121:
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545:. This defensive wall, constructed around Barikot during the Indo-Greek phase belongs to Macrophase 3a2, after 200 BC, as per 2016–2017 excavations by the same Italian mission when this wall, massive and imposing, was dated by numismatic findings and radiocarbon analysis. A burial associated with the construction of this Indo-Greek city wall was dated to (c. 130–115 BC), between the final part of Menader I's reign and the beginning of that of Antalkidas.
408:
501:, in the mid-second century BC, but even though it was enhanced in later times, it came to an end around the third or fourth century of the Common Era, as the city was abandoned by the Kushan rulers of the time due to an earthquake. This is the earliest apsidal temple found in Pakistan until now, and is a revolutionary discovery also because it proves the presence of Buddhism in Swat since the 3rd century BC, and confirms that Menander I, known as
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608:(from 7th to 9th centuries AD), so members of the Italian Archaeological Mission in Pakistan were able to find a unique temple from this period, built in Barikot, on the top of Ghwandai mound. It's an important discovery as there are few cultic centres in this region belonging to Shahi periods in general. Dr. Luca Maria Olivieri said the temple was built around 700 AD., by that time
765:
492:
In
December 2021, archaeologists of Ca’ Foscari University and Italian Archaeological Mission in collaboration with the provincial department of archaeology and museums in Pakistan, led by Dr. Luca Maria Olivieri, announced the discovery of the earliest Buddhist apsidal temple in Barikot (the ancient
423:
acculturation belongs to
Macrophase 2a2, from 500 to 400 BC. This influence from c. 500 to 450 BC started with "the local production of tulip bowls at Barikot suggests that since the first half of processes of emulation and social aspiration were at work among the Swat elite," in the Classic period
516:
A 2024 publication by Luca Maria
Olivieri considers that: " apsidal temple associated with an Indian-style Buddhist stupa dating to the time of the great promoter of Buddhism, the Mauryan Emperor Ashoka (r. 268-232 BC). The monument was modified from an earlier, non-Buddhist shrine from the time
512:
inscription, a monumental
Kharosthi epigraph, many other Kharosthi inscriptions on pots, and potsherds belonging to the Indo-Greek cultural horizon such as fish plates and polished black pottery that imitates Attic models,” said the archaeologist Dr Michele Minardi, member of the Italian mission.
415:
After the abandonment, the beginning of the city can be traced back archaeologically to
Macrophase 2a1, between 600 and 500 BC, a pre-Achaemenid phase, attested poorly in finds and pottery, featuring "only a badly preserved stretch of a wall with evidence of a passageway marked by wheel traces."
352:
Although previous excavations already attested
Chalcolithic pit structures since 1700 BC, urban living, earlier than c. 150 BC, was not discovered before 2015 as "he archaeological sequence accepted until then was that the city was founded as a fortified centre towards the end of directly on the
1007:, in: Religion and Urbanity Online, p. 1: "This paper aims to draw attention to the so-called burial associated with the foundation of the Indo-Greek city wall (ca. 130–115 BCE) at the urban site of Barikot in the Swat valley (NW Pakistan), the mountainous area of the ancient region of Gandhāra."
382:
During excavation campaigns in 2016–2017, the
Italian Archaeological Mission was able to identify the transitional phase from Late Bronze to Iron age, dating it c. 1200–800 BC. Excavations were performed in trench BKG 12 W, where archaeologists found, in Macrophase 1b, residential structures and
448:
ruled the region allied to other Indian tribes. Italian
Mission archaeologists consider this phase saw the complete disappearance of Achaemenid ceramic forms, but that household Indic vessels were still in use at Barikot. This belongs to archaeological Macrophase 2b, from c.400 to 250 BC, and
750:"Early-historic Data from the 2016 Exchttps://www.freshproduce.com/siteassets/images/events/global-produce-and-floral-show/2024/24gpfs-main-hero-image-3000x2000.jpg/_croppings/offset-hero-hero-desktop.jpgavation Campaigns at the Urban Site of Barikot, Swat (Pakistan): A Shifting Perspective"
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During this time, c. 1200 to 800 BC, archaeological data show the presence of a large settlement (around 15 ha), including a hilltop acropolis, commented by
Callieri et al. (2000), an inner stronghold, and an extensive outer graveyard. This phase was previously known as
710:
1373:
565:
it grew into a major town before a series of earthquakes in the 3rd century AD devastated it. Probably due to the damage from the earthquakes as well as the decline of the Kushan Empire, Bazira was abandoned by the end of the 3rd century.
