686: 3682: 3679: 3675: 3674: 3672: 3668: 3657: 3655: 3650: 3647: 3643: 3640: 3636: 3633: 3629: 3626: 3622: 3619: 3615: 3612: 3611:Tshwane riots 3608: 3605: 3601: 3598: 3594: 3591: 3587: 3584: 3580: 3577: 3573: 3570: 3566: 3563: 3559: 3556: 3552: 3549: 3545: 3542: 3538: 3535: 3531: 3528: 3524: 3521: 3517: 3514: 3510: 3507: 3503: 3500: 3496: 3493: 3489: 3486: 3482: 3479: 3475: 3474: 3472: 3470: 3464: 3457: 3453: 3450: 3446: 3443: 3439: 3436: 3432: 3429: 3425: 3420: 3416: 3415: 3413: 3409: 3406: 3402: 3399: 3395: 3392: 3388: 3385: 3381: 3378: 3374: 3371: 3367: 3364: 3360: 3357: 3353: 3350: 3346: 3343: 3339: 3336: 3335:Project Coast 3332: 3329: 3325: 3322: 3318: 3315: 3314:Mafeje affair 3311: 3306: 3302: 3301: 3299: 3295: 3292: 3288: 3285: 3284:Durban Moment 3281: 3278: 3277:Rivonia Trial 3274: 3267: 3263: 3260: 3256: 3255: 3253: 3249: 3246: 3242: 3239: 3235: 3232: 3231:Disinvestment 3228: 3225: 3221: 3218: 3214: 3211: 3207: 3206: 3204: 3200: 3197: 3193: 3190: 3186: 3183: 3179: 3176: 3172: 3167: 3163: 3162: 3160: 3156: 3153: 3149: 3146: 3142: 3139: 3135: 3130: 3126: 3125: 3123: 3119: 3116: 3112: 3111: 3109: 3107: 3103: 3096: 3092: 3089: 3085: 3082: 3078: 3075: 3071: 3068: 3064: 3061: 3057: 3056: 3054: 3052: 3048: 3040: 3036: 3032: 3029: 3025: 3022: 3018: 3015: 3011: 3008: 3004: 3001: 2997: 2994: 2990: 2987: 2986:1820 Settlers 2983: 2980: 2976: 2975: 2973: 2971: 2967: 2960: 2956: 2953: 2949: 2946: 2942: 2939: 2935: 2932: 2928: 2925: 2921: 2918: 2914: 2913: 2911: 2909: 2905: 2898: 2894: 2891: 2887: 2886: 2884: 2882: 2878: 2875: 2871: 2863: 2859: 2855: 2851: 2847: 2843: 2839: 2835: 2831: 2827: 2823: 2819: 2815: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2759: 2755: 2751: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2735: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2707: 2696: 2692: 2681: 2677: 2673: 2669: 2651: 2647: 2646: 2644: 2642: 2637: 2633: 2625: 2620: 2618: 2613: 2611: 2606: 2605: 2602: 2590: 2587: 2586: 2581: 2577: 2574: 2570: 2569: 2565: 2555: 2552: 2550: 2547: 2545: 2542: 2540: 2537: 2535: 2532: 2531: 2529: 2527: 2523: 2517: 2514: 2512: 2509: 2508: 2505: 2502: 2500: 2496: 2486: 2483: 2481: 2478: 2476: 2473: 2471: 2468: 2466: 2463: 2462: 2459: 2456: 2454: 2450: 2440: 2437: 2433: 2430: 2428: 2425: 2424: 2423: 2420: 2418: 2415: 2411: 2408: 2407: 2406: 2403: 2401: 2398: 2395: 2391: 2388: 2386: 2383: 2381: 2378: 2376: 2373: 2372: 2369: 2366: 2364: 2360: 2350: 2347: 2345: 2342: 2340: 2337: 2336: 2333: 2330: 2328: 2324: 2319: 2309: 2306: 2304: 2301: 2299: 2296: 2294: 2291: 2289: 2286: 2284: 2281: 2279: 2276: 2274: 2271: 2269: 2266: 2265: 2263: 2261: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2242: 2237: 2235: 2230: 2228: 2223: 2222: 2219: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2183: 2179: 2173: 2169: 2164: 2153: 2149: 2145: 2144: 2139: 2135: 2123: 2122: 2116: 2115: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2084: 2079: 2074: 2070: 2068:0-8108-4871-6 2064: 2059: 2058: 2051: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2011: 2007: 2001: 1997: 1992: 1980: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1958: 