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1169:. Some elements of the Christmas Festival remain in the modern Carnival celebrations, which are otherwise largely based on the Trinidadian Carnival. The author Frank Manning has argued that this change, from indigenous traditions to tourist-oriented elements, has reduced Antiguans to "positions as service personnel and 'mimic men', robbing the culture of its natural integrity and cultural history".
1197:. Steel bands traditionally are made up of old pieces of metal such as old irons, tire rims, or steel pipes. Antigua's steel orchestras and iron bands can be found in churches and in many villages, and have been popular since their introduction. Every Carnival there is a competition to dub the best band of the island. Antigua's largest and oldest steel orchestra that still competes is
1181:, is a new addition to the summer line-up that peaks in August at the notorious Carnival celebrations. Geared to becoming a competing counterpart to the Carnival, the festival could eventually become the leading musical event in the entire Caribbean region. In its first year of establishment, the music festival already had some of the world's top artists perform.
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Steel orchestras have evolved to using highly technical instruments costing up to US$ 1500 for one instrument. These pans are meticulously honed out of the steel drum, sunken and burned over a hot fire, chromed and tuned. This process was perfected in
Trinidad and Tobago and exported to Antigua and
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The defining staccato bass was the creation of the late Lord Shorty from
Barrackpore, Trinidad and Tobago, and rose to fame as Lord Shorty with his 1963 hit "Clock and Dagger". He started out writing songs and performing in the calypso genre. In the 1970s, he began experimenting with calypso by
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Particularly in the
English-speaking islands and Belize, African cultural roots have greatly influenced the beats and form of the music. All these musical forms borrow beats from West African highlife music and have fused North American pop and R&B with the Latin beats of central and South
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It is clear that the genre of music now called calypso had strong roots in
Trinidad and Tobago, but it would be inaccurate to suggest that this music started in any one island. Every island in the Caribbean has a form of music that resembles "kaiso", more commonly referred to as calypso. It is
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sang up-to-date stories on legal scandals, and the sexual affairs of the upper-class. He was eventually imprisoned because of the lyrics to "Cocoatea", which was about the daughter of a respected citizen, and her secret pregnancy while in a
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remain popular in
Africanized form. The loss of Antiguan traditions can be ascribed to the lack of a French colonial past (French islands of the Lesser Antilles retain much African-derived music and dance), the influence of the powerful
1984:
1267:. This era also saw a growth in patriotic calypsos, focused on an emerging sense of victorious nationalism in the wake of growing autonomy. By the middle of the 1960s, two rival calypsonians dominated the Antiguan scene,
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Most forms of modern
Antiguan and Barbudan music are not indigenous to the islands, and were imported from France, the United Kingdom, United States, Jamaica and Trinidad. Colonial dance styles like the
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By the beginning of the 20th century, it had become a method of folk communication, disseminating news and reports from across the island. In the 1940s and 50s, an improvisational benna singer named
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Little to no musical research has been undertaken on
Antigua and Barbuda other than this. As a result, much knowledge on the topic derives from novels, essays and other secondary sources.
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Colonial era churches and missionary activity displaced and otherwise influenced the music of the
African slaves, who adopted elements of European-derived religious music. The
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in 1493. The islands' early music, however, remains little studied. In the 1780s, documentation exists for
African workers participating in outdoor dances accompanied by the
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1030:) is an uptempo Antiguan folk song that was introduced following the prohibition of slavery. Songs usually focused on scandalous and bawdy rumors and gossip, and were in a
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Manning, Frank (1977). Sally F. Moore; Barbara G. Myerhoff (eds.). "Cup March and
Carnival: Secular Rites of Revitalization in Decolonizing Tourist-Oriented Societies".
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form with a leader and an audience. Benna's popularity and similarity to calypso helped make the island receptive to that genre's introduction. The modern performer
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2007:
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De Ledesma Charles & Georgia Popplewell (2000). "Put Water in the Brandy?". In Broughton, Simon; Ellingham, Mark; McConnachie, James & Duane, Orla (eds.).
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blending it with the local chutney — the music of Trinidad's East Indian population — using instruments such as the sitar and tabla. The style was dubbed "soca".
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family, a relatively unified African ethnic identity, the lack of African immigration after the peak of slavery importation, the British military presence at
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in New York, built a large international nightclub called the Atmosphere in 1978, creating a direct outlet for Antigua and Barbudan singers and bands.