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Early Iron Age proto-urban layers were found, and dated to eleventh-eight centuries BC, archaeologists also found that the fortified urban settlement in
Barikot (lower area and acropolis) was established around mid-first millennium BC.
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The first traces of human presence in Barikot are from ca. 1700 to 1400 BC, as per Giorgio Stacul (1987) findings, which he reported as belonging to Swat Period IV, these are pit remains attested since around 1700 BC.
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of that Persian Empire. Archaeologists found, in this phase of Barikot, luxury pottery typical of the Achaemenids, but also saw the introduction of non-luxury Indic pottery, and many local glass objects.
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After the Iron Age, the settlement suffered the collapse of its earthen rampart in Macrophase 1c. The site was abandoned and alluvium covered the place in Interphase 1c/2a, between c. 800 and 600 BC.
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The excavations have discovered a number of artifacts which document the daily life of the residents, including coins, pottery and weapons. Several large artifacts including, a large green-
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Belonging to Macrophase 3b, this period in Barikot attests "historically and culturally the annexation of Swat by Sakas and Parthians " as before 80 AD the Defensive Wall was reinforced.
508:“We have found coins, among which a silver specimen issued by King Menander, an onyx-made seal decorated with a Hellenistic intaglio depicting the image of a youth in Greek attire with a
673:
Olivieri, Luca M., 2012. "When and why the ancient town of Barikot was abandoned?: A preliminary note based on the last archaeological data", in Pakistan Heritage 4, Table 1, and p. 111.
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workshops, along with a toy-cart, bi-carinated pottery, miniature vessels, stone tools, and incised pottery, all radiocarbon-dated between 1196 and 1021 BC (95.4% probability model).
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history of Bazira. Another statue depicting an unknown deity sitting on a throne, with long, curled hair, holding a wine goblet and a severed goat head in his hands may represent
1466:
713:, in W. Rienjang and P. Stewart (eds.), Problems of Chronology in Gandharan Art: Proceedings of the First International Workshop of the Gandhara Connections Project, p. 71.
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kingdoms, as both Greco-Bactrian and Hellenistic pottery forms were introduced in the site with clear relationships to northern Afghanistan and Central Asia, just like
1031:"A new revised chronology and cultural sequence of the Swat valley, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (Pakistan) in the light of current excavations at Barikot (Bir-kot-ghwandai)"
992:"A new revised chronology and cultural sequence of the Swat valley, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (Pakistan) in the light of current excavations at Barikot (Bir-kot-ghwandai)"
925:"A new revised chronology and cultural sequence of the Swat valley, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (Pakistan) in the light of current excavations at Barikot (Bir-kot-ghwandai)"
886:"A new revised chronology and cultural sequence of the Swat valley, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (Pakistan) in the light of current excavations at Barikot (Bir-kot-ghwandai)"
873:"A new revised chronology and cultural sequence of the Swat valley, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (Pakistan) in the light of current excavations at Barikot (Bir-kot-ghwandai)"
859:
846:
834:"A new revised chronology and cultural sequence of the Swat valley, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (Pakistan) in the light of current excavations at Barikot (Bir-kot-ghwandai)"
796:"A new revised chronology and cultural sequence of the Swat valley, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (Pakistan) in the light of current excavations at Barikot (Bir-kot-ghwandai)"
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remains of a protohistoric village, and that the major earlier evidence of the city was the massive defensive wall surrounding the city and its acropolis."
648:
1705:
1105:
766:"The southern Central Asian mountains as an ancient agricultural mixing zone: new archaeobotanical data from Barikot in the Swat valley of Pakistan"
1363:
781:
Olivieri, Luca M., 2012. "When and why the ancient town of Barikot was abandoned?: A preliminary note based on the last archaeological data", in
444:, talking of this period, tell that Swat and Gandhara were not controlled by Achaemenids anymore (from around 350 BC), and that a tribe known as
1710:
1020:, in: Religion and Urbanity Online, p. 5: "etween the reigns of the Indo-Greek kings Menander I (ca. 165–130) and Antalkìdas (ca. 115–95)."
