56:
290:
38:
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Although the fir population in the Great Smoky
Mountains National Park was decimated by woolly adelgids in the 1960s through 1980s, there has been some recovery since then. The number of adult firs has increased over 30 years, with
221:
after they were introduced to the United States around the beginning of the 20th century. Because this species is not native to North
America, the Fraser fir has not evolved any type of defense against it.
234:
within the bark of trees larger than about four centimeters in diameter at breast height. As it feeds, it releases toxins contained within its saliva. These toxins reduce the conductance of
675:
390:
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Although some areas are being regenerated by young firs, there is much change in understory composition, including invasion by both woody and
581:
278:, away from any other ecosystems of its type. This has presented valuable research and a unique habitat. These forests have a very dense
655:
274:, this ecosystem has been confined to the higher elevations in the mountains of the Southeast. The spruce-fir forest has evolved as an
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622:
516:
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These insects typically lay about one hundred eggs and have three generations per year. The adelgid attacks the tree by feeding in
665:
352:
range was recorded during the 1950s and 1960s. Land area affected by the adelgid in the
Pacific Northwest has increased from
247:
670:
313:, which lives on moss mats below the forest canopy, is considered endangered because of the decline of the Fraser fir.
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586:
529:
660:
555:
464:
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55:
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20:
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8:
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309:, the spruce component of the spruce fir ecosystem, has also been suffering declines.The
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United States Forest
Service. (2005). Forest Health Conditions Report. Available
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391:"Earth Day: After decades of devastation, a comeback for WNC forests"
266:. These ecosystems covered vast portions of the Southeast during the
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having three times as many adult trees as of 2020 as in the 1980s.
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can serve as hosts. Extensive mortality by this pest in the
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being built, which causes water stress and kills the trees.
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The balsam woolly adelgid also has a significant impact on
293:"Ghost" Fraser firs killed by the balsam woolly adelgid on
202:
205:. In their native Europe they are a minor parasite on
676:Taxa named by Julius Theodor Christian Ratzeburg
642:
213:, but they have become a threat especially to
36:
388:
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382:
643:
431:
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358:108,128 acres (438 km)
354:83,325 acres (337 km)
297:, Great Smoky Mountain National Park
248:Great Smoky Mountains National Park
13:
14:
687:
656:Insect pests of temperate forests
389:McDarris, Anne (April 22, 2020).
376:US Fish & Wildlife Service:
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225:
420:(Accessed September 11, 2006).
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370:
264:southern spruce-fir ecosystems
1:
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16:Insect that attacks fir trees
666:Insects of the United States
262:, contains about 75% of all
45:Adult balsam woolly adelgid
7:
10:
692:
260:Southeastern United States
18:
671:Insects described in 1844
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51:Scientific classification
49:
44:
35:
30:
19:Not to be confused with
396:Asheville Citizen-Times
328:forests. Specifically,
201:that infests and kills
378:Spruce Fir Moss Spider
311:spruce-fir moss spider
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31:Balsam woolly adelgid
21:Hemlock woolly adelgid
292:
189:balsam woolly adelgid
197:) is small wingless
661:Hemiptera of Europe
268:Last Glacial Period
299:
638:
637:
433:Taxon identifiers
326:Pacific Northwest
276:ecological island
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599:Chermes piceae
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441:Adelges piceae
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252:North Carolina
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194:Adelges piceae
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170:Adelges piceae
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152:A. piceae
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118:Sternorrhyncha
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338:subalpine fir
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161:Binomial name
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400:. Retrieved
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282:and a moist
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226:Reproduction
211:Sicilian fir
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188:
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151:
150:
138:
25:
569:NatureServe
543:iNaturalist
356:in 2004 to
645:Categories
614:Q109661740
364:References
342:Washington
334:silver fir
307:Red spruce
303:herbaceous
284:understory
219:Fraser fir
215:balsam fir
207:silver fir
114:Suborder:
88:Arthropoda
651:Adelgidae
402:April 22,
360:in 2005.
330:grand fir
305:species.
256:Tennessee
178:Ratzeburg
146:Species:
128:Adelgidae
108:Hemiptera
74:Kingdom:
68:Eukaryota
608:Wikidata
574:2.870322
478:BugGuide
456:Q1382443
450:Wikidata
272:glaciers
232:fissures
124:Family:
84:Phylum:
78:Animalia
64:Domain:
628:7993382
522:2049681
509:3687201
258:in the
236:sapwood
180:, 1844)
139:Adelges
134:Genus:
104:Order:
98:Insecta
94:Class:
587:419082
548:199321
483:181536
418:online
346:Oregon
319:Kuwohi
295:Kuwohi
280:canopy
242:Impact
199:insect
496:8P4QT
470:34018
623:GBIF
582:NCBI
561:3268
530:GISD
517:GBIF
465:BOLD
404:2020
344:and
336:and
254:and
246:The
217:and
209:and
203:firs
187:The
556:ISC
535:226
504:EoL
491:CoL
340:in
647::
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610::
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545::
532::
519::
506::
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480::
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393:.
332:,
286:.
406:.
191:(
176:(
23:.
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