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Calypso was sung throughout the English-speaking Caribbean, and was used by the poor as a platform for social and political commentary, using complex
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Elements of non-Antiguan and Barbudan music have continued to be imported to the islands in the latter 20th century, including the electronic
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is a celebration of music and dance held annually from the end of July to the first Tuesday in August. The most important day is that of the
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are an important example. In the mid- to late 19th century, a number of Portuguese indentured workers came to Antigua, bringing with them
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references to obscure their meaning to outsiders. Later, beginning in the 1960s, a popularized kind of calypso was developed for use in
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have been active for more than 52 years, performing a variety of musical productions in many styles, including the Antiguan folk song,
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America and Cuba to form distinct musical genres which have significant variations in islands that were influenced by the French.
722:. Of these, steeldrum and calypso are the most integral parts of modern Antiguan popular music; both styles are imported from the
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is a common Christmas Festival dance, also played in the modern Carnival, performed by people wearing Scottish
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962:. The Antiguan Christmas Festival included several elements that have been adopted into the modern Carnival.
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is largely African in character, and has only felt a limited influence from European styles due to the
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In other popular genres of music Antigua is best known for oldest and most successful soca band the
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Documented music in Antigua and Barbuda began only with the discovery of Antigua, then populated by
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2012:
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Antigua and the Antiguans: Also, an Impartial View of Slavery and the Free Labour Systems; the ...
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A Brief Account of the Island of Antigua: Together with the Customs and Manners of Its Inhabitants
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The Garland encyclopedia of World Music: South America, Mexico, Central America, and the Caribbean
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inaccurate to attribute the origin of calypso to any island. In Belize, they call their variation
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emerged, winning the road march with "Styley Tight" in 1985. They achieved pan-Caribbean acclaim.
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During the period of French colonial rule, African slaves were prohibited from celebrating in
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Barbuda through various collaborations between several of the bands in both island-nations.
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developed. Later, Antiguan and Barbudan folk music became more dominated by Trinidadian
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an influential work that began updating benna with social and political awareness.
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island chain. The country is a second home for many of the pan-Caribbean genres of
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World Music, Vol. 2: Latin & North America, Caribbean, India, Asia and Pacific
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Christmas Festival traditions include both music and dance, especially related to
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descending mostly from West Africans who were made slaves by Europeans.
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has attempted to revive the benna in modern years, with his 1977 album
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was also raised in Antigua, who has excelled in dance and pop music.
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rivalry during the 1970s and 1980s. In the middle of the 1980s, the
1074:. The most famous indigenous musician in Antigua and Barbuda may be
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McDaniel, Lorna (1998). Olsen, Dale A.; Sheehy, Daniel E. (eds.).
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of the American Baptist church, and the Afro-Jamaican drumming of
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was a culturally significant celebration, replaced in 1957 by a
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1259:(created out of an oil drum). The Antigua Carnival, and the
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comes in many different forms, and put together is called a
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was brought to the island by immigrants from that country.
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and a modern history of unstable economy and government.
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1070:, who worked for, among many others, the calypso giant
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The Antigua and Barbuda international music festival,
981:, while carolers paraded with long poles covered in
1263:competition, began in 1957; the King that year was
1161:. The Antiguan and Barbudan Carnivals replaced the
1125:Platinum-selling Antiguan-German singer-songwriter
59:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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893:. When most of the Portuguese left in the 1880s,
862:were common, held biweekly with European-derived
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1205:was the first steelpan band to record an album.
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1015:, made from a plumbing joint one meter long.
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1985:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
1559:Quote from McDaniel, pp 798–800, describing
1391:. Vol. 2. New York : Garland Pub.
1528:Caribbean Islands Handbook with the Bahamas
1447:"Antigua & Barbuda's Cultural Heritage"
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1565:. Assen, Netherlands: Van Gorcum: 265–281.
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1235:hotels. The first hotel calypsonians were
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119:Learn how and when to remove this message
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1275:. Their conflict was perpetuated as the
1435:Harvard University. Saunders and Otley.
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993:. Stilt dancers in robes, called the
1577:"Antigua and Barbuda Music Festival"
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57:adding citations to reliable sources
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1479:. Rough Guides. pp. 507–526.
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686:population of Antigua and Barbuda
135:Music of the Anglophone Caribbean
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44:needs additional citations for
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1343:History of Antigua and Barbuda
1313:are other popular variations.