497:'s reign in Mauryan period, around 250 BC. It was also found that this structure was still in function during the reign of Menander I, the
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1004:
476:. During this time, known archaeologically as Macrophase 3a1, Barikot was part of a political and commercial network linking Mauryan and
120:
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1510:
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utside the Indo-Greek defensive wall extensive evidence of the proto-historic village (Gandhara Grave Culture...) were also found.
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Macedonian siege to Barikot (Bazira) occurred within this period, in autum 327 BC. Also during Macrophase 2b, in trench BKG 11, a
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1700:
1323:
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Beginning in 2011, an excavation in the south west corner of the site discovered several older settlements than expected.
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in the 2nd century BC. The 2nd century BC town covered, at its peak, an area of about 12 ha (30 acres) including the
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620:, a well-known Turk Shahi king from Kabul, and that the temple was re-established and maintained till the
1715:
541:, or about 7 ha (17 acres) without. It was surrounded by a defensive wall with massive rectangular
411:
City of Barikot in the foreground, and the remains of the Bazira fortress are on top of the Ghundai Hill.
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The Italian expeditions in the 1980s and 90s discovered an Indo-Greek town from around the time of King
1318:
749:
1166:
695:"A Note on the Discovery of a Prehistoric Maskoid on the Barikot Top-Hill (Bir-kot-ghwandai, Swat)"
453:
coin was found, radiocarbon dated to 349–282 BC (95.4% probability model), what is 315 +/- 34 BC.
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477:
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860:"The Achaemenid 'Mirage' in Gandhāra: a Study of the 5th-4th Century BCE Pottery from Barikot"
847:"The Achaemenid 'Mirage' in Gandhāra: a Study of the 5th-4th Century BCE Pottery from Barikot"
472:
In 2016, one pre-Indo-Greek level was dated to the mid 3rd century BC or in the middle of the
1537:
441:
221:
201:
711:"On Gandharan sculptural production from Swat: Recent archaeological and chronological data"
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8:
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with a population of approximately 25,000 people. Barikot is the location of an ancient
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Discovery of Turki Shahi temple in Swat attracts archaeologists, Dawn, October 14, 2019
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1191:
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1171:
574:
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238:
1085:"The Shahi Period: A Reappraisal of Archaeological and Art Historical Sources"
798:, in Nuclear Inst. and Methods in Physics Research B, 2019, pp. 1, 6, Table 1.
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226:
168:
155:
953:"Barikot's apsidal temple: an early Buddhist urban shrine in Outer Gandhara"
403:
The Beginning of the City and Achaemenid Acculturation Phase (c. 600–400 BC)
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1441:
1426:
1388:
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613:
461:
315:
888:, in Nuclear Inst. and Methods in Physics Research B, 2019, p. 5, Table 1.
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1500:
1487:
1403:
1313:
1211:
1206:
1201:
625:
621:
605:
303:
849:, in: Le forme della città: Iran, Gandhāra e Asia Centrale, pp. 579-580.
628:
inscription, found in Barikot in the late 19th century and conserved in
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1288:
617:
601:
534:
481:
407:
326:
283:
1532:
1383:
1358:
1033:, in Nuclear Inst. and Methods in Physics Research B, 2019, pp. 5, 7.
994:, in Nuclear Inst. and Methods in Physics Research B, 2019, pp. 3, 4.
927:, in Nuclear Inst. and Methods in Physics Research B, 2019, pp. 7, 9.
875:, in Nuclear Inst. and Methods in Physics Research B, 2019, pp. 4, 7.
538:
509:
253:
1071:
966:
940:
899:
809:
525:
445:
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862:, in: Le forme della città: Iran, Gandhāra e Asia Centrale, p. 593.
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1018:"Ritual Deposits and Foundation of Cities in Indo-Greek Gandhāra"
1005:"Ritual Deposits and Foundation of Cities in Indo-Greek Gandhāra"
836:, in Nuclear Inst. and Methods in Physics Research B, 2019, p. 4.