1954: 1948: 1944: 1939: 1935: 1929: 1925: 1920: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1893: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1847: 1842: 1837: 1836: 1817: 1815: 1810: 1804: 1797: 1796:Eldredge 2007 1792: 1785: 1784:Eldredge 2007 1780: 1773: 1768: 1761: 1760:Eldredge 2007 1756: 1749: 1744: 1737: 1732: 1725: 1720: 1713: 1708: 1701: 1696: 1689: 1688:Eldredge 2007 1684: 1677: 1672: 1665: 1660: 1653: 1648: 1641: 1640:Eldredge 2007 1636: 1634: 1626: 1621: 1614: 1609: 1602: 1597: 1590: 1589:Eldredge 2007 1585: 1578: 1573: 1567:, p. 54. 1566: 1561: 1554: 1549: 1542: 1537: 1535: 1533: 1525: 1520: 1518: 1510: 1505: 1498: 1493: 1486: 1481: 1475:, p. 53. 1474: 1469: 1462: 1457: 1455: 1447: 1446:Eldredge 2007 1442: 1436:, p. 99. 1435: 1430: 1423: 1418: 1416: 1408: 1403: 1397:, p. 52. 1396: 1391: 1389: 1381: 1376: 1369: 1364: 1362: 1360: 1358: 1356: 1354: 1346: 1341: 1339: 1337: 1335: 1327: 1322: 1315: 1310: 1303: 1298: 1291: 1286: 1279: 1274: 1267: 1262: 1255: 1250: 1244:, p. 98. 1243: 1238: 1236: 1234: 1226: 1221: 1215:, p. 71. 1214: 1213:Eldredge 2007 1209: 1207: 1199: 1194: 1188:, p. 52. 1187: 1182: 1175: 1170: 1168: 1160: 1155: 1148: 1143: 1136: 1131: 1124: 1119: 1117: 1110:, p. 51. 1109: 1104: 1097: 1092: 1085: 1080: 1073: 1068: 1061: 1056: 1049: 1044: 1038:, p. 31. 1037: 1032: 1030: 1023:, p. 17. 1022: 1017: 1010: 1009:Eldredge 2007 1005: 998: 993: 986: 981: 979: 971: 966: 959: 954: 947: 942: 935: 930: 926: 919: 917: 913: 909: 905: 901: 897: 893: 888: 885: 881: 874:Disannexation 871: 868: 864: 860: 855: 852: 839: 835: 826: 824: 819: 816: 805: 803: 799: 794: 790: 786: 782: 777: 773: 770: 766: 762: 758: 753: 744: 735: 732: 728: 724: 720: 715: 713: 709: 705: 701: 697: 693: 689: 684: 680: 676: 666: 664: 663:Boer Commando 659: 658:Mohale's Hoek 655: 651: 647: 641: 639: 635: 631: 627: 623: 618: 614: 611: 607: 602: 599: 598:Arthur Barkly 595: 591: 587: 584: 577: 572: 558: 556: 552: 548: 543: 541: 537: 533: 529: 523: 521: 517: 511: 509: 505: 500: 496: 492: 481: 479: 475: 474:Mount Moorosi 470: 469:Gordon Sprigg 465: 461: 457: 452: 450: 445: 431: 427: 422: 413: 410: 406: 402: 397: 392: 390: 386: 382: 379: 375: 371: 367: 363: 358: 356: 352: 348: 344: 340: 336: 333: 329: 325: 321: 316: 313: 309: 305: 301: 297: 296: 291: 287: 286:Caledon River 283: 279: 275: 265: 263: 258: 253: 251: 247: 243: 238: 234: 230: 225: 223: 219: 215: 211: 199: 196: 195: 190: 187: 179: 176: 175: 170: 166: 160: 149: 139: 137: 133: 130: 129: 124: 121: 111: 109: 106: 105: 100: 90: 87: 84: 83: 82: 79: 78: 73: 68: 65: 64: 60: 57: 56: 52: 49: 45: 40: 35: 32: 27: 22: 16: 4667: 4627:Histories of 4328:United Party 4237:Reform Party 4174:Orangia Unie 3799: 3790: 3783:Swart gevaar 3781: 3765: 3721: 3712: 3653: 3555:Blikkiesdorp 2881:Pre-colonial 2734:Natal Colony 2718:Zulu Kingdom 2632:South Africa 2516:Demographics 2390:Human rights 2282: 2206:. Retrieved 2194: 2190: 2167: 2155:. Retrieved 2142: 2126:. Retrieved 2120: 2087: 2081: 2056: 2042:. Retrieved 2025:(2): 28–45. 2022: 2018: 1995: 1983:. Retrieved 1972:(2): 36–58. 