1297:. In Antigua they call theirs
1167:tourism in Antigua and Barbuda
477:Culture of Antigua and Barbuda
321:St. Vincent and the Grenadines
68:"Music of Antigua and Barbuda"
13:
1:
1598:Museum of Antigua and Barbuda
1451:Museum of Antigua and Barbuda
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960:Trinidadian-inspired Carnival
900:
694:is a Caribbean nation in the
2956:Music of Antigua and Barbuda
2355:Music of the Lesser Antilles
2313:United States Virgin Islands
1616:Reggae & Caribbean Music
1453:. 2005-10-26. Archived from
1247:, who were accompanied by a
724:music of Trinidad and Tobago
702:, and has produced stars in
682:music of Antigua and Barbuda
362:Aruba and the Dutch Antilles
7:
1501:"Antigua Community Players"
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1990:Turks and Caicos Islands
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913:, dance and song called
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2075:Music of North America
1614:Thompson, Dave (2002).
1525:Cameron, Sarah (1996).
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2238:British Virgin Islands
1905:British Virgin Islands
1412:Luffman, John (1788).
1203:Brute Force Steel Band
1201:. It is said that the
1068:Patrick "Johnny" Gomes
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2416:Saint Kitts and Nevis
2178:Saint Kitts and Nevis
1818:Saint Kitts and Nevis
1261:Antiguan Calypso King
1047:John "Quarkoo" Thomas
891:their styles of music
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1604:on October 26, 2005.
1594:"History of Calypso"
969:and iron bands. The
834:Christopher Columbus
644:Caribbean portal
53:improve this article
2842:Antigua and Barbuda
2431:Trinidad and Tobago
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18:Banjar (instrument)
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1748:Dominican Republic
1618:, Backbeat Books,
1531:. Passport Books.
1138:See full article:
1109:King Midas Records
1101:was from Antigua.
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2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2607:
2605:
2599:
2598:
2596:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2564:
2562:
2556:
2555:
2553:
2552:
2551:
2550:
2545:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2514:
2513:
2511:Canadian blues
2503:
2497:
2495:
2486:
2482:
2481:
2474:
2473:
2466:
2459:
2451:
2442:
2441:
2439:
2438:
2436:Virgin Islands
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2362:
2359:
2358:
2351:
2350:
2343:
2336:
2328:
2319:
2318:
2316:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2298:Sint Eustatius
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2243:Cayman Islands
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2214:
2212:
2207:
2204:
2203:
2201:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2084:
2082:
2078:
2077:
2072:
2071:
2064:
2057:
2049:
2040:
2039:
2037:
2036:
2029:
2027:
2022:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2004:
2001:
2000:
1998:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1975:Sint Eustatius
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1910:Cayman Islands
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1881:
1879:
1868:
1867:
1860:
1858:
1856:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1679:
1677:
1669:
1668:
1660:
1659:
1652:
1645:
1637:
1629:
1628:
1607:
1582:
1568:
1563:Secular Ritual
1552:
1537:
1517:
1492:
1485:
1467:
1438:
1421:
1404:
1397:
1353:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1346:
1345:
1340:
1333:
1330:
1321:Main article:
1318:
1315:
1285:Burning Flames
1217:Main article:
1214:
1211:
1186:
1183:
1174:
1173:Music festival
1171:
1134:
1131:
1072:Mighty Swallow
1064:Burning Flames
1059:
1056:
1020:
1017:
971:highland fling
951:
948:
931:highland fling
902:
899:
895:Lebanese music
887:Salvation Army
820:
819:
818:
817:
804:
803:
797:
796:
793:
783:
782:
776:
775:
766:
760:
759:
753:
751:Classification
747:
746:
734:
731:
676:
675:
673:
672:
665:
658:
650:
647:
646:
633:
632:
631:
630:
625:
620:
612:
611:
607:
606:
605:
604:
599:
598:
597:
587:
586:
585:
580:
570:
565:
560:
552:
551:
547:
546:
545:
544:
539:
534:
529:
524:
523:
522:
517:
512:
507:
494:
493:
489:
488:
480:
479:
473:
472:
460:
459:
457:
456:
449:
442:
434:
431:
430:
427:
426:
425:
424:
419:
414:
409:
404:
399:
394:
389:
384:
379:
374:
369:
364:
356:
355:
351:
350:
349:
348:
343:
338:
333:
328:
323:
318:
313:
308:
303:
298:
293:
288:
283:
278:
270:
269:
261:
260:
259:Regional music
256:
255:
250:
249:
244:
243:
242:
241:
236:
231:
226:
221:
216:
211:
206:
201:
196:
191:
186:
181:
176:
171:
166:
161:
156:
151:
143:
142:
138:
137:
127:
126:
41:
39:
32:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2968:
2957:
2954:
2953:
2951:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2917:
2914:
2904:
2901:
2900:
2898:
2896:
2895:South America
2892:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2877:
2875:
2871:
2863:
2862:Massachusetts
2860:
2858:
2855:
2854:
2853:
2852:United States
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2839:
2837:
2835:North America
2833:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2808:
2806:
2802:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2777:
2775:
2773:
2769:
2763:
2760:
2759:
2757:
2753:
2750:
2746:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2695:Circuit party
2693:
2691:
2688:
2687:
2685:
2683:
2679:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2654:
2652:
2648:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2608:
2606:
2604:
2600:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2573:Bach festival
2571:
2569:
2566:
2565:
2563:
2561:
2557:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2540:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2512:
2509:
2508:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2498:
2496:
2494:
2490:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2472:
2467:
2465:
2460:
2458:
2453:
2452:
2449:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2363:
2360:
2356:
2349:
2344:
2342:
2337:
2335:
2330:
2329:
2326:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2215:
2213:
2205:
2199:
2198:United States
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2085:
2083:
2079:
2070:
2065:
2063:
2058:
2056:
2051:
2050:
2047:
2035:
2034:
2033:South America
2030:
2028:
2026:
2025:Latin America
2023:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2008:North America
2006:
2005:
2002:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1925:French Guiana
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1882:
1880:
1878:
1873:
1869:
1864:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1843:United States
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1680:
1678:
1676:
1670:
1666:
1663:Music of the
1658:
1653:
1651:
1646:
1644:
1639:
1638:
1635:
1626:, p. 225
1625:
1624:0-87930-655-6
1621:
1617:
1611:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1589:
1587:
1578:
1572:
1564:
1556:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1538:0-8442-4907-6
1534:
1530:
1529:
1521:
1507:on 2005-01-06
1506:
1502:
1496:
1488:
1486:1-85828-636-0
1482:
1478:
1471:
1457:on 2005-10-26
1456:
1452:
1448:
1442:
1434:
1433:
1425:
1417:
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1296:
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1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1220:
1219:Calypso music
1210:
1206:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1182:
1180:
1170:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1145:The Antiguan
1143:
1142:
1141:
1130:
1128:
1123:
1121:
1117:
1112:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1100:
1099:Roland Prince
1095:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1058:Popular music
1055:
1053:
1048:
1043:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1016:
1014:
1010:
1009:cling-a-ching
1006:
1002:
998:
997:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
963:
961:
957:
947:
945:
941:
936:
932:
926:
924:
920:
916:
912:
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898:
896:
892:
888:
884:
879:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
852:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
815:
811:
808:
807:
805:
802:
798:
789:
784:
781:
780:Playing range
777:
773:
767:
765:
761:
757:
754:
752:
748:
745:
741:
730:
727:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
700:popular music
697:
693:
689:
687:
683:
671:
666:
664:
659:
657:
652:
651:
649:
648:
645:
635:
634:
629:
626:
624:
621:
619:
616:
615:
614:
613:
609:
608:
603:
600:
596:
593:
592:
591:
588:
584:
581:
579:
576:
575:
574:
571:
569:
566:
564:
561:
559:
556:
555:
554:
553:
549:
548:
543:
540:
538:
535:
533:
530:
528:
525:
521:
520:Montserratian
518:
516:
513:
511:
508:
506:
503:
502:
501:
498:
497:
496:
495:
491:
490:
486:
482:
481:
478:
475:
474:
470:
466:
465:
455:
450:
448:
443:
441:
436:
435:
433:
432:
423:
420:
418:
415:
413:
410:
408:
405:
403:
400:
398:
395:
393:
390:
388:
385:
383:
380:
378:
375:
373:
370:
368:
365:
363:
360:
359:
358:
357:
354:Related areas
353:
352:
347:
344:
342:
339:
337:
334:
332:
329:
327:
324:
322:
319:
317:
314:
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267:
266:
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257:
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251:
246:
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232:
230:
227:
225:
222:
220:
217:
215:
212:
210:
207:
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200:
197:
195:
192:
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177:
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172:
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167:
165:
162:
160:
157:
155:
152:
150:
147:
146:
145:
144:
140:
139:
136:
133:
132:
123:
120:
112:
109:December 2010
101:
98:
94:
91:
87:
84:
80:
77:
73:
70: –
69:
65:
64:Find sources:
58:
54:
48:
47:
42:This article
40:
36:
31:
30:
27:
19:
2925:Rock concert
2920:Concert tour
2841:
2725:Technoparade
2588:Experimental
2370:
2303:Sint Maarten
2283:Saint Martin
2087:
2031:
1980:Sint Maarten
1965:Saint Martin
1872:Dependencies
1682:
1615:
1610:
1602:the original
1597:
1571:
1562:
1555:
1527:
1520:
1509:. Retrieved
1505:the original
1495:
1476:
1470:
1459:. Retrieved
1455:the original
1450:
1441:
1431:
1424:
1418:. T. Cadell.