542:
457:
Mauryan and Greco-Bactrian Kingdoms Linking Phase (c. 250–200 BC)
450:
336:. The Italian Archaeological Mission (renamed ISMEO) founded by
307:
295:
282:) (Pashto: بریکوټ) is a town located in the middle course of the
693:
Olivieri, Luca M., Michele Minardi, and Massimo Vidale, (2022).
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667:
378:
Location of Barikot (Bazira). Fort with remaining fortifications
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258:
233:
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548:
935:
933:
724:"Pakistan unearths the city defeated by Alexander the Great"
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1048:"Buddhist Sculptures Discovered in Ruins of Ancient Shrine"
941:"Oldest Buddhist apsidal temple of country found in Swat."
900:"Archaeologists discover layers of Indo-Greek city in Swat"
810:"Archaeologists discover layers of Indo-Greek city in Swat"
689:
687:
685:
683:
681:
679:
37:
697:, in: Ancient Pakistan, Vol. XXXIII, 2022, p. 72, Table 1.
930:
676:
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369:
294:. It is located about 20 km (12 mi) away from
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Bazira). They claim it was constructed in the times of
517:
when Alexander the Great besieged Barikot in 327 BC."
624:
time (ca 1000 AD). The temple is also mentioned in a
823:
394:
520:
967:"Swat's archaeological sites: a victim of neglect"
604:was a Kabul-based Turkic dynasty which also ruled
709:Olivieri, Luca Maria, & Anna Filigenzi, 2018.
340:has been excavating ruins of the ancient town of
1687:
593:, the Greek god of wine or another local deity.
360:
705:
703:
1127:
1106:Report of the Italian Archaeological Mission
612:(Swat Valley) was ruled by a king known as "
748:Olivieri, Luca M., and Elisa Iori, (2023).
700:
1706:Archaeological sites in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
1134:
1120:
760:
758:
549:Sakas and Parthians Phase (c. 50 BC–70 AD)
28:
764:Spengler, Robert N. III, et al., (2021).
505:by early Buddhists, supported this cult.
302:. It is the entrance town to the central
955:, in: Historian, 2024, Issue 161, p. 47.
524:
460:
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373:
1162:Achaemenid invasion of the Indus Valley
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1039:
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964:
897:
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770:Vegetation History of Archaeobotany 30
1115:
1082:
1045:
1029:Olivieri, Luca Maria, et al. (2019).
990:Olivieri, Luca Maria, et al. (2019).
923:Olivieri, Luca Maria, et al. (2019).
884:Olivieri, Luca Maria, et al. (2019).
871:Olivieri, Luca Maria, et al. (2019).
832:Olivieri, Luca Maria, et al. (2019).
794:Olivieri, Luca Maria, et al. (2019).
487:
428:Regionalization Phase (c. 400–250 BC)
370:Late Bronze/Iron Age (c. 1200–800 BC)
1711:Populated places along the Silk Road
1036:
958:
18:Town in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
1243:Hellenistic influence on Indian art
596:
279:
13:
1248:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism
728:AGI – Agenzia Giornalistica Italia
716:
14:
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1696:Populated places in Swat District
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395:Abandonment Phase (c. 800–600 BC)
1618:Post-Mauryan coinage of Gandhara
521:Indo-Greek Phase (c. 200–100 BC)
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1721:Indo-Aryan archaeological sites
1665:Silver Reliquary of Indravarman
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951:Olivieri, Luca Maria, (2024).
898:Khaliq, Fazal (26 June 2016).
808:Khaliq, Fazal (26 June 2016).
775:
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347:
140:Show map of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
1:
1583:Aramaic Inscription of Taxila
1046:Jarus, Owen (29 April 2016).
965:Khaliq, Fazal (24 May 2015).
635:
585:with two lions, document the
440:Greek and Latin sources like
330:
319:
1701:Cities in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
1141:
730:(in Italian). 16 August 2016
361:Bronze Age (c. 1700–1400 BC)
7:
939:Dawn, (December 20, 2021).
10:
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660:Archaeological site notice
344:under Barikot since 1984.
248:808 m (2,651 ft)
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1253:Art of Gandhara by museum
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1167:Greek conquests in India
27:
1670:Hephthalite silver bowl
529:Barikot ruins panorama.
318:remains dating back to
169:34.677471°N 72.211675°E
1613:Saptarishi Tila statue
1177:Greco-Bactrian kingdom
616:", who was the son of
530:
466:
437:
412:
389:Gandhara grave culture
379:
1016:Iori, Elisa, (2021).
1003:Iori, Elisa, (2021).
858:Iori, Elisa, (2023).
845:Iori, Elisa, (2023).
573:statue of Siddhartha
528:
464:
435:
410:
377:
327:early-historic period
329:town dating back to
174:34.677471; 72.211675
110:Show map of Gandhara
80:Show map of Pakistan
783:Pakistan Heritage 4
618:Khurasan Tegin Shah
581:and a carving of a
312:Alexander the Great
165: /
1716:Stupas in Pakistan
1638:Treasure of Begram
1603:Buddhas of Bamiyan
1593:Kanishka reliquary
1233:Greco-Buddhist art
1182:Indo-Greek kingdom
785:, Table 1, p. 161.
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488:Old Apsidal Temple
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288:Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
215:Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
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1633:Rukhuna reliquary
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1506:Chakhil-i-Ghoundi
1457:Lalchak monastery
1089:Planet-austria.at
1083:Filigenzi, Anna.
577:riding his horse
465:Barikot artefact.
436:Ruins of Barikot.
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1217:Ghaznavid Empire
1157:Gandhara kingdom
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597:Turk Shahi Times
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499:Indo-Greek king
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323: 1700 BCE
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1442:Mohra Muradu
1427:Dharmarajika
1389:Pushkalavati
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1369:Saidu Sharif
1279:Takht-i-Bahi
1212:Hindu Shahis
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1623:Kabul hoard
1558:Tepe Narenj
1553:Tapa Sardar
1538:Fondukistan
1501:Tapa Shotor
1488:Afghanistan
1404:Sikri stupa
1344:Shingardara
1314:Jamal Garhi
1262:Archaeology
1207:Turk Shahis
1202:Alchon Huns
626:Hindu Shahi
622:Hindu Shahi
606:Swat Valley
474:Mauryan era
348:Excavations
304:Swat Valley
172: /
1690:Categories
1477:Bhir Mound
1399:Hashtnagar
1349:Ali Masjid
1339:Aziz Dheri
1294:Aziz Dheri
1289:Baho Dheri
636:References
614:From Kesar
602:Turk Shahi
561:Under the
535:Menander I
482:Ai-Khanoum
421:Achaemenid
284:Swat River
160:72°12′42″E
157:34°40′39″N
1576:Artifacts
1533:Mes Aynak
1384:Charsadda
1359:Ahin Posh
1319:Yusufzai
649:Road sign
539:acropolis
510:Kharosthi
446:Assakenoi
325:, and an
254:Time zone
245:Elevation
1518:Shotorak
1486:Eastern
1472:Mankiala
1462:Badalpur
1270:Peshawar
1143:Gandhara
971:DAWN.COM
904:DAWN.COM
814:DAWN.COM
610:Uddiyana
591:Dionysus
587:Buddhist
579:Kanthaka
543:bastions
298:and the
292:Pakistan
222:District
202:Province
196:Pakistan
1528:Bimaran
1523:Paitava
1467:Bhallar
1447:Jandial
1437:Kalawan
1432:Jaulian
1394:Ranigat
1379:Barikot
1374:Chakpat
1334:Bhamala
1226:Culture
1150:History
752:, p.81.
503:Milinda
451:Mauryan
314:, with
308:citadel
296:Mingora
272:Barikot
239:Barikot
185:Country
134:Barikot
104:Barikot
74:Barikot
25:Barikot
1422:Sirkap
1414:Taxila
1354:Sphola
575:Buddha
571:schist
495:Ashoka
342:Bazira
280:بریکوٹ
234:Tehsil
212:
194:
29:بریکوٹ
1496:Hadda
1272:basin
768:, in
583:stupa
259:UTC+5
1364:Swat
1059:2017
978:2017
911:2017
736:2017
419:The
276:Urdu
227:Swat
38:Town
286:in
263:PST
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