1969: 1965: 1942: 1923: 1911:. Retrieved 1899: 1895: 1850: 1844: 1819:. Retrieved 1812: 1803: 1791: 1779: 1767: 1755: 1743: 1736:Bradlow 1970 1731: 1724:Bradlow 1970 1719: 1712:Bradlow 1970 1707: 1695: 1683: 1671: 1664:Bradlow 1970 1659: 1647: 1620: 1608: 1596: 1584: 1572: 1560: 1548: 1504: 1492: 1480: 1468: 1441: 1429: 1402: 1375: 1321: 1309: 1297: 1285: 1273: 1261: 1249: 1220: 1193: 1181: 1154: 1142: 1130: 1103: 1091: 1079: 1067: 1055: 1043: 1036:Maliehe 2014 1016: 1004: 992: 965: 958:Maliehe 2014 953: 941: 929: 895: 891: 889: 883: 877: 862: 856: 848: 820: 811: 778: 774: 749: 716: 672: 669:October 1880 642: 603: 580: 550: 544: 527: 524: 512: 490: 487: 453: 440: 409:Henry Barkly 401:protectorate 393: 359: 317: 308:missionaries 293: 290:Moshoeshoe I 271: 254: 226: 213: 209: 207: 102:Belligerents 29:Part of the 15: 3767:Rooi gevaar 3646:2021 unrest 3576:Nkandlagate 3405:Third Force 3266:Rugby union 2864:(1981–1994) 2856:(1979–1994) 2848:(1977–1994) 2840:(1976–1994) 2832:(1910–1961) 2824:(1902–1910) 2816:(1902–1910) 2808:(1886–1891) 2800:(1885–1887) 2792:(1884–1888) 2784:(1882–1885) 2776:(1882–1883) 2768:(1870–1873) 2760:(1861–1879) 2752:(1856–1902) 2744:(1854–1902) 2736:(1843–1910) 2728:(1839–1843) 2720:(1816–1897) 2712:(1795–1910) 2710:Cape Colony 2702: 1780 2687: 1780 2674:(1652–1806) 2664: 1220 2657: 1075 2394:LGBT rights 1821:15 November 1772:Burman 1981 1748:Burman 1981 1700:Burman 1981 1676:Burman 1981 1652:Burman 1981 1625:Burman 1981 1613:Tylden 1936 1601:Burman 1981 1553:Tylden 1936 1541:Tylden 1936 1524:Burman 1981 1434:Tylden 1936 1422:Tylden 1936 1407:Tylden 1936 1380:Burman 1981 1368:Burman 1981 1345:Tylden 1936 1326:Burman 1981 1314:Burman 1981 1290:Burman 1981 1266:Burman 1981 1254:Burman 1981 1242:Tylden 1936 1198:Burman 1981 1174:Burman 1981 1147:Burman 1981 1135:Burman 1981 1096:Burman 1981 1084:Burman 1981 1021:Burman 1981 997:Burman 1981 683:Drakensberg 540:Thaba Bosiu 430:Cape Colony 349:. The Boer 222:Cape Colony 202:112 wounded 120:Cape Colony 4683:Categories 4578:Greyshirts 4342:Volksparty 3880:Black Sash 3541:Xenophobia 3534:Travelgate 3291:Border War 3095:Bantustans 2993:Great Trek 2938:Xhosa Wars 2798:Upingtonia 2782:Stellaland 2422:Parliament 2044:7 November 2031:2263/43121 1985:7 November 1913:7 November 1833:References 1565:Kotze 2012 1509:Kotze 2012 1497:Kotze 2012 1485:Kotze 2012 1473:Kotze 2012 1395:Kotze 2012 723:War Office 708:Thembuland 700:Mpondomise 499:smoothbore 426:Basutoland 328:flintlocks 268:Background 229:Basutoland 227:Following 200:94 killed 89:Basutoland 3801:Volkstaat 3792:Uitlander 3723:Boerehaat 3699:Anarchism 3506:Arms Deal 3469:apartheid 3129:Pass laws 3106:Apartheid 3051:1910–1948 2970:1815–1910 2908:1652–1815 2544:Languages 2539:Education 2485:Transport 2465:Companies 2410:Commander 2380:Elections 2344:Districts 2327:Geography 2208:7 January 2203:0026-4016 2157:7 January 2152:908824713 2128:7 January 2096:0037-9700 2039:0018-229X 1908:0018-229X 1883:161528484 1867:0021-8537 1809:"Gun War" 922:Footnotes 918:in 1910. 