1414:
1407:
1387:
1326:
1303:
1298:
1292:
1289:
1222:
1207:
1194:
1188:
1176:
1154:
1150:
1144:
1137:
1136:
1124:
1116:gospel music
1113:
1103:
1096:
1091:
1078:, whose son
1061:
1044:
1039:
1027:
1022:
1008:
1004:
1000:
994:
986:
964:
953:
927:
904:
880:
855:
849:
841:
837:
823:
728:
690:
681:
679:
623:Coat of arms
589:
280:
115:
106:
96:
89:
82:
75:
63:
51:Please help
46:verification
43:
26:
2885:New Zealand
2821:Netherlands
2790:South Korea
2621:Heavy metal
2421:Saint Lucia
2273:Puerto Rico
2183:Saint Lucia
2133:El Salvador
1950:Puerto Rico
1877:territories
1823:Saint Lucia
1758:El Salvador
1273:Lord Canary
1257:bass guitar
1237:Black Shirt
1199:Hell's Gate
1107:, owner of
1076:Oscar Mason
1005:Long Ghosts
996:Moko jumbie
987:carol trees
967:masquerades
883:brass bands
772:chordophone
770:(Composite
510:East Indian
407:Puerto Rico
268:Local forms
2715:Industrial
2682:Electronic
2411:Montserrat
2406:Martinique
2401:Guadeloupe
2268:Montserrat
2263:Martinique
2258:Guadeloupe
2113:Costa Rica
1945:Montserrat
1940:Martinique
1935:Guadeloupe
1733:Costa Rica
1511:2005-05-21
1461:2023-09-19
1349:References
1323:Soca music
1105:Basil Hill
1084:trombonist
1011:) and the
991:concertina
940:Codrington
911:percussion
901:Folk music
872:tambourine
864:quadrilles
758:(plucked.)
583:Television
578:Newspapers
402:Martinique
382:Guadeloupe
316:Montserrat
214:Rocksteady
79:newspapers
2880:Australia
2780:Indonesia
2748:by region
2657:Christian
2650:Religious
2636:Punk rock
2560:Classical
2501:Bluegrass
2253:Greenland
2168:Nicaragua
2143:Guatemala
2018:Caribbean
1930:Greenland
1853:Venezuela
1798:Nicaragua
1768:Guatemala
1688:Argentina
1673:Sovereign
1229:folkloric
1225:metaphors
1001:Jumpa-Ben
985:, called
979:John Bull
935:quadrille
712:steeldrum
532:Languages
500:Ethnicity
164:Dancehall
2950:Category
2730:Teknival
2690:Algorave
2662:Carnatic
2626:Jam band
2533:Maritime
2523:Hawaiian
2485:by genre
2391:Dominica
2381:Barbados
2366:Anguilla
2218:Anguilla
2153:Honduras
2123:Dominica
2098:Barbados
1885:Anguilla
1833:Suriname
1808:Paraguay
1783:Honduras
1743:Dominica
1728:Colombia
1698:Barbados
1665:Americas
1547:35960026
1332:See also
1191:steelpan
1185:Steelpan
1159:Caribana
1151:j'ouvert
1147:Carnival
1133:Carnival
1040:Harambee
1013:boompipe
983:lanterns
933:and the
923:steelpan
907:Carnival
876:triangle
542:Religion
537:Holidays
515:Guyanese
469:a series
467:Part of
417:Suriname
412:St Lucia
372:Dominica
291:Barbados
276:Anguilla
239:Steelpan
179:Junkanoo
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