829:Aftermath 798:armistice 791:. As the 532:Lerotholi 520:Cape Town 510:per hut. 341:with the 324:gunpowder 310:from the 242:Lerotholi 132:Lerotholi 46:with his 4669:Category 4571:Boeremag 4069:Jeugkrag 4020:Het Volk 3714:Baasskap 3656:incident 3259:Olympics 2838:Transkei 2641:polities 2639:Defunct 2589:Category 2554:Religion 2511:Abortion 2405:Military 2363:Politics 2349:Wildlife 2273:Lifaqane 2268:Monarchs 2252:articles 2140:(1910). 2104:44227993 2019:Historia 1896:Historia 863:de facto 757:burghers 712:Transkei 594:Mafeteng 561:Conflict 456:Baphuthi 405:Letsie I 389:dominion 383:and the 362:materiel 295:Lifaqane 233:dominion 172:Strength 66:Location 4474:SAAPAWU 3812:Defunct 3775:Slavery 2979:Mfecane 2573:Outline 2534:Cuisine 2526:Culture 2499:Society 2480:Tourism 2453:Economy 2375:Cabinet 2260:History 2248:Lesotho 761:carbine 688:Kokstad 638:mortars 590:Wepener 536:Masopha 504:hut tax 416:Prelude 335:muskets 320:Koranna 246:Masopha 197:Unknown 186:mortars 161: ( 136:Masopha 72:Lesotho 44:Masopha 4425:FOSATU 4279:SAYRCO 4251:SADECO 4167:Occupy 3706:Azania 3654:Lady R 3583:Racism 3412:CODESA 2873:Events 2862:Ciskei 2774:Goshen 2704:–1819) 2689:–1817) 2470:Mining 2427:Senate 2417:Police 2339:Cities 2250: 2201: 2174: 2150: 2102: 2094: 2065: 2037: 2002: 1949: 1930: 1906: 1881: 1875:181011 1873: 1865: 1816:Online 838:Maseru 704:Thembu 654:Hlotse 650:Maseru 646:Morija 460:Morosi 304:Basuto 300:exonym 282:Tswana 280:- and 218:Basuto 180:4,000 177:23,000 108:Basuto 80:Result 4606:PAGAD 4502:SATUC 4495:SARHU 4481:SACTU 4460:NURHS 4418:FNETU 4404:CTSWU 4397:CNETU 4390:BLATU 4272:SAYCO 4160:NUSAS 4041:IDASA 3852:AITUP 3467:Post- 2854:Venda 2580:Index 2549:Music 2197:(5). 2100:JSTOR 1879:S2CID 1871:JSTOR 896:pitso 892:pitso 884:pitso 815:melee 793:maize 727:Greek 696:Bhaca 692:Hlubi 551:pitso 528:pitso 491:pitso 343:Boers 278:Nguni 274:Sotho 4613:SANF 4543:APLA 4488:SAIF 4467:PAWE 4453:NEUM 4446:MUSA 4411:FCWU 4356:WOSA 4307:TNIP 4265:SASO 4258:SAIC 4244:SABP 4195:PAVN 3929:COSG 3908:CTEG 3901:CNIP 2210:2022 2199:ISSN 2172:ISBN 2159:2022 2148:OCLC 2130:2022 2092:ISSN 2063:ISBN 2046:2021 2035:ISSN 2000:ISBN 1987:2021 1947:ISBN 1928:ISBN 1915:2021 1904:ISSN 1863:ISSN 1823:2021 694:and 366:wars 244:and 208:The 184:two 58:Date 4564:BBB 4557:AWB 4550:ARM 4516:UDF 4439:IWW 4432:ICU 4383:BCM 4376:APF 4321:UFP 4223:PRP 4202:PFP 4153:NRP 4146:NPP 4132:NNP 4125:NLP 4111:NCP 4062:ISL 4013:GNP 3985:ECC 3978:DSM 3971:DPP 3943:DLF 3915:COD 3894:CDA 3873:BPC 3866:AVF 3859:APO 2027:hdl 1974:doi 1855:doi 731:kop 276:-, 164:WIA 4685:: 4585:MK 4139:NP 4104:NA 4055:IP 4048:ID 3999:FD 3992:FA 3936:CP 2699:c. 2684:c. 2661:c. 2654:c. 2193:. 2189:. 2098:. 2088:15 2086:. 2080:. 2033:. 2023:59 2021:. 2017:. 1970:31 1968:. 1964:. 1900:15 1898:. 1894:. 1877:. 1869:. 1861:. 1851:12 1849:. 1843:. 1811:. 1632:^ 1531:^ 1516:^ 1453:^ 1414:^ 1387:^ 1352:^ 1333:^ 1232:^ 1205:^ 1166:^ 1115:^ 1028:^ 977:^ 890:A 677:, 522:. 403:. 391:. 264:. 3041:) 3037:( 2697:( 2682:( 2666:) 2659:– 2652:( 2623:e 2616:t 2609:v 2396:) 2392:( 2240:e 2233:t 2226:v 2212:. 2195:1 2180:. 2161:. 2132:. 2106:. 2071:. 2048:. 2029:: 2008:. 1989:. 1976:: 1955:. 1936:. 1917:. 1857:: 1825:. 508:£ 167:) 74